the iru academy is currently developing a training ......with imo model course 3.18 guidelines and...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: The IRU Academy is currently developing a training ......with IMO Model Course 3.18 Guidelines and Standards for Cargo Securing •Standard EN 12195-1 Load restraint assemblies on](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040406/5ea680aa2c7c934428637629/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
© International Road Transport Union (IRU) 20101IRU Academy Safe Loading and Cargo Securing Programme
The IRU Academy is currently developing a training
programme on Safe Loading and Cargo Securing. This
programme will be made available in multiple languages to
IRU Academy ATIs.
Please find below a summary of the latest development on
the Cargo Securing Standards, including a comparison of the
norms and best practices currently in place or in being
implemented.
![Page 2: The IRU Academy is currently developing a training ......with IMO Model Course 3.18 Guidelines and Standards for Cargo Securing •Standard EN 12195-1 Load restraint assemblies on](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040406/5ea680aa2c7c934428637629/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
© International Road Transport Union (IRU) 20102IRU Academy Safe Loading and Cargo Securing Programme
Safe Loading and Cargo
Securing
Status - November 2010
![Page 3: The IRU Academy is currently developing a training ......with IMO Model Course 3.18 Guidelines and Standards for Cargo Securing •Standard EN 12195-1 Load restraint assemblies on](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040406/5ea680aa2c7c934428637629/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
© International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2010IRU Academy Safe Loading and Cargo Securing Programme 3
Unsecure cargo is a major risk
25% of all commercial vehicle accidents in Europe are caused by poorly secured loads.
Over 2300 accidents per year are due to poor cargo securing.
Euro Contrôle Route (ECR) an association of 14 European countries for the inspection of road transport, notes that:
![Page 4: The IRU Academy is currently developing a training ......with IMO Model Course 3.18 Guidelines and Standards for Cargo Securing •Standard EN 12195-1 Load restraint assemblies on](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040406/5ea680aa2c7c934428637629/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
© International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2010IRU Academy Safe Loading and Cargo Securing Programme 4
Source: Europol
Overloading is a key concern!
Unsecure cargo is a major cost
![Page 5: The IRU Academy is currently developing a training ......with IMO Model Course 3.18 Guidelines and Standards for Cargo Securing •Standard EN 12195-1 Load restraint assemblies on](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040406/5ea680aa2c7c934428637629/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
© International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2010IRU Academy Safe Loading and Cargo Securing Programme 5
Comparison of Cargo Securing according to:
Cargo Securing
IMO/ILO/UN ECE(2001)
EN 12195-1(Dec 2003)
Rev prEN 12195-1 (Jan 2009)
© MariTerm i Höganäs AB
![Page 6: The IRU Academy is currently developing a training ......with IMO Model Course 3.18 Guidelines and Standards for Cargo Securing •Standard EN 12195-1 Load restraint assemblies on](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040406/5ea680aa2c7c934428637629/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
© International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2010IRU Academy Safe Loading and Cargo Securing Programme 6
Different
requirements in
guidelines and
standards
© MariTerm i Höganäs AB
![Page 7: The IRU Academy is currently developing a training ......with IMO Model Course 3.18 Guidelines and Standards for Cargo Securing •Standard EN 12195-1 Load restraint assemblies on](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040406/5ea680aa2c7c934428637629/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
© International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2010IRU Academy Safe Loading and Cargo Securing Programme 7
• IMO/ILO/UN ECE
Guidelines for packing of cargo transport units (CTU’s)with IMO Model Course 3.18
Guidelines and Standards for Cargo Securing
• Standard EN 12195-1
Load restraint assemblies on road vehicles – Safety –Part 1: Calculation of lashing forces
• Updated version Standard prEN 12195-1 (rev: 2009-1)
Load restraining on road vehicles – Safety – Part 1
Calculation of securing forces
Cargo Securing
• European Best Practice Guidelines on Cargo Securing for
Road Transport
© MariTerm i Höganäs AB
![Page 8: The IRU Academy is currently developing a training ......with IMO Model Course 3.18 Guidelines and Standards for Cargo Securing •Standard EN 12195-1 Load restraint assemblies on](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040406/5ea680aa2c7c934428637629/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
© International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2010IRU Academy Safe Loading and Cargo Securing Programme 8
IMO/ILO/UN ECE2001
Rev prEN 12195-1Jan 2009
EN 12195-1Dec 2003
Cargo securing guidelines
Cargo Securing
© MariTerm i Höganäs AB
![Page 9: The IRU Academy is currently developing a training ......with IMO Model Course 3.18 Guidelines and Standards for Cargo Securing •Standard EN 12195-1 Load restraint assemblies on](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040406/5ea680aa2c7c934428637629/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
© International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2010IRU Academy Safe Loading and Cargo Securing Programme 9
Differences in the basic principles in the
guidelines and standards
Item IMO/ILO/UN ECE EN 12195-1 Rev prEN 12195-1
Acceleration coefficients
(road transport)
- Forward
- Sliding sideways
- Tipping sideways
+ Direct lashings
+ Frictional lashings
cx = 1.0
cy = 0.5
cy = 0.5 (FT=LC)
cy = 0.5 (FT=STF)
cx = 0.8
cy = 0.5
cy = 0.7 (FT=LC)
cy = 0.7 (FT=STF)
cx = 0.8
cy = 0.5
cy = 0.6 (FT=LC)
cy = 0.5 (FT=STF) or
cy = 0.6 (FT=LC/2)
Safety factor in
calculations of frictional
(top over) lashings
- Forward
- Sideways and backward
fs = 1.0
fs = 1.0
fs = 1.0
fs = 1.0
fs = 1.25
fs = 1.1
Cargo Securing
© MariTerm i Höganäs AB
![Page 10: The IRU Academy is currently developing a training ......with IMO Model Course 3.18 Guidelines and Standards for Cargo Securing •Standard EN 12195-1 Load restraint assemblies on](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040406/5ea680aa2c7c934428637629/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
© International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2010IRU Academy Safe Loading and Cargo Securing Programme 10
Differences in the basic principles in the
guidelines and standards
Item IMO/ILO/UN ECE EN 12195-1Rev prEN 12195-
1
Friction factor
established by friction
test
- Frictional lashings
- Direct lashings
Static friction µs
Dynamic friction
µd = µs fµ
Dynamic friction
µd = µs 0.70
Dynamic friction
µd = µs fµ
µ =µs 0.925
µ fµ
Conversion factor fµ for
direct lashings
fµ = 0,70 fµ = 0,70 fµ = µd/µs
0.75 < fµ < 1.0
Internal friction Included Not included Included
Coefficient of
transmission (k-factor)
k = 2 k =1.5 k = 2
Cargo Securing
© MariTerm i Höganäs AB
![Page 11: The IRU Academy is currently developing a training ......with IMO Model Course 3.18 Guidelines and Standards for Cargo Securing •Standard EN 12195-1 Load restraint assemblies on](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040406/5ea680aa2c7c934428637629/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
© International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2010IRU Academy Safe Loading and Cargo Securing Programme 11
Differences in the basic principles in the
guidelines and standards
Item IMO/ILO/UN ECE EN 12195-1 Rev prEN 12195-1
Some differences in table
of friction factors, e.g:
- sawn wood against
fabric base
laminate/plywood
- sawn wood against steel
sheet
- steel crate against fabric
base laminate/plywood
µ = 0.50
µ = 0.40
Not included
µ = 0.50
µ = 0.40
Not included
µ = 0.45
µ = 0.30
µ = 0.45
Verification of the
efficiency of securing
arrangement by
Calculations
Static inclining test
Calculations Calculations
Static inclining test
Dynamic driving
test (road transport)
Lashing protocol Included Not included Included
Cargo Securing
© MariTerm i Höganäs AB
![Page 12: The IRU Academy is currently developing a training ......with IMO Model Course 3.18 Guidelines and Standards for Cargo Securing •Standard EN 12195-1 Load restraint assemblies on](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040406/5ea680aa2c7c934428637629/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
© International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2010IRU Academy Safe Loading and Cargo Securing Programme 12
Cargo securing
examples
![Page 13: The IRU Academy is currently developing a training ......with IMO Model Course 3.18 Guidelines and Standards for Cargo Securing •Standard EN 12195-1 Load restraint assemblies on](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040406/5ea680aa2c7c934428637629/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
© International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2010IRU Academy Safe Loading and Cargo Securing Programme 13
Wooden boxes
L
B
H
Quantity = 8 pieces
H × B × L = 2 × 2 × 1.7 m
Weight = 3 000 kg/box
Total cargo weight: 24.0 tonnes
Length = 13.6 m
Height = 2.55 m
Breadth = 2.48 m
Web lashingsLC = 1 600 daN = 1.6 tonnes = 16 kN
STF = 400 daN = 0.4 tonnes = 4 kN
Friction between floor and cargo = static = 0.4
Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways
sliding
Curtain sided trailer, aluminium floor
and strong headboard
Cargo Securing example 1
© MariTerm i Höganäs AB
![Page 14: The IRU Academy is currently developing a training ......with IMO Model Course 3.18 Guidelines and Standards for Cargo Securing •Standard EN 12195-1 Load restraint assemblies on](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040406/5ea680aa2c7c934428637629/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
© International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2010IRU Academy Safe Loading and Cargo Securing Programme 14
Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways
sliding
Rev prEN 12195-1IMO/ILO/UN ECE
where
m = 3 tons
g = 9.81 m/s2
cy = 0.5 (table 2)
cz = 1.0 (table 2)
µd = µs × 0.7 = 0.28(section 6.1)
k = 1.5 (section 6.2)
FT = 0.4 ton ≈ 4 kN
α = 84.3º
Answer
EN 12195-1
Td
zy
Fµk
gmµccn
sin
)(s
T
zyf
Fµ
gmµccn
sin2
)(
n = 3.9
where
m = 3 tons
g = 9.81 m/s2
cy = 0.5 (table 2)
cz = 1.0 (table 2)
µ = µest= 0.4 (table B.1)
α = 84.3º
FT = 0.4 ton ≈ 4 kN
fs = 1.1
n = 1.02n = 0.9
Equation (10)Equation (6)EU Best Practice Guidelines -
Cargo Securing (p.108)
Cargo Securing example 1
© MariTerm i Höganäs AB
![Page 15: The IRU Academy is currently developing a training ......with IMO Model Course 3.18 Guidelines and Standards for Cargo Securing •Standard EN 12195-1 Load restraint assemblies on](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040406/5ea680aa2c7c934428637629/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
© International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2010IRU Academy Safe Loading and Cargo Securing Programme 15
9 top over lashings(with supporting beam)
• Friction factor µ = 0.4
• Lashing force FT = STF
• K-factor k = 2
• Safety factor fs = 1.1
Rev prEN 12195-1IMO/ILO/UN ECE
8 top over lashings(One lashing / section)
Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways
sliding
• Static friction s = 0.4
• Lashing force FT = STF
• K-factor k = 2
• Safety factor fs = 1.0
• Dynamic friction µd = 0.7 s=
0.28
• Lashing force FT = STF
• K-factor k = 1.5
• Safety factor fs = 1.0
Reasons for the difference:
EN 12195-1
32 top over lashings(Four lashings / section)
16 top over lashings(Two lashing / section)
Rev prEN 12195-1
Cargo Securing example 1
© MariTerm i Höganäs AB
![Page 16: The IRU Academy is currently developing a training ......with IMO Model Course 3.18 Guidelines and Standards for Cargo Securing •Standard EN 12195-1 Load restraint assemblies on](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040406/5ea680aa2c7c934428637629/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
© International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2010IRU Academy Safe Loading and Cargo Securing Programme 16
Web lashings
LC = 1 600 daN = 1.6 tonnes = 16 kN
STF = 400 daN = 0.4 tonnes = 4 kN
Quantity = 99 pcs in 11 sections
Cargo section dimensions:
H × B × L = 2.4 × 2.4 × 1.2 m
Weight = 2 000 kg/section
Total cargo weight: 22.0 tonnes
H/B = (2.4/2.4) =1
Number of rows = 3
Length = 13.6 m
Height = 2.55 m
Breadth = 2.48 m
Steel crates
B
H
Side bottom
blocking
Blocking
Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways
tipping
Curtain sided trailer with
strong headboard
Cargo Securing example 2
© MariTerm i Höganäs AB
![Page 17: The IRU Academy is currently developing a training ......with IMO Model Course 3.18 Guidelines and Standards for Cargo Securing •Standard EN 12195-1 Load restraint assemblies on](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040406/5ea680aa2c7c934428637629/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
© International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2010IRU Academy Safe Loading and Cargo Securing Programme 17
Rev prEN 12195-1IMO/ILO/UN ECE
Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways tipping
where
m = 2 tons/section
g = 9.81 m/s2
cy = 0.7 (table 2)
cz = 1.0 (table 2)
h = 2.4
w = 2.4
k = 1.5 (section 6.2)
FT = 0.4 ton ≈ 4 kn
α = 90º
Answer
EN 12195-1
n = 5.4/section
where
m = 2 tons/section
g = 9.81 m/s2
cy = 0.5 or 0.6 (table 2)
cz = 1.0 (table 2)
d = 1.2
b = 0.4
w = 0.8
FT = STF or LC/2 ≈ 4 kN or 8kN
N = 3
fs = 1.1
α = 90º
n = 0.9/sectionn = 0.9/section
Equation (16)Equation (11)EU Best Practice Guidelines -
Cargo Securing (p.108)
cos)2(sin)1(
)(
2
1
hkwk
wchcgmnF
zy
T))1(25.0(sin
)(
NFw
bcdcgmfn
T
zy
s
Cargo Securing example 2
© MariTerm i Höganäs AB
![Page 18: The IRU Academy is currently developing a training ......with IMO Model Course 3.18 Guidelines and Standards for Cargo Securing •Standard EN 12195-1 Load restraint assemblies on](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040406/5ea680aa2c7c934428637629/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
© International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2010IRU Academy Safe Loading and Cargo Securing Programme 18
Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways tipping
IMO/ILO/UN ECE
11 top over lashings(One lashing / section)
• Acceleration factor cy = 0.5
• Lashing force FT = STF
• K-factor k = 2
• Safety factor fs = 1.0
• Internal friction considered
Reasons for the difference:
EN 12195-1
• Acceleration factor cy = 0.7
• Lashing force FT = STF
• K-factor k = 1.5
• Safety factor fs = 1.0
• No instructions for internal
friction
66 top over lashings(Six lashings / section)
11 top over lashings(One lashing / section)
Rev prEN 12195-1
• Acceleration factor cy = 0.5 or
cy = 0.6
• Lashing force FT = STF or
FT = 0.5 LC
• K-factor k = 2
• Safety factor fs = 1.1
• Internal friction considered
Cargo Securing example 2
© MariTerm i Höganäs AB
![Page 19: The IRU Academy is currently developing a training ......with IMO Model Course 3.18 Guidelines and Standards for Cargo Securing •Standard EN 12195-1 Load restraint assemblies on](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040406/5ea680aa2c7c934428637629/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
© International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2010IRU Academy Safe Loading and Cargo Securing Programme 19
Paper reels
• Quantity = 36 reels in 12 sections
• H × B = 1.3 × 1.1 m / reel
• Weight = 650 kg / reel
• Total cargo weight: 23.4 tonnes
• H1/B1= (1.3/2.2) 0.6
• H2/B2= (2.6/2.2) 1.2
• Number of rows = 2
• Static friction between floor and
reel and between reels, static = 0.5
• Friction factor = 0.46 (0.5 0.925)
Length = 13.6 m
Height = 2.55 m
Breadth = 2.48 m
Web lashingsLC = 1 600 daN = 1.6 tonnes = 16 kN
STF = 400 daN = 0.4 tonnes = 4 kN
One layer
B1
H
1
Two layers
B2
H2
Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways sliding and tipping
Curtain sided trailer with
strong headboard
Cargo Securing example 3
© MariTerm i Höganäs AB
![Page 20: The IRU Academy is currently developing a training ......with IMO Model Course 3.18 Guidelines and Standards for Cargo Securing •Standard EN 12195-1 Load restraint assemblies on](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040406/5ea680aa2c7c934428637629/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
© International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2010IRU Academy Safe Loading and Cargo Securing Programme 20
Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways sliding
where
m1 = 1.3 tons (one layer)
m 2 = 2.6 tons (two layers)
g = 9.81 m/s2
cy = 0.5 g (table 2)
cz = 1.0 g (table 2)
µ = µest= 0.46 (Annex B)
α1 = 85.6º
α2 = 87.8º
FT = 0.4 ton ≈ 4 kN
fs = 1.1
Rev prEN 12195-1IMO/ILO/UN ECE
where
m1 = 1.3 tons (one layer)
m2 = 2.6 tons (two layers)
g = 9.81 m/s2
cy = 0.5 g (table 2)
cz = 1.0 g (table 2)
µd = µs × 0.7 = 0.35 (section 6.1)
k = 1.5 (section 6.2)
FT = 0.4 ton ≈ 4 kN
α1 = 85.6º
α2 = 87.8º
EN 12195-1
Td
zy
Fµk
gmµccn
sin
)(
s
T
zyf
Fµ
gmµccn
sin2
)(
n1 = 0.91/section
n2 = 1.82/sectionNo sliding
Equation (10)Equation (6)EU Best Practice Guidelines -
Cargo Securing (p.108)
n1 = 0.20/section
n2 = 0.39/section
Answer
Cargo Securing example 3
© MariTerm i Höganäs AB
![Page 21: The IRU Academy is currently developing a training ......with IMO Model Course 3.18 Guidelines and Standards for Cargo Securing •Standard EN 12195-1 Load restraint assemblies on](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040406/5ea680aa2c7c934428637629/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
© International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2010IRU Academy Safe Loading and Cargo Securing Programme 21
Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways tipping - one layer
Rev prEN 12195-1IMO/ILO/UN ECE
where
m = 1.3 tons/section
g = 9.81 m/s2
cy = 0.7 g (table 2)
cz = 1.0 g (table 2)
h = 1.3
w = 1.1
k = 1.5 (section 6.2)
FT = 0.4 ton ≈ 4 kN
α = 85.6º
EN 12195-1
where
m = 1.3 tons/section
g = 9.81 m/s2
cy = 0.5 g or 0.6g (table 2)
cy = 1.0 g (table 2)
d = 0.65
b = 0.55
w = 1.1
FT = STF or LC/2 ≈ 4 kN or 8 kN
N = 2
fs = 1.1
α =85.6º
Equation (16)Equation (11)EU Best Practice Guidelines -
Cargo Securing (p.108)
cos)2(sin)1(
)(
2
1
hkwk
wchcgmnF
zy
Ts
T
zyf
NFw
bcdcgmn
))1(25.0(sin
)(
No tipping No tipping No tipping
Answer
Cargo Securing example 3
© MariTerm i Höganäs AB
![Page 22: The IRU Academy is currently developing a training ......with IMO Model Course 3.18 Guidelines and Standards for Cargo Securing •Standard EN 12195-1 Load restraint assemblies on](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040406/5ea680aa2c7c934428637629/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
© International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2010IRU Academy Safe Loading and Cargo Securing Programme 22
Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways tipping - two layers
Rev prEN 12195-1IMO/ILO/UN ECE
where
m = 2.6 tons/section
g = 9.81 m/s2
cy = 0.7 g (table 2)
cz = 1.0 g (table 2)
h = 2.6
w = 1.1
k = 1.5 (section 6.2)
FT = 0.4 ton ≈ 4 kN
α = 87.8º
EN 12195-1
where
m = 2.6 tons/section
g = 9.81 m/s2
cy = 0.5 g or 0.6g (table 2)
cz = 1.0 g (table 2)
d = 1.3
b = 0.55
w = 1.1
FT = STF or LC/2 ≈ 4 kN or 8 kN
N = 2
fs = 1.1
α = 87.8º
Equation (16)Equation (11)EU Best Practice Guidelines -
Cargo Securing (p.108)
cos)2(sin)1(
)(
2
1
hkwk
wchcgmnF
zy
T s
T
zyf
NFw
bcdcgmn
))1(25.0(sin
)(
n2 = 0.5/section n2 = 4.6/section n2 = 0.7/section
Answer
Cargo Securing example 3
© MariTerm i Höganäs AB
![Page 23: The IRU Academy is currently developing a training ......with IMO Model Course 3.18 Guidelines and Standards for Cargo Securing •Standard EN 12195-1 Load restraint assemblies on](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040406/5ea680aa2c7c934428637629/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
© International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2010IRU Academy Safe Loading and Cargo Securing Programme 23
Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways sliding and tipping
IMO/ILO/UN ECE
9 top over lashings(One lashing / 4 tonnes of cargo to
prevent tipping and wandering)
• Static friction s = 0.5
• Acceleration factor cy = 0.5
• Lashing force FT = STF
• K-factor k = 2
• Safety factor fs = 1.0
• Internal friction considered
Reasons for the difference:
EN 12195-1
• Dynamic friction µd = 0.7s= 0.35
• Acceleration factor cy = 0.5 (sliding)
and cy = 0.7 (tipping)
• Lashing force FT = STF
• K-factor k = 1.5
• Safety factor fs = 1.0
• No instructions for internal friction
36 top over lashings(five lashings/section when loaded in
two layers to prevent sliding and
tipping, and one lashing/section when
loaded in one layer to prevent sliding)
Rev prEN 12195-1
• Friction factor µ = 0.45
• Acceleration factor cy = 0.5 or cy = 0.6
• Lashing force FT = STF or FT = 0.5
LC
• K-factor k = 2
• Safety factor fs= 1.1
• Internal friction considered
10 top over lashings(five lashings / six sections loaded in
two layers to prevent tipping, and one
lashing / 1-2 sections of cargo loaded
in one layer to prevent sliding)
Cargo Securing example 3
© MariTerm i Höganäs AB
![Page 24: The IRU Academy is currently developing a training ......with IMO Model Course 3.18 Guidelines and Standards for Cargo Securing •Standard EN 12195-1 Load restraint assemblies on](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040406/5ea680aa2c7c934428637629/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
© International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2010IRU Academy Safe Loading and Cargo Securing Programme 24
Truck with plyfa floor Heat exchanger with steel feet
• The heat exchanger is blocked in
forward direction.
• H × B × L = 2.0 × 0.9 × 2.1 m
• Centre of gravity: h × b × l =
1.35 × 0.45 × 1.05 m
• Weight = 2000 kg = 2 tonnes
• h/b= (1.35/0.45) = 3.0
• Number of rows = 1
• Static friction µstatic = 0.4 and friction
factor µ = 0.45
Length = 8. m
Height = 2.55 m
Breadth = 2.48 mBreadth between lashing points = 2.36 m
Web lashings
LC = 1 600 daN = 1,6 tonnes = 16 kN
STF = 400 daN = 0.4 tonnes = 4 kN
H
L
h
l
b
B
H
L
h
l
b
B
Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways sliding and tipping
Cargo Securing example 4
© MariTerm i Höganäs AB
![Page 25: The IRU Academy is currently developing a training ......with IMO Model Course 3.18 Guidelines and Standards for Cargo Securing •Standard EN 12195-1 Load restraint assemblies on](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040406/5ea680aa2c7c934428637629/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
© International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2010IRU Academy Safe Loading and Cargo Securing Programme 25
Rev prEN 12195-1IMO/ILO/UN ECE
Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways sliding
where
m = 2 tons
g = 9.81 m/s2
cy = 0.5 g (table 2)
cz = 1.0 g (table 2)
µd = µs × 0.7 = 0.28 (section 6.1)
k = 1.5 (section 6.2)
FT = 0.4 ton ≈ 4 kN
α = 70º
EN 12195-1
Td
zy
Fµk
gmµccn
sin
)(s
T
zyf
Fµ
gmµccn
sin2
)(
n = 2.7
where
m = 2 tons
g = 9.81 m/s2
cy = 0.5 g (table 2)
cz = 1.0 g (table 2)
µ = µest= 0.46 (Annex B)
α = 70º
FT = 0.4 ton ≈ 4 kN
fs = 1.1
Equation (10)Equation (6)EU Best Practice Guidelines -
Cargo Securing (p.108)
n = 0.6 n = 0.7
Answer
Cargo Securing example 4
© MariTerm i Höganäs AB
![Page 26: The IRU Academy is currently developing a training ......with IMO Model Course 3.18 Guidelines and Standards for Cargo Securing •Standard EN 12195-1 Load restraint assemblies on](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040406/5ea680aa2c7c934428637629/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
© International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2010IRU Academy Safe Loading and Cargo Securing Programme 26
Rev prEN 12195-1IMO/ILO/UN ECE
Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways tipping
where
m = 2 tons
g = 9.81 m/s2
cy = 0.7 g (table 2)
cz = 1.0 g (table 2)
d = 1.35
b = 0.45
h = 2.0
w = 0.9
k = 1.5 (section 6.2)
FT = 0.4 ton = 4 kN
α = 70º
Answer
EN 12195-1
where
m = 2 tons/section
g = 9.81 m/s2
cy = 0.5 g or 0.6g (table 2)
cz = 1.0 g (table 2)
d = 1.35
b = 0.45
w = 0.9
FT = STF or LC/2 = 4 kN or 6.5kN
N = 2
fs = 1.1
α = 70º
Equation (16)Equation (11) modified for
centre of gravity off centreEU Best Practice Guidelines -
Cargo Securing (p.108)
cos)2(sin)1(
)(
hkwk
bcdcgmnF
zy
T s
T
zyf
NFw
bcdcgmn
))1(25.0(sin
)(
n = 1.25 n = 30.0 n = 1.9
Cargo Securing example 4
© MariTerm i Höganäs AB
![Page 27: The IRU Academy is currently developing a training ......with IMO Model Course 3.18 Guidelines and Standards for Cargo Securing •Standard EN 12195-1 Load restraint assemblies on](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040406/5ea680aa2c7c934428637629/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
© International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2010IRU Academy Safe Loading and Cargo Securing Programme 27
Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways sliding and tipping
IMO/ILO/UN ECE
2 top over lashings
• Static friction s = 0.4
• Acceleration factor cy = 0.5
• Lashing force FT = STF
• K-factor k = 2
• Safety factor fs = 1.0
Reasons for the difference:
EN 12195-1
• Dynamic friction µd = 0.7 s= 0.28
• Acceleration factor cy = 0.5 (sliding)
and cy = 0.7 (tipping)
• Lashing force FT = STF
• K-factor 1.5
• Safety factor fs = 1.0
30 top over lashings2 top over lashings
Rev prEN 12195-1
• Friction factor µ = 0.45
• Acceleration factor cy = 0.5 or cy = 0.6
• Lashing force FT = STF
or FT = 0.5 LC
• K-factor k = 2
• Safety factor fs = 1.1
Cargo Securing example 4
© MariTerm i Höganäs AB
![Page 28: The IRU Academy is currently developing a training ......with IMO Model Course 3.18 Guidelines and Standards for Cargo Securing •Standard EN 12195-1 Load restraint assemblies on](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040406/5ea680aa2c7c934428637629/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
© International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2010IRU Academy Safe Loading and Cargo Securing Programme 28
Cargo weight in ton prevented from
sliding by one Top-Over lashingSideways Forward Backwards
IMO/ILO/ EN Rev prEN IMO/ILO/ EN Rev prEN IMO/ILO/ EN Rev prEN
µ UN ECE 12195-1 12195-1 UN ECE 12195-1 12195-1 UN ECE 12195-1 12195-1
0,05 0,09 0,04 0,08 0,04 0,02 0,04 0,09 0,04 0,08
0,10 0,20 0,09 0,18 0,09 0,04 0,09 0,20 0,09 0,18
0,15 0,34 0,15 0,31 0,14 0,07 0,15 0,34 0,15 0,31
0,20 0,53 0,23 0,48 0,20 0,09 0,21 0,53 0,23 0,48
0,25 0,80 0,31 0,73 0,27 0,12 0,29 0,80 0,31 0,73
0,30 1,20 0,42 1,09 0,34 0,15 0,38 1,20 0,42 1,09
0,35 1,87 0,56 1,70 0,43 0,19 0,50 1,87 0,56 1,70
0,40 3,20 0,74 2,91 0,53 0,23 0,64 3,20 0,74 2,91
0,45 7,20 0,99 6,55 0,65 0,27 0,82 7,20 0,99 6,55
0,50 0,80 0,31 1,07
0,55 0,98 0,36 1,41
0,60 No sliding 1,20 0,42 1,92 No sliding
0,65 1,49 0,48 2,77
0,70 1,87 0,56 4,48
0,75 2,40 0,64 9,60
Comparison between the different guidelines for road transport
Cargo Securing
© MariTerm i Höganäs AB
![Page 29: The IRU Academy is currently developing a training ......with IMO Model Course 3.18 Guidelines and Standards for Cargo Securing •Standard EN 12195-1 Load restraint assemblies on](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040406/5ea680aa2c7c934428637629/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
© International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2010IRU Academy Safe Loading and Cargo Securing Programme 29
Number of Top-Over lashings to prevent slidingSideways Forward Backwards
IMO/ILO/ EN Rev prEN IMO/ILO/ EN Rev prEN IMO/ILO/ EN Rev prEN
µ UN ECE 12195-1 12195-1 UN ECE 12195-1 12195-1 UN ECE 12195-1 12195-1
0,05 100% 204% 110% 100% 200% 99% 100% 204% 110%
0,10 100% 212% 110% 100% 204% 97% 100% 212% 110%
0,15 100% 223% 110% 100% 208% 96% 100% 223% 110%
0,20 100% 237% 110% 100% 212% 94% 100% 237% 110%
0,25 100% 256% 110% 100% 217% 92% 100% 256% 110%
0,30 100% 286% 110% 100% 223% 89% 100% 286% 110%
0,35 100% 335% 110% 100% 229% 87% 100% 335% 110%
0,40 100% 434% 110% 100% 237% 83% 100% 434% 110%
0,45 100% 730% 110% 100% 246% 80% 100% 730% 110%
0,50 100% 256% 75%
0,55 100% 270% 69%
0,60 No sliding 100% 286% 63% No sliding
0,65 100% 307% 54%
0,70 100% 335% 42%
0,75 100% 375% 25%
Comparison between the different guidelines for road transport
Cargo Securing
© MariTerm i Höganäs AB
![Page 30: The IRU Academy is currently developing a training ......with IMO Model Course 3.18 Guidelines and Standards for Cargo Securing •Standard EN 12195-1 Load restraint assemblies on](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040406/5ea680aa2c7c934428637629/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
© International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2010IRU Academy Safe Loading and Cargo Securing Programme 30
SAFE ENOUGH!
IMO/ILO/UN
ECE
(2001)
EN 12195-1
(Dec 2003)
Rev prEN 12195-1
(Jan 2009)
Cargo Securing
© MariTerm i Höganäs AB
![Page 31: The IRU Academy is currently developing a training ......with IMO Model Course 3.18 Guidelines and Standards for Cargo Securing •Standard EN 12195-1 Load restraint assemblies on](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040406/5ea680aa2c7c934428637629/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
© International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2010IRU Academy Safe Loading and Cargo Securing Programme 31
IRU Academy Checklist on Safe
Loading and Cargo Securing
![Page 32: The IRU Academy is currently developing a training ......with IMO Model Course 3.18 Guidelines and Standards for Cargo Securing •Standard EN 12195-1 Load restraint assemblies on](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040406/5ea680aa2c7c934428637629/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
© International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2010IRU Academy Safe Loading and Cargo Securing Programme 32
IRU Academy Interactive Programme
on Safe Loading and Cargo Securing
![Page 33: The IRU Academy is currently developing a training ......with IMO Model Course 3.18 Guidelines and Standards for Cargo Securing •Standard EN 12195-1 Load restraint assemblies on](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022040406/5ea680aa2c7c934428637629/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
© International Road Transport Union (IRU) 201033IRU Academy Safe Loading and Cargo Securing Programme
Worldwide Excellence in Road Transport Training