The Industrial The Industrial RevolutionRevolutionHarris – Modern World Harris – Modern World

HistoryHistory

Why Did it Start in Britain?Why Did it Start in Britain? The Industrial Revolution began in England and The Industrial Revolution began in England and

took several years to spread to the rest of the world. took several years to spread to the rest of the world. There are 5 reasons why it started in England.There are 5 reasons why it started in England.

1.1. The Agricultural revolution had taken place in the The Agricultural revolution had taken place in the early 1700’s. This increased food supply thus early 1700’s. This increased food supply thus decreasing the price of food. Now people had extra decreasing the price of food. Now people had extra money to spend on manufactured itemsmoney to spend on manufactured items

2.2. With more food, the population increased. This With more food, the population increased. This meant more people were available to work in meant more people were available to work in factories.factories.

3.3. Britain was already a wealthy country so people had Britain was already a wealthy country so people had the money to invest in new factories.the money to invest in new factories.

4.4. Britain had the natural resources of coal and iron Britain had the natural resources of coal and iron ore.ore.

5.5. Britain had many colonies which they could force to Britain had many colonies which they could force to buy their manufactured items. This created a steady buy their manufactured items. This created a steady demand for goods.demand for goods.

The Textile IndustryThe Textile Industry

The textile (cloth) industry was the first to The textile (cloth) industry was the first to industrialize.industrialize.

Before the Industrial Revolution, cotton was Before the Industrial Revolution, cotton was processed into cloth through what was known as processed into cloth through what was known as the putting out system. Raw cotton would be the putting out system. Raw cotton would be shipped in and individuals would come and pick shipped in and individuals would come and pick up a load. These women would take it home and up a load. These women would take it home and spin it into thread. Then they would return to spin it into thread. Then they would return to the warehouse where another group of women the warehouse where another group of women would pick up the thread and take it home to would pick up the thread and take it home to weave into cloth.weave into cloth.

This was also known as a cottage industry.This was also known as a cottage industry. This process was very slow and done mainly in This process was very slow and done mainly in

the women's spare time.the women's spare time.

The Textile IndustryThe Textile Industry The first invention in the textile industry was The first invention in the textile industry was

the flying shuttle. This invention fit on the the flying shuttle. This invention fit on the traditional loom. This sped up weaving to the traditional loom. This sped up weaving to the point that the weavers were going much faster point that the weavers were going much faster than the spinners. than the spinners.

The next invention was the spinning jenny The next invention was the spinning jenny (1764). This was a machine that could do the (1764). This was a machine that could do the work of 16 spinners at one time. Now the thread work of 16 spinners at one time. Now the thread was being spun faster than the weavers could was being spun faster than the weavers could weave.weave.

These inventions were followed by the water These inventions were followed by the water loom, spinning mule, and improvements in the loom, spinning mule, and improvements in the steam engines. John Cartwright invented the steam engines. John Cartwright invented the water loom in 1787. James Watt improved the water loom in 1787. James Watt improved the steam engine in 1782.steam engine in 1782.

Coal and IronCoal and Iron

Coal and Iron were the key natural resources Coal and Iron were the key natural resources in the industrial revolution. in the industrial revolution.

Iron was useful, but had its limits in the early Iron was useful, but had its limits in the early stage of the revolution. This is because it was stage of the revolution. This is because it was full of impurities and therefore was weak. full of impurities and therefore was weak.

In the 1780’s, Henry Cort invented a process In the 1780’s, Henry Cort invented a process known as puddling. In this process coke known as puddling. In this process coke (cooked coal) was burned at a high (cooked coal) was burned at a high temperature. This resulted in most of the temperature. This resulted in most of the impurities being cooked off. This produced impurities being cooked off. This produced iron that was strong and could withstand high iron that was strong and could withstand high pressure from things like steam.pressure from things like steam.

RailroadsRailroads With the improvements made to the steam With the improvements made to the steam

engine and iron, large amounts of power were engine and iron, large amounts of power were now available to be used for things. This led to now available to be used for things. This led to the development of the steam locomotive.the development of the steam locomotive.

The first steam locomotive was put to use in The first steam locomotive was put to use in 1804. It was used to carry iron ore and workers 1804. It was used to carry iron ore and workers and went 5mph.and went 5mph.

In 1830, the first train used for public In 1830, the first train used for public transportation opened in England. It ran from transportation opened in England. It ran from Liverpool to Manchester and went so fast it was Liverpool to Manchester and went so fast it was called the Rocket. It had a top speed of 16 mph.called the Rocket. It had a top speed of 16 mph.

By 1850, trains were able to go about 50 mph, By 1850, trains were able to go about 50 mph, and England had over 6000 miles of train and England had over 6000 miles of train tracks.tracks.

Trains made transportation of goods and people Trains made transportation of goods and people much faster and cheaper. Thus becoming a key much faster and cheaper. Thus becoming a key part of the industrial revolution.part of the industrial revolution.

The Revolution SpreadsThe Revolution Spreads Britain had attempted to prevent the industrial Britain had attempted to prevent the industrial

revolution from spreading to other countries, revolution from spreading to other countries, because the had made so much money from it. because the had made so much money from it. To do this, they made it illegal for people to To do this, they made it illegal for people to sell plans to foreigners or take/give plans to sell plans to foreigners or take/give plans to someone outside of the country. someone outside of the country.

This worked for several years. However by the This worked for several years. However by the 1800’s most other countries began to see their 1800’s most other countries began to see their first factories develop.first factories develop.

In the United States, the population went from In the United States, the population went from 5 million in 1800, to 30 million in 1860. This 5 million in 1800, to 30 million in 1860. This was from the increased wealth produced was from the increased wealth produced though industrialization. though industrialization.

Other European countries also saw similar Other European countries also saw similar population growth. population growth.

Changes in SocietyChanges in Society With the industrial revolution came many With the industrial revolution came many

changes in society.changes in society. As the population grew and moved from the As the population grew and moved from the

countryside to the cities, several problems countryside to the cities, several problems developed. Most of the cities experienced developed. Most of the cities experienced growth that outpaced the abilities of the city growth that outpaced the abilities of the city planners to keep up. This meant that homes planners to keep up. This meant that homes and buildings were built without proper sewer and buildings were built without proper sewer and drainage access. and drainage access.

Some cities grew so fast that construction of Some cities grew so fast that construction of homes and apartments couldn’t keep up. This homes and apartments couldn’t keep up. This meant that living space was very expensive. meant that living space was very expensive. Both of these things contributed to severe Both of these things contributed to severe overcrowding. This overcrowding was not only overcrowding. This overcrowding was not only uncomfortable, but dangerous. Many diseases uncomfortable, but dangerous. Many diseases and illnesses were rampant in the city.and illnesses were rampant in the city.

Changes in SocietyChanges in Society Pollution affected society greatly as well. Trash Pollution affected society greatly as well. Trash

from homes and industrial waste from factories from homes and industrial waste from factories led to the overall decline in the health of the led to the overall decline in the health of the people. people.

The industrial revolution also made time more The industrial revolution also made time more important. As factories began to work 24 hours a important. As factories began to work 24 hours a day, divided into 8 hour shifts, people couldn’t day, divided into 8 hour shifts, people couldn’t depend on the sun to know what time it was. depend on the sun to know what time it was.

The problems associated with industrialization The problems associated with industrialization led some intellectuals to call for changes. During led some intellectuals to call for changes. During this period we begin to see socialism develop as this period we begin to see socialism develop as a way to equal the distribution of wealth and a way to equal the distribution of wealth and benefit the working class.benefit the working class.

The Second Industrial The Second Industrial RevolutionRevolution The first industrial revolution gave us The first industrial revolution gave us

textiles, railroads, iron, and coal. The textiles, railroads, iron, and coal. The second industrial revolution was led by second industrial revolution was led by steel, chemicals, electricity, and steel, chemicals, electricity, and petroleum.petroleum.

The second industrial revolution was built The second industrial revolution was built on the foundation of the first. Many of the on the foundation of the first. Many of the theories and ideas about factories and theories and ideas about factories and machines led to new developments all machines led to new developments all over. over.

This is when we begin to see a truly This is when we begin to see a truly modern society take shape.modern society take shape.

The second industrial revolution saw The second industrial revolution saw significant contributions from all over the significant contributions from all over the world.world.

New InventionsNew Inventions Thomas Edison – Thomas Edison –

Edison is one of the Edison is one of the most prolific most prolific inventers in history, inventers in history, 1,093 in all. His 1,093 in all. His most significant most significant invention was the invention was the light bulb. He also light bulb. He also invented the invented the phonograph, motion phonograph, motion pictures, and a pictures, and a machine to talk to machine to talk to the dead, among the dead, among many others. many others.

New InventionsNew Inventions Alexander Graham Bell Alexander Graham Bell

– Invented the – Invented the telephone in February telephone in February of 1876. Bell submitted of 1876. Bell submitted his patent on the same his patent on the same day that Elisha Gray day that Elisha Gray submitted a patent for submitted a patent for a similar device. Gray a similar device. Gray was advised by his was advised by his lawyer to drop his lawyer to drop his patent because Bell patent because Bell had submitted his first. had submitted his first. Gray agreed and Bell Gray agreed and Bell was awarded the was awarded the patent.patent.

New InventionsNew Inventions Guglielmo Marconi – Considered the father of Guglielmo Marconi – Considered the father of

the radio. He was the first person to send and the radio. He was the first person to send and receive radio waves over a significant receive radio waves over a significant distance. This was significant because it was distance. This was significant because it was the first time wireless information had been the first time wireless information had been sent. He did this in 1895sent. He did this in 1895

New InventionsNew Inventions Serbian born Serbian born

Nikola Tesla, Nikola Tesla, invented many invented many of the most of the most important things important things dealing with dealing with electricity. He electricity. He developed the developed the electric motor, electric motor, the AC electrical the AC electrical grid, and grid, and wireless wireless transmission of transmission of energy.energy.

New InventionsNew Inventions

Gottlieb Daimler – The first person Gottlieb Daimler – The first person to invent a light, portable internal to invent a light, portable internal combustion engine. This was able to combustion engine. This was able to be placed on a frame and could be placed on a frame and could power wheels. power wheels.

                                                                                                                        

Organizing the Working Organizing the Working ClassesClasses

As conditions in factories and mines As conditions in factories and mines only showed minor improvements, there only showed minor improvements, there was a growing push by the working was a growing push by the working class to win more rights. class to win more rights.

Unions – This is a very basic level of Unions – This is a very basic level of worker organization. Each industry worker organization. Each industry developed a different union, however developed a different union, however they often joined with each other to they often joined with each other to become more powerful. In most become more powerful. In most countries, unions were originally illegal. countries, unions were originally illegal. Governments saw them as interfering Governments saw them as interfering with business and therefore a risk to the with business and therefore a risk to the economy. economy.

Organizing the Working Organizing the Working ClassesClasses In 1848, Karl Marx wrote In 1848, Karl Marx wrote The Communist The Communist

ManifestoManifesto. This book, written with Friedrich . This book, written with Friedrich Engles, discussed the idea that all of history is Engles, discussed the idea that all of history is based on a class struggle. This struggle takes based on a class struggle. This struggle takes place between the proletariat (working class) place between the proletariat (working class) and the bourgeoisie (middle class managers).and the bourgeoisie (middle class managers).

Marx argues that the proletariat should unite Marx argues that the proletariat should unite and violently overthrow the bourgeoisie. Once and violently overthrow the bourgeoisie. Once this happens, the workers would be in charge of this happens, the workers would be in charge of everything. Slowly, government and property everything. Slowly, government and property would disappear. Worker collectives would run would disappear. Worker collectives would run everything and everyone would have the same everything and everyone would have the same items, society would be classless. items, society would be classless.

Initially, the government would take over Initially, the government would take over everything. everything.

In a socialist society the government would own In a socialist society the government would own some means of production. some means of production.