the installation of hot water supply for hotel
TRANSCRIPT
Deciding Factors:
Required Consumption
Peak Demands
Types of Installation
Required Storage Capacity
Methods of Heating Water
Insulation of Pipework
Further Planning
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Types of Hot Water Supply
System
Localised
Instantaneous single points
Storage type single points
Centralised
Direct
Electric water heating
Gas storage heaters
Boiler-cylinder system
Instantaneous system
The multi-port
The water-jacketed tube
heater
The combined primary
storage unit
Indirect
With expansion vessel
Vented storage
Unvented storage
Others
Solar heating
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Localised Hot Water Distribution System
A single-point heater located above a sink that heats
up water.
Heat up using gas and electricity
Two main types, i.e.:Instantaneous Single Points Storage-type Single Points
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○ Instantaneous Single Points
Does not require storage area
Heating process begins when desired
○ Storage Type Single Points
Have a capacity of no more than 15 litres
Heated by electric element until water has expanded enough to
discharge from discharge spout
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Centralised Hot Water Distribution System
Water is heated in a hot storage vessel, boiler or small
gas circulator
Connected by supply pipework and circulatory pipework
Water temperature in storage vessel should not exceed
60ºC
Two main types, i.e.:
○ Direct Hot Water Supply
○ Indirect Hot Water Supply
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○ Direct Hot Water Supply
Heats up water in storage cylinder and transfers heat directly to
the surrounding water
Precipitation of limestone might occur which
has a chance to clog the boiler and pipeworks
Only suitable to use in areas of soft water
Various types
- Electric Water Heating
- Gas Storage Heaters
- Boiler-cylinder system
- Instantaneous System
- a) Multi-Point
- b) Water-Jacketed Tube Heater (Thermal storage system)
- c) Combined Primary Storage Unit (CPSU)
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Centralised
Direct
System
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owners
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CentralisedInstantaneous System
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○ Indirect Hot Water Supply
Consists of an expansion, a calorifier
(hot water storage vessel),
and a heat exchanger
Water from boiler in primary pipework
passes through cylinder containing
heat exchanger to heat up water
Closed circulation can prevent clogging
Secondary circulation is required to
prevent dead legs
Various Types:
- Indirect Hot Water System with
expansion valve
- Vented Storage Hot Water Supply
System
- Unvented Storage Hot Water Supply System
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Indirect Hot Water
System with
Expansion Valve
Vented Storage Hot
Water Supply System
Unvented Storage Hot
Water Supply System
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Solar Hot
Water
Supply
System
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More complicated while required to install at
high rise building
Enormous piping system required
Few considerations
Type of hot water supply system to be installed
Materials for pipe used
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Types of Pipe Material available
Copper
○ High thermal conductivity
○ Lower cost and high availability
Cross-Link Polyethylene (PEX)
○ Plastic pipe that able to withstand temperature up to
100ºC
○ Speeds up installation process since
it is flexible
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Polybutylene (PB)
○ Plastic resin material
○ Low cost and easily installed
○ Not resistant against oxidants
○ Poor chemical resistivity
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Two main choices of installing hot water storage
Huge storage tank to be installed on top of building
Installation of reasonable sized storage tanks every 10th
levels
Installation of zoning valve
Installation at main pipe each floor
before separated into every room
Allows easier maintenance
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Monitoring Temperature of hot water
Larger scale of circulation in hotel which includes principal
loop, subordinate loops, and localized loops (tertiary loops)
Conducted at sentinel points
Carried out monthly to ensure hot water is supplied at suitable
temperature
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Water Softening
Conducted at connection between cold water supply to hot water
system to prevent heavy deposit of scale
Heavier deposits can reduce flow significantly, cause impact of
efficiency of system and may lead to microbial colonization
Inspection of calorifiers
Inspection to be carried out internally by:
○ Removing Inspection hatch
○ Inspection on the initial flush for clarity, quantity of debris,
temperature
Should be carried out annually and frequency should increases as
indicated by risk assessment or result of inspection to be
unsatisfying
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Chlorine Inspection
Chlorine is used for disinfection purpose
Suitable concentration range is 0.5 -1.0 mg per liter
Overdose will cause health issues to users such as skin infections,
irritations
Carried out annually
Water Sample Inspection
Water sample at final outlets should be collected randomly on a weekly
basis for inspection
To ensure hot water supply contains no contamination and every
element at suitable dosage
If result is unsatisfying, further inspection should be carried out on
entire system and essential repair should be conducted
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Comparison of Advantages between Indirect Water supply System &
Direct Water Supply System
Indirect System Direct System
•Separate circuit for water drawn off at
taps
•Water through the boiler can be drawn
off for the taps
•Used in hard water areas •Heat quicker
•Used when heating is combined within
system
•Sealed primary circuit can be pumped
or can circulate by natural convection
•Less maintenance cost •Adequate pressure on the main
•Saves the cost of a storage and
expansion cistern and associated
pipework
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Unvented System
Advantages Disadvantages
•Provide hot water constantly at main pressure •Installation cost is higher than
vented system
•No requirement for cold water storage tank •Need specialist for installation
•Extra pipework for linking •Rely on automatic control
•Give greater flexibility to design of taps, mixers,
and shower heads
•Might run out of water
Advantages and Disadvantages of Vented System
Advantages Disadvantages
•Less complicated design •Require cold water storage tank
•Easier installation
•Lesser cost for purchase and installation
•Can be either indirect or direct vented system
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Conventional Storage Water Heater
Advantages Disadvantages
•Low product and installation cost •Higher utility bill
•Available in a variety of sizes •Might run out of water
•Instant hot water supply •Storage space required
•Less durabililty
Advantages and Disadvantages of Tank-less Water Heater
Advantages Disadvantages
•Energy saving •Limited output
•Longer lifespan •Expensive initial cost
•Compact size •Needs gas unit for best performance
•Durable
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Solar Water Heater
Advantages Disadvantages
•Runs on renewable energy source •High initial cost
•Lower utility cost •Complicated installation
•Suitable for tropical climate countries •High maintenance cost
•Non-polluting
Advantages and Disadvantages of Heat Pump Water Heater
Advantages Disadvantages
•Big volume of hot water supply •High initial cost
•Long lifespan •Size of heat pump can be huge
•Low maintenance cost •Various grade of quality
•Anti freezing
•Safe and eco-friendly (no combustion)
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Indirect Water Heater
Advantages Disadvantages
•Efficient for home usage •Requires storage tank
•Saves energy
•Variety source of energy
•Efficient life span
Advantages and Disadvantages of Tankless Coil Water Heater
Advantages Disadvantages
•Higher performance during cold
weather
•Inefficient for countries with warmer
climates
•Does not require tank
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Air Locks
Air might enter the system through
cylinder vent and cause restriction
of water flow
To eliminate air locks,
○ sufficient pressure
is required to push air through the pipe
○ Installing vent points in pipes so air can escape through the
vents
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Noises
Occur in high pressure systems
Occur due to fluctuations of water
flow which causes vibrations
To prevent occurrence of noises,
○ Pipes should not be in direct contact with building
○ Use rubber insulated clips to clip over pipes
○ Pipework should be fixed rigidly
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Poor Water Flow
Occur due to air locks, clogged pipes,
mineral clogging in water tank or
tank-less coil
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Insufficient Hot Water
Due to unsuitable size of cylinder or boiler,
excessive primary flow and return pipes,
leakage, air locks or poor quality of fuel used
May be due to mineral deposits
and blockage in water tank
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owners 29
Leakage
Will result in loss of pressure
Occur due to corrosion of pipes or
thermal expansion in closed water system
Back siphonage
Backflow of water due to negative pressure
Occurs due to excessive demand of hot
water
May causes contamination of water and
health issue
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Overheating and failure of heating
element
Faulty thermostats will cause the water
to
continue to be heated
Mineral deposits may build up on
heating
element and causing damages
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owners 31
FUTURE IMPROVEMENT Installation of extra tanks
Descale or replace heating elements
Installation of high efficiency water heaters
Comparison of choices for the most suitable system to be
installed
Installation of hot water pump and higher efficiency loop
system
Installation of a larger cold feed pipe or raising the storage
cistern to increase the water flow pressure.
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Operating since 2010
84 rooms
Unique in-campus
hotel design
Localized Instantaneous Water Storage Heater
System was used
Water storage heater installed in each room
Capable of holding 135 liters of water
Runs on electricity
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Standard Installation of Electrical Storage Heater34
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Blue ABS pipe carriescool water
Copper pipe carries hotwater to draw off points
Stored water heated byelectric element
Cool water replace the discharged hot water
Standard temperature is between 60ºC to 75ºC
Temperature is obtained using thermostat
Problems Electricity supply might trip due to overheating
Faulty thermostat will fail to detect temperature and causes water to be overheated
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Future Improvement Suggestion For Ruemz
Hotel @ Taylor’s University Lakeside Campus
Replacing using Solar Water Heating System
○ Uses solar energy
Free and renewable resource
○ Suitable for tropical countries like Malaysia
○ Boiler can be installed as a back-up
○ Can be integrated into existing hot water supply system
○ Suitable for installation at hotels
Higher levels which can receive direct sunlight
○ Reducing usage of fuel to heat up water
○ Higher efficiency than most water heating system
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Operating since July, 1983
Total of 726 guestrooms
and suites
Located at 2 Charoen
Krung Soi 30, Siphya,
Bangrak, Bangkok, 10500, Thailand
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Originally, it uses hot water supply system that’s
made up of 2 boilers
Each boiler capable of producing 5 tons per hour
Average consumption about 2,000 liter per day
5 hot water generators were installed
Temperature controlled at around 55ºC
Average consumption about 95m3 per day at
70% occupancy
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Rising of price of fuel causes them to switch to
Solar Water Heating System
Solar Water Heating System consists of:
360m2 flat plate solar collectors
Two hot water storage tanks
○ Each tank has a capacity of 23,000 liters
Circulation pumps
Control System
Capable of producing 24,000 liters of water at
an average temperature of 55ºC per day
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Differential thermostat is used to determine the usage
of circulation pumps
Hot water from storage tank flows into hot water
generators and discharges into hot water piping system
5 units of heat pump for additional hot water supply are
installed to ensure enough supply
Each unit capable of producing 2,000 liter of hot water at
50ºC
Operates when temperature in storage tank is below a set
point, usually during evening and night
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Schematic Diagram of Solar Water Heating System Used
Heat Pumps Installed at Rooftop
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