The Israeli–Palestinian Conflict

Also by Raja Halwani

VIRTUOUS LIAISONS: Care, Love, Sex, and Virtue Ethics

SEX AND ETHICS: Essays on Sexuality, Virtue and the Good Life

Also by Tomis Kapitan

PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVES ON THE ISRAELI–PALESTINIAN CONFLICT

ARCHAEOLOGY, HISTORY, AND CULTURE IN PALESTINE AND THE NEAREAST

The Israeli–PalestinianConflictPhilosophical Essays onSelf-Determination, Terrorism and theOne-State Solution

Raja HalwaniSchool of the Art Institute of Chicago

and

Tomis KapitanNorthern Illinois University

© Raja Halwani & Tomis Kapitan 2008

All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of thispublication may be made without written permission.

No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmittedsave with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of theCopyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licencepermitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency,90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP.

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The authors have asserted their rights to be identifiedas the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright,Designs and Patents Act 1988.

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PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the PalgraveMacmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd.Macmillan� is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdomand other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the EuropeanUnion and other countries.

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To my mother, Nora Halwani, and to Khadijah al-Khateeb, thetwo women who taught me the importance of justice and hope.

Raja Halwani

To my mother, Ruth Kapitan, whose positive influence hasbeen greater than she might realize.

Tomis Kapitan

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Contents

Acknowledgements viii

Maps ix

Introduction 1Tomis Kapitan and Raja Halwani

1 Self-Determination 13Tomis Kapitan

2 The Right of Return 72Raja Halwani

3 Terrorism 132Tomis Kapitan

4 The One-State Solution 198Raja Halwani

References 245

Index 262

vii

Acknowledgements

We wish to thank Salman Abu Sitta, the Foundation for Middle EastPeace, and the Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of Interna-tional Affairs (PASSIA) for allowing us to use their maps, Ali Abunimahfor helpful advice, Maureen Clare Murphy for providing the photographthat made its way to the cover of this book, Steven Jones for his help indesigning the cover, Vidya Vijayan at Palgrave Macmillan for her tirelesseditorial help in copy editing and seeing the book to its completion, andDan Bunyard at Palgrave Macmillan for helpful advice, encouragement,and editorial feedback.

Raja Halwani wishes to thank Malik Moubayed, the owner of CaféLatakia in Chicago, for his hospitality and generosity, when Halwani waswriting and revising his chapters at his café; Ali Abunimah and Syrineal-Hout for help and advice; and all those with whom he discussed theissues of this book over the years and who made important sugges-tions; the list is too long, but special thanks go to Issa Abu Nimah,Roxane Assaf, Celeste Friend, Nora Halwani, Kathy Havens, Bayan al-Hout, Steven Jones, Tomis Kapitan, Maureen Clare Murphy, RichardRubin, Eli Ungar, Rachel Weiss, and the members of Not In My Name.Special thanks go to Tomis Kapitan for his insightful comments onearlier drafts of Halwani’s two chapters. Special thanks and gratitudealso go to Steven Jones, who read the penultimate drafts of the chaptersand provided incisive and humorous comments on their substance andstyle.

Tomis Kapitan expresses his gratitude to several people who, in oneway or another, have helped him understand the various issues discussedin this book, notably, Abdul Aziz Aluwaishiq, Ali Abunimah, RobertAshmore, Rejae Busailah, Roger Heacock, Rima Kapitan, Selma Mahdi,Georg Meggle, Roy Pearson, Glenn Perry, Igor Primoratz, Erich Schulte,Jeffrey Snapper, Herman Stark, Khaled Taha, Ghada Talhami, and, aboveall, Orayb Najjar. A tremendous thanks is due to Raja Halwani forhis conception of this project, his instructive comments on drafts ofKapitan’s chapters, and his marvelous attention to detail.

viii

Maps

Acre

Nazareth

Jenin

Nablus

RamallahJericho

Bethlehem

HebronGaza

Khan Yunis

Tel AvivJaffa

Haifa

Beersheba

N e g e v

MediterraneanSea

1947

Jerusalem

PASSIA

Dea

d S

ea

Internationally administered'Corpus Separatum'of Jerusalem

Proposed Jewish State

Proposed Arab State

A

Map A United Nations 1947 Partition PlanSource: Reproduced from PASSIA’s web site (www.passia.org)

ix

x

Nazareth

Jenin

Nablus

RamallahJericho

Bethlehem

HebronGaza

Beersheba

Jerusalem

Haifa

1949

N e g e v

Tel AvivJaffa

Acre

Khan Yunis

MediterraneanSea

Dea

d S

ea

Proposed Jewish State

Arab territory

Territories seized by Israelbeyond the area for theproposed Jewish State

PASSIA

B

Map B The Rhodes Armistice LinesSource: Reproduced from PASSIA’s web site (www.passia.org)

xi

Jewish-owned land, 1947

0 30 km

State of Israel according tothe Armistice Agreement, 1949

The West Bank and Gaza Strip

Palestinian villages depopulatedin 1948 and 1967 and razed byIsrael

Haifa

Nazareth

Tel AvivJaffa

Gaza

Beersheba

Nablus

Jerusalem

Hebron

© Jan de Jong

PASSIA

C

Map C Depopulated Palestinian VillagesSource: Reproduced from PASSIA’s web site (www.passia.org)

xii

GolanHeights

Saida

Latakia

Beirut

JORDANRR=34.8% of totalpopulation(2002)

Neirabnear Aleppo

Hama

Homs

Dbayyeh

Nahr Al-Bared

Beddawi

Shatila

WavellDikwaneh

(Tal Az-Zaatar)

Jisr Al-Pasha

Baalbek

Tyre

Damascus

Al-Bass

Burj Ash-Shemali

Rashidiyyeh

Talbiyeh

Tel Aviv

Fawar

Hebron

Arroub

DheishehBeit JibrinAida

Jerusalem

Ein Sultan

Shu'fat

QalandiaAl-'Amari

RamallahDeir Ammar

Irbid

Husn(Azmi Al-Mufti)

Souf

Jerash (Gaza)

Zarqa

Hay Al-Amir Hassan (Hinikeen)

Ma'daba

Beqa'a

Marka(Schneller, Hitteen)

Amman New Camp(Wihdat)

JabalAl-Hussein

Jenin

BalataNablus

Far'aTulkarem

Camp No. 1

Jalazoun

GAZASTRIP

ISRAEL

RR = 2.7% of totalpopulation (2002)

RR=11.5% of totalpopulation (2002)

RR=32.6% of totalpopulation (2002)

Nur Shams

JaramanaSbeineh Kabr Essit

Khan DannounKhanAshieh

Ein Al-Hilweh

Mieh Mieh

Nabatieh

Dera'a

Dera'aEmergency

Haifa

Amman

Total numbers of refugees are based onUNWRA data, as of 30 December 2003.

Camp populations are based on UNWRAdata as of 30 June 2003.

Source: Public Information Office, UNWRA HQ, Gaza.

Askar

Mar Elias

Burj Al-Barajneh

Tripoli

Yarmouk

WEST BANK

WEST BANK

Map: PASSIA, 2004

SYRIAN ARABREPUBLIC

LEBANON

Jericho

Gaza

Akabat Jabr

X

X

X

X

Number of registered refugees in camps100 000

10 00050 000

5 000

Registered refugees in campsRegistered refugees outside campsTotal registered refugees (in & out)

RR in = 120,865RR out = 292,962RR Total = 413,827

(RR = Registered Refugees)

Destroyed camp

Unofficial camp

RR in = 223,956RR out = 170,576RR Total = 394,532

RR in = 307,785RR out = 1,432,385RR Total = 1,740,170

RR in = 179,541RR out = 485,705RR Total = 665,246

RR in = 484,563RR out = 438,111RR Total = 922,674

RR = 84.5% of totalpopulation (2002)

GAZA STRIP

Sukhneh

Nuseirat

Jabalia

Rafah

Khan Younis

Al-Maghazi

Bureij

Shati (Gaza Beach)

DeirAl-Balah

PASSIA

75 km50250

D

ead

Sea

Med

iterra

nean

Sea

D

Map D UNRWA Palestinian Refugee CampsSource: Reproduced from PASSIA’s web site (www.passia.org)

xiii

West Bank

Jenin

TULKAREM

KalkilyaNablus

MEHOLA

West Bank

ISRAEL

Jericho

EFRAT

BETAR

KERYATARBA

DEADSEA

Bethlehem

Jerusalem

Ramallah

Hebron

ALFEIMENASHE

ARIEL

UPPERMODI’IN

PSAGOT

MA’ALEEPHRAIM

GIV’ATZE’EV

MA’ALEADUMIM

JOR

DA

N R

IVE

R

Gaza

GazaStrip

ISFAEL

KhanYunis

Rafah20 KM0

20 KM

Israeli-designated security cantons(Jenin, Tulkarm, Kalkilya, Nablus,Ramallah, Bethlehem, Hebron)

Security perimeters establishedby the IDF around Palestinianpopulation centers

Effective Palestinan civil control

Israeli settlement

IDF checkpoint

Security zones outlined by IsraeliPrime Minister Sharon

Green Line

Proposed Israeli security barrier

E

Map E West Bank Jewish SettlementsSource: Reproduced from The Foundation for Middle East’s web site (www.fmep.org)

xiv

0 20 km

ETZION

JerusalemISRAEL

ARIEL

MA'ALEADUMIM

RamallahGIV'ATZE'EV

KIRYAT ARBA

Hebron

Tulkarem

KALYA

RIMONIM

ALFEIMENASHE

SHAVEISHOMRON

ELON MOREH

PSAGOT

MA'ALEEPHRAIM

Qalqilya

GANIM

Nablus

Area C - Israeli settlement,military areas and state landsMain Israeli settlements

Area A - Palestinian cities

Area B - Palestinian villages

Jenin

Jericho

Bethlehem

PASSIA

Gre

en L

ine

Dea

d S

ea

GIV'ATZE'EV

KIRYAT ARBA

SHAVEISHOMRON

ALFEIMENASHE

PSAGOT

Bethlehem

GANIM

Nablus

BLOC

F

Map F Oslo IISource: Reproduced from PASSIA’s web site (www.passia.org)

xv

G

Map G The Israeli Barrier in the West BankSource: Reproduced from PASSIA’s web site (www.passia.org)

xvi

H

Map H The Feasibility of the Palestinian Refugees’ ReturnSource: Reproduced by permission of Salman Abu SittaNotes: The location of the present built-up area shows that over 90% of the sites of Palestinianvillages remains vacant. Thick black lines define high Jewish density ‘natural regions.’Medium and thin lines indicate corresponding lesser Jewish density (Salman Abu Sitta).