the industrial revolution pp. 630-655 greatly increased output of machine-made goods
TRANSCRIPT
Concept Questions1. How did scientific advancements lead to the Industrial
Revolution?
2. What factors caused the Industrial Revolution?
3. How did the Industrial Revolution change the ways people lived?
4. How did the Industrial Revolution lead to the establishment of different economic systems, including free-enterprise, communism, and socialism?
Prelude: The Population Explosion
• Famine • War• Disease • Stricter
quarantine measures
• The elimination of the black rat
Further Reasons for Population Growth
• Advances in medicine, such as inoculation against smallpox• Improvements in sanitation promoted better public health • An increase in the food supply meant fewer famines and
epidemics, especially as transportation improved
The hand of a person infected with smallpox
The Beginnings of Industrialization
• Why England? – Natural Resources– Water power and coal for machine fuel– Iron ore to build machines, tools, buildings– Rivers for inlands transportation– Harbors for merchant ships
• Factors of Production– Land, labor and capital (wealth)
• Inventions Spur Technological Advances
The Enclosure Movement
English gentry (landowners) passed the Enclosure Acts, prohibiting peasants’ access to common lands, enclosed land with fences or hedges
*improved farming efficiency
Experiments with new agricultural methods
Small farmers forced to become tenant farmers or move to the cities
The enclosure division of the town of Thetford, England around 1760
Jethro Tull (1674–1741)
CROP ROTATION EXAMPLE*different plants use different nutrients, allowing the land to recover
Replaced wasteful broadcast method with well-spaced rows planted methodically
Townshend’s Four-Field System
Selective Breeding
• Select animals with the best characteristics
• Produce bigger breeds• Lambs from 18 to 50 pounds
The Importance of TextilesThe Domestic or “Putting Out”
System (Cottage Industry)
The textile industry was the most important in England
Most of the work was done in the home
John Kay invented the flying shuttle
The Spinning Jenny
Hargreaves’s machine
The Water Frame
Powering the spinning jenny:• Horses, The water wheel
The Coming of the Railroads:
The Steam Engine
• Cotton bought from America
• Seeds removed by hand replaced by cotton gin
Eli Whitney’s cotton gin
• Thomas Newcomen • The steam engine
James Watt’s Steam Engine
• Increased efficiency, reduced fuel needed
• Financed by Matthew Boulton
Steam-Powered Water Transport
In 1807, Robert Fulton attached a steam engine to a ship (“Clermont”) The steam engine propelled the ship by making its paddle wheel turn.
Trevithick’ Engine The Liverpool and Manchester Railway
• In 1801, Richard Trevithick first attached a steam engine to a wagon. Trevithick’s engine was not successful for moving people, but he had planted the idea of human train transport.
• The first widely-used steam train was the Liverpool & Manchester Railway.
• The L&M incited a boom in railway building for the next 20 years. By 1854, every moderately-sized town in England was connected by rail.
The Growth of the Railroads
Opening of the Lancaster and Carlisle Railway
Newbiggin Bridge
Stephenson’s Rocket
Industrialization• Growth of Industrial Cites
– Urbanization, city building & movement of people to cities• Living Conditions – slums/disease
– No sanitary codes, plans, or building codes– Lacked adequate housing, education, police
• Working Conditions– 14 hour days/6 days a week– Poorly lit, dirty, dangerous– No programs/protection in case of injury
• Class Tensions– Poor working class– Newly formed middle class – comfortable standard of living
• wealthy factory owners, shippers, merchants• Social class of skilled workers, professionals, business people, wealthy farmers• Govt. employees, doctors, lawyers, managers – upper middle class• Factory overseers, toolmakers, printers – lower middle class
Britain Takes the Lead
Great Britain’s advantages:• Plentiful iron and coal• A navigable river system • A strong commercial
infrastructure that provided merchants with capital to invest in new enterprises
• Colonies that supplied raw materials and bought finished goods
• A government that encouraged improvements in transportation and used its navy to protect British trade
Industrialization• Positive Effects of the Industrial Revolution
– Created jobs– Contributed to the nation’s wealth– Fostered technological progress/invention– Increased production– Raised standards of living– Healthier diets– Better housing– Cheaper clothing– Educational opportunities
• Working Class Benefits– Took longer– Higher wages, shorter hours, better working conditions
Industrialization
• The Mills of Manchester (CASE STUDY)– Unplanned city growth– Pollution – Poisoned river
Women: The Labor Behind the Industry
19th-century women at work
Child Labor: Unlimited Hours
“Scavengers” and “piecers”
Children as young as 6
• Malnourishment• Beatings• Runaways sent to
prison
Child Labor: Movements to Regulate
• Factory owners argued that child labor was good for the economy and helped build children's characters
• Factory Act of 1833: limited child labor and the number of hours children could work in textile mills
Industrialization Spreads
• Industrial Development in the U.S.– War of 1812 blocked international trade, forced
U.S. to develop independent industries– Began with textile industry despite British
attempts at secrecy– New inventions– railroads– Corporations – monopolies (share profits, but not responsible for debts)
• Standard Oil (Rockefeller)• Carnegie Steel (Carnegie)
Additional Contributions• Marie Curie – scientist who studied radioactivity
– Discovered radium and polonium– Won a Nobel Pride
• Louis Pasteur – Believed disease came from germs so he promoted washing hands and medical
instruments– Used heat to kill germs in liquid (pasteurization)
• Queen Victoria – Doubled the size of Britain– Favored social reforms– Supported charitable programs to improve the lives of
the poor
Industrialization Spreads
• Industrialization Reaches Continental Europe– Belgium led with secrets from British carpenter– Germany – imported equipment & people
• Railroad, developed as a military power
– Developed in some countries, but not in all
• Worldwide Impact of Industrialization– Widened gap between industrialized/non-industrialized
countries– Rise of colonies to provide raw materials and a market for
manufactured goods
France
• Couldn’t keep up with British industrialization
• French Revolution and resulting political chaos hindered economic development
French Industrialization after 1848
Government investment• Public spending • Telegraph
A. Braun, Rue de Rivoli, 1855 or after
This illustration of a “typical apartment” appeared in a Parisian newspaper in 1845
Social Mobility
Age of Reforms• Laissez faire – free trade, no govt. regulation
• Characteristics include: ownership of property, profit, and economic freedom.
• Capitalism – invest in business to make a profit
• Adam Smith – The Wealth of Nations• Economic liberty guarantees progress• Free enterprise systems – would help everyone• Supply and demand
Rise of Socialism• Utilitarianism – ideas, institutions and actions should be judged on
usefulness– Pushed for reforms in legal, prison and education systems– Jeremy Bentham – govt. should promote the greatest good for the greatest
number of people– John Stuart Mills – questioned unregulated capitalism, more equal division of
profits
• Utopian Ideas - Robert Owen– Working conditions prompted him to build a mill with:
• Low rent houses, free schooling, no children under 10• Inspired other communities
Rise of Socialism• Socialism
• Public ownership (govt.)• Govt. planning of the economy, abolish poverty & promote equality• did not advocate for a violent revolution or uprising of the worker class• They believed capitalism created a gap between the rich and poor • Workers INITIALLY supported socialism because of the interest in
reforming poor factory conditions and low wages
• Marxism – Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels– The Communist Manifesto (1848) – extreme socialism = pure communism– Marx’s ideas became the basis for communism– Haves vs. have-nots, Working men of all countries, unite– NO class society with a shared goal– NO private property, NO social classes, NO profit, cooperation would
replace competition, no economic freedom– Inspired: Lenin, Mao Zedong, Ho Chi Minh, Castro
Unionization and Legislative Reform• Unions – spoke for workers in a particular trade
– Collective bargaining, strike– Skilled workers, lower middle class– Threat to govt., social order and stability– Outlawed (Combination Acts of 1799, 1800)– Tolerated right to strike/picket peacefully
• Reform Laws– Factory Act of 1833 (limits on child labor)– Mines Act of 1842 (no women/children underground)– Ten Hours Act of 1847 (women/children workday hours limited)– National Child Labor Committee (U.S.) – progressive reformers with
hopes to end child labor
Women and other reforms• Higher wages than working at home• 1/3 of what men made• Jane Addams – settlement houses• International Council for Women
• Reforms spread to:– Prison – emphasize restoring prisoners to useful
lives– Education – free public school for all