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THE INFLUENCE OF HEGEMONY TOWARD ANIMAL’S LIFE AS REFLECTEDIN ANIMAL FARM NOVEL BY GEORGE ORWELL
A THESIS
Submitted to the Board of Examination in Partial Fulfillment of Requirement for Literature Degree
at English Literature Department
by
FILYADI GUSTI ZAMZAMINIM: AI140230
ADAB AND HUMANITIES FACULTYSTATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY
SULTHAN THAHA SAIFUDDIN JAMBI2019
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ORIGINAL THESIS STATEMENT
I am who signed on this letter:
Name : Filyadi Gusti Zamzami
Nim : AI. 140230
Supervisor I : Dr. Moh. Yusuf, M. Ed
Supervisor II : Firdiansyah. MA
Department : English Literature Department
Faculty : Adab and Humanities
By signing this letter, I state that the thesis entitled “The Influence of
Hegemony Toward Animal’s life as Reflected in Animal Farm Novel by
George Orwell” is my original work. If this thesis is not original or cheating from
other people’s thesis, I will be ready to be take responsibility and get punishment
based on the role of Adab and Humanities Faculty of State Islamic University
Sultan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi.
Therefore, I make this statement in good health and mind.
Jambi, June, 2019
The writer
Filyadi Gusti Zamzami
NIM: AI.140230
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MOTTO
Meaning: Go to Firon, surely he has exceeded all limits.
Artinya: Pergilah kepada Fir’aun; Dia benar-benar telah melampaui batas.
(Thaahaa: 24)1
1Al-Qur’an Tajwid, Terjemahan, dan Transliterasi (2010). (Bandung: Kementerian Agama RI Syamil Qur’an)
Thaahaa: 20
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DEDICATION
حِيم حْمَنِ الره ِ الره بِسْمِ اللَّه
I thank to Allah SWT who has blessed and strength on me so I can accomplish
this thesis. Shalawat and Salam to Prophet Muhammad SAW who has brought
human’s life to a better life and to a beautiful world.
Proudly, I dedicate this thesis to my house-love Mother (Suryani) and
Father (Isnaini) who always loves and support me to keep live the life of my
dream and my education. I also dedicate this thesis for my supervisors Dr. Moh.
Yusuf, M. Ed and Firdiansyah, MA who always support, guide, open my mind
and provide a great input for my thesis, I am much obliged for your time, ideas,
advices and patience those you gave me during writing and finishing this thesis.
Without Allah SWT and them, I might not be able to finish this.
جَزَاكُمُ اللهُ خَيْرًا
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Alhamdulillahirabbil ‘aalamiin.
All praises be to Allah, the Most Beneficent and the Most Merciful, who
has given me the mercy, strength, health, and guidance in accomplishing the thesis
entitled The Influence of Hegemony Toward Animal’s life as Reflected in
Animal Farm Novel by George Orwell which is submitted to fulfill the
requirements for bachelor degree (S1) in English Literature, Adab and
Humanities, State Islamic University Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi.
I would like to thank those who have assisted me in writing this thesis. My
sincere gratitude goes to:
1. The Rector of State Islamic University Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi,
Dr. H. Hadri Hasan, MA. The vices of Rector, Prof. H. Suaidi, MA, PhD;
Dr. H. Hidayat, M.Pd; and Dr. Hj. Fadilla, M.Pd,.
2. The Dean of Adab and Humanities Faculty, Prof. Dr. Maisah, M.Pd.I. The
vices of dean, Dr. Alfian, M.Ed.; Dr. H.M. Fadhil, M.Ag.; and Dr.
Raudhoh, M.Pd.I
3. The Chairman of English Literature Department, Ulfatmi Azlan, M.A. and
the Secretary of English Literature Department, Dian Mukhlisa, M.A
4. My Supervisors, Dr. Moh. Yusuf, M. Ed and Firdiansyah, MA who have
given me ideas and provided great inputs to me in finishing this thesis.
5. My Mother and Father who always understand, support and pray for me.
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6. My Moon; Yanda Pratiwi, SS who are always willing to help and support
me so that I can complete this thesis. curiosity, and never bored in
supporting me.
7. My sister; Fadilah Gina Azahra and Fatma Gita Zuraidah who always
reminded me to immediately complete my final assignment so that I could
quickly work and make them happy.
8. My friends, Witri, Gufran, Bahtiar, Rian, Ridho, Rifqi, Joka, Rahmat and
Arvian who never bored in listening to my worried and
9. My community Jari Menari that has made me understanding social life and
love books more.
10. All of my BSI 14 A and BSI 14 B friends. Thank you for your support.
Finally, I admit this thesis is not perfect. Therefore, I very need the
comments and critics from the readers in order to make this thesis better. Beside I
hope this thesis can give contribution for the readers especially students of
English Literature Department in Adab and Humanities Faculty in The State
Islamic University Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi.
Jambi, June, 2019
The Writer
Filyadi Gusti Zamzami
AI.140230
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ABSTRACT
Zamzami, Filyadi Gusti, 2019 : The Influence of Hegemony Toward Animal’s
life as Reflected in Animal Farm Novel by
George Orwell. English Literature Department.
Adab and Humanities Faculty. State Islamic
University Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi.
Supervisor I : Dr. Moh. Yusuf, M. Ed
Supervisor II : Firdiansyah, MA
Hegemony power is one of the social phenomenon that is often found in
literary works. It derives from Ancient Greek ‘eugemonia’ means to show the
dominance of leadership in a region led. The writer interested in discussing
hegemony power because in Animal Farm novel by George Orwell tells the story
of the Old Major as animal leader on Manor farm when it uses hegemony power
to eliminate the suffering of animals on the farm from human oppression. But
after the hegemony power moved to Napoleon, Napoleon suppressed more than
humans against humans even though he was an animal on the farm. The aims of
this research are: (1) to elaborate how hegemony power operates in the novel, (2)
to know the negative effects of power hegemony for other animal’s life in the
Animal Farm novel by George Orwell.
On this research, the writer applies the theory of hegemony by Antonio
Gramsci as the grand theory and the theory of power by Max Weber as supporting
theory to answer the problem of the research. This research approach is a
sociological approach. This research is qualitative research that focused on
qualitative research by Taylor. This Research uses documentation method by
Atkinson to collect the data in this research. This research uses descriptive
analysis techniques by Miles.
In this research, the writer found a form of hegemony power that operates
creating an integral state region, namely that between civil society and the
political society of each region, they do hegemony and become victims of
hegemony. Civil society is character by the movement of hegemony power by Old
Major and Snowball, while the political society is character by Napoleon and Mr.
Jones. The writer identifies three impact of the hegemony power on other animal
life are: 1) the loss of personal right, 2) work harder and decrease in food rations,
3) the killing of fellow Animal.
Keyword: Hegemony power, Antonio Gramsci, Integral State, Novel.
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ABSTRAK
Zamzami, Filyadi Gusti, 2019 : The Influence of Hegemony Toward Animal’s life
as Reflected in Animal Farm Novel by George
Orwell. English Literature Department. Adab and
Humanities Faculty. State Islamic University
Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi.
Supervisor I : Dr. Moh. Yusuf. M. Ed
Supervisor II : Firdiansyah, MA
Hegemoni kekuasaan merupakan salah satu fenomena sosial yang sering
terdapat di dalam karya sastra. Hegemoni berasal dari bahasa Yunani Kuno
“eugemonia’ yang berarti untuk menunjukkan dominasi kepemimpinan terhadap
suatu wilayah yang dipimpin. Penulis tertarik untuk meneliti hegemoni kekuasaan
karena didalam novel Animal Farm karya George Orwell menceritakan Old Major
selaku pemimpin binatang di peternakan Manor saat itu menggunakan hegemoni
kekuasaan untuk menghilangkan penderitaan binatang yang ada di peternakan dari
penindasan manusia. Tetapi setelah hegemoni kekuasaan itu pindah pada
Napoleon, Napoleon melakukan penindasan melebihi manusia terhadap manusia,
sekalipun dia merupakan binatang yang ada di peternakan. Tujuan dari penelitian
ini ialah (1) untuk menguraikan bagaimana hegemoni kekuasaan beroperasi yang
terdapat di dalam novel, (2) untuk menemukan dampak negatif dari hegemoni
kekuasaan untuk kehidupan binatang lainnya dalam novel Animal Farm karya
George Orwell
Di dalam Penelitian ini menggunakan teori hegemony Antonio Gramsci
sebagai teori dasar dan teori power Max Weber sebagai teori pendukung untuk
menjawab permasalahan di dalam penelitian. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian
kualitatif yang berfokus pada penelitian kualitatif oleh Taylor. Dalam proses
menganalisa dan mengumpulkan data, penelitian ini menggunakan metode
dokumentasi Atkitson. Penelitian ini dianalisis dengan menggunakan teknik
deskriptif analisis oleh Miles.
Dalam penelitian ini, penulis menemukan bentuk hegemoni kekuasaan
yang beroperasi menciptakan wilayah Negara integral, yaitu antara masyarakat
sipil dan masyarakat politik, masing-masing wilayah melakukan hegemoni
maupun menjadi korban hegemoni. Masyarakat sipil diwakili oleh gerakan
hegemoni kekuasaan yang dioperasikan Old Major dan Snowball sedangkan
masyarakat politik diwakili oleh hegemoni kekuasaan yang dioperasikan oleh
Napoleon dan Mr Jones. Penulis mengindetifikasi ada tiga dampak negative dari
hegemoni kekuasaan terhadap kehidupan binatang lain: (1) Hilangnya hak pribadi,
(2) Bekerja lebih keras dan mengurangi jatah makan, (3) pembunuhan sesama
binatang.
Kata Kunci: Hegemoni Kekuasaan, Antonio Gramsci, Negara Integral, Novel
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TABLE OF CONTENT
COVER ..............................................................................................................................
APPROVAL ...................................................................................................................... i
ORIGINAL THESIS STATEMENT .............................................................................. ii
MOTTO ............................................................................................................................. iii
DEDICATION ................................................................................................................... iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................ v
ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... vii
ABSTRAK ......................................................................................................................... viii
TABLE OF CONTENT .................................................................................................... ix
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... .1
A. Background of Problem .......................................................................................... 1
B. Formulation of Problem .......................................................................................... 5
C. Limitation of Problem ............................................................................................. 5
D. Purpose of Problem ................................................................................................. 5
E. Significance of Problem .......................................................................................... 6
CHAPTER II THEORITCAL FRAMEWORK ............................................................ .7
A. Sociological Approach ............................................................................................ 7
B. Theory of Hegemony from Gramsci ....................................................................... 8
C. Power ...................................................................................................................... 15
D. Review of Related Research ................................................................................... 17
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METODHOLOGY .......................................................... 20
A. Design of Research ................................................................................................ 20
B. Source of Data ......................................................................................................... 21
C. Technique of Data Collecting ................................................................................. 22
D. Technique of Data Analysis .................................................................................... 24
CHAPTER IV FINDING AND ANALYSIS .................................................................. 27
A. The Power Hegemony Operate in Animal Farm Novel .......................................... 27
1. Integral State ..................................................................................................... 28
a) Leader Full Power ................................................................................. 29
b) Becoming of Napoleon Leader ............................................................. 33
c) Conflict Began ...................................................................................... 36
d) Maintain Power ..................................................................................... 38
e) Resign to the Ruler ................................................................................ 42
B. The Impact of Power Hegemony ............................................................................ 42
1. Loss of Personal Rights ..................................................................................... 44
2. Work Harder and Decrease in Food Rations..................................................... 46
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3. The Killing of Fellow Animals ......................................................................... 47
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION .................................................... 48
A. Conclusion .............................................................................................................. 48
B. Suggestion ............................................................................................................... 49
REFERENCES .................................................................................................................. 50
APPENDIX I
APPENDIX II
APPENDIX III
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ABBREVIATION
SWT : Subhanahu Wata’ala
SAW : Shallallahu Alaihi Wasallam
UIN : Universitas Islam Negri
STS : Sultan Thaha Saifudin
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Problem
Every people feel many events in their daily life. Unaware, those events
are deliberately and not deliberately. Whatever as the human need leadership
to guide them toward perfect improvement. Thus, the human who can thinks,
people should be made their leader have done as an orientation and lesson for
their knowledge to their future. Sometimes literary works as a demolisher of
others facets of a life that people do not know.
Novel is one of the literary works and it can give knowledge to the
readers. Rene Wellek and Austen Warren define creative literature activity, a
work art.1 Jonathan said literature has been the activity creative of human
being and has been what is sometimes called culture capital.2 It means that
literature is a creative activity of human from his or her imagination and
through to become an art like novel, film, short story, and other literary works.
According Jacob Sumardjo and Saini, “Novel adalah cerita berbentuk
prosa. Di mana cerita dengan plot (alur) yang kompleks, karakter yang
banyak, tema yang kompleks, suasana cerita-cerita beragam setting cerita
yang beragam pula”.3 It means novel is one of the genre in literary works
1 Rene Wellek and Austen Werren, (1990). Theory of Literature, (United State of America:Harvast Book Harcount, Brace & World INC), p 152 Jonathan Culler, (2000). Literary Theory, (New York: Oxford University Press Inc), p. 403 Sumardjo, Jacob dan Saini K.M (2007). Apresiasi Kesastraan, (Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka),p 29
1
which gives more complex problems of event an event. Novel can be a
reflection of people's lives that may not be realized.
According to Gramsci the supremacy of a social group manifest itself in
two ways, as ‘domination’ and as ‘intellectual and moral leadership’ A social
group dominates antagonistic groups, which it tends to ‘liquidate’, or to
subjugate perhaps even by armed force; it leads kindred and allied groups.4 Its
subsequently becomes dominant when it exercises power but even if it holds it
firmly in its grasp, it must continue to ‘lead’ as well. This is called hegemony
by Gramsci.
Hegemony relates to attitudes and strategies in coordinating and
obtaining power carried out by certain organizations or groups in power
practices. Max Weber’s definition of power, power as being: “the ability of an
individual or group to achieve their own goals or aims when others are trying
to prevent them from realizing them”.5 It means that power as something is
owned by individuals or groups to control others. In addition, power does not
always run smoothly because in society there must be those who disagree or
fight either openly or covertly to power.
In this thesis the writer interests to analyze novel where there are many
aspects in novel such as economy, social, ideology, and culture. Literature or
novels will be closely related to society, both are like a unit that goes hand in
hand. Cerrtainly in literature a life and life presented that comes from social
4 Nezar Patria dan Andi Arief (2015). Antonio Gramsci Negara dan Hegemoni, Yogyakarta: PTPustaka Pelajar, p 1175 C H Thomps (2013). Weber’s Definition of Power. Retrieved from https://sociologytwynham.com/2013/06/04/webers-definition-of-power/. Accessed on October 22, 2018.
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reality. Literature which is described the social life of the people, of course in
it will go hand in hand with power, the power that exists in society becomes
one of the social phenomena that exist in literature.
One of the novels is related to the statements above novel is the media
that has information and also as a type of communication that uses words to
tell stories. The writer interests in choosing novel in this research for some
reasons: First, Animal Farm novel by George Orwell is a fictional story about
the social situation of the community, injustice, and about the dominating
power of the weak. Moreover an animal rebellion gone awry to critique the
real-life events that follows the Russian Revolution of 1917.
Second, this novel gives us several moral messages. One of the biggest
morals in the story, and the one that it can be captured the most through the
phrase is “Absolute power corrupts absolutely. In Addition we can be see
many choices that cannot be used at the time. The last, this novel is a
phenomenal classic novel by British-born great author George Orwell, which
is read by many readers and this novel has been translated into European
languages, as well as Persian, Telugu, Icelandic, Ukrainian, and Asian
languages.6 The novel won several awards starting from the Retro Hugo
Award in 1996, for the best novel to the Prometheus Hall of Fame Award in
2012.7
6 George Orwell, Animal Farm, p.V7 Muhammad Harir (2018). George Orwell: Animal Farm. Retrieved from http://suarr.id/george-orwell-animal-farm/. Accessed on October 22, 2018
3
Based on the explanations above, the writer interests in analyzing this
novel because it won many Awards and also many people around the world
read this novel.
Animal Farm a novel which brings readers to the story to make people
curious. This research will be discuss about the power hegemony found in the
Animal Farm novel. This novel also tells a illustrate the reality of a leader who
strives to continue to maintain his leadership through power possessed by
doing everything in his power not to be lost or replaced. People find many
such lives in the reality of society, but not many people see with “open eyes”
that these conditions cause certain effects on people who are victim of the
power of leaders whose ideologies try to gain power for personal gain.
The Animal Farm novel was chosen and used the focus of the study of
power hegemony because this novel clearly illustrates the reality of social life
regarding power hegemony, cultural depiction of the dominant parties in
conflict for the sake of maintaining power even though many people dislike
their leadership policies. It creates conflict between dominant rulers and lower
rulers. Reflections on authoritarian power are clearly illustrated through the
figures in power in the novel, through the power they have to act arbitrarily,
oppressing weak animals and acting beyond the limits of other animals. Not
only that, those who hegemony brings misery for themselves so they prey on
each other.
The purpose initial goal of the dominant party was represented by the
Old Major so that animal life at the Manor Farm's was free from the misery
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they had experienced together. It should be the culmination of the success of
Old Major to hegemony other animals, so that all animals at the Manor Farm’s
will be detached from the tyranny of humans who have been very torturing
animals.
Finally, based on the reasons above, the writer will analyze this thesis
entitled “The Influence of Hegemony Toward Animal’s Life As Reflected in
the Novel Animal Farm by George Orwell”.
B. Formulation of the Problem
Based on the background of the problems above, the writer makes the
formulation of the problems, they are:
1. How does the hegemony power operate in novel Animal Farm by George
Orwell?
2. What is the impact of hegemony power on any animals in Manor’s Farm
as seen in novel Animal Farm by George Orwell?
C. Limitation of the Problem
In this research, the writer focuses on animal’s life the after math of the
rebellion reflected in George Orwell’s novel Animal Farm and then the power
hegemony of Napoleon’s leadership.
D. Purpose of the Research
The purpose of this research, are:
1. To find out the way hegemony power operates in Manor’s Farm as seen in
novel Animal Farm by George Orwell.
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2. To find out the impact of hegemony power on any animals in Manor’s
Farm as seen in novel Animal Farm by George Orwell.
E. Significance of the Research
This thesis analyzes a novel written by an England author named George
Orwell entitled Animal Farm. On this research, the writer would like to find
out the power of hegemony operates in Manor’s Farm and the impact of power
of hegemony toward other animals in Manor Farm as seen in novel Animal
Farm by George Orwell. The writer hopes this research will develop the
writing ability and give additional information and knowledge to the writer
and the readers, especially to the students and lectures in English Literature
Department who wants to read the novel and even who wants analyze the
same novel. The writer hopes this research will make other people easier to
identify the hegemony power to impact the other animals in this novel and
takes positive side of this novel.
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CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Sociological Approach
Sociology talks about society. It relates to people, relationship, norms,
pride, economy, class status and anything else. As the opinion of Soekito in
literary journal Indonesia that: “sosiologi merupakan studi mengenai
masyarakat dalam suatu system sosial.”8 It can be described that in their
society, people cannot separate from relationship to each people and economy.
Economy becomes something crucial in society, not only as determine as
advance country or developed country but also as determine of class social
status.
According Harrington:
“Sociology can be defined as the study of scientific ways of thinking.About social life, it encompasses ideas about how societies change anddevelop, about methods of explaining social behavior, about power and socialstructure, class, gender and ethnicity, modernity and civilization and utopiasand numerous other concept and problems in social life.”9
Generally, sociology is everything about all part that includes in society.
Between social, society, and people there is a relationship that cannot be
separated. It is same as people in their society needs another people to do
everything; to communicate, to relate, and to do something that each profitable.
Society can give great influence to people that make relation in there. Nyoman
said, “Dasar filosofis pendekatan sosiologis adalah adanya hubungan yang
8 Soekito in Anang P, Doyin Mukh, dkk (2013). Jurnal Sastra Indonesia: Bentuk Konflik dalamKumpulan Cerpen Kembang-Kembang Genjer Karya Fransisca Ria Susanti, (Semarang:UNNES), p. 29 Harrington Austin (2005), Modren Social Theory An Introduction, (England: Oxford UniversityPress), p. 1
7
hakiki antara karya sastra dan masyarakat.”10 It means that sociology is a study
and the object human itself in the society and also study about the process
society in environment. The sociological approach can help in understanding
gender, feminist, role status, social discourse and so on.
The approach defined as a way approach the object of study. The
approach is the first step in the effort to realize the objectives of the research
conducted. This sociological approach is used because this approach has
methodological implications in the form of fundamental understanding of life in
society. Moreover, the sociological approach is used also for the relationship
between literature and society.
This approach is used to help understanding the theory of hegemony in
novel Animal Farm. This will be sustainable because in the novel element that is
so visible is the social interaction of the various of society. So, this sociological
approach is used because this approach has methodological implication in the
form of fundamental understanding of life in the community and the writer will
use this approach to find out that the way hegemony power operates in novel
Animal Farm by George Orwell.
B. Theory of Hegemony From Gramsci
Antonio Gramsci is a great intellectual a mong the left, who is called the
greatest thinker after Karl Marx. Gramsci’s ideas are contained in many articles
published in the mass media, and in his works such as; Prison Notebook, The
Modern Prince and Other Political Writing, Selection From Prison Notebooks,
10 Nyoman Kuta Ratna, (2011). Teori, Metode, dan Teknik Penelitian Sastra, (Yogyakarta:Pustaka Pelajar), p.60
8
Letters From Prison, Selection From Political Writing, Selection From Culture
Writing.
The theory of hegemony is actually a critique of the concept of thinking
that reduces and considers the essence of identity as the only absolute truth,
especially reductionism and essentialism inherent in the ideas of adherents to
Marxism and Non-Marxism. Among Marxists there has been debate about the
concepts of basic structure (economics) and superstructure (ideology, politics,
education, culture and leadership), where the interpretation of Classical
Marxism believes that the basic structure of the economy determines the
superstructure. The class struggle was reduced to just an economic class
struggle, so that it only became a mere movement of workers, and ignored
other movements such as the civil rights movement, women's movements,
cultural movements, the environment and other social movements.11
Gramsci’s theory of hegemony is a complement to Marx’s class theory
which has not success in formulating an adequate political theory. “Titik awal
konsep Gramsci tentang hegemoni adalah bahwa suatu kelas dan anggotanya
menjalankan kekuasaan terhadap kelas-kelas di bawahnya dengan cara
kekerasan dan persuasi”.12 The way of violence (repressive) carried out by the
upper class against the lower classes is called the act of domination, while the
way of persuasion is called hegemony. The intermediary for acts of domination
is carried out by state apparatus such as the police, the army and judges, while
11 Roger Simon (2004). Gagasan-gagasan Politik Gramsci, terj. Kamdani dan Imam Baehaqi,Yogyakarta: PT Pustaka Pelajar, p 10312 ibd, p 19
9
the hegemony is carried out in the form of instilling ideology to dominate the
class or society below it.
The term hegemony originating from ancient Greek ‘eugemonia’ literally
expresses the dominant and oppressive status of one element in the system over
the other. The concept of hegemony greatly contributes to a better
understanding of current international relation and power relations. Antonio
Gramsci has significantly contributed to the articulation of this concept
suggesting that power is not only dependent on force but also on ‘consent’.
According to Gramsci, hegemony represents the status of the most powerful
country in the international system or the position of a dominant state in a
specific region. For Gramsci hegemony entails ‘cooperation ensured by force’,
combining social and political supervision, force and consensus.13
Hegemony in the sense of Gramsci is a consensus organization.14 When
Gramsci talked about consensus, he linked psychological spontaneity which
included various acceptance or sociopolitical aspects or other aspects of the
rule. Consensus can occur on several things; 1) because of fear of
consequences if they do not adjust, 2) because they are accustomed to
following goals in certain ways, and 3) because of awareness or agreement
with certain elements.15 It means that consensus through hegemony arises
through active commitment to social classes that have historically been born in
13 Peter D. Thomas (2009). The Gramscian Moment: Philosophy, Hegemony, and Marxism,Leiden Boston: BRILL, p 3814 Roger Simon (2004). Gagasan-gagasan Politik Gramsci, terj. Kamdani dan Imam Baehaqi,Yogyakarta: PT Pustaka Pelajar, p 2015 Nezar Patria dan Andi Arief (2015). Antonio Gramsci Negara dan Hegemoni, Yogyakarta: PTPustaka Pelajar, p 125-126
10
production relations. For this reason, Gramsci said indirectly consensus as
"active commitment" based on the view that legitimate high positions. This
consensus was historically born due to the growing achievements in the world
of production.
“According to Bellamy, hegemoni juga merujuk pada kedudukanideologi satu atau lebih kelompok atau klas dalam masyarakat sipil yang lebihtinggi dari lainnya.”16
It means that hegemony is the relationship between class and other social
forces. Hegemonic class, or a hegemonic class group, is a class that gets the
approval of other forces and social classes by creating and sustaining alliances
through political and ideological struggle. Hegemony takes place when lower
society including the proletariat has accepted and imitated the way of life, ways
of thinking, and the views of elite groups that dominate and exploit them.
Hegemony, according to Gramsci, will give birth to obedience, an attitude of
accepting the situation without questioning it critically because the ideology
exposed by the hegemonic class is only swallowed up.17
There are three levels of hegemony that are expressed by Gramsci,
namely integral hegemony, decadent hegemony, and minimal hegemony. First,
integral hegemony is characterized by mass affinity that approaches totality.
The community shows a strong level of moral and intellectual unity. This is
evident from the governmental and governed organic relations. The
relationship is not colored by contradictions socially and ethically. Second,
decadent hegemony is characterized by the existence of integrated potential or
16 Ibd, p 12117 Nezar Patria dan Andi Arief (2015). Antonio Gramsci Negara dan Hegemoni, Yogyakarta: PTPustaka Pelajar, p. 117
11
potential conflicts hidden under the surface of social reality, meaning that even
though the masses are not truly in harmony with the dominant thoughts and
subjects of hegemony. Therefore, cultural and political integrity easily collapse.
Third, minimal hegemony is hegemony that relies on the ideological unity
between the economic, political and intellectual elite, which goes hand in hand
with the aversion to any mass interference in state life. Hegemonic groups do
not want to adjust their interests and aspirations to other classes in society.18
Gramsci, in discussing hegemony provides three limits of
conceptualization, namely economics, civil society, and country (political
society). Economy is the limit used to interpret the mode of production which
is the most dominant in a society. The production method consists of
production techniques and production social relations that grow because of the
emergence of differences in social classes, in the sense of ownership of
production.19
Political society is the place where the state bureaucracy takes place and
the place of the emergence of practices of state violence. State bureaucracy, in
understanding Gramsci, was identified as a civil servant, welfare and
educational institution.20 It means that Gramsci uses the term political society
to denote coercive relations manifested in various state institutions, armed
forces, police, legal institutions and prisons, together with all administrative
departments that deal with taxes.
18 Nezar Patria dan Andi Arief (2015). Antonio Gramsci Negara dan Hegemoni, Yogyakarta: PTPustaka Pelajar, p 12819 Ibd, p 13620 Ibd, P 137
12
Civil society refers to other organizations, other than the state and
outside the material and economic production systems, which are supported
and carried out by people or components outside the production system and the
state, as a major component of civil society can be identified as a religious
institution.21 Civil society is a forum for class struggle and the struggle for
democracy.22 It means that civil society is a place where dominant social groups
regulate consensus and hegemony, and are a place where subordinate social
groups can formulate their resistance and build an alternative hegemony or
counter hegemony.
The strategy of building a large group consisting of various social
forces which were united with the same conception of the world was referred to
by Gramsci as the ‘War of position’.23 In analyzing the war of positions
between the two main classes to achieve hegemony, Gramsci distinguished the
strategies carried out by the bourgeoisie and the workers. Passive revolution is
a strategy applied by the bourgeoisie to achieve hegemony where the main
players are not the people, but the revolution from above. On the contrary, the
working class carries out an anti-passive revolution as a strategy to achieve
hegemony by strengthening the democratic class struggle continuously.24
The aim of creating new hegemony can only be achieved by changing
awareness, mindset, understanding and conception of society about the world,
21 Peter D. Thomas (2009). The Gramscian Moment: Philosophy, Hegemony, and Marxism,Leiden Boston: BRILL, p.18322 Roger Simon (2004). Gagasan-gagasan Politik Gramsci, terj. Kamdani dan Imam Baehaqi,Yogyakarta: PT Pustaka Pelajar, p.2823 Ibd, p.2424 Ibd, p.25-26
13
and changing the norms of moral behavior. Gramsci called this movement an
intellectual and moral revolution. According to Gramsci intellectuals and moral
revolution are all people who have functions as organizers in all levels of
society, in the areas of production, politics or culture.25
The intellectuals are the dominants group’s ‘deputies’ exercising the
subaltern function of social hegemony and political government. These
comprise:
1. The ‘spontaneous’ consent given by the great masses of
population to the general direction imposed on social life by the
dominant fundamental group; this consent is ‘historically’ caused
by the prestige (and consequent confidence) which the dominant
group enjoys because of its position and function in the world of
production.
2. The apparatus of state coercive power which ‘legally’ enforces
discipline on those groups who do not ‘consent’ either actively or
passively. This apparatus is, however, constituted for the whole
society in anticipation of moments of crisis of command and
direction when spontaneous consent has weakened.26
From the various explanations above, it can be concluded several
propositions can be formulated to describe the theory of hegemony Gramsci’s.
First, hegemony is the victory of the ruling class which is obtained through the
consensus mechanism of various socio-political forces. Second, in maintaining
25 Nezar Patria dan Andi Arief (2015). Antonio Gramsci Negara dan Hegemoni, Yogyakarta: PTPustaka Pelajar, p.15526 Antonio Gramsci (1999). Selection From The Prison Notebooks, London: ElecBook, p.506
14
the power and dominance that they have, the bourgeoisie (history bloc)
continues to develop a continuous effort to revise the consensus and submission
of the proletarian class, especially through education and institutional
mechanisms. Third, the crisis of hegemony in the ruling class can only bring
action. The development of the consciousness of this hegemony class which is
believed to produce revolutionary change. The writer will use this theory by
Antonio Gramsci to find out the way power hegemony operates and impact of
power hegemony toward animals life in novel Animal Farm by George Orwell.
C. Power
Humans certainly have various kinds of desires and goals to be achieved.
For this reason, often feel the need to impose his will even though on other
people or groups, this creates a feeling for him that controlling others is an
absolute requirement for his own safety. As opinion of Muriam Budiarjo said
that: “kekuasaan adalah kemampuan seseorang atau sekelompok manusia
untuk mempengaruhi tingkah lakunya seseorang atau kelompok lain
sedemikian rupa, sehingga tingkah laku itu menjadi sesuai dengan keinginan
dan tujuan dari orang yang memiliki kekuasaan itu”.27
According to Max Weber Power as being: “The ability of an individual
or group to achieve their own goals or aims when others are trying to prevent
27 Artikelsiana (2018). Pengertian Kekuasaan dan Jenis-Jenis Kekuasaan Menurut Para Ahli.Retrieved from http://www.artikelsiana.com/2018/04/pengertian-kekuasaan-jenis-para-ahli-kekuasaan.html. Accessed on November 19, 2018
15
them from realising them”.28 It means that power is the ability of a person to
change another person or group in a specific way.
Weber identified power as being either authoritative or coercive.
Authoritative power is exercising power which is seen as legitimate. By being
legitimate it is effective because those who are subject to the power do so with
consent.
In contrast coercion is where someone exercises power through force –
you are forcing someone to do something against their wishes.
While authoritative power is not coercive Weber argues it manifests itself in
three forms:
1. Charismatic authority – this type of authoritative power is based on
‘charisma’ – for example the personal qualities an individual has in
order to influence a group or person.
2. Traditional authority – this form of authoritative power comes from
established customs passing power down on a hereditary basis.
3. Rational-legal authority – this form of authoritative power comes
from certain groups having certain positions of power
over subordinate groups.
Weber's concept of chance or probability, the opportunity can be related
to economics, honor, political parties or anything that is a source of power for
someone. Power does not always run smoothly, because in society there must
28 C H Thomps (2013). Weber’s Definition of Power. Retrieved from https://sociologytwynham.com/2013/06/04/webers-definition-of-power/. Accessed on November 19, 2018
16
be those who disagree or fight, either openly or covertly.29 In fact, according to
Amitai Etzioni, power is the ability to overcome some or all of the resistance,
to make changes to the party that gives the opposition.30
From the explanation above it can be known that power can be
everywhere, it can be about anything even though power cannot be easily
obtained, but power will be something that anyone can have for others for
survival. The writer uses this theory to find out the time of Napoleon’s
leadership in Animal Farm novel by George Orwell where after successfully
expelling Snowball from the animal farm.
D. Review Related Research
The writer is not the first person who does a research about hegemony
in English Literature Department of Adab and Humanities Faculty State Islamic
University Sulthan Thaha Saefuddin Jambi. However, this study is not just a
try, but there are some studies that together with selected research by the
writers:
First, Agus Rahmansyah the student of The State Institute Islamic
Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi, and Adab and Humanities Faculty, 2010 by his
thesis entitled “The Hegemony of Black People as Reflect in J.M Coetzee’s
Novel Disgrace”. This research discussed about the black people hegemony
over the white people in South Africa by using postcolonial analysis by Leela
Ghandi and hegemony approach by Gramsci. This research use qualitative and
29 Ashley Crossman (2018). Power Definitions and Examples in Sociology. Retrieved fromhttps://www.thoughtco.com/power-p2-3026460. Accessed on November 20, 201830 Hendra W (2015). Kekuasaan. Retrieved from http://hendrawiraa.blogspot.com/2015/10/kekuasaan.html. Accessed on November 20, 2018
17
descriptive method. The result of this research, shows the description about
postcolonial society. They are black and white people as the former colonist,
which is life in postcolonial country as reflect in the cultural problem. Their
position in society is equal but in economic case black more higher. The
hegemony of the black people over the white people happen as the process of
shifting in the postcolonial era. People wrest again the power in their country
after the colonization of white. They should receive the hegemony of black
people as the concequence in postcolonial country.
Second, Rusmaidi the student of The State Institute Islamic Sulthan
Thaha Saifuddin Jambi, and Adab and Humanities Faculty, 2012, by thesis
entitled “The Hegemony Issues of American toward Indegenous People as Seen
in Avatar’s Movie”. This research use structuralism approach and postcolonial
theory and use descriptive method and documentation technique to explain an
analysis the data. This research is analyze the issues of American’s hegemony
and way of the Na’vy Clan Face it; resist the ex American navy and analyze the
impact of American’s hegemony toward the Na’vy clan in Pandora Planet.
Third, “Cultural Hegemony of English Toward Americans as seen in
Wild Child Film by Nick Moore”. This research title also done by Rabiatul
Adawiyah in 2016 IAIN STS Jambi. In this research use hegemony theory and
sociological approach and use qualitative research and descriptive method. The
are two result of this research, the first is cultural hegemony depicted in Wild
Child film, through norm, values and language. The second result is cultural
hegemony influence both American and English, which is Poppy as the object
18
has some influences, through; American: stress and happiness, and English:
Angrier and Proud.
Finally, from the preview related research above, only one analyzed
about novel, due were films, but in this thesis proposal the writer analyzes in
novel Animal Farm by George Orwell. The writer uses the power of hegemony
operation and in fact the power of hegemony. And this research uses qualitative
research, descriptive method, documentation technique to analyze the data.
CHAPTER III
METHOD OF RESEARCH
A. Design of Research
Method is a process or procedure used for approaching problems to find
the answer. In this thesis proposal, the writer uses the qualitative descriptive
method to accelerate in analyzing the problem. Qualitative research is tending
19
to be used in analyzing. In the qualitative the data will be explained with the
words in the sentences.
According to Bodgan and Taylor, “Penelitian kualitatif adalah prosedur
penelitian yang menghasilkan data deskriptif berupa kata-kata tertulis dan
dari orang-orang yang dapat di amati”.31 It means that, qualitative research is a
research procedure that produces descriptive data in form of written words and
from people that can be observed. In addition characteristic of the qualitative is
analytic descriptive and produce descriptive data spoken words of the person or
behavior being researched.
Accourding to Nawawi, “Metode deskriptif dapat diartikan sebagaiprosedur pemecahan masalah yang diselidiki dengan menggambarkanatau melukiskan keadaan subjek atau objek penelitian (Novel, drama,cerita pendek, puisi) pada saat sekarang berdasarkan fakta-fakta yangtampak atau sebagaimana adanya.”32
Descriptive method can be interpreted as problem solving which is
investigated by picture or depict the state of the subject or research object
(novel, drama, short story, poem) at present based on visible facts or
unification. It means that descriptive method can be defined as a problem
solving procedures investigated by describing the state of the subject or object
in the research.
The writer used qualitative descriptive method to explain the materials
because it analyzes the nature of objects, to describe a situation systematically,
problem, phenomenon, or provide information about living condition of a
31 Margono (2007). Metodologi penelitian. (Jakarta: Rineka Cipta), p. 36 32 Siswantoro (2010). Metode Penelitian Sastra. (Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar), p. 56
20
community, or describe attitude towards an issue. The form of data are
described from how can the process of power of hegemony which initially to
get freedom and independence becomes misery. So, the analysis explained in
form of words.
On this research the writer focused on the power of hegemony carried out
by Napoleon in Animal Farm novel. So as stated below, the qualitative
descriptive research is u sed to analyze about the leadership of Napoleon in her
daily life.
B. Source of the Data
The sources of the data in this research are:
On this research the writer takes the source of primary data from Animal
Farm novel, a novel written by George Orwell, with 104 pages. This novel was
published in 1995 by Penguin Books.
The secondary data is the data with support this research are taken from
books, articles, journals, cyber data, other source and website that related to the
study.
C. Technique of Data Collection
There are some techniques of the data, and effort to get the data and fact,
in this research the writer uses qualitative research, the techniques in qualitative
research. There are many ways to collect the data, like Chaterine Marshall and
Gretchen B. Rossman stated that: “The fundamental methods relied on by
qualitative researchers for gathering information are, participation in the
21
setting, direct observation, in-depth interviewing, document review.”33 It means
that in the qualitative research the are some method to collect the data, there are
participation in the setting, direct observation, interview and document review.
The writer used documentation to get the information and analyze the problem
of the research.
According to Atkinson and Coffey stated that “Documents contain text
(words) and images that have been recorded without a researcher’s
intervention. For the purposes of this discussion, other mute or trace evidence,
such as cultural artifacts, is not included. Documents as ‘social facts’, which
are produced, shared, and used in socially organised ways”.34 In addition
Sugiono said that “Dokumen merupakan catatan peristiwa yang sudah berlalu
dan dokumen ialah setiap bahan tertulis, film ataupun dari record yang
dipersiapkan karena adanya permintaan seorang penyidik.”35 Documentation
is a record of past events. documentation may be in the form of writing,
drawing, or monumental works of a person. Documents in the form of literary
works, in the form of works such a novels, poetries, films, short stories and
others.
It means that, documentation refer to how to record the events in form of
document, a note or file that saved. It is about events or something that has
occurred in the past. There some forms of them as kinds of documentation are
33Sugiyono (2009). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif Kualitatif dan R & D, (Bandung: Alfabeta), p.30934 Glem A Bowen (2009). Document Analysis as a Qualitative Research Method, (Western Carolina University), p.135 Sugiyono (2009). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif Kualitatif dan R & D, (Bandung: Alfabeta), p.309
22
picture and literary work by someone. Document in the form of literary works
such as novels, poetries, films, short stories, and etc.
The writer used documentation method to collect the data in this
research, because based on the statement above, the form of documentation can
be a text, picture or literary work. Writer collects data from Animal Farm novel
and it is one of the literary works that part of document. The writer took the
data by reading the novel.
The writer has some steps in collecting the data, in order to make this
research more specific.36 They are:
1. Prepare data collection sheet, after getting all important sources, the writer
read it to make sure that the data are correlating with the research.2. Select the data from the Animal Farm novel and articles in the cyber data
as many as possible which show a form of problem.3. Give a description, the writer make description or brief information about
the data. Making a note of data, after reading the sources carefully, the
writer marks any important statements to make the writer easier in the
analyzing process for the research.4. Draw the conclusion, efforts to obtain certainty about the correctness of
primary data. The writer processes the data to analyze them. Finally, the
writer made a good arrangement for the thesis proposal itself as the last in
finalizing research.D. Technique of Data Analysis
After collecting the data, the writer analyzed the data. In qualitative
research, technique of data analysis is applied to answer the formulation
36 Siswantoro. (2010). Metode Peneliian Sastra, (Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar), p. 73
23
problem.. According to Sugiyono, “Data analisis adalah proses mencari dan
menyusun secara sistematis data yang diperoleh dari hasil wawancara,
catatan lapangan, observasi dan bahan-bahan lain, sehingga dapat mudah di
pahami, dan temuannya dapat di informasikan ke orang lain”.37
Data analysis is the process of searching and arranging systematically
data obtained from interviews, field notes, and other materials, so that it can be
easily understood, and findings can be informed to others. It means that
analyzing data means looking for the data related to problem formulation
through interviews, field notes and o ther materials and then organizing them
systematically to be easily understood and informed to others.
On this research, the writer used technique of descriptive analysis
because this research is descriptive form. Descriptive analysis technique is used
to describe the object of research from the data or sample which has been
collected and make the conclusion.38
Miles and Huberman stated three phares of analyzing data in qualitative
research,39 they are:
1. Data Reduction
Miles and Huberman described this technique as the first of three
elements of qualitative data analysis. Data reduction refers to the process of
selecting, focusing, simplifying, abstracting, and transforming the data that
37 Sugiyono (2009). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif Kualitatif dan R & D, (Bandung: Alfabeta), p.24438 Bimbingan.org. (2017). Analisis Data Deskriptif. Retrieved from https://www.bimbingan.org/pengertian-pendekatan-deskriptif-analitis,html39 Gunawan Imam (2013). Metode Penelitian Kualitatif Teori dan Praktek. (Jakarta:Bumi Aksara), p. 210
24
appear in written up field notes or transcriptions. The writer chooses the
important data only from all of the data. The writer identified the data which
has correlation with power of hegemony in the Napoleon character.
2. Data Display.
According to Miles and Huberman, data display is an Organized,
compressed assembly of information that permits conclusion drawing. A
display can be extended piece of text or diagram, chart, or matrix the provides
a new way of arranging and thinking about more textually embedded data.
The writer will make the narrative display by retrieving data from the text,
action, and conversation which has correlation with problem of research.
3. Conclusion / Verifying
Conclusion or verifying is the result of analyzing that answer the
research problem based on data analyzing. The conclusion is presented in
descriptive or in the form of sentences. This phase is last phase of research.
The writer concludes the result of analysis and the answer the formulation of
problem in the form of descriptive data.
25
CHAPTER IV
FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS
In this chapter, the writer wants to show how the power of hegemony
operated in Animal Farm novel. After describing the power of hegemony in
this novel, the writer would like to show the impact of power hegemony in
Animal Farm novel. The writer uses hegemony theory by Gramsci to find the
power of hegemony.
A. The Power of Hegemony Operate in Animal Farm Novel
In this discussion, the writer want to analyze about the power of
hegemony operate in Animal Farm Novel. Hegemony is a domination of the
26
power of a social classes, the practice of hegemony is usually done by a group
of people who have authority in society. This kind of people is called the
dominant group, hegemony obtained through two ways “intellectual and
moral leadership” and through “domination”.40 Intellectual and moral
leadership is the dominance of power by emphasizing moral awareness,
where one is made aware of the purpose of the hegemony.
Domination is the way hegemony in which sustained by physical
strength. Dominant is done by providing work tolls that are capable of
committing violent acts that are compelling or in other words power requires
work tools that are nuanced by law enforcers. This first set of work is usually
carried out by state institutions through institutions such as law, military,
police and even prisons.41
In Animal Farm novel by George Orwell, the writer found operates one
area of hegemony namely integral state which later from the one area found
forms of operating hegemony.
1. Integral State
Integral state is the result of a combination of sources of coercion in
society and a place of hegemonic leadership, an integral state is hegemony
which is coated with a veil in the form of coercive power of hegemony.42 So
an integral state is a political society plus civil society.
40 Nezar Patria dan Andi Arief (2015). Antonio Gramsci Negara dan Hegemoni, Yogyakarta: PT Pustaka Pelajar, p. 11741 Nezar Patria dan Andi Arief (2015). Antonio Gramsci Negara dan Hegemoni, Yogyakarta: PT Pustaka Pelajar, p. 14542 Nezar Patria dan Andi Arief (2015). Antonio Gramsci Negara dan Hegemoni, Yogyakarta: PT Pustaka Pelajar, p. 143
27
Civil society is a forum for dominant social groups to organize
consensus and hegemony.43 Become a civil society is an area that becomes an
agreement and an action carried out by the territory it controls in order to win
the agreement of the community controlled by the will.
Political society is region of violence, coercion and intervention carried
out by the authorities. It could be said as the area of forming leadership in
civil society.
Hegemony operating within the integral state has two aspects; First,
means of coercion. Second, means of establishing hegemonic leadership.44
The form of power hegemony operating on integral state in Animal Farm
novel can be found in the following forms.
a) Leader in full Power
In the Animal Farm novel, almost all the characters who play a role as
leaders make full power of the territory under their control. This power is
owned by humans and animals. But of course their ways of power have
differences. Mr. Jones has a role as very powerful Manor Farm owner. For all
animals on the farm, Mr. Jones is not only a farm owner but a lazy person
who likes to drink alcohol and is very cruel to his farm. Mr. Jones does not
care about the state of farm, the most important thing is that he can still get
the results from the farm he has at will. Mr. Jones has workers who have the
same nature, namely lazy people. This is seen in the quote below:
43 Roger Simon (2004). Gagasan-gagasan Politik Gramsci, terj. Kamdani dan Imam Baehaqi, Yogyakarta: PT Pustaka Pelajar, p. 2844 Nezar Patria dan Andi Arief (2015). Antonio Gramsci Negara dan Hegemoni, Yogyakarta: PT Pustaka Pelajar, p. 144
28
“for whole days at a time he would lounge in his Windsor chair in thekitchen, reading the newspapers, drinking, and occasionally feedingMoses on crusts of bread soaked in beer. His men were idle anddishonest, the fields were full of weeds, the buildings wantedroofing, the fields were full of weeds, the buildings wanted roofing,the hedges were neglected and animals were underfed.”45
Manor farms as a region of the world of violence and coercion. For Mr.
Jones take the domain of everything. At the Manor farm, Mr. Jones did all his
wishes while the animals on the farm were often not fed. The existence of a
party of beasts who wanted to liberate oppression from humans was unknown
to Mr. Jones. So that Mr. Jones still behaves as usual, even cruel to animals in
farm.
On the character of Old Major. Old Major, the dear Middle White boar
on Manor farm she had a strange dream the night before and wished to
convey it to other animals. As a respectable boar, all animals on the Manor
Farm will be willing to follow all the orders delivered by Old Major. This can
be seen from the following quote:
“Old Major (so he was always called, though the name under which he hadbeen exhibited was Willingdon Beauty) was so highly regarded onthe farm that everyone was quite ready to hear what he had tosay.”46
From the quote above shows that the power possessed by an old animal
to other younger animals must be carried out and obeyed considering that
they are only young animals. Even though they are both animals but there are
still boundaries between the Old Major and other animals that are not much
45 George Orwell (1995). Animal Farm, (London: Penguin Books Ltd), P 1146 eorge Orwell (1995). Animal Farm, (London: Penguin Books Ltd), P 1
29
different from Benjamin’s age on the Farm so that the highest power remains
at the Old Major.
After the Old Major died and the success of the rebellion by all animals
in the Manor farm. Everything about work of teaching and organizing the
others fell naturally upon the pigs, who were generally recognized as being
the cleverest of the animals. Preeminent among the pigs were two young
boars named Snowball and Napoleon. Napoleon was a large, rather fierce-
looking Berkshire boar, the only Berkshire on the farm, not much of talker
but with a reputation for getting his own way. This can be seen from the quote
below:
“What is going to happen to all that milk? Said Someone.”“Jones uses sometimes to mix some of it in our mash,’ said one of
the hens.“Never mind the milk, comrades!’ cried Napoleon, placing himself in
front of the of the buckets. “that will be attend to. The harvestis important. Comrade Snowball will lead the way. I shallfollow in a few minutes. Forward, comrades! The hay iswaiting.”47
From the quote above shows that the all animals follow what
Napoleon said. Thus is used by Napoleon to take the opportunity so that he
can be satisfied to drink milk alone. Napoleon’s cunning as one of the rulers
on the farm. Napoleon had revealed that he ignored animals other that
himself. So that milk should be drunk together, but it is spent by himself. And
no animal is aware of Napoleon’s cunning. Napoleon’s cunning is seen in the
quote as follows.
47 George Orwell (1995). Animal Farm, (London: Penguin Books Ltd), P. 16
30
“So the animals trooped down to the hayfield to begin the hervest, andwhen they came back in the evening it was noticed that the milkhad disappeared.”48
Because Napoleon always disagrees with what Snowbell suggests for
the good of animals. This can be seen from the quote below:
“Napoleon took no interest in Snowball’s committees. Hesaid that the education of the young was more important thatanything that could be done for those who were alreadygrown up. It happen that Jessie and Bluebell had bothwhelped soon after the hay harvest, giving birth betweenthem to nine sturdy puppies. As soon as they were weanedNapoleon took them away from their mothers, saying that hewould make himself responsible for their education. He tookthem up into loft which could only be reached by a ladderfrom the harness-room.”49
From the quote above shows that the word education meant by
Napoleon is actually an indoctrination process. Napoleon never really intends
to teach other animals, because if another animal is as smart as Snowball then
it can again cause danger in its position as ruler. This educational process is
carried out as early as possible so that dogs are raised with a high value of
loyalty to the leader, Napoleon.
“At this there was a terrible baying sound outside, and nineenormous dogs wearing brass-studded collars came boundinginto barn. They dashed straight for Snowball, who onlysprang from his place just in time to escape their snappingjaws. In a moment he was out of the door and they were afterhim.”50
From the quote above shows that the indoctrinatory process carried
out by Napoleon to the puppies was successful. At the right time, the dogs
come out from sometime and follow all Napoleon’s orders. It is not so
48 George Orwell (1995). Animal Farm, (London: Penguin Books Ltd), P. 1649 George Orwell (1995). Animal Farm, (London: Penguin Books Ltd), P 2250 George Orwell (1995). Animal Farm, (London: Penguin Books Ltd), P. 35
31
difficult to drive one opponent for Napoleon to get what he wants. The
incident is certainly a question for all animals at animal farms and not a few
are aware that there is an oddity after the Snowball is expelled from the farm.
But this is certainly anticipated, by utilizing the traditional intellectual role of
the Squealer to influence the confidence of others animal in Napoleon’s
leadership. This is seen in the quote below:
“’Comrades,’ he said, I trust that every animal hereappreciates the sacrifice that Comrade Napoleon has made intaking this extra labour upon himself. Do not imagine,comrades, that leadership is a pleasure! On the contrary, it isa deep and heavy responsibility. No one believes more firmlythan Comrade Napoleon that all animals are equal. He wouldbe only too happy to let you make your decisions foryourselves“51
From the quote above shows that, Napoleon as the dominant owner of
power, animals as a group that is dominated. Napoleon has not used the threat
of violence, but uses the role of the Squealer as a traditional intellectual to
convey ideas that have been determined by the dominant group to groups that
are dominated. All of this was to facilitate Napoleon’s desire to become a full
ruler and extend the power he had gained.
b) Becoming of Napoleon Leader
According to Max Weber, “Power is the ability of an individual or
group to achieve their own goals or aims when others are trying to prevent
them from realising them”.52 Power is the ability of a person to change
another person or group in a specific. Napoleon and other animals that
51George Orwell (1995). Animal Farm, (London: Penguin Books Ltd), P. 3752 C H Thomps (2013). Weber’s Definition of Power. Retrieved from https://sociologytwynham.com/2013/06/04/webers-definition-of-power/. Accessed on November 19, 2018
32
followed him played a role as leaders on farms with high power. For some
animals, Napoleon is not only a comrade who leads a farm but also as a king,
a king on small ruling farm at will. He did not care about the state of the other
animal, the most important thing being to remain a ruler. As seen from the
qoute below:
“Throughout the spring and summer they worked a sixty-hour week, and in August Napoleon announced that therewould be work on Sunday afternoons as well. This work wasstrictly voluntary, but any animal who absented himself fromit would have his rations reduced by half.“53
“Napoleon was now never spoken of simply as ‘Napoleon’.He was always referred to in formal style as ‘our Leader,Comrade Napoleon’, and the pigs like to invent for him suchtitles as Father of All Animals, Terror of Mankind, and thelike.”54
From the quotes above shows that area of hegemony. Napoleon uses a
way of spreading a life view and a way of thinking about the struggle of life
for animals to work on the basis of consciousness. Napoleon has full power
because on that farm he lives without ever losing food. While other animals
work hard to get food. This shows that Napoleon has not used violence and
coercion against other animals, but uses the common sense of animals that are
not critical but thy consciously do what Napoleon commands and regard the
order as the struggle of all animals.
“He announced that from now on the Sunday-morningMeetings would come to an end. They were unnecessary, hesaid, and wasted time. In future all questions relating to theworking of the farm would be settled by a special committeeof pigs, presided over by himself. These would meet in
53 George Orwell (1995). Animal Farm, (London: Penguin Books Ltd), P. 4054 George Orwell (1995). Animal Farm, (London: Penguin Books Ltd), P. 62
33
private and afterwards communicate their decisions toother.”55
And from the quote above shows that Napoleon’s conscience was
closed due to his pleasure in having power, he did not even accept and feel
offended when other animals expressed a desire that did not agree with
Napoleon. For Napoleon, it is position is the highest of any other animal,
even though the animal that gives the opinion is a pig of the same type as it
does not deserve to express an opinion. This is clearly the act of authoritarian
rule being played by Napoleon. Besides that Napoleon as a leader uses his
full rights in all matters. Included in made cooperate with humans, even
though this violates the teachings of animalism. This is seen in the quote
below:
“Napoleon announced that he had decided upon a new policy.From now onwards Animal Farm would engage in trade withthe neighbouring farms: not, of course, for any commercialpurpose but simply in order to obtain certain materials whichwere urgently necessary.”56
“…. He was therefore making arrangements to sell a stack ofhay and part of the current year’s wheat crop, and later on, ifmore money were needed, it would have to be made up bythe sale eggs, for which there was always a market inWillingdon.”57
“Finally Napoleon raised his trotter for silence andannounced that he had already made all the arrangements.”58
From the quotations above it is clear that Napoleon not only
dominates power but also dominates in terms of decision making which
55 George Orwell (1995). Animal Farm, (London: Penguin Books Ltd), P. 3756 George Orwell (1995). Animal Farm, (London: Penguin Books Ltd), P. 4257 George Orwell (1995). Animal Farm, (London: Penguin Books Ltd), P. 4258 George Orwell (1995). Animal Farm, (London: Penguin Books Ltd), P. 43
34
should be carried out in a deliberative manner. Napoleon does not want a
decision that is different from what he wants. Even though the decision he
made had violated the resolution that they had agreed to together since the
collapse of Mr Jones’s power, that animals should not cooperate with humans
and should not live as humans who need money and clothes. Napoleon does
not accept any form of opinion because Napoleon considers all decisions to
remain in.
“It was about this time that the pigs suddenly moved moveinto the farmhouse and took up their residence there. Againthe animals seemed to remember that a resolution against thishad been passed in the early days, and again Squealer wasable to convince them that this was not the case. It wasabsolutely necessary, he said, the pigs were the brains of thefarm, should have a quiet place to work in. It was also moresuited to the dignity of the Leader to live in a house than in amere sty.”59
“They just finished singing it for the third time whenSquealer, attended by two dogs, approached them with the airof having something important to say. He announced that, bya special decree of Comrade Napoleon, ‘Beats of England’had been abolished. From now onwards it was forbidden tosing it.
The above quote can be explained, the change of place of residence
for Napoleon and other pigs out of the cage to the house will not change the
state of animal farm to be better but it becomes increasingly worse, with the
prohibition of singing Beast of England and the reception of Napoleon’s
dwellings and animals feel that there are some that are not in accordance with
the values of resolution agreed upon by all animals, because everything was
decided by Napoleon himself. Besides that other animals in animal farm have
59 George Orwell (1995). Animal Farm, (London: Penguin Books Ltd), P. 45
35
been able to by Napoleon will be good, although basically there some animals
that goodness from the results of decisions made by Napoleon.
c) Conflict Began
On animal farms quietly emerged opponents who began to dare to
criticize Napoleon’s power. Four young pigs that are young and good at
speaking. They dare say what they think is wrong before Napoleon. This is
wrong before Napoleon. This is involved from the quote below:
“Some of the pigs themselves, however, were morearticulate. Four young porkers in the front row uttered shrillsqueals of disapproval, and all four them sprang to their feetand began speaking at once.”60
“The four young pigs who had protested when Napoleonabolished the Meeting raised their voice timidly, but theywere promptly silenced by a tremendous growling from thedogs.”61
Through the above quote it can be caught that the four young pigs
have ventured to process what Napoleon said. Because the power held by
Napoleon does not always run smoothly, because in an animal farm there
must be someone who does not agree or fight, whether open or hidden. The
courage of the four pigs certainly influenced other animals who would dare to
work together against his power. This can be seen in the quote below:
“….. Led by three young Black Minorca pullets, the hensmade a determined effort to thwart Napoleon’s wishes. Theirmethod was to fly up to the rafters and there lay their eggs,which smashed to pieces on the floor”62
“….Then a goose came forward and confessed to havingurinated in the drinking pool – urged to do this, so she said,
60 George Orwell (1995). Animal Farm, (London: Penguin Books Ltd), P. 3661 George Orwell (1995). Animal Farm, (London: Penguin Books Ltd), P. 4362 George Orwell (1995). Animal Farm, (London: Penguin Books Ltd), P. 51
36
by Snowball-and two other sheep confessed to havingmurdered an old ram, an especially devoted follower ofNapoleon, by chasing him round and round a bonfire when hewas suffering from a cough.”63
Through the above quotation, it can be proven that the impact that
Napoleon will experience as a result of the emergence of opponents is the
threat of the position of power that has been held. One again the power
possessed by Napoleon does not always run smoothly because in Animal
Farm husbandry there must be someone who does not agree or fight, either
openly or covertly. The courage of some animals such as the three young
Black Minorca pullets, a goose and a two sheep who began to oppose what
was done by Napoleon with their respective abilities showed that not only
four young pigs dared to oppose Napoleon’s decision. The form of resistance
carried out by other animals was considered Napoleon’s betrayal, because he
had dared to oppose the decision he had set. Napoleon did not want his power
to slip form his grasp.
d) Maintain Power
In order to maintain the power hegemony in order to continue to run
smoothly according to his wishes, Napoleon cooperated with humans. This
was done by Napoleon so that Animal Farm Looks fine by the outsiders,
especially humans. If animal farming does not look fine, the leadership
position obtained by Napoleon could have been taken over by humans,
especially Mr Jones as the owner of the farm. The following excerpt found:
63 George Orwell (1995). Animal Farm, (London: Penguin Books Ltd), P. 57
37
“There would be no need for any of the animals so come incontact with human beings, which would clearly be mostundesirable. He intended to take the whole burden upon hisown shoulders. A Mr Whymper, a solicitor living inWillingdon, had agreed to act as intermediary betweenAnimal Farm and the outside world, and would visit the farmevery Monday morning to receive his instructions.”64
“Napoleon was well aware of the bad results that mightfollow if the real facts of the food situation were known, andhe decided to make use of Mr Whymper to spread a contraryimpression. Hitherto the animals had had little or no contactwith Whymper on his weekly visit: now, however, a fewselected animals, mostly sheep, where instructed to remarkcasually in his hearing that rations had been increased.”65
From the above quotations it shows to maintain and strengthen the
authority of power possessed by Napoleon. Mr Whymper was used as a
liaison between Napoleon and his apparatus with outsiders. This shows
Napoleon as the dominant group trying to maintain his power by lying to
outsiders about the real situation. It can be seen here if only the sheep can
speak to Mr Whymper when going to the show about the state of animal
farming is still fine. Sheep is a very loyal follower of Napoleon, so only sheep
can speak. Lamb must lie to Mr Whymper about the real a situation, if not
then the future of his life is like any other animal. The thing that was done by
Napoleon was not only for short-term economic and political problems, but
also as a persistent and tireless effort to maintain and preserve the system that
Napoleon had made. So that the current dominant system still looks stable
and successful in the eyes of humans and other animals. However, if this is
64 George Orwell (1995). Animal Farm, (London: Penguin Books Ltd), P. 4365 George Orwell (1995). Animal Farm, (London: Penguin Books Ltd), P. 50
38
not done by Napoleon, then the crisis of hegemony will be seen by outsiders
and will have an impact on the power he has.
In order to save the crisis of hegemony which when disturbed,
Napoleon used the power of domination by trying to get rid of other animals
that did not agree on what he wanted. This was evident when there were pigs
who did not agree to Napoleon’s decision to abolish the Sunday Morning
Meeting. Eventually Napoleon sought a way so that no one would oppose
him to maintain power. The following excerpt found:
“Napoleon stood sternly surveying his audience; then heuttered a high-pitched whimper. Immediately the dogsbounded forward, seized four of the pigs by the ear anddragged them, squealing with pain and terror, to Napoleon’sfeet. The pig’s ears were bleeding, the dogs had tasted blood,and for a few moments they appeared to go quite mad.”66
“They Were the same four pigs as had protested whenNapoleon abolished the Sunday Meeting.”67
“When they had finished their confession the dogs promptlytore their throats out.”68
“The three hens who had been the ringleaders in theattempted rebellion over the eggs now came forward andstated that snowball had appeared to them in a dream andincited them to disobey Napoleon’s orders. They too wereslaughtered.”69
From the quotations above, it is explained that in order to maintain the
power he had, Napoleon had to get rid of the opponents. Napoleon mobilized
the dogs to bite the pigs who opposed his policies to get killed. Not only pigs,
other animals participating in resistance were also killed simultaneously. This
66 George Orwell (1995). Animal Farm, (London: Penguin Books Ltd), P. 55-5667 George Orwell (1995). Animal Farm, (London: Penguin Books Ltd), P. 5668 George Orwell (1995). Animal Farm, (London: Penguin Books Ltd), P. 5669 George Orwell (1995). Animal Farm, (London: Penguin Books Ltd), P. 56
39
was done by Napoleon so that no animal would dare to challenge all the
systems that had been made to achieve the desired goal. If by means of
intellectual means and moral leadership cannot be used, then Napoleon uses
domination as a tool of violence and threat. Napoleon as the dominant group
has created a region of domination with violence and threats by utilizing dogs
that have been indoctrinated to obey him.
“Napoleon acted swiftly and ruthlessly. He ordered the hens’rations to be stooped, and decreed that any animal giving so muchas a grain of corn to hen should be punished by death. The dogssaw to it that these orders were carried out. For five days the hensheld out, then they capitulated and went back to their nestingboxes. Nine hens had died in the meantime”70
From the above quotation, it shows the operation of domination in
Animal Farm. So that threats are given to subordinate groups. Such as subtle
threats such as not going to give food to a pullets until the threat of being
sentenced to death for animals that help pullets that do not carry out orders or
launch what is desired by Napoleon as a leader. Things done by Napoleon and
his officials use one of the means owned by the political society, namely a
means of coercion or violence in the form of threats and dogs as police.
“Some of the animals had noticed that the van which tookBoxer away was marked ‘House Slaughterer’, and had actuallyjumped to the conclusion that Boxer was being sent to theknacker’s. It was almost unbelievable, said Squealer, that anyanimal could be so stupid. Surely, he cried indignantly, whiskinghis tail and skipping from side to side, surely they knew theirbeloved leader, Comrade Napoleon, better than that? But theexplanation was really very simple. The van had previously beenthe property of the knacker, and had been bought by the veterinarysurgeon, who had not yet painted the old name out. That was howthe mistake had arisen.”71
70 George Orwell (1995). Animal Farm, (London: Penguin Books Ltd), P. 5171 George Orwell (1995). Animal Farm, (London: Penguin Books Ltd), P. 83
40
From the quotation above, Napoleon continues to try to maintain his
authority as a moral leadership in front of all animals, which of course is
assisted by the Squealer as a traditional intellectual. Events though at that
time he had actually sold the boxer to slaughterhouses in Willingdon. If this is
known by all animals, then the power he has had for years will disappear
instantly. Napoleon intelligently manipulated lies into truth itself to maintain
the power hegemony he carried out.
e) Resign to the Ruler
Napoleon’s figure is a leader who has had power for years. Napoleon
became an arbitrary leader and changed the text of the Seven Commandments
for his own happiness. Even so, none of the other animals dared to fight it
again. It was the resignation of the animals to receive all the treatment from
Napoleon against them. As in the quote below:
“All Animal are Equal but Some Animals are More Equal thanOther”72
“After that it did not seem strange when next day the pigs whowere supervising the work of the farm all carried whips in theirtrotters. It did not seem strange when Napoleon was seen strollingin the farm-house garden with a pipe in his mouth – no, not evenwhen the pigs took Mr Jones’s clothes out of the wardrobes and putthem on.”73
From the quotations above, it shows how strong the power Napoleon
has so that he can change the Seven Commandments. Napoleon and his
72 George Orwell (1995). Animal Farm, (London: Penguin Books Ltd), P. 9073 George Orwell (1995). Animal Farm, (London: Penguin Books Ltd), P. 90
41
subordinates behaved like humans who needed clothes, telephones and
cigarettes. The animals have been living in submission to the behaviour of
Napoleon as a leader. Although all animals felt disappointed and did not like
the decision of the leader, all animals still respect him, even every Napoleon
came to make a speech, they always listened and obeyed what was ordered. If
not followed automatically the animal will get a punishment.
B. The Impact of Power Hegemony
Impact is the influence that occurs from an action carried out by
individuals or groups that carry out certain activities. Negative impact is an
act that is detrimental and tends to worsen the situation. In this research, the
dominant group exercised hegemonic power which had a negative impact on
the subordinate group.
When all animals on the Manor Farm fell very bored with their lives
under the tyranny of humans. Animals feel exploited by their eggs, feathers,
milk and energy for the sake of humans. After that’s? They will end up at
human dining tables.
Because, feeling oppressed, finally rebellion against humans happened
too. With all the power and effort, these animals consisting of pigs, horses,
birds, geese, sheep, hens and other animals managed to deal with weapons
and humanity. Because the power of animals cannot be defeated, you must
force the owner of the farm and his men to leave their own land. Since that
victory, Manor Farms belonged to animals.
42
The leadership Mr Jones was replaced by two intelligent pigs named,
Snowball and Napoleon. Snowball and Napoleon compiled a view that was
held firmly on an equal and equal basis, which was named ‘Animalism’. Such
is the principle and value of the struggle of the animals. It’s time to rule over
himself, even work whole day and night for himself.
However, the democratic life of the animals did not last long. It is
impossible in a group to have the two highest leaders. So even between
Snowball and Napoleon had to move quickly to get rid of each other. On the
cunning nature of Napoleon, on the appointed day Snowball was removed
from the Animal Farm. The farm life that had been equal and same taste now
turned into tyranny again.
The effect of Napoleon’s leadership can be long and short term. The
life experienced by Napoleon was very different from other animals, although
they both suffered when fighting humans who wanted to reclaim animals
farming. Other animals suffer from threats and cruelty that are said
specifically or not. There is trauma caused by the violence and suffering
experienced by other animals, this is result of the tyrannical rule of Napoleon.
The following creates extensive emotions and psychological stress. In this
analysis the writer found that the impact of Napoleon’s power hegemony was
the loss of personal rights, work harder and cuts in food rations, and finally
the killing of fellow animals.
1. Loss of Personal Rights
43
At the beginning of Napoleon’s leadership, he immediately held a
Sunday morning Meeting. According to Napoleon, the Sunday morning
Meeting is not important and a waste of time. Because in the future all
questions relating to work on the farm will be determined by a special pis
committee, chaired by Napoleon himself. The committee will hold a closed
meeting and after that convey their decision to other animals. Furthermore, all
animals can only receive orders without any being able to oppose.
Napoleon became an anti-critic leader. An anti-critic leader is a self
and selfish group leader, so passion will always be a guide in policy making.
The negative impact of the dominant group which is anti-criticism is that
other animals as subordinate groups must not convey their personal rights in
the form of the right to express their opinion. The loss of freedom in
expressing something is a negative impact that is directly felt by other
animals. Because other animals must accept all policies mad by Napoleon.
This can be seen in the below:
“Some of the pigs themselves, however, were morearticulate. Four young porkers in the front row uttered shrillsqueals of disapproval, and all four them sprang to their feetand began speaking at once. But suddenly the dogs sittinground Napoleon let out deep, menacing growls, and the pigsfell silent and sat down again.”74
Not only pigs that cannot convey the right to freedom of expression,
but some animals also lose the right to express their right of opinion. When
Napoleon collaboration with Mr Whymper in the fields of economic and law.
Napoleon as the ruler mad an agreement to sell for hundred eggs a week to
74 George Orwell (1995). Animal Farm, (London: Penguin Books Ltd), P. 36-37
44
Mr Whymper. The proceeds from selling these eggs to pay for wheat and feed
are enough to keep the farm in order to survive until summer arrives. But
Napoleon’s policies were only for the sake of himself and his group. In fact,
other animals as subordinate groups are prohibited from expressing the right
to express their opinion that they do not agree with the policies mad by
Napoleon as the leader in Animal Farm. This can be seen from the quote
below:
“When hens heard this they raised a terrible outcry. They hadbeen warned earlier that this sacrifice might be necessary, buthad not believed that it would really happen. They were justgetting their clutches ready for the spring sitting, and theyprotested that to take the eggs away now was murder.”75
“Napoleon acted swiftly and ruthlessly. He ordered the hen’srations to be stooped, and decreed that any animal giving somuch as a grain of corn to a hen should be punished bydeath.”76
From the quotation above, the writer analyses if any decision made by
Napoleon must be obeyed by all animals. There is no more freedom owned
by subordinate groups. If anyone gives an opinion, then the animal will be
given a threat by Napoleon as the dominant group in Animal Farm.
2. Work Harder and Decrease in Food Rations
“All that year the animals worked like slaves.”77
“Throughout the spring and summer they worked a sixty-hour week, and in August Napoleon announced that therewould be work on Sunday afternoons as well. This work wasstrictly voluntary, but any animal who absented himself fromit would have his rations reduced by half.”78
75 George Orwell (1995). Animal Farm, (London: Penguin Books Ltd), P. 5176 George Orwell (1995). Animal Farm, (London: Penguin Books Ltd), P. 5177 George Orwell (1995). Animal Farm, (London: Penguin Books Ltd), P. 4178 George Orwell (1995). Animal Farm, (London: Penguin Books Ltd), P. 41
45
From the quotes above shows that other animals that became
subordinate classes fell victim to the power hegemony by Napoleon. It shows
that all other animals will work harder day and night. All this is done by all
animals consciously, because they think what they are doing is not for
humans but for themselves. This common sense was used by Napoleon to
hegemony all animals. From the quote above, the writer analyses that what
was done by Napoleon had a negative impact on the lives of other animals. If
they did not work, the ration was reduced. Even after the rebellion against Mr
Jones, they actually did not lack food at all. This can be reinforced from the
quote below:
“He believed that he was right in saying that the loweranimals on Animal Farm did more work and received lessfood than any animals in the country.”79
3. The Killing of Fellow Animals
Their views of life for the first time when rebellion against humans is
the same taste and equal. After the rebellion succeeded, there would be no
killing of fellow animals. There is even a commandments, whatever goes
upon two legs is an enemy, whatever goes to upon four legs or has wings, is a
friend and no animal shall kill any other animal. But this changed when
Napoleon came to power. This can be seen from the quote below:
“Since Jones had left the farm, until today, no animal hadkilled another animal. Not even a rat had been killed.”80
79 George Orwell (1995). Animal Farm, (London: Penguin Books Ltd), P. 9280 George Orwell (1995). Animal Farm, (London: Penguin Books Ltd), P. 57
46
From the quote above shows the killing of fellow animals during the
Napoleon leadership. In order to maintain the power he has, Napoleon will do
anything even if he has to kill fellow animals. The atrocities committed by
Napoleon exceeded the cruelty that Mr Jones had carried out to them. All
animals are afraid and disappointed when they see a massacre that they never
expected to happen after a rebellion against humans. From the quotation
above the writer analyses the final negative impact of the power hegemony
carried out by Napoleon is to kill other animals without any good reason. This
made all animals afraid of Napoleon.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. ConclusionBased on the results of research and discussion on power hegemony in
Animal Farm novels in the previous chapter, some conclusions can be drawn
as follows.
1. It was found that the form of power hegemony that operates in
Animal Farm is in an integral state, namely a combination of civil society
areas plus political communities. The integral region carries out its own ways
to achieve the goal of hegemony. It can be said that the subordinate group fell
victim to the power by the dominant group controlled by Napoleon and his
committee. Not all of figures who are in the dominant group carry out
hegemony by coercion or violence but in more subtle ways to achieve the
47
objectives of the dominant group. Napoleon used violence and threats more
often to maintain the power he had.
2. The impact of power hegemony on subordinate groups has a
negative impact. Some story events that have a hegemonic role in Animal
Farm novels have a negative impact on the character of the story. A negative
impact was seen when Napoleon carried out power hegemony. As the
dominant group, Napoleon tried to maintain the power he had so as to create
regulations that were not in accordance with the principles of animal life, but
in accordance with his own goals. The negative impact of Napoleon’s power
hegemony are the loss of personal right, hunger felt by animals as a
subordinate group, and the killing of animals.
B. SuggestionBased on conclusions and referring to the benefits of research, it is
suggested as follows:
1. This research is expected to be used for the development of literary
science, the development of literary science, especially the study of
hegemony as one form of analysis of literary works in which various
values contribute to human life.
2. This research is only limited to the power hegemony found in the
Animal Farm novel. Therefore, there is a need for further research on this
novel by using another approach or perspective. In addition, it can also
discuss other aspects that are also interesting to display, for example
about aspects of equality of power in the novel with conditions in society
48
in general, or it could be comparing Animal Farm with other works of
George Orwell, who also know existing social problems.
3. By using the study of hegemony, this research is expected to be a
reference in other studies regarding the behavior or state of society. It it
relates to leadership and its influence on other communities that relate to
the effects of leadership that hegemony.
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Peter, D. T (2009). The Gramscian Moment: Philosophy, Hegemony, andMarxism, Leiden Boston: BRILL.
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Rahmansyah, A. (2010). The Hegemony of Black People as Reflect in J.MCoetzee Novel by Disgrace, Jambi: The State Institute Islamic SulthanThaha Saefuddin.
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Simon, R. (2004). Gagasan-gagasan Politik Gramsci, terj. Kamdani danImam Baehaqi, Yogyakarta: PT Pustaka Pelajar.
Siswantoro (2010). Metode Penelitian Sastra, Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.
Sugiyono. (2009). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif Kualitatif R & D, Bandung:Alfabeta.
Sumardjo, J., & Saini, K. M. (2007). Apresiasi Kesusastraan, Jakarta: PTGramedia Pustaka.
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Artikelsiana. (2018). Pengertian Kekuasaan dan Jenis-jenis KekuasaanMenurut Para Ahli. Retrieved fromhttp://www.artikelsiana.com/2018/04/pengertian-kekuasaan-jenis-para-ahli-kekuasaan.html. Accessed on November 19, 2018.
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APPENDIX I
This Appendix is about the synopsis of the novel entitled Animal Farmwritten by George Orwell. This novel was first published in England on 17 August1945. Consist of 104 pages and 10 chapters include Epilogue. George Orwell isnovelist and Indian police, best known for her political allegory, Animal Farm.The Animal Farm novels have gained worldwide recognition and sold over 100milion copies, with translations into 30 different languages. Animal Farm novelwas the bestselling of 1950 in America.
In Indonesia the title of this novel is usually not translated. For example inthe 2001 edition of the translation, the title of the novel is still Animal Farm,different from in Malaysia where the title of the novel is usually translated as theAnimal Field. Originally Orwell gave this book the title Animal Farm: A FairyStory, but the United States issue did not use the phrase "A Fairy Story", becauseit was not suitable for the children's market. Only Telugu translations were madeduring Orwell's life, which still use the phrase "A Fairy Story". In othertranslations, the subtitle is removed or replaced with the word "A Satire" (ASatire), "A Contemporary Satire" (A Modern Satire), or described as an adventureor story. Here are the synopsis and the information of the author:
The Animal Farm novel written by George Orwell was a political allegoryduring World War II as a satire for the totalitarism of the Soviet Union. The storyin this novel begins when one night at Pak Jones's Manor Farm, there was an oldpig named Major, the honorable Middle-white pig gathering animals to tell theirdreams. Before conveying his dream to the animals attending the meeting, he toldof his reflection on the nature of animal life. They are only fed to keep their breaththen forced to work hard and when it is useless - they are slaughtered in a cruelway.
Major asserted that such actions were not part of the natural order. Nor is itbecause of the arid water so it does not provide a decent life for those who live onit. Because the land is too fertile and able to produce abundant food for allanimals. However, all the products of the hard work of animals are robbed byhumans. So he concluded that humans are the real enemies of animals. Getting ridof humans means removing the root causes of hunger and exploitation forever.
His statement was not made up. For a long time living under the tyrannyof man raises his awareness that humans are creatures that bring infinite sufferingto animals. Humans can only consume without producing. Humans just enjoy thework of animals, drink milk, eat eggs and so on. Animals plow fields with theirenergy and fertilize the soil with their manure, but they do not own land.
This makes Major feel the need to make animals aware on the farm. Heconveyed plainly that all crimes in animal life emerged from human tyranny. So
enough to subvert human power, the work will belong to animals. Even though hesaid, in order to achieve this - a rebellion was needed. And he also reminded thatin fighting humans, they must not resemble humans. If they succeed in defeatinghumans, they must not imitate their crimes. No animal can stay indoors, or sleepin bed, wear clothes, drink alcohol, touch money or engage in trade. In addition,animals must not oppress fellow animals. All animals are equal.
Then the Major began to tell his dream about the state of the earth afterhumans became extinct. The dream reminded him of a song he had forgotten. Thesong is titled "British Beast" with poetry that is full of rebellion against humantyranny. He sang the song and was followed by other animals happily. Threenights later, Major died peacefully while sleeping. After his death, the animalsbegan to organize themselves led by two intelligent pigs named Snowball andNapoleon. In addition, there is also another pig named Squealer, he is known as asmart speaker. Other animals believe that they are able to convert black to white.
Then the three pigs elaborated on the old Major's teachings into completethinking - which they gave the name animalism. The principle of animalism is thatevery two-legged is an enemy and every four-legged and has wings is a friend.Then they propagated the animal principle to all animals. Initially there was a lotof ignorance and apathy. But they can overcome it with a rational explanation.
The pigs also struggled against the deceptions posed by Moses, PakJones's favorite crow. He is a spy and a reporter, besides that he is also good atspeaking. He said that there was a mysterious country called Mount Candy Gulalocated in the sky. The mountain is the last destination when an animal dies. Onthe Mount Candy, there are abundant foods and various other pleasures. The pigsstruggle to convince other animals that there is no such place. Moses only lied.
At night, because he was too hungry a cow broke into the door of a strawbarn with its horns and all the animals began to devour the straw. Then Pak Jonesarrived with several of his employees carrying whips that were whipped in alldirections. The animals did not remain silent, even without the previous plan -they jointly jumped towards the whip. Mr. Jones and his people were helpless andran away. Finally, animals are taken over by animals. The farm was changed from"Ranch Manor" to "Animal Farm".
Then they make sure the Animal Principle on the wall they call the SevenCommandments. The seven commands contain; anything that runs on two legs isan enemy, anything that runs on four legs and has wings is a friend, not an animalcan wear clothes, sleep in bed, drink alcohol, kill other animals and all animals areequal. They made the seven commandments in their lives. After that, the animalscarried out collective activities in managing the farm for their shared needs.
However, this did not last long. The pigs began to deviate from theprinciple of animalism. They apply elitist - privilege themselves from otheranimals. Milk and fruit were only intended for pigs even Snowball and Napoleon
agreed. Then Squeler was asked to provide an explanation as needed regardingthis matter. Squeler said that milk and fruit are needed by pigs to maintain health.To be able to keep thinking for the sustainability of the organization of livestockand mutual welfare. All this so that Mr. Jones does not return to the farm. Becauseanimals don't want Pak Jones to return, they finally believe and attach importanceto keeping the pigs in good health.
While in other places, Mr. Jones asked for help from other farmers toreclaim livestock. Mr. Jones carried a rifle and the others were armed with clubs.They attacked ranch fields. However, they were defeated thanks to the leadershipof Snowball who was assisted by the Boxer the Horse. Snowball had studied theancient book from Julius Caesar so that he was able to anticipate and prepareeverything when the attack occurred. After defeating Mr. Jones and his men, theanimals celebrate the victory. The flag was raised and the song "British Beast"was sung, then the deceased animal was given a solemn funeral, with flowerbushes planted on his grave. Then Snowball made a short speech about the needfor all animals to be ready to die for the Animal Farm.
For the continuity of Animal Farming, it is agreed that clever pigs mustdecide all policies on the farm, even though the decision must be ratified by amajority vote. However, there was always a debate between Snowball andNapoleon. In meetings Snowball often won majority support because of hisspeech skills, but at certain times Napoleon was more skilled at getting support.He was especially very successful with sheep and asked him to motto "Four goodfeet, bad two feet", both during the harvest season and not, and they ofteninterrupted Snowball's meetings and speeches with the song.
The conflict between Snowball and Napoleon continued. Snowball advisesanimals to make windmills so they can save energy in work. So that one dayanimals only have to work three days a week. Whereas Napoleon argued that thegreat need now was to increase food production and if they spent energy on thewindmill idea, they would starve to death. Then the animals form two groups withthe slogan, "Choose Snowball and three working days a week" and "ChooseNapoleon and troughs full of food". Benjamin the Donkey, the only animal thatdoes not favor any faction. He does not want to believe that food will abound orthat windmills will save labor. For him, whether or not there is anything, life willcontinue to run like what has happened - that is, badly.
Besides these debates, there are questions about maintaining livestock.Because even though humans have been conquered in previous wars, it is verypossible that they will make efforts to seize power again. Then Napoleon told theanimals that what had to be done was to get a firearm and train themselves to useit. Whereas Snowball argued that they had to send more post pigeons andstimulate animals on other farms to rebel. Napoleon again argued that if theycould not defend themselves, they would be conquered. Then Snowball denied his
opinion by saying that if rebellions were everywhere, they did not need to defendthemselves. The animals cannot decide who is right between Napoleon andSnowball. The animals always feel in agreement with those who are talking at thattime.
When the next meeting arrived, Snowball spoke eloquently about theimportant needs of the animals in the future and received much support from theanimals. Then it was Napoleon's turn, he only called the dogs he had kept for along time. The dogs immediately hit Snowball, which avoided the jaws of thedogs at the right time. Then ran to save himself and the dogs chased him. Theanimals were shocked and disappointed by Snowball's expulsion, but could onlybe silent in fear. Even the Boxer said nothing. Since then, animal farming hasbeen under Napoleon's leadership with dogs as loyal followers.
Through the year animals work like slaves. However, they are happy to dothe work, because they think that everything they do is for themselves and forthose born after them, not for a group of people who are lazy thieves. Even duringspring and summer, they worked sixty hours a week and in August Napoleonannounced that there was work Sunday night too. This work is truly voluntary, butwhoever is absent, the ration will also be reduced by half. One Sunday morning,Napoleon announced that from now on, Animal Farming would work withneighboring farms. Napoleon's dictatorship violated the animalism principle thathad been agreed upon. He began to deal with humans, was involved in trade, didnot take advantage of the use of money - which was the earliest resolutiondelivered during the first victory meeting after Jones was removed. The animalsremember the resolution, but chose to be silent for fear of Napoleon's dogs.
However, at one time, led by three black Minorca chickens, the hensrebelled against Napoleon because their eggs would be sold. This rebellion wasthe first time since Jones was removed. Napoleon acted quickly and cruelly. Heordered that chicken rations be stopped and stated that anyone who gave a chickencorn would be sentenced to death. The hens only last for five days, then they giveup and return to the nest box. Meanwhile, nine hens are dead.
Furthermore, Napoleon spread slander about Snowball. He said Snowballwas a secret agent from Jones and among the animals there were conspiring withhim. Then he ordered all the animals to gather. Napoleon appeared with nine ofhis dogs jumping around and growling so that all the animals shivered in fear.Napoleon stood fiercely then issued a high-pitched whimper. The dogs jumpedforward, snatched four pigs in their ears and dragged them to the feet ofNapoleon. They were ordered to admit to crimes they had not committed and thenwere killed. Even with three chickens that rebelled before and several otheranimals. The air in that place becomes tight and smells of blood. All animalstrembled and sad, then left the place to the hill. Clover the mare realized that thething they had just witnessed was not what they expected at night when the old
Major encouraged them to rebel. They expect an animal society free from hungerand whip, all equally, each working according to his capacity, who is strong atprotecting the weak. They then sang "British Beasts" with excessive enthusiasm,but slowly and full of sadness, in a way they had never sung before.
They just sang, then the Squealer escorted by two dogs approached themand said that the song was forbidden to sing. He also said that the "British Beast"was a song of rebellion and the rebellion had ended. They have lived in anestablished society, so the song has no purpose. Actually the animals want toprotest, but don't have the courage to do it.
APPENDIX II
The power of hegemony has operated those found on George Orwell
Animal Farm novel can be seen on tables below:
No Utterance Chapter & Page Description
1
“Napoleon took no interest in Snowball’s
committees. He said that the education of
the young was more important that
anything that could be done for those who
were already grown up. It happen that
Jessie and Bluebell had both whelped soon
after the hay harvest, giving birth between
them to nine sturdy puppies. As soon as
they were weaned Napoleon took them
away from their mothers, saying that he
would make himself responsible for their
education. He took them up into loft which
could only be reached by a ladder from the
harness-room.”
Chap. III p,22
Leader in
Full
Power
2
“At this there was a terrible baying sound
outside, and nine enormous dogs wearing
brass-studded collars came bounding into
barn. They dashed straight for Snowball,
who only sprang from his place just in time
to escape their snapping jaws. In a moment
he was out of the door and they were after
him.”
Chap. V p,35
Leader in
Full
Power
3
“’Comrades,’ he said, I trust that every
animal here appreciates the sacrifice that
Comrade Napoleon has made in taking this
extra labour upon himself. Do not imagine,
comrades, that leadership is a pleasure! On
the contrary, it is a deep and heavy
responsibility. No one believes more
firmly than Comrade Napoleon that all
animals are equal. He would be only too
happy to let you make your decisions for
yourselves“
Chap. V p,37
Leader in
Full
Power
4
“Throughout the spring and summer they
worked a sixty-hour week, and in August
Napoleon announced that there would be
work on Sunday afternoons as well. This
work was strictly voluntary, but any
Chap. VI p,40
Leader in
Full
Power
No Utterance Chapter & Page Description
animal who absented himself from it
would have his rations reduced by half.“
5
“Napoleon was now never spoken of
simply as ‘Napoleon’. He was always
referred to in formal style as ‘our Leader,
Comrade Napoleon’, and the pigs like to
invent for him such titles as Father of All
Animals, Terror of Mankind, and the like.
Chap. VIII p,62
Becoming
of
Napoleon
Leader
6
“He announced that from now on the
Sunday-morning Meetings would come to
an end. They were unnecessary, he said,
and wasted time. In future all questions
relating to the working of the farm would
be settled by a special committee of pigs,
presided over by himself. These would
meet in private and afterwards
communicate their decisions to other.”
Chap. V p,37
Becoming
of
Napoleon
Leader
7
“Napoleon announced that he had decided
upon a new policy. From now onwards
Animal Farm would engage in trade with
the neighbouring farms: not, of course, for
any commercial purpose but simply in
order to obtain certain materials which
were urgently necessary.”
Chap. VI p,42
Becoming
of
Napoleon
Leader
8
“…. He was therefore making
arrangements to sell a stack of hay and part
of the current year’s wheat crop, and later
on, if more money were needed, it would
have to be made up by the sale eggs, for
which there was always a market in
Willingdon.”
Chap. VI p,42
Becoming
of
Napoleon
Leader
9
“Finally Napoleon raised his trotter for
silence and announced that he had already
made all the arrangements.”
Chap. VI p,43
Becoming
of
Napoleon
Leader
10
“It was about this time that the pigs
suddenly moved move into the farmhouse
and took up their residence there. Again
the animals seemed to remember that a
resolution against this had been passed in
the early days, and again Squealer was able
to convince them that this was not the case.
It was absolutely necessary, he said, the
Chap. VI p,45
Becoming
of
Napoleon
Leader
No Utterance Chapter & Page Description
pigs were the brains of the farm, should
have a quiet place to work in. It was also
more suited to the dignity of the Leader to
live in a house than in a mere sty.”
11
“Some of the pigs themselves, however,
were more articulate. Four young porkers
in the front row uttered shrill squeals of
disapproval, and all four them sprang to
their feet and began speaking at once.”
Chap. V p,36 Conflict
Began
12
“The four young pigs who had protested
when Napoleon abolished the Meeting
raised their voice timidly, but they were
promptly silenced by a tremendous
growling from the dogs.”
Chap. VI p,43 Conflict
Began
13
“….. Led by three young Black Minorca
pullets, the hens made a determined effort
to thwart Napoleon’s wishes. Their method
was to fly up to the rafters and there lay
their eggs, which smashed to pieces on the
floor”
Chap. VII p,51 Conflict
Began
14
“….Then a goose came forward and
confessed to having urinated in the
drinking pool – urged to do this, so
she said, by Snowball-and two other
sheep confessed to having murdered
an old ram, an especially devoted
follower of Napoleon, by chasing
him round and round a bonfire when
he was suffering from a cough.”
Chap. VII p,57 Conflict
Began
15
“There would be no need for any of the
animals so come in contact with human
beings, which would clearly be most
undesirable. He intended to take the whole
burden upon his own shoulders. A Mr
Whymper, a solicitor living in Willingdon,
had agreed to act as intermediary between
Animal Farm and the outside world, and
would visit the farm every Monday
morning to receive his instructions.”
Chap.VI p,43 Maintain
Power
16
“Napoleon was well aware of the bad
results that might follow if the real facts of
the food situation were known, and he
decided to make use of Mr Whymper to
Chap. VII p,50 Maintain
Power
No Utterance Chapter & Page Description
spread a contrary impression. Hitherto the
animals had had little or no contact with
Whymper on his weekly visit: now,
however, a few selected animals, mostly
sheep, where instructed to remark casually
in his hearing that rations had been
increased.
17
“Napoleon stood sternly surveying his
audience; then he uttered a high-pitched
whimper. Immediately the dogs bounded
forward, seized four of the pigs by the ear
and dragged them, squealing with pain and
terror, to Napoleon’s feet. The pig’s ears
were bleeding, the dogs had tasted blood,
and for a few moments they appeared to go
quite mad
Chap. VII p,55 Maintain
Power
18
“They Were the same four pigs as had
protested when Napoleon abolished the
Sunday Meeting. Chap. VII p,56
Maintain
Power
19 “When they had finished their confession
the dogs promptly tore their throats out Chap. VII p,56
Maintain
Power
20
“The three hens who had been the
ringleaders in the attempted rebellion over
the eggs now came forward and stated that
snowball had appeared to them in a dream
and incited them to disobey Napoleon’s
orders. They too were slaughtered.
Chap. VII p,56 Maintain
Power
21
“Napoleon acted swiftly and ruthlessly. He
ordered the hens’ rations to be stooped,
and decreed that any animal giving so
much as a grain of corn to hen should be
punished by death. The dogs saw to it that
these orders were carried out. For five days
the hens held out, then they capitulated and
went back to their nesting boxes. Nine
hens had died in the meantime
Chap. VII p,51 Maintain
Power
22
“Some of the animals had noticed that the
van which took Boxer away was marked
‘House Slaughterer’, and had actually
jumped to the conclusion that Boxer was
being sent to the knacker’s. It was almost
unbelievable, said Squealer, that any
Chap. IX p,83 Maintain
Power
No Utterance Chapter & Page Description
animal could be so stupid. Surely, he cried
indignantly, whisking his tail and skipping
from side to side, surely they knew their
beloved leader, Comrade Napoleon, better
than that? But the explanation was really
very simple. The van had previously been
the property of the knacker, and had been
bought by the veterinary surgeon, who had
not yet painted the old name out. That was
how the mistake had arisen.
23 “All Animal are Equal but Some Animals
are More Equal than Other Chap. X p,90
Resign to
the ruler
24
“After that it did not seem strange when
next day the pigs who were supervising the
work of the farm all carried whips in their
trotters. It did not seem strange when
Napoleon was seen strolling in the farm-
house garden with a pipe in his mouth –
no, not even when the pigs took Mr
Jones’s clothes out of the wardrobes and
put them on.
Chap. X p,90 Resign to
the ruler
APPENDIX III
The impacts of power hegemony on George Orwell Animal Farm Novel
are listed below:
No Utterance Chapter &
Page
The Impact
Neg Pos
1
“Some of the pigs
themselves, however, were
more articulate. Four
young porkers in the front
row uttered shrill squeals
of disapproval, and all four
them sprang to their feet
and began speaking at
once. But suddenly the
dogs sitting round
Napoleon let out deep,
menacing growls, and the
pigs fell silent and sat
down again.”
Chap. V p,36-37 ✓
2
“When hens heard this
they raised a terrible
outcry. They had been
warned earlier that this
sacrifice might be
necessary, but had not
believed that it would
really happen. They were
just getting their clutches
ready for the spring sitting,
and they protested that to
take the eggs away now
was murder.
Chap. VII p,51 ✓
3
“Napoleon acted swiftly
and ruthlessly. He ordered
the hen’s rations to be
stooped, and decreed that
any animal giving so much
as a grain of corn to a hen
should be punished by
death.”
Chap. VII p,51 ✓
4 “All that year the animals
worked like slaves Chap. VI p,41 ✓
No Utterance Chapter &
Page
The Impact
Neg Pos
5
“Throughout the spring
and summer they worked a
sixty-hour week, and in
August Napoleon
announced that there
would be work on Sunday
afternoons as well. This
work was strictly
voluntary, but any animal
who absented himself
from it would have his
rations reduced by half.
Chap. VI p,41 ✓
6
“He believed that he was
right in saying that the
lower animals on Animal
Farm did more work and
received less food than any
animals in the country
Chap. X p,92 ✓
7
“Since Jones had left the
farm, until today, no
animal had killed another
animal. Not even a rat had
been killed.
Chap. VII P.57 ✓