the international law of global governance
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The International Law of Global Governance. Session 3: The Law on the Decision-Making Process within Global Governance Bodies Eyal Benvenisti The Hague 10 July, 2013. The main questions: exploring the legal constraints on decision-making. 1. The decision-maker - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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The International Law of Global Governance
Session 3: The Law on the Decision-Making Process within Global Governance Bodies
Eyal Benvenisti The Hague
10 July, 2013
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The main questions: exploring the legal constraints on decision-making
1. The decision-maker2. The decision-making process3. The decision
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1. The decision-maker
1.1 Internal authority: internal ultra vires of organs1.2 Independence of decision-maker1.3 Impartiality
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1.1 Internal authority
• The founding treaty as an internal constitution: internal ultra vires of organs?• Constitution of the Maritime Safety Committee (1960)
vs. • Certain Expenses (1962)
Q: simple treaty interpretation? or
constitutional attention to minority interests?
• Ostensible authority toward 3rd parties?
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1.2 IndependenceDefinition: agent’s discretion is not unduly influenced by the principal’s interest
Examples: – The ICJ and the UNSC– the Bustani case
What makes a decision-maker independent? Formal and informal guarantees:• No reappointment• Nomination procedures• Ensuring compliance with decisions
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1.3 Impartiality• No personal interest in the outcome
Example: WHO and representatives of pharma• No institutional conflict of interests
Example: Private Security Companies and IHL compliance
How to secure impartiality?• Rules on avoiding personal conflicts of interest
Example: Oversight protocol for the International Code of Conduct for Private Security Service Providers March (2012(
• Protection of internal “whistleblowers”• Checks and balances as an institutional safeguard
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2. The regulation of the decision-making process
Goals: Transparency & participation (effective two-way communications)Means:2.1 Structured decision-making, public process2.2 Right to be heard (the “all affected principle”)2.3 Access to information2.4 Public participation
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2.1 Structured, public process
Examples: “Notice and Comment” procedure:• OECD • Basel Committee on Banking Supervision• ICANN• Equator Principles
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2.2 The right to be heard
Who has a right to be heard: The state? The individual? Others?• UNSC “Smart sanctions” listing & de-listing• WBIP in Mumbai transportation project• WTO DSB amicus briefs by NGOs• FATF, WADA• ILO’s “tripartite” system• Accreditation of NGOs: Codex AlimentariusThe “all affected principle:” the Aarhus Convention
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2.3 Access to information
Specific Informational Tools:
• Environmental impact assessment
• The precautionary principle
• Structured measurements (indicators)
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2.4 Public participation
• Basel Committee on Banking Supervision informal consultation with financial industry
• International Accounting Standards Committee Foundation
• Environmental IOs: Montreal, Aarhus, more
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3. The regulation of the decision
3.1 Reason giving
3.2 Exercising proper discretion
3.3 Balancing and proportionality
3.4 Standard of Review/Margin of Appreciation
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3.1 Reason giving
• Example: Targeted Sanctions regime
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3.2 Exercising proper discretion
• Pursuing legitimate goals:– weighing only relevant considerations– weighing all relevant considerations
WBAT in de Merode’s caseWTO and Article XX GATT
Examples: – WBIP Mumbai Transportation Project– UNESCO’s World Heritage Committee
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3.3 Balancing and proportionality • Improper balancing:
Examples:– WHO Swine Flu emergency vaccination– The Mangold Case (2010) German Constitutional Court
• Proportionality:
Examples:– UNSC Targeted Sanctions (Kadi)– WBIP and Mumbai transportation project
Standard of Review/Margin of Appreciation: Session 4