the iru academy is currently developing a training ......with imo model course 3.18 guidelines and...

© International Road Transport Union (IRU) 20101IRU Academy Safe Loading and Cargo Securing Programme

The IRU Academy is currently developing a training

programme on Safe Loading and Cargo Securing. This

programme will be made available in multiple languages to

IRU Academy ATIs.

Please find below a summary of the latest development on

the Cargo Securing Standards, including a comparison of the

norms and best practices currently in place or in being

implemented.


Safe Loading and Cargo

Securing

Status - November 2010

© International Road Transport Union (IRU) 2010IRU Academy Safe Loading and Cargo Securing Programme 3

Unsecure cargo is a major risk

25% of all commercial vehicle accidents in Europe are caused by poorly secured loads.

Over 2300 accidents per year are due to poor cargo securing.

Euro Contrôle Route (ECR) an association of 14 European countries for the inspection of road transport, notes that:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x_4TqtHATWI

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ymd_qvfus7A


Source: Europol

Overloading is a key concern!

Unsecure cargo is a major cost


Comparison of Cargo Securing according to:

Cargo Securing

IMO/ILO/UN ECE(2001)

EN 12195-1(Dec 2003)

Rev prEN 12195-1 (Jan 2009)

© MariTerm i Höganäs AB


Different

requirements in

guidelines and

standards



• IMO/ILO/UN ECE

Guidelines for packing of cargo transport units (CTU’s)with IMO Model Course 3.18

Guidelines and Standards for Cargo Securing

• Standard EN 12195-1

Load restraint assemblies on road vehicles – Safety –Part 1: Calculation of lashing forces

• Updated version Standard prEN 12195-1 (rev: 2009-1)

Load restraining on road vehicles – Safety – Part 1

Calculation of securing forces

Cargo Securing

• European Best Practice Guidelines on Cargo Securing for

Road Transport



IMO/ILO/UN ECE2001

Rev prEN 12195-1Jan 2009

EN 12195-1Dec 2003

Cargo securing guidelines

Cargo Securing



Differences in the basic principles in the

guidelines and standards

Item IMO/ILO/UN ECE EN 12195-1 Rev prEN 12195-1

Acceleration coefficients

(road transport)

- Forward

- Sliding sideways

- Tipping sideways

+ Direct lashings

+ Frictional lashings

cx = 1.0

cy = 0.5

cy = 0.5 (FT=LC)

cy = 0.5 (FT=STF)

cx = 0.8

cy = 0.5

cy = 0.7 (FT=LC)

cy = 0.7 (FT=STF)

cx = 0.8

cy = 0.5

cy = 0.6 (FT=LC)

cy = 0.5 (FT=STF) or

cy = 0.6 (FT=LC/2)

Safety factor in

calculations of frictional

(top over) lashings

- Forward

- Sideways and backward

fs = 1.0

fs = 1.0

fs = 1.0

fs = 1.0

fs = 1.25

fs = 1.1

Cargo Securing





Item IMO/ILO/UN ECE EN 12195-1Rev prEN 12195-

1

Friction factor

established by friction

test

- Frictional lashings

- Direct lashings

Static friction µs

Dynamic friction

µd = µs fµ

Dynamic friction

µd = µs 0.70

Dynamic friction

µd = µs fµ

µ =µs 0.925

µ fµ

Conversion factor fµ for

direct lashings

fµ = 0,70 fµ = 0,70 fµ = µd/µs

0.75 < fµ < 1.0

Internal friction Included Not included Included

Coefficient of

transmission (k-factor)

k = 2 k =1.5 k = 2

Cargo Securing





Item IMO/ILO/UN ECE EN 12195-1 Rev prEN 12195-1

Some differences in table

of friction factors, e.g:

- sawn wood against

fabric base

laminate/plywood

- sawn wood against steel

sheet

- steel crate against fabric

base laminate/plywood

µ = 0.50

µ = 0.40

Not included

µ = 0.50

µ = 0.40

Not included

µ = 0.45

µ = 0.30

µ = 0.45

Verification of the

efficiency of securing

arrangement by

Calculations

Static inclining test

Calculations Calculations

Static inclining test

Dynamic driving

test (road transport)

Lashing protocol Included Not included Included

Cargo Securing



Cargo securing

examples


Wooden boxes

L

B

H

Quantity = 8 pieces

H × B × L = 2 × 2 × 1.7 m

Weight = 3 000 kg/box

Total cargo weight: 24.0 tonnes

Length = 13.6 m

Height = 2.55 m

Breadth = 2.48 m

Web lashingsLC = 1 600 daN = 1.6 tonnes = 16 kN

STF = 400 daN = 0.4 tonnes = 4 kN

Friction between floor and cargo = static = 0.4

Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways

sliding

Curtain sided trailer, aluminium floor

and strong headboard

Cargo Securing example 1




sliding

Rev prEN 12195-1IMO/ILO/UN ECE

where

m = 3 tons

g = 9.81 m/s2

cy = 0.5 (table 2)

cz = 1.0 (table 2)

µd = µs × 0.7 = 0.28(section 6.1)

k = 1.5 (section 6.2)

FT = 0.4 ton ≈ 4 kN

α = 84.3º

Answer

EN 12195-1

Td

zy

Fµk

gmµccn

sin

)(s

T

zyf

Fµ

gmµccn

sin2

)(

n = 3.9

where

m = 3 tons

g = 9.81 m/s2

cy = 0.5 (table 2)

cz = 1.0 (table 2)

µ = µest= 0.4 (table B.1)

α = 84.3º

FT = 0.4 ton ≈ 4 kN

fs = 1.1

n = 1.02n = 0.9

Equation (10)Equation (6)EU Best Practice Guidelines -

Cargo Securing (p.108)




9 top over lashings(with supporting beam)

• Friction factor µ = 0.4

• Lashing force FT = STF

• K-factor k = 2

• Safety factor fs = 1.1


8 top over lashings(One lashing / section)


sliding

• Static friction s = 0.4


• K-factor k = 2


• Dynamic friction µd = 0.7 s=

0.28


• K-factor k = 1.5


Reasons for the difference:

EN 12195-1

32 top over lashings(Four lashings / section)

16 top over lashings(Two lashing / section)

Rev prEN 12195-1




Web lashings

LC = 1 600 daN = 1.6 tonnes = 16 kN


Quantity = 99 pcs in 11 sections

Cargo section dimensions:

H × B × L = 2.4 × 2.4 × 1.2 m

Weight = 2 000 kg/section

Total cargo weight: 22.0 tonnes

H/B = (2.4/2.4) =1

Number of rows = 3

Length = 13.6 m

Height = 2.55 m

Breadth = 2.48 m

Steel crates

B

H

Side bottom

blocking

Blocking


tipping

Curtain sided trailer with

strong headboard





Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways tipping

where

m = 2 tons/section

g = 9.81 m/s2

cy = 0.7 (table 2)

cz = 1.0 (table 2)

h = 2.4

w = 2.4

k = 1.5 (section 6.2)

FT = 0.4 ton ≈ 4 kn

α = 90º

Answer

EN 12195-1

n = 5.4/section

where

m = 2 tons/section

g = 9.81 m/s2

cy = 0.5 or 0.6 (table 2)

cz = 1.0 (table 2)

d = 1.2

b = 0.4

w = 0.8

FT = STF or LC/2 ≈ 4 kN or 8kN

N = 3

fs = 1.1

α = 90º

n = 0.9/sectionn = 0.9/section



cos)2(sin)1(

)(

2

1

hkwk

wchcgmnF

zy

T))1(25.0(sin

)(

NFw

bcdcgmfn

T

zy

s





IMO/ILO/UN ECE


• Acceleration factor cy = 0.5


• K-factor k = 2


• Internal friction considered


EN 12195-1





• No instructions for internal

friction

66 top over lashings(Six lashings / section)


Rev prEN 12195-1

• Acceleration factor cy = 0.5 or

cy = 0.6

• Lashing force FT = STF or

FT = 0.5 LC

• K-factor k = 2






Paper reels

• Quantity = 36 reels in 12 sections

• H × B = 1.3 × 1.1 m / reel

• Weight = 650 kg / reel

• Total cargo weight: 23.4 tonnes

• H1/B1= (1.3/2.2) 0.6

• H2/B2= (2.6/2.2) 1.2

• Number of rows = 2

• Static friction between floor and

reel and between reels, static = 0.5

• Friction factor = 0.46 (0.5 0.925)

Length = 13.6 m

Height = 2.55 m

Breadth = 2.48 m

Web lashingsLC = 1 600 daN = 1.6 tonnes = 16 kN


One layer

B1

H

1

Two layers

B2

H2

Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways sliding and tipping

Curtain sided trailer with

strong headboard




Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways sliding

where

m1 = 1.3 tons (one layer)

m 2 = 2.6 tons (two layers)

g = 9.81 m/s2

cy = 0.5 g (table 2)

cz = 1.0 g (table 2)

µ = µest= 0.46 (Annex B)

α1 = 85.6º

α2 = 87.8º

FT = 0.4 ton ≈ 4 kN

fs = 1.1


where

m1 = 1.3 tons (one layer)

m2 = 2.6 tons (two layers)

g = 9.81 m/s2



µd = µs × 0.7 = 0.35 (section 6.1)

k = 1.5 (section 6.2)

FT = 0.4 ton ≈ 4 kN

α1 = 85.6º

α2 = 87.8º

EN 12195-1

Td

zy

Fµk

gmµccn

sin

)(

s

T

zyf

Fµ

gmµccn

sin2

)(

n1 = 0.91/section

n2 = 1.82/sectionNo sliding



n1 = 0.20/section

n2 = 0.39/section

Answer




Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways tipping - one layer


where

m = 1.3 tons/section

g = 9.81 m/s2



h = 1.3

w = 1.1

k = 1.5 (section 6.2)

FT = 0.4 ton ≈ 4 kN

α = 85.6º

EN 12195-1

where


g = 9.81 m/s2

cy = 0.5 g or 0.6g (table 2)


d = 0.65

b = 0.55

w = 1.1

FT = STF or LC/2 ≈ 4 kN or 8 kN

N = 2

fs = 1.1

α =85.6º



cos)2(sin)1(

)(

2

1

hkwk

wchcgmnF

zy

Ts

T

zyf

NFw

bcdcgmn

))1(25.0(sin

)(

No tipping No tipping No tipping

Answer




Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways tipping - two layers


where


g = 9.81 m/s2



h = 2.6

w = 1.1

k = 1.5 (section 6.2)

FT = 0.4 ton ≈ 4 kN

α = 87.8º

EN 12195-1

where


g = 9.81 m/s2

cy = 0.5 g or 0.6g (table 2)


d = 1.3

b = 0.55

w = 1.1

FT = STF or LC/2 ≈ 4 kN or 8 kN

N = 2

fs = 1.1

α = 87.8º



cos)2(sin)1(

)(

2

1

hkwk

wchcgmnF

zy

T s

T

zyf

NFw

bcdcgmn

))1(25.0(sin

)(

n2 = 0.5/section n2 = 4.6/section n2 = 0.7/section

Answer





IMO/ILO/UN ECE

9 top over lashings(One lashing / 4 tonnes of cargo to

prevent tipping and wandering)




• K-factor k = 2




EN 12195-1

• Dynamic friction µd = 0.7s= 0.35

• Acceleration factor cy = 0.5 (sliding)

and cy = 0.7 (tipping)




• No instructions for internal friction

36 top over lashings(five lashings/section when loaded in

two layers to prevent sliding and

tipping, and one lashing/section when

loaded in one layer to prevent sliding)

Rev prEN 12195-1


• Acceleration factor cy = 0.5 or cy = 0.6

• Lashing force FT = STF or FT = 0.5

LC

• K-factor k = 2

• Safety factor fs= 1.1


10 top over lashings(five lashings / six sections loaded in

two layers to prevent tipping, and one

lashing / 1-2 sections of cargo loaded

in one layer to prevent sliding)




Truck with plyfa floor Heat exchanger with steel feet

• The heat exchanger is blocked in

forward direction.

• H × B × L = 2.0 × 0.9 × 2.1 m

• Centre of gravity: h × b × l =

1.35 × 0.45 × 1.05 m

• Weight = 2000 kg = 2 tonnes

• h/b= (1.35/0.45) = 3.0

• Number of rows = 1

• Static friction µstatic = 0.4 and friction

factor µ = 0.45

Length = 8. m

Height = 2.55 m

Breadth = 2.48 mBreadth between lashing points = 2.36 m

Web lashings

LC = 1 600 daN = 1,6 tonnes = 16 kN


H

L

h

l

b

B

H

L

h

l

b

B






Required number of top over lashings to prevent sideways sliding

where

m = 2 tons

g = 9.81 m/s2



µd = µs × 0.7 = 0.28 (section 6.1)

k = 1.5 (section 6.2)

FT = 0.4 ton ≈ 4 kN

α = 70º

EN 12195-1

Td

zy

Fµk

gmµccn

sin

)(s

T

zyf

Fµ

gmµccn

sin2

)(

n = 2.7

where

m = 2 tons

g = 9.81 m/s2



µ = µest= 0.46 (Annex B)

α = 70º

FT = 0.4 ton ≈ 4 kN

fs = 1.1



n = 0.6 n = 0.7

Answer






where

m = 2 tons

g = 9.81 m/s2



d = 1.35

b = 0.45

h = 2.0

w = 0.9

k = 1.5 (section 6.2)

FT = 0.4 ton = 4 kN

α = 70º

Answer

EN 12195-1

where

m = 2 tons/section

g = 9.81 m/s2

cy = 0.5 g or 0.6g (table 2)


d = 1.35

b = 0.45

w = 0.9

FT = STF or LC/2 = 4 kN or 6.5kN

N = 2

fs = 1.1

α = 70º

Equation (16)Equation (11) modified for

centre of gravity off centreEU Best Practice Guidelines -


cos)2(sin)1(

)(

hkwk

bcdcgmnF

zy

T s

T

zyf

NFw

bcdcgmn

))1(25.0(sin

)(

n = 1.25 n = 30.0 n = 1.9





IMO/ILO/UN ECE

2 top over lashings




• K-factor k = 2



EN 12195-1

• Dynamic friction µd = 0.7 s= 0.28

• Acceleration factor cy = 0.5 (sliding)

and cy = 0.7 (tipping)


• K-factor 1.5


30 top over lashings2 top over lashings

Rev prEN 12195-1


• Acceleration factor cy = 0.5 or cy = 0.6


or FT = 0.5 LC

• K-factor k = 2




C:/Documents and Settings/pphilipp/Local Settings/Temporary Internet Files/OLK2BF4/06 Föreskrifter för lastsäkring.ppt


Cargo weight in ton prevented from

sliding by one Top-Over lashingSideways Forward Backwards

IMO/ILO/ EN Rev prEN IMO/ILO/ EN Rev prEN IMO/ILO/ EN Rev prEN

µ UN ECE 12195-1 12195-1 UN ECE 12195-1 12195-1 UN ECE 12195-1 12195-1

0,05 0,09 0,04 0,08 0,04 0,02 0,04 0,09 0,04 0,08

0,10 0,20 0,09 0,18 0,09 0,04 0,09 0,20 0,09 0,18

0,15 0,34 0,15 0,31 0,14 0,07 0,15 0,34 0,15 0,31

0,20 0,53 0,23 0,48 0,20 0,09 0,21 0,53 0,23 0,48

0,25 0,80 0,31 0,73 0,27 0,12 0,29 0,80 0,31 0,73

0,30 1,20 0,42 1,09 0,34 0,15 0,38 1,20 0,42 1,09

0,35 1,87 0,56 1,70 0,43 0,19 0,50 1,87 0,56 1,70

0,40 3,20 0,74 2,91 0,53 0,23 0,64 3,20 0,74 2,91

0,45 7,20 0,99 6,55 0,65 0,27 0,82 7,20 0,99 6,55

0,50 0,80 0,31 1,07

0,55 0,98 0,36 1,41

0,60 No sliding 1,20 0,42 1,92 No sliding

0,65 1,49 0,48 2,77

0,70 1,87 0,56 4,48

0,75 2,40 0,64 9,60

Comparison between the different guidelines for road transport

Cargo Securing



Number of Top-Over lashings to prevent slidingSideways Forward Backwards

IMO/ILO/ EN Rev prEN IMO/ILO/ EN Rev prEN IMO/ILO/ EN Rev prEN

µ UN ECE 12195-1 12195-1 UN ECE 12195-1 12195-1 UN ECE 12195-1 12195-1

0,05 100% 204% 110% 100% 200% 99% 100% 204% 110%

0,10 100% 212% 110% 100% 204% 97% 100% 212% 110%

0,15 100% 223% 110% 100% 208% 96% 100% 223% 110%

0,20 100% 237% 110% 100% 212% 94% 100% 237% 110%

0,25 100% 256% 110% 100% 217% 92% 100% 256% 110%

0,30 100% 286% 110% 100% 223% 89% 100% 286% 110%

0,35 100% 335% 110% 100% 229% 87% 100% 335% 110%

0,40 100% 434% 110% 100% 237% 83% 100% 434% 110%

0,45 100% 730% 110% 100% 246% 80% 100% 730% 110%

0,50 100% 256% 75%

0,55 100% 270% 69%

0,60 No sliding 100% 286% 63% No sliding

0,65 100% 307% 54%

0,70 100% 335% 42%

0,75 100% 375% 25%

Comparison between the different guidelines for road transport

Cargo Securing



SAFE ENOUGH!

IMO/ILO/UN

ECE

(2001)

EN 12195-1

(Dec 2003)

Rev prEN 12195-1

(Jan 2009)

Cargo Securing



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Loading and Cargo Securing


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on Safe Loading and Cargo Securing


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