The Indus script

Its origin ,readings and final evolution

Exploring the missing links to the indo-semitic scripts

Vijayabhaarati

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This work is a sequel to The deciphered Indus –Harappan(Indo-Anatolian)

Inscriptions.

I am greatly indebted to the works of many scholars and researchers in this

field without which this article would not have been possible.The sources for

this are shown in the reference list. I gratefully acknowledge my thankfulness

to those authors and their publishers whose articles I have used in this work

either in whole or in part. Special mention may be made of

Harappa.com,Ancient scripts.com,Dr.Asko Parpola,

Dr. I.Mahadevan,Dr.Brian Wells, Dr.Kalyanaraman,Dr.J.M.Kenoyer, Dr.Subhash C

Kak ,Dr.Nupam Mahajan,Dr.B.B.Lal,Roger D.Woodard,James Prinsep,Lionel D.Barnett ,

Jonathan Slocum and Sara E. Kimball ,Dr. Roy Davies and Glyn Davies , Dr.Colin

Narbeth ,Dr.Marvin A.Powell,Dr.Jimmy Dunn,Dr.T.S.Subramanyan, etc.in this context. I

utilize this opportunity to express my indebtedness to them and thank them.

Vijaya Bhaarati

References

1.Wikipedia.com.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/indus_valley_civilization;Articles on Çatalhöyük, Göbekli Tepe, Nevalı Çori (Pre-

Pottery Neolithic B) etc.; palm/olive/cinnamon branch; Egyptian Apis(Hapis or asva or Hapi-ankh ) bull; Traditional

Indian Bindi; Maasha bean(Vigna mungo) ; Goat; Sheep; Abrus precatorius; Tola (unit) ; Ratti; Grain;

Narmer palette of Egypt; Troy ounce; Carat; Akkadian;Asvattha, sal tree; Buchis cult; Mnevis; Sphinx;

Griffin ; Pegasus; Lamassu; Garuda; Sikha ; Pharaoh; Gautama Buddha ; Assyria ; Altyndepe ;

Bhadra River ; Barada; Battle of the Ten Kings ; List of Indian monarchs; PhoenicianCoin2A.jpg

(400 × 400 pixels, file size: 26 KB, MIME type: image/jpeg); The bulla of Remesses 11;

Papal bullas ; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Papal.bull.JPG; Money; The Laguna Copperplate

Inscription; Coins ; Dram (unit); Shekel; Kohen Gadol; Mitre ; Atum; Rice; kramuka ; Sed( Heb-Sed) Festival ;

Gharial;

2.Harappa.com

64. Monkey figurine; 63. Elephant head; 62. Turtle figurine; 27. Bull seal, Harappa; 154. Unicorn seal;

42. "Priest King."; 41. "Priest King."; Libation vessels.;M-18A; 135. Inscribed storage jar,M-1196;

126. Inscribed mold fragment; Ravi Phase Pot ; 102.Ravi Phase Motifs ; 101. Hand-built Pot ; 124.

Inscribed Ravi sherd; Textile Evidence; 90. Molded tablet; 15. "Granary," Harappa; 2. Ox- or water

buffalo-drawn cart with driver from Harappa; 133. Unicorn seal; 22. Toy carts, Nausharo.; 149. Three groups of tablets; 150. Stroke direction; 151. Two inscribed tablets; 156. Long rectangular seal with no

animal motif; 60. Seal Fragment; 36. Silver seal, Mohenjo-daro.; 25. Unicorn Seal, Mohenjo-daro;

145. Unicorn seal; 8. "Great Bath," Mohenjo-daro.

3.Archeologydaily.com

Oldest modern human found in England; DNA study deals blow to theory of European origins; Into the Stone

Age With a Scalpel: A Dig With Clues on Early Urban Life; Ancient Middle Eastern stone structures revealed by

Google Earth; Solving the Mystery of a Megalithic Monument in the Land of Giant; More on Family ties doubted

in Stone Age farmers; No Family Plots, Just Communal Burials In Ancient Settlement; Digging up Turkeys past.

Totally stone age: James Mellaart at Catalhoyuk; Archaeologist argues worlds oldest temples were not temples

at all; 9,000-year-old ancient figurines were toys not mother goddess statues are discovered; The earth mother

of all neolithic discoveries; Pyramid Exploring Robot Reveals Hidden Hieroglyphs; Big Question for 2012: The

Great Pyramids Secret Doors; Solving the Mystery of a 35,000 Year Old Statue; Udupi: Ancient Unicorn Idol

Found at Kalya; Site hints at Asian roots for human genus; Ancient Egypt was destroyed by drought, discover

Scottish experts; Company digging mine in Afghanistan unearths 2,600 year old Buddhist monastery; Ancient

City Mysteriously Survived Mideast Civilization Collapse; Tamil Brahmi script found at Pattanam in Kerala ;

Worlds Oldest Erotic Picture ; Worlds oldest Copper Age settlement found at Plocnik

4.Dr.Asko parpola for his works

1. a) Asko Parpola . 1994. Deciphering the Indus script/DTIS. 1994. Cambridge University Press;

Cambridge

DTISpage21; DTIS-page32.Sumerian tablet from Uruk indicating 54 oxen and cows.; DTIS page 55 Indus script on a late Harappan seal Dmd-1.; DTIS page 55; DTISpage55.

; DTIS page 82; DTIS page 83. M-314; DTIS page 91. H-3305; DTISpage92.H102;

DTIS page92.M-318; DTIS page92.

M-1203; DTIS page 108.DK-7535; DTISpage108.DK2119; DTIS page109 H-3458 ;

DTIS page 109 H-247; DTIS page 109.M- 478.; DTIS page 111 B12B6; DTIS page 111 C2B7; DTIS page111 A7B10; DTIS page 65.; DTIS page 132 M-228; DTISpage 132.BM120228; DTIS page181 IM87798; DTIS page 183; DTISpage183.Monochrome goblet painted with three star symbols from Mehrgarh.3000-2600 B.C; DTIS page 185.

M-305.; DTIS page 188.M-304. ; DTIS page192.Shahr-i Sokhta,; DTIS page 194 .H-302; DTIS page194.H-3452; DTIS page 195 H-9.; DTIS page 213.Bull statuette with trefoil inlays from Uruk(w.16017).; DTIS page219. BM-123059; DTIS page 219.M-489B;

DTIS page 227.H-182; DTISpage226.M-453; DTIS page 226.H-306 ; DTIS page228.H-147.Signs of fireplace and intersecting circles.; DTIS page 231 M-172.The sign sequence Fig tree+ fish.; DTIS page 231 .H-6.Fig tree+two long vertical strokes.

DTIS page 234.Two sets of copper tablets from Mohenjo-daro ;DTIS page 243.M-414

; DTIS page 247.M-308;

b) Sanskrit has also contributed to Indus civilization –Dr.Asko Parpola

http://www.deccanherald.com/content/79062/sanskrit-has-contributed-indus-civilisation.html

C) The Indus script and the wild ass

http://beta.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/article481104.ece

5 .B. B. Lal, Director General (Retd.), Archaeological Survey of India Lecture given at the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT), New Delhi ).

Why Perpetuate Myths? A Fresh Look at Ancient Indian History .

http://www.cycleoftime.com/articles_view.php?codArtigo=54).

6. Roger D.Woodard

The Ancient languages of Asia minor- H i t t i t e , The Lycian alphabet;

7. Copyright © 2006 The Royal Society

Carob bean seeds

8. James Prinsep

Coins, Weights, and Measures of British India

9 Lionel D. Barnett

Antiquities of India: An Account of the History and Culture of Ancient Hindustan

10. Ancient scripts.com

Luwian ,Brahmi,proto-Sinaitic

11. Jonathan Slocum and Sara E. Kimball

Hittite

http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/eieol/hitol-BF-X.html

12. http://www.hindubooks.org/scriptures/manusmriti/ch8/ch8_191_200.htm

Manusmriti: The Laws of Manu

13. www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-15621229.htmlThe Oxus river Civilization: the Bronze Age of central Asia.

14. P Gopakumar

In his Hindu article The Viiraraaya FaNam

15. http://www.taxguru.in/accounting/history-of-accounting-and-accounting-standards.html#ixzz0vMIuX0Tp

Accounting existed in Vedic India

16. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/334517.stm

‘Earliest writing’ found

17. © Roy Davies & Glyn Davies, 1996 & 1999

A Comparative Chronology of Money

18. Colin Narbeth

Colin.Narbeth@btinternet.com

The cowry shell as money

19 Marvin A. Powell

Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Vol. 39, No. 3 (1996)

Money in Ancient Mesopotamia

20. Nupam.Mahajan@moffitt.org

Ancient Indian coins

21. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/weightsandmeasures.html

Shekel

22. JewishGates.org

The History of Coins: How We Got From Shekels to Sela'im

23. www.Mehrangroup.com/rice/ricegrain)

Rice grain

24. Jimmy Dunn

The Sed-festival

25. T.S. Subramanian

Bull-baiting of yore

The Bhirrana potsherd

Harappan link

http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/12/stories/2007091255372200.htm

26. Iravatham Mahadevan,

May 6 2006 |

A Note on the Muruku Sign of the Indus Script in light of the Mayiladuthurai Stone Axe Discovery

27. The Australian coin collecting weblog

Proclamation Coin - Indian Rupee

28. Subhash C.Kak

The Indus Script-Its Connection With Brahmi

29. J.M. Kenoyer

Hariyupia and the Rg Veda

30 .Akkadian dictionary © Association Assyrophile de France

Akkadian

31. http://www.hindunet.org/hindu_history/sarasvati/html/Corpusmain.htm

Corpus of Indus Inscriptions

32 The Indus script: texts,concordance and tables(ITCT).Iravatham

Mahadevan.1977.ASI,New Delhi.

33.An Introduction to Indus writing (AIIW). Bryan wells. The University of Calgary . 1998. Canada.

34.Sumer. Wikipedia 15.2.2008(SWP).

35.Ancient Egypt – Myth and History (AEMH). Geddes and Grosset Ltd. 1997. New Lanark. Scotland.

36A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian (ACDME). Raymond O Faulkner .1991. Griffith Institute.

Oxford.

37The Hebrew – Greek Key Word Study Bible. 1996. AMG International Inc. U.S.A.

38.Sanskrit - English Dictionary. Sir Monier Monier Williams. 1999. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers

Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.

39Sanskrit – Malayalam Dictionary. Kanippayyuur Sankaran Naambootirippaatu. 1996.

Pancaangam Pustaka Saala, Kunnamkulam, Kerala.

40 Sabdataaraavali. Sriikantesvaram G. Padmanaabha Pilla .April 2000. National Book stall , Kottayam,

Kerala.

41 Puraanic Encyclopedia (PEP). Vettam Maani. 1991. Current books, Kottayam. Kerala.

42 The Rigveda (RV). OMC Narayanan Nambotirippatu. 1995. D. C. Books .Kottayam. Kerala.

43 The Vedic people (VP). Their History and Geography: Rajesh Kochhar. 2000. Orient Longman.

Hyderabad. India.

44 A Phrenologist Amongst The Todas (APATD). William E. Marshall. 1995. Asian Educational Services.

New Delhi.

45 Iythareya Brahmanam(IB) .V.Balakrishnan,Dr.R.Leela Devi . 1992 .The Vidyarthi

Mithram Book Depot,Kottayam,Kerala.

46.Life In Ancient India In The Age of The Mantras : P.T.Srinivas Iyengar .Asian

Educational Services-1991

47.Dawn.com

Rare Indus seal discovered in Cholistan

The Anatolian tradition

The Indus Script had its roots in ancient Anatolia as illustrated by the images given below.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk

Seated goddess(bhadra-virgin,king,gold,bull,elephant,hill,stone,auspiciousness cf. goddess BhadrakaaLi) on a throne(aasana-seat) flanked by two lionesses(simha-lion,garja-roar,garta-throne,Garuda-garta of Vishnu,saya-bed,simha-leo-Deo-king) indicate simhaasana(throne of king)-bhadraasana(throne of king)-raajaasana(seat of king) from Catalhoyuk.

Worlds Oldest Erotic Picture

http://www.archaeologydaily.com/news

February 26 ,2011

German Herald

Scientist's found the world's oldest erotic picture - an image of a 12,000-year-old erect penis.

→ Bhadraasana(throne).Simha/bhadra is replaced by a patra-bird-hamsa-swan cf.raajahamsa-royal swan or garuda to show garta-throne

Sayana (aasana-seat) is syena(kite).

Saya(sayya-bed)→jaya(victory)→jaaya(wife)→yasa(wealth;yasa sariira-dead and famous)→sava(a corpse)→siva(auspiciousness)→saaya(evening,arrow)

saya→sa→Ya→S→Y (sayana→aasana→female genitals) → → → →

→ → → Y/s

The scorpion( druuNa-throne) is Y.

→ Sanliurfa museum, God of Reproduction. http://www.turkeyforholidays.com/Gobeklitepe-tour.html

The hand too is saya and hence yasa-wealth.

The scorpion(druuNa-Drona-sroNa-throne naaga-snake,aasana-seat) which is headless agrees with the kabandha or sroNa/sroNi-a headless body indicating aasana or throne on patra(leaf,bird,writ;bhadra-gold,tiger,king,elephant,girl,wheel,head) or hamsa(swan,sankha-conch;hamsa→ha-heaven,aasana-seat cf.the seat of the sungod is the heavens and the seat of the god king is the throne) / simha(lion,tiger cf.Leo is the heavens;simha→jina-sun,ha-sky) or linga(phallus/palace).Gaatra(the body,karsha,garta-throne) and harsha(sikhara-erection,crest) is hamsa/ garuda-winged man→king/ garta-throne.In another portrait the erected phallus is held in the hands to indicate harsha-erection, garta-throne , harta-the sun and karsha-paNa-money,praise(garta/harsha paNa-praise to the throne/palace; karsha paNa-money showing praise to the throne and price decided by the throne).PaNa(hand, praise) is saya(hand,sex).Sisna(phallus,naaga-phaNa-snake,baaNa-arrow,vana-leaf,paNa-

hand) , indicate saasana(command,daana-gift).

Harsha-garja-gaja-harta-heres →

H-3305 harsha gaja →simha/panca karsha/garta

Compare this with the Kalibangan seals

K- 065a and K-50

where the druuNa/vriscika-scorpion is replaced by a tarunii(woman) and druma(tree,cf vriksha-tree,vriscika-scorpion).

The scorpion(druuNa →droNa-archer,sroNa-buttocks/throne,druma-tree),the

bow and arrow(druuNa,bali ,paNa , ),the peepul leaf(asvattha patra ),the

tuft(cuuda,kuuta→suura-the sun), suura-svar-garja-tiger-lion,the tree(dru-svar),the

unicorn(bhadraasva or bhadra vrishabha or bhadra naaga or mahaabhadra ) etc. point to the

Bharadvaaja(Bharata-Deva- DroNa-throne) clan and its spread from Anatolia to the IVC .

bhadra(pa)asana(panca-5) karsha paNa(panca-5,matsa-fish,hasta-hand,masta-head,dasma-lord) =Royal money of 5 karsha weight

prishadasva bhadra/raaja =king Prishadsva.

aja(king cf.father of Dasaratha)→aasa(seat,face)→iisa(lord)→gaja(elephant)→kamsa(son of Suurasena. Suura → simha→kamsa)→simha(leo-deo-king)→hamsa(swan)→eka(one)→sa(god.bird,snake)

In these IVC seals the patra(bird) of Anatolia is replaced by bhadra(bull) .

K-50 bhadraasana(royal/panca-5) karsha paNa .paNa-4/karsha-4 .

Royal money of weight 4 karsha.

www.harappa.com/indus/90.html

tiger=karsha=va;two tiger=va-na=paNa

duel =dvi-raNa→svarNa

bhadra=circle,woman,elephant,gold,king= =panca=5

Hence 5 svarNa karsha paNa=5 gold karsha paNa or

paNa + gaja(elephant)=pankaja;wheel=aksha

Hence

pankaja aksha karsha paNa

The Indus inscriptions mostly contain terms like paNa(praise,price,barter,prize,chess)/panca(five)/karsha

(weight)/nishkarsha(tax,value)/raaja(king)/suvarNa(gold)/

bhadraasana (throne) etc.

Cf. www.harappa.com/indus/89.html

Bhadraasana(deity’s posture) pa(bhadra=pa=king)-na(nara=nri)-ca(suula-spear) karsha(gras/graaha-croc)=of the throne-5-karsha paNa

A royal golden proof to the language of the Indus script.

This is svar(the sun,sky)-na(gem,like).SvarNa is hiraNya(hariNa-gold).HiraNya is

bhadra(king,bull,elephant,gold).Bhadra’s aasana(seat) is bhadraasana(throne).So if is seen on

an aasana it is bhadraasana .Now note , , , , etc. indicating

bhadraasana(simhaasana-throne,throne of svarNa-gold).Similarly note hiraNya with aksha(snake,eye,wheel) making HiraNyaaksha (gold money)/raaja(king)/panca(five) in

, , , etc.

Note that ka(head, ) is sa(bird,god cf.ears are wings) or pa(king ) .

Shekel is karsha

Shekel (8.33 gr.) is almost identical in weight to the karsha(9.03 gr.).

Karsha is karaja(digits)/ panca(five) .Panca is garja(roar), garta(throne) and simha(leo/deo)/sarpa(snake). Simha(lion,tiger) is kamsa(cup),gunja(abrus), sankha(conch), sankhya(number), hamsa( swan).

Nishkarsha→nishka→nose(nakra-gharial,nose) money

m318a

pana(house)+ sa=panca =5; =panca=5= =

=bhadra(king)=bhaarata=paartha(king)= panca=five = 5=

karsha(paNa)

m457a paNa sa=panca or paNa+gaja=pankaja +karsha= Panca karsha or pankaja karsha

Harappa.com 5-5-5-5 dravina bhadraasana/panca

http://www.harappa.com/indus/28.html

bhadraasana(panca-5) paNa + sa =panca-5 paNa(vana) sa(srii)=panca-5

Hence it is bhadraasana (throne)panca (5)draviNa(gold) or 5-5-5 .

L051a carry the same sense. Look at the head of the bhadra formed by the pegs to show bhadraasana.

panca panca panca panca

panca svarna nis(karsha-bull above)

nishkarsha panca-5

Bhadraasana/bhadrasya (throne,of the king)

Litter=yaana(vehicle)= ya/sa →yaanai(Tamil.elephant)→vaaha(bull,river,hand)

Sasya(plant)=satya(vrata-pledge)=I promise to pay the bearer the sum of…..

written on banknotes even today is paNa-promise.

Kaksha=buffalo=scale of balance=aksha(wheel,snake)

Harappa.comhttp://www.harappa.com/figurines/71.html

kaksha=buffalo=scale of balance

DTIS page 55 Fig.4.2 paNa(fish)+sa(man) =panca(5)=simha(nri-king).

Jhash=to take,to cover

Jhashaanga=Aniruddha/kamadeva(god of love)

Dasma=lord=masta(head)=matsa(fish)

k065a karsha(ka/pa/pana) traya(3) bhadraasana(5)

karsha(tiger seat of bhadra) paNa(vana- tree, fight).Ka-tra is karsha(Durga-simha).

svarNa(gold)=dva-raNa(fight of two/duel

The spears form a paNa

druu- na

Druma(tree)→ druuNa(vriscika-scorpion,vriksha-tree,sekhara-crown,naaga-

snake,elephant)→droNa( bali-archer)→mudra(seal,symbol)

Sikhara(branch)/sekhara(crown) indicate karsha.

Sound(garja-roar) is count(pound) and karsha(raaja-king,raaza-sound).Bhadra(kanaa-girl;gold,king ) is

svar(sun,sky cf. svarNa → )and sarpa(naaga-snake ) .Garja is cakra and sarpa.Drum is

paNa(soundcf.sabda-pataha-drum) and garja(gharsha,karsha) cf. , , .Hence the drum is shown with the tiger(garja-karsha) in H-182.

Parda(hair) is bhadra(king,gold) and karsha.Hence the hair is seen to raise on arms of deities( so called bangles),the back of elephants,the neck of bulls and unicorns etc. to indicate karsha

by harsha( rise of hair,sex organs,hands,feet etc.).

Gala(neck;paNa/kara/kala) being seat of bhadra(head/king) is bhadraasana like the tree.

Hence the neck of bulls/unicorns carry paNa marks .

http://www.harappa.com/indus/33.html

sa,ka(head,bird) pa(snake,water) nri,rna,rda,rka→svarNa(kaparda-gold,pearl)

ka,sa,na ra sa →karsha(cf. kara-hands,,va-vaaha-hand→paNa-money,pa-water→

kara-sa→bird-word→karsha→ karsha/panca/nripa/nishka)

Naasa(nis) +harsha = nishkarsha(tax)

H093 ka-sara(karsha-weight→garja-roar→garta-throne→gaja-elephant→panca-5→sara-arrow,five→panca-5→vasna-money)

M300 ka/na/bha sra=karsha/netra/bhadra-king,sacrifice nis

karsha(tax) pan ca=5 or sa u var na

M303 bhadra-elephant/mudra-money/karsha -money vri sha

bha =bhadravrishabha(bhadra-elephant,vrishabha-bull)

m312 bhadraasana(throne) panca(5) karsha cf.Note the azana-throw of the gaatra-

karsha by the bhadra(kaasara-karsha)-bull . It is performing azana-throw to indicate

bhadraasana.Kaasara-buffalo is karsha/aksha/kaksha(scale of

balance).Gaatra-body of man is also karsha.

h728b vana(tree)-paNa(money)-bali(tax,tree); patraasana(seat of leaves)-bhadraasana(throne) –paatraasana(seat as paatra-jar);vriksha(tree,karsha.Hence trees denote bhadraasana karsha paNa)→

pa→trunk and na→leaf make paNa(money)/vana(tree,water)/drava(fish)-dru(tree)- druu(gold)-druma(tree)-mudra(money).

h742b paatraasana cf.M-1186 seat on paatra-jar(patraasana-seat on patra-wings –bhadraasana-simhaasana-paNa-king’s seat or throne).cf.mahaapaatra-chief minister;mahaabhadra(Siva-Mahaarudra,Ganga);Mahaaviira-Vishnu,Garuda,Lion,a sacrificial vessel etc.

Viira(hero)→bhaara(weight,Vishnu)→vaara(roof,cup)→paana(cup,jar)→baaNa(arrow) cf. ,

The tree and the stand convey the same bhadraasana(throne/5) message.paana(cup) +sa(fence)=panca(5)=bhaarata

k026 bhadraasana karsha paNa(Note the replacement of the paatraasana

by the = paana-pot-paatra-sarpa –sa which agrees with the patra-parNa-vana-leaf . Patra +naaga is bhadranaaga(bhadraasana-karsha-vrisha-unicorn).Note the garja(cry/roar) -kharsha(vali-fold/whorl) on the bhadraasana(gala=neck) =panca-5→

kantha-neck =sound=count=pound

k034 prishata paNa/ karsha paNa.HariNa(deer,gold;hema→naaga→ pa,bha→bhadra

naaga→unicorn,rohita-rakta-red;garja-garta-karsha-Mal.kezha;risya-res-raaja-rex=pa+na=paNa)

paNa.The pot/snake→ fish → .Aja is Indra.Garja (bray or cry) of kezha(rohita-red deer,ibex,rising red sun) and kazhuta(raasabha,garddabha-ass) make them garta/karsha symbols.

Thus unicorn(garja-gaja-roar)→elephant(garja-gaja-roar)→ibex(kezha-garja-roar)→ass(kazhuta-garddabha,raazabha-garja-roar)→tiger(katuva-garja -roar)→gharial(mutala-garja-roar)→karsha

All these animals indicate Karsha paNa or garja paNa(vaNa-sound-count-pound). Added to these are the gharsha(pounding-sounding-counting) instruments that produce garja and

indicate karsha like , , .cf. H182a →

Karsha bhaara=go-9=bhaara nava=go=naaga=na=la +pa/sa=varaasa=praasa/raaja

bhaara=bheri=copper/cobra/kubera/gopaala/bhuupaala go sa/paa la=gopaala/kosala/sa-raa-vana

karsha paNa sa(bird,god;va-hand,tiger,VaruNa) kara(arms)

paNa(palm,sun,money,praise,price,phaNa-hood of snake)→bhadraasana(garta-throne→ka-ra-sha→ka-la-sa→shekel;sulka-price,tax;nishka-money) . Tiger is garja(karsha-panca-5).The three glyphs syllabically denote karsha paNa as done by the tiger(karsha) and the

drummer(paNava-drum,paNa-money).The garja(hiss) of the sarpa(cobra) is karsha . A

kaasara(buffaloe) is karsha.A druuNa( scorpion, bow) is aasa(face,aasana-

seat;sroNa-buttocks-throne) or garta(throne,chair;aasana-seat;aajna-order) and

gaatra(panjara-body cf.panca-5) is karsha. Panjara(body) has a panca(5,karaja-digit) in it

and panca , is karsha( , aksha, , sara, , kara) cf.H-182b.

karsha(cakra-wheel,Sakra-Indra,panca-5 whence five karsha-svastika-signs are

there.) sa kara paNa(price,praise;patra-bird,writ;bhadra-

king,gold,auspicious)→bhadraasana(garta→karsha→ka-la-sa→shekel;sulka-price,tax;nishka-money;Sakra-Indra-king.Karsha paNa is price by the king and praise to the king).

The harsha(erection) of kaca(hair cf. garja of gaja) is also karsha and is visible on the back of the

Gaja in

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k027 hiraNyaaksha (gold; cf.rohita-red deer;rakta-red;garta-throne;karsha)

panca(5)/yasa(wealth)/raa(gold)+sa(phaNa-snake)=raja(king)

The Dholavira sign board

ra aasa(raaja) bha ra ta a ja raa ma/sa =

Raaja (king) Bharata Aja(king) Raama .

va(hand,haraNa-hand,nakra-makara-graaha-alligator,netra-king),ma,a(aksha,akshara)

na,ka,ha,pa,ra-cakra-bhadra-cipher na(anna, manana-homage,reverence cf. Mal.manna-king,mahaa-great,naama on the forehead of Brahmins,Raama cf.na→ra→nri;raaja,srii etc.indicate

manana) ra,a ka sa na,ra(rakshaNa, akshara-final beatitude,lakshaNa,KrishNa)

bhadra(head,king;patra-leaf),ka(head,kaparda-hair bun) aasa-seat,raaja-king,dasa-10,kshana(aksha-bhadra-cipher;pearl;raaja-king;ratha-wheel,chariot)

→ in the inscription on the copper tablet C2B7.

This is the bhadraasana(palace/temple) of king/god Manana/Mahaa/Anna/Raama- RakshaNa/krishNa

or Raama Akshara. aasana is also kshaNa(feast/festival).

Bhadraasana being KrishNa it can also indicate Anna RakshaNa KrishNa(Anna rakshaNa bhadra dasa raaja/ratha.Dasa raaja is ten kings of the Vedas.Dasaratha is father of Raama in the RaamaayaNa) .

ma,va,bha haa,raa,naa,aa bhadra,kara,ra,ka ka,sa sa kaparda(cf.bhadra-head,king,gold;patra-leaf,raaja-king→kaasa -light→kesa-hair .Note the double bun(cf.horn-hariNa-deer,gold) in several seals indicating hair/hariNa/harsha/garta/karsha

Raaja- bha- ra- ta- vaa- ja raa ma/raaja

Hence sa=ma=va+ =sata=sasa=sata as in c2b7. Thus c2b7 and M-1186 are similar.

Bharadvaaja in M-1186 from bhadra/bharata + vasaa/kanaa-woman

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Note the karsha/gharsha on the bhadraasana garta(kantha/griiva/neck)

griiva→graava(stone)

Eka cakra(raaja-king)

Panca(five)→varsha(year,place) →karsha(weight)→harsha(erection)

Eka cakra(karsha,garta-throne) bhadraasana paNa,karsha,hema(gold)

karsha,panca paNa(sumer .face,mudra-money),naava(paNa-praise),maasha→ Eka cakra /eka karsha/ekasulka bhadra naaga(mahaaraaja) karsha(panca) vasna

DTIS page 109 H-247.A kneeling man holds a vessel

Pa=na raa/saa van a/savanna

paNa(paana=pa + nara=na) + sa=panca-5/sa(man)=savanna(sacrifice)=svarNa(gold)

raa (gold/give) → sa(god) → raja(king)→ nri(king).Hence →nri→nara→

→nri+nri=samraaja=

kara + sha (man) →karsha,garta(throne). PaNa(money,copper,praise,price,Vishnu) is paana .It is

karsha(keras-horn,ka-head) and paNa(trade,hand) also. sa /iisa/a+ va+ nri(king,nara-man)→svarNa(gold,suvarNa-karsha).

DTISpage183.Monochrome goblet painted with three star symbols from Mehrgarh.3000-2600 B.C. Taaraka(star)→karsha. Taara(star)→raaja(king)→sara(5)→sira(head)→ka(head).Ka-tra→karsha.

Bha-tra=bhadra=paatra=bharata three lines=sri =bhadra

Nakshatra(star)=nishkarsha(tax)

2 taaraka→2karsha paNa ;bhaara(Vishnu,20 tulaa) paNa/panca → paarvaNa-oblations

offered at New and Full moon. ; kaaca(yoke)-gaja(elephant)-

karsha;bhaara(weight,Vishnu)→paala-king ; , na+gaja=nishka

=kara=paNa,na+pa→paNa ,chair-garta-bhadraasana-karsha

Hence bhadraasaana bhaaramaana (pramaaNa-standard) 2 karsha paNa is indicated.

The proto-Siva seal

DTIS page 188.M-304.

Tiger(va/pa) + na/sa + elephant(ra/sa) + paana(pa) + na +

vii /100+ da/ta ma na + prishata(deer) asva(unicorn) bhadra(buffaloe)→

Panca(5) paNavii(siva) damana(Vishnu)/bhavana(house)/namas(paNa-praise) prishadsva bhadra(raaja-king)

Prishdasva bhadra is seen in also.

Pa(tiger)Na(nara)+gaja(pankaja/panca) paNa gaja/raaja(panca/pankaja) damana(Vishnu/conqueror)/bhavana(house)/namas(praise).

Carii(animals) cakra(circle)=srii(Lakshmi) cakra=srii Sakra(Indra)/raksha(protection).

Pasu(animal) cakra(circle)=vasu(ray,gold) karsha .Bhadraasana(throne) of pancamukha(the king) .

Prishata(deer)+ asva+ bhadra (bottom to left)→prastha(measure),prishtha(seat).

Pasupati is vasupati(pasu-mriga-animals;vasu=rays,gold;pati-lord).To mrig is to beg.Samaja(assembly of animals or conjoined animals) is panca(5,karsha),paNasa(articles for trade),bandha(paNa-agreement),vanda(praise) and sandhaa(to unite,agree,reconcile,bring together cf.Mal.canta-market place).

Ashta(8) →aja(ram) + da (da-hill,dos-hand,ta-tail).

svarNa-naaga→hiraNyaaksha(haritasva-the sun,Hariscandra-the famous king who donated his kingdom to Visvaamitra and sold himself,his wife and his son to repay his debts to him ) -gaja(paNa,gana) fish=na,sa,ma(naasa,maasha)

This seal employs a dual direction reading from left to right and from right to left.

Ga-ja= ha-ca =candra(moon) as ha=candra ,ca=candra .

Hence elephant = candra vamsa(cf.Hastina pura,capital of the Candra vamsa kings.).

Tiger = hari(lion,tiger,Indra) vamsa.

The titles parthiva candraa(moon),vyaaghraadi(tiger),narendra(god) etc .are applied to kings.

Candra=1 ,a spot • similar to the moon .cf

Cand=to shine,raa=gold

Candra=cand(shine)-raa(gold)→sama-ta-raa→samataa(equality)-raa(gold)

Samaja(group of animals-panca-5-karsha)→bandha(agreement)→paNasa(article for trade)→paNataa(paNatva-price)→panca(five)→karsha

Tiger(hari) + elephant(candra) →haridasva(the sun)→Hariscandra(the famous king)

Hari(tiger)+sa( )→harit(10) + gaja(8) →haridasva→hiranyaaksha(18)= harit(trina→netra→Indra→the sun)

Thus Haridasva(sun) is hiraNyaaksha(sun=paNa=bhaama).

Harit(tiger)→karsha.

hari(harit)+ sa +na+ca+ra(elephant)=hariscandra

Bhadra=va-tiger,sa-god,ra-fire;ra=R=elephant=unicorn=R;bhadra→karsha

raa(gold)+sa , , raaja=raama=nri=hiraNyaaksha= raaja(king)=naaga(king)

raaja(king)→ karsha→bhadra(raaja-king)→pa/va-tra (cf. drava-fish/kara=va=da=hand,tra-tri)

Cf. paaNa(palm, phaNa-hood of snake,paNa-trade,money) → paana(jar)

→vana(water,house,leaf,tree cf.Hindi-paani-water,nava-nine ) →vaNa(sound cf.vaaNi-word)

paaNa(bhavana-house)→ bhaama(the sun)→bhuvana(deity)→pavana(wind=soma )

Ashta pada(ashtaapada-gold)→ashta vasu→gold → .Hence →pada→1/4,foot,gaja→ka(head)-sa(god)→raaja(king)→raa(gold)+sa(god)/aasa(seat)

The panca(5) garja(roar,cry) animals indicate karsha(karaja-

fingers→5).Rohita(rakta-garta-karsha)/hariNa(deer,gold,haraNa-hand cf. ) also

+ • r na ,nri,raaja-king,raaza-sound =na,ha=gaja=garja=karsha indicate the same sound and count.

.The animals(hariNa,hari,kari,kaasara,khadgi etc.indicate gold,Vishnu,Indra,Siva etc. and garja,garta and karsha .The horn of the deity is karsha(keras-sikhara-sekhara) by its ability to make garja, karsha,gharsha and its cakra-vakra shape.Tri-mukha(Buddha) is sriimukha(the king’s shining face,the seventh year of the 60 year cycle). The drum(paNava) seat indicate paNa (money) and paNavii(Siva,vipaNa-sale).

The deity sits in the bhadraasana style.Nishka(karsha-garja-harsha) is indicated on the arms,neck and horns.HariNa(deer) is hariNa(gold) , karaNa(writ,deed,scribe) and rohita(rakta-garta-throne).Va(tiger)-sa(sha-man)-na(sa-naaga-elephant) is vasna(panca-5,bandha-agreement,vanda-praise) or karsha.Gaja(garja) itself is Tiger ,unicorn(gaja-kas-hassus) and kaksha(buffalo,kaasara-asva-avasa-aksha).Suura-sankha-naaga-mriga(krena) man(panca) pana-sankha pana -575 dasara sazana=saadhana samaana krena=kirana-horn,karna-ear,parna-wing,leaf patra=bhadra(head,bull,circle,star)

hariNa(deer)-paNa(drum)-karsha(tiger)-Sakti(Daksha→man+elephant)-kankaNa-angada(saasana cf.Kankanaangada- a name or names)-gaja(Kaca,dasa,kaaca-unicorn-ra)-Kaksha(buffalo,hasta-aksha-5,karsha,kaasara-sekhara) cf.raaja sekhara.

HiraNyaaksha karsha,na paNa,va bhadra(aasana)

panca,sa /raja/srii/nri/nara karsha,va panca,sa

aksha(karsha) ,va paNa,raaja,nri(cf. )

= sira/siva/subha/vis/jina/diva/na/sa

na ma da=damana(Vishnu,son of Bhiima),tamara-tin;samara(war);tamasa( a river),namas(praise)

m1393a bhadraasana(throne) karsha paNa(money,praise) .Samaja(assembly of animals cf.M-304)-panca(5)-karsha.

Carii cakra =srii cakra(circle of protection and prosperity).

DTIS page 219.M-489B.Astanding human couple in sexual intercourse;two goats eating leaves from a tree;a bird and a three-headed animal. What is the relation of sex to goat,bird and three headed animal?

The three(tra) headed(ka) and threebodied animals show garta,gaatra,karsha, mushka etc.Karsha is harsha(sex or erection of sex organs or hair).Karsha is

ka(head)-tra(three) and karaja(fingers,claws).Karaja(harija-horizon;hara-fire,ja-born→aya-fire,ja-born→ayas-gold,copper→aja-ram→sa-god,bird,snake) is born from kara-hand,tax/hara-fire,ass.Kara is saya(sex,hand,snake cf.the original sin.Kaama is naaga-snake→nagna-naked→naaNaka-coin→gaNana-count). Surata(sex) is puruda(gold).Saya is sa(bird,god,snake) and aja(goat) , usha(dawn,udaya-sunrise→u-saya) and ayas(gold,copper,bronze).Patraasana(eating leaves) by aja(goat,eka-1) or sasa(hare ;sata-100,dasa-10 cf.C2B7 from Mohenjo-daro) indicate Aja/Sasa bhadraasana.PaNa (saya-hand,sex) is money . 2 Mesha is 2 maasha.Pan is sound and sexual intercourse(cf.buck and fuck).Count(cf.Mal.cuuntu-to point) is sound(cf.Mal.cuntu-lips).Counting with the pointed index finger and gunja/maasha/sankha is making sanga(sex) with the erected linga(the pointed index finger and the fist is the erected linga and the mushka).

Hence this indicates karsha/gold -2 maasha/ayas-bhadraasana-sa/patra-karsha(ka-tra). .

DTIS page 227.H-182.Obverse.karsha(tiger) paNa(paNava-

drum,sabda-count-sound-pound) =pa-nca-pa sa/pa kara/na phaNa/sa-

hood,paNa-sun,money,praise .The tiger+ drum=karshapaNa.This is duplicated by

.=karsha paNa/panca paNa=money of value 5 paNa.

H-182.Reverse. panca karsha .karshapaNa.

H182b karsha(garta-throne,panca-5)-sreNi(ladder,vedic trader groups,netra-

king)- bhadraasana(svastika in square )

Bhadra indicate the king(raja) or the king’s stone(Hindi pattar-stone cf.Peter and petra).

The Bible mentions at least three kinds of shekels: in Genesis 23:16, a shekel of silver "at the going merchant's rate [over la-socher]; in Exodus30.13, "shekel by the sanctuary weight [ha-kodesh]"; and in 2 samuel 14.26, "shekels by the king's stone [b'even ha-melech]," that is, shekels stamped by the royal treasury as proof that they are perfect.(cf.the standard weights of IVC, unicorns and girvaana symbols in the Harappan seals etc.)

La-socher= / / ?

Ha-kodesh / ?

B’even ha-melech = , , gokarna , , , , ? bull=stone,asan-stone paNa=paashaana=sila=sira=jina,prastara,graava=griiva=graaha,upala,,asma,=sma

Gara=giri=kara=sira=sila=sila=stone = ga-ra=geraah?

DTIS page228.H-147.Signs of fireplace and intersecting circles.

paNa-raaja/pa-vi-tra/panca karsha/draviNa

ka-tra=raaja=srii

pa -na = -ca/sa-srii Hearth→heart→harta(the sun) →ha(pa,bha,na,ma,ka-

cipher)-tra→garta-throne → karsha,bhadra,bharata,raaja(top to bottom),aasa(face)

Hearth→uddhaana(tax,duty;rise,the rise of the sun,hair,feet,hands etc.indicate harsha and

karsha;udaka-water being udaya-rise is karsha) →uddhaara(hearth,credit,wealth gained by defeating

enemies)→uddaama(Varuna-having raised daama-rope,dhaama-seat→the godking)

paNa,na →pa-na→phaNa(naaga-raaga)→bhaNa or ka-tra(karsha cf.cipher=ka=head→three

headed bull)

paatra-aasana(bhadraasana) → .In fact the uddhaana(hearth) is the aasana for paatra placed on it during cooking. Sa(god)-aasana(seat) is saasana(rule,daana-gift) and saadhana(articles,sex organs.Sex being harsha is garta and karsha.).

Raaja phaNa/sa/na pa/sa =panca=5 karsha.

m309a

panca(5) + panca(5)/bhadra(king)/karsha/varsha(year) raa-hiraNya-svarNa(gold) paNa

bhadraasana/paNa=pa+na-throne aksha-5 suvarNa-gold karsha paNa-coin

karsha(cf.karka-thorn) paNa aksha-5 bhadraasana-throne .Bhadraasana karsha is also shown

by the man (karsha) seated on the tree(patraasana).The tiger is karsha.

panca=vana+sa+tiger=bhadraasana panca karsha= karsha hence = ==ka/pa=bhadra/panca/karsha/bhadraasana(throne). Druma(tree)/mudra(money)

Panca(5)=savanna(sacrifice)=Havana(sacrifice)=pavana(wind)=bhavana(house)=fish on tree=star on tree=man on tree

Pa=na=sa=panca=savana

m310a bhadraasana(bhadrasya/panca/vana-sa/sa-vana) karsha(seat on tree and tiger) .

5/pa 5/bhadra 5/bhadraasana 5/na=paNa panca(5)=simha(tiger)=pa(king)-aasana(throne)=mudra(money)=vadana(face)=paNa(face)

paNa karsha.

m1516b bhadraasana karsha .Vrisha(bhadra-bull,king,gold) is karsha.Note the open

mouth garja(roar) to indicate karsha.Ka-tra(karsha,bhadra-gold,haatra-wages) mark on gaatra-body is also karsha/cakra/ghasra.

m1457b anantabhadra (aananda- harsha-happiness,bhadra-auspiciousness,king,gold,full)→kola-karsha-harta-sun Heb.heres-sun-paNa(sun,praisecf.Mal.vaNakkam-namas-praise)

H180a hariNa(gold,hari-na→two tigers,Va-na→two tigers→paNa;hari=va=tiger;vana-tree→paNa) .Bhadraasana is shown by the aasana(pose,seat) on the bhadra(head-siirshaasana),karsha by the gaatra(body) and the patra(dru-vana-tree-paNa) on the

aasana(sroNa-buttocks,druma-tree,druuNa-scorpion cf. ) of the man on siirshaasana.Bhadra(king,head,gold) is paada(aasa-seat,raaja-king). The two tigers indicate karsha paNa.This is one of the best seals giving graphic expression to vedic Bharata-the language of the Indus script -which not even a blind man can doubt or dispute.Bhadraasana karsha(tola) is also indicated by the other glyphs in the seal. There is a saying inMalayalam “aasanattil aalu muLaccaal atum oru taNal-Even if a fig tree grows from one’s buttocks,it will be considered a shade !”

Karsha paNa(two tigers) svarNa(dva-raNa=duel) panca panca panca

panca panca bhadraasana(siirshaasana) paNa

bhandaagaara=treasure,merchandise=paandava=panca-pa

Pa=va=king,water=ap=pa

m1186

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svarNa patra,bhadra,srii paNa=draviNa-gold/panca-5

aasana in paatra with patra→ paatraasana+patraasana→ bhadraasana, paNa(paana)

karshapaNa patra,bhadra,bharata sapta angana→ sapta ankana

Bhadra naaga=sapta kanaa=bhadraasana=bhadraasva=bhadra vacas

Compare +seven ladies in M-1186 to + seven ladies in H097.

H097 sapta/sapatha bhadra angana(ankana-

angula cf.vanita-vaNija;kanaa-naaga-gaNana) karsha paNa aasana pa(caturbhuja is

paNa-Vishnu.Hitt.gurta-enclosed place) sra → 7ankana karshapaNa bhadra(pajra,varsha,karsha)aasana

Naari(Na)=sacrifice=hari(lion)=svarNa(sapta=svar)

Hence 7 ladies →7+ fish→

Patra=pa-tra=ne-tra=ka-tra=karsha= → m1181 karsha suvarNa haryasva=bhadraasva

karsha→ka-tra→karNa(karaNa) →nakra(nose=makara=haraNa=va=karaNa) →netra(na-tra)→maatra(ma-tra,maasha)→bhadra→patra(pa-tra)→hariNa→hari-na→svar-na

aasana-chair in paatra-cup with patra-parNa-leaves cf.s-varNa-gold→

paatraasana+patraasana→ bhadraasana, paNa(paana) karshapaNa patra-writ,bhadra-

gold,king,Bharata,panca-5 sapta(7,sabda-sound,sapatha-pledge); angana-kanaa-

vaama-women→ sabda-paNa, ankana-mark,gaNana-count.Vanita(woman) indicate vaNija(trader) and panca(5).It indicates vanija/bhadra sapatha(vrata-pledge) patra(writ).

Sabda-sound-count-pound-paNa-vaNa→garja-roar→karsha→virgo→sapta cf .7+fish in

H-9a . Bhadra(girl,vaama) →

drava(fish,paaNa,svana,savana,aksha,yaaga,panca)→ patra(vana-leaf,paNa).paNa=sapatha=pledge ;angana=ankana

Bhadra(svarNa-gold)→svara(sun,sound,count)→sabda(sound)→sapta(7)→svar-Na→

7-Na(naari-hari-gold)

Sapta kanaa=sapta naaga(the 7 naagas or serpents) also.Naaga/paNa is aasana.

Sapta bhadra is bhadra naaga(7) or bhadraasana and is a substitute for the unicorn.

m673a karsha(vriksha-vana-tree-paNa;patraasana-seat of leaves,bhadraasana-

throne;sekhara-crest,sikhara-branch-Sakra-Indra→karsha paNa cf.7 virgo in M-1186)

sapta(7,sabda-sound-count-pound;garja-roar-karsha;sapatha-vrita/svar-na=su-parNa) cf. in

H-9a or K-50 etc.indicate reading in both directions. =svarNa

= Pana=sa +mudra=7 hence=samudra is also indicated.

m418ac-1 bhadraasana karsha(cf.patra-leaf on bhadra-ibex and patra-leaf) paNa(cf.phaNa-snake,naaga-snake,raaga-king,hema-gold,vana-tree,leaf)- 4 cf.Sa(sarpa) +va(patra-vi-bird)+ra(rohita-rakta-ibex)+na(vana-parNa-leaf,triNa-grass)→svarNa(gold) .This indicates 4 suvarNa(karsha) of the throne.

Pa(phaNa=sa-snake) + na(naaga) +sa(bird) + paNa(patra-leaf)=panca(bhadraasana/savanna) paNa

m410 karsha/ hariNa(gold cf.nakra-gharial) paNa( money cf.paaNa-palm-hand;hasta-hand;matsa-drava-fish;bhadra-gold,king;patra-writ,leaf,bird). bhadraasana karsha(gharial)

Asana(eating/grass-karsha) is aasana(seat). Asana of drava is bhadraasana(throne).

Gras-na=grasana=krisana/krishNa/paNa+sa=panca

m308 paNa/paNca raa-suvarNa-hiraNya(gold)

karsha/panca-5 bhadraasana(throne/bhadrasya-of the king) or panca(5)

Dva-raNa(duel) shows svarNa(gold).Hari is tiger and gold.

Script panca svarNa karsha/panca

bhadra/pra/sa aasa/va na (praasana-feeding rice) raa(gold) panca(5)

Saasana-daana-gift;savana-sacrifice.

Compare with m296a bhadra=petra/pattar=rock=stone weight bhadraasana nishkarsha(tax).

Panca-karsha-sakra-bandha = =patra/mudra/bhadra

heth heth =sa=fence

m272 bhadra naaga(rohita-rakta-garta-karsha) raa-suvarNa-gold aksha(karsha/ paNa)

m1224e karsha(sekhara-crest,gaatra-body) paNa(raised palm) bhadraasana(bull’s tail).

k41a garja(roar-Tiger )→karsha

h179b paNa(vana,nava)-patraasana(tree,bhadraasana-throne). Pana(tree) +sa(man)=panca-5

h094 karsha paNa (the hand is made paNa .A kaksha - bhadra-bull;paatra-

paana with the tiger-garja makes it karsha paNa). paNa + sa/na=panca-5 ;tiger=karsha;paana=paNa→panca(5) karsha paNa.Simha(tiger) is also panca(5).

ka/sa + ca /ma+ ra /ha=karsha→garja→simha-panca

Caru-saucepan=ca + va-tiger + nri(man)- + paNa= svarna paNa =tree=druu=caru+tiger +man +paNa =

The tiger (garja/simha/svar/suura) is simha(Leo/Deo/deva-god-king).Simha is panca(five.Leo is the fifth sign of the zodiac indicating the sky and the thumb-simha-of the hand) and cihna(sign/emblem). Paana

or pan at the bottom is paNa. Hence this is karsha/suvarNa paNa.Also Gaatra-body is karsha. The

hand(va-vaaha,bhuja-hand) is made paNa .A kaksha –buffalo, bhadra-bull/king/gold,paatra-paana-pan/jar,paNa-money with the tiger-garja-karsha makes it karsha paNa).The head of the tiger is sigma/simha(lion-leo-deo cf.simhaasana-bhadraasana-throne;simha→sulka-paNa-bali-price,tax,sacrifice).Its tail is vaara-tail/paana-cup/paNa-money.The tail is ta and sa is god(deo-

leo),bird(vi/sa) or snake(sa/pa).Hence Gr.sigma( Heb.samekh = ) is S/Z(simha-tiger/sarpa-snake/talpa-bed/cashaka-cup).The body of the tiger has karsha(gharsha-scratch) lines.Its mouth is open in the sigma form to indicate garja/karsha.Its karaja(claws) are made bold to indicate karsha.Karaja (fingers/digits) is garja(garta-simha-finger-wing-fin-king).The Heb.samekh is

derived from the Harappan → panca/karaja/harsha/hasta/simha(cf.Deo-Leo-the 5th sign of the

zodiac).Simha is tunga(peak) and panca is the thumb(angushtha)as count begins with the little finger. Pancasaakha is the palm(leaf and hand.Cf.taala is palm and the horizontal lines indicate the four fingers,the four directions etc.The vertical line indicate the thumb

which point to the sky(tunga/simha) making a count/sound of five.Simha is the sign of the sun/sum/paNa(money,sun,barter)/vana(tree,water,house)/nava(nine,praise,new)/nabha(sky)/gaNa(group)naga(sun,tree,snake)/kala(count,mark).Nabha is aakaasa(sky,aksha-5,snake,eye,wheel,karsha cf.

,mana=paNa= = .raaja=Aksha-eye has a bhruu-brow-roof.Hasta-hand has the angushtha-thumb as the roof.Simha-lion/tiger has a vaara-roof/tail/paana.Hasta is

paaNa/paana/taala/baaNa/naaga).Taala(tala-palm leaf,plate,dish,platter raaja-iisa-saakha-hasta→ha-sta,sta-seat of ha-harsha/hair/digits is the bhadraasana/simhaasana seat of Durga cf.k-50,k-

65 etc. and indicate he he or he (note the raised hands showing

harsha/exaltation/excitation cf. H-3305 harsha-sukha/joy/karsha- gold or weight of gold/garta-throne/paNa-naga-sun/gaNa-group/kala-count/kara-hand,tax.Harsha –excitation is

shown by the raised feet and the raised hands.) panca harsha/varsha/subhadra

He(window.Taala-tala-palm→jaala-netra-net →jaalaka- he –window is a distant term from hasta-hand due to the evolution.Sometimes we use the hasta-hand as a jaalaka(hasta-window-hand;l→s) to hide the face also.The Harappan symbols were mainly karsha-karaja-hasta symbols to denote garta-throne and gaNita-kalana-gaNana-calculation)=palm leaf=hasta/karaja/harsha/karsha/garta/garja-roar.Hari(simha/snake/swan/gold/Indra/king/sun),naari(woman,sacrifice cf.M-1186

Sapta naari-7 women indicate hari-svar- bhadra-asva-king/gold).He is pa(leaf cf palm leafcf.hapta-sapta,puli-huli etc) or va(hand,bull,tiger,VaruNa).Haritaala and haritaalika medicinal plants are also there.Ha/hari/svar indicate the sky(svarga-simha) the seat of the sun god(durga-suurya-sun,devi-ravi-sun).

Thus it is clear that the source of the West Semitic/Sinai/ Canaanite/Phoenician script is The IVC Bharata/veda/or deva (bharata/veda) naagara(karaNa/writ/patra/veda) itself.

Ra(fire,sun)→Res(head)→raaja-king→rishabha(cf ri-note) -bull→raasabha-ass→vrisha-bull→bhadra-king,gold,maiden→svar-the sun

Harsha(sex,joy,bristling,horripilation)→harta(the sun)→narta(dancer)→marta(man)

Hari-nari-naari-nri

Aakaasa=ka (head) of aja(ram)/sa(bird,god,snake)→ / / / =svar=na

Hence hiraNyaaksha=svarNa

Svar=sarpa=talpa=harsha=bhadra=vrisha=varsha

Va sa na →vishNu→panca→simha→king→hence god king or king is god

gaNana=naaga(8) = kara-sa(gaja,tiger,croc,snake etc.)=harsha

Counting is usually started by folding the fingers from the little finger-kanishtha-gaNita-janita-kaniinakaniini-kaniiyasa-copper-gaNya-kanya-kanaa-gaNana

Fuck is pick

Egyptian ra ha town/village= na-ga-ra(town=bhadra)

h032 bhadra-pa-king,gaja-naaga-elephant,sa,ka + kara-

na→paNa(money)→karsha→panca(five) .Kalasa is karsha and nishka. Pa+na=paNa/nava(9)

Ho93a va,ka,sa sara/nca → bhadra-king,gold;satra-sacrifice;karsha,varsha-year;panca→sara-arrow,water,5.

k027 hiraNyaaksha =raaja(sa=snake,god;naaga-snake,naasa-nose cf.raaja paNa is nose money) =dyumna(garja is dyumna RV.AV splendor,majesty,author of RV.5.53), dyumnavat-inspired or clearly sounding RV.3.29.15 ,5.28.4 Aksha(karsha,snake,eye,5) is dyuuta(gambling) too.

dvi(ravi-sun-paNa;raa-gold) + sa(sarpa-snake,god)→dvija(a Brahmin)→raaja(king) cf.HiraNyaaksha is the king.

Raa=rayi (gold)+paNa(snake)=RaavaNa(Rama’s enemy is hiraNyaaksha himself)=panca(5) =raaja(king)=maapana(scale)

k049 Karsha(tiger) paNa(vana) bhadraasana(seat on patra) paNa(raised hand) aksha (balance,karsha-paNa-sama-equal) – 10

dasa raaja(bhaara-weight,dhaa-holding=bhaarata=paartha=raaja-king).

K053 bhadraasana paNa(ka-tra=karsha-money,vana-leaf) Pa(leaf,king)-aasana(seat)=panca(5)

m018a paNa+sa =panca pa(paala-king)/naaga(copper) 12 . Also

12 pa/sa vana→12 bhavana(house)/savana(sacrifice) or

12 paNa(weight) nishkarsha(measurement,tax)

b003 (cf.baaNa-sara-arrow→paana-pot,paatra-pot) paNa(sada-na is paNa cf. ,

)- : :aya(4,good luck,die for gambling,bhadraasana-throne) .PaNa+aya→paNya(commodity to

be bought or sold)→kanya(virgo-bhadra-kanaka-gold-karsha).Kanya being ka-naka(gold) and bha-dra(girl,gold,king) appears in several seals with elephant(gaja-garja-karsha) and tiger(garja-karsha).

Naari(lady-bhadra) is nri(king) - hari(lion,tiger)-kari(elephant) etc.

B004 pa (sa cf.pa-king,snake,bird=sa-god,bird,snake) Na(na-

kra→ma-kara→graaha-gharial) 8,karsha cf.rohita-rakta-garta-makhor-makara-mihira-bhadra-

hariNa ;paNa-sama→pancama,vandana,naaga paNa etc.

karsha paNa.

paNa(sun)=bhaga(sun)=panca-5

m006a Note the patra-leaf on the aasana(seat,amza-shoulder,amsa-

portion) of the bull (bhadra-elephant)to make bhadraasana-throne in this seal . bhadra/karsha

aasana/panca aasa sa(patra-bird,bhadra-king)→bhadraasana(throne) karsha(paNasa-article,panca-5,bandha-agreement,vanda-praise). panca-nishka(nahusha=manusha)-raaja=panca nishkarsha/nishka

bhadra/patra/sa aasa(seat,face),iisa(lord,god) panca(5)/nahusha cakra(karsha).

Nahusha(phaNa)+karsha=nishkarsha(value measurement,tax).

m008a panca(5)/Raama varsha(year)/bhadra(king/gold)

paNa(money)

Note the addition of bhadra(dots,cipher) on the paatra(cup) and the naaga/sarpa(talpa-seat)

signs on the aasana-seat to make it a resounding bhadraasana-throne.

Raamabhadra is a common name .

m223 karsha paNa(bhadra naaga,sa) panca,karsha

Ad1 nish karsha panca =nishkarsha(value,tax) panca(5)

b005 aksha(karsha) svarNa-hiraNya-raa-gold→ panca(5)/raaja(king)/nishka

na-gaja=nishka=raa-sa

b008 ka-s- ra=karsha/bhadra/ va-s-na/Vishnu/panca(5)/mudra(money)

b009 karsha/paNa/bhuja 4 =caturbhuja(Vishnu=paNa=sun)

B0010 karsha 7.

Sapta=7,sabda-sound-count,tapasa=sun,sapatha-pledge: I PROMISE TO PAY THE BEARER=PANA=PROMISE=PROMISORY NOTE=money

b019 pa/ka/nish Na/ma/ca/cakra = =paNa =gaja =niskarsha(value,tax)

paNa =ravi + ca =panca(5) =panca= = =

blk1 5- 5- 5- 5- 5-karsha .This is a good example of the the number pattern of ivc inscriptions.

harsha/karsha(kara -sa ≡ ) – bali(paNa)- krisana/saasana(daana) - kara(sara) -

panca(bandha,vanda,vasna) - paNya/panca → panca karsha paNa panca

karsha kara paNya(commodity given as tribute cf.Mbh.2.1052)

simha=panca aasa-na/=panca=simhaasana = =5 = panca

bhadra catur bhadra aasana =simhaasana panca

m296a bhadra=rock=petra/pattar=stone weight bhadra=bhaara karsha paNa nishkarsha

bhadra(aasana-throne;patra-writ;Dvaaraka cf.dvaara-door) aasa na(paNa-sana-

money,barter) rsha nishka(aksha,nahusha-snake,5) .Note the aasana of the

bhadra(bull,king,gold) gaja(karsha-unicorn) on the patraasana-tree(dru-bhadra-vata-Fig tree). Vana(tree) is paNa.Dru(tree) is druu(gold).Druma(tree) is Drona/sroNa(throne)/mudra(money).Vriksha(karsha) is vri( pra,srii,tri,dru)-gaja(garja-karsha) denoted by the unicorn(gaja→ka-head,sa-god;gar-ja→roar;sa-kara→sakra-Indra)

Bhadraasana karsha paNa (vana-tree+gaja-karsha)

Nishkarsha(value,tax).

Nahusha(snake) →nishka→nakula(siva)

u-ksha(bull) has a gaja (elephant)in it.

Vriksha (tree)has a gaja in it.

Bhiksha(gift) has a gaja in it.

Paksha(division/wing) has a gaja in it.

Bhaksha(food) has a gaja in it.

Cillii=bhruu→brow→bow→cillikkaasu(money of low value) →L-bow→La→sa

, , ,

Bruu is paNa(baaNa/caapa) .

Kubera-copper/cobra/Gopaala

= = Go=9=nava=paNa=rava=count=sound=pound

Bheri(drum)=bhaara(weight)=bera(body)

suura sena kamsa/simha/king

Kamsa-suura-sena Krishna’s uncle

nishka

→nakshatra→nishkarsha(for tax)

=pa-aa-tra(pa-aana)→sa-aadara→bhaarata→paartha(king) as in H-3305

http://chennai-city.info/blog/2012/07/16/chennai-link-to-harappa/

m854 bhadraasana(this confirms : : and as bhadraasana) paNa

bhadra/panca/karsha→ bhadra(auspicious)-va(auspicious,pa-king)-sarva(full,all)/sarpa(snake)/talpa(bed) or bhadra(king)-vidarbha(a country).

bhadra vrishabha =bhadra paNa vrata=king’s pledge to give money.

srii mukha varsha/pancamukha mudra

bha aara ta varsha/sarva

bhadra-va-subha/siva/iisa

Bhadra=panca=ka(head)

Nishkarsha=nose-money=nishka(karsha=panca)

m850 hiraNyaaksha/yasa/dvija/raja/panca paNa/panca/karsha

karsha/cakra/panca paNa/suvarNa/nose .Hence = and

naasa=nish karsha=nishkarsha(value,tax). =panca karsha paNa

= =cakshu=ca or paNa=na/pa or nayana=nagna

Eye=vagina hence indra got 1000 vagina converted to 1000 eyes

Sahasrabhaga=sahasranayana/aksha

M-290a bhadra aasana panca/paNa karsha

= sa(simha) + pa(paada)+ra(raasabha)+Na(vana) =svarNa karsha

bhadra(paala-deva-paada-leg,1/4=va=vaaha=paada) aasana(ass;garddabha-karta-garta-

garja-karsha=ra=raasabha + va=vrasabha=var) paNa(=na=palm-parNa;ass-sa+parNa=svarNa)

svarNa=vrishabha=bhadra karsha(garja-tiger).simha/mahaa

Bhadra(gold,1/4) being hiraNya/svar/ha and aasana being , aksha(sa) bhadraasana is the equivalent of hiraNyaaksha in several inscriptions.

Mahaabhadra /mahaadeva bhadraasana is seen in several seals.

m860 paNa 15/karsha hariNa/panca aksha/arka/argha/anka/panca=karsha

bhadra(draviNa-gold/king)/mudra(money)

varsha(year)/panca(5) panca(5)

panca panca dra paNa

griiva(neck)=graava(stone=gram)=bhadraasana=druu=tree!

= = =bhadra=panca=5

m861 paNa/pa sapta keras/karsha/bhadraasana/mudra(money)

keras=ka(head)-raaja(king)=karsha

pa-nca/ nishkarsha(garja/garta/karsa/harsha)=nishka 7

m862 paNa /nish/nose karsha/panca hiraNyaaksha/svar-Na /raaja/100 PaNa karsha raaja /100Or Nishkarsha(tax,value) 100

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus

Etymology of Damascus and its relation to hiraNyaaksha/Dvaaraka

aksha / aga + tama/svar →tama-aksha/svar-aga→ T-m-ś-q (Damascus)→Dvaaraka

The etymology of the ancient name "T-m-ś-q" is uncertain, but it is suspected to be pre-Semitic. It is attested as Dimašqa in Akkadian, T-ms-ḳw in Egyptian, Dammaśq (דמשק) in Old Aramaic and Dammeśeq (דמשק) in Biblical Hebrew. The Akkadian spelling is found in the Amarna letters, from the 14th century BC.

tama aksha/raaja→Dam-as-q→samraat(emperor)

Dama-aksha = / raaja tama=samraaja(emperor)

panca(5) varsha(year)/karsha raaja(srii-king)

Kaniiya=kaNika= =little finger=1=ka

Counting begin with the little finger and panca is lamba/simha(tiger/lion)/tunga/thumb/linga

It is the sky denoted by the fifth sign of leo=

=deo =leo=ravi=La=sa-simha=sa-ma-ha from which

ശ(Malayalam)= =la= ല(Malayalam)

O=ha, brahmi =va=tiger=simha sha

ii-sa sa-va/deva /sva These scripts present in the Indus script not in west semitic/Egyptian

sva + ga/ra

sa=snake= ശ= = = = =La/Na

m015a hiraNyaaksha/raja/panca Na pa sa

savana(sacrifice)-panca(5)

panca= panca(5)

m534b bhadraasana(patra-asana) saasana(vrata-command,daana-gift)

m1493b sasa(hare)=paNa=saasa/sata/dasa/saada/sa-sa

Catur(4)→Durga→suurya(sun=paNa)→: :→aya→ya

Bhadraasana is shown by bhadra(turmeric) on four corners of auspicious letters like that of a marriage invitation card.

Sigma is simha,matsa and sum of five .

Deo is Leo and its number is five.cf.H-182.

Simha is matsa in the higher octave also.Matsa (fish) is hasta(bhuja-hand). Thus karsha is panca and garja and karsha is simha(leo-deo-5 cf H-182). It is the hand

Sigma is the open hand(fish/bhuj/bhoga/snake) and the open mouth

indicating garja/simha.It is aksha (5,snake) , , also.Aksha is aga(eka)+sa(4)=5.

Aakaasa is the aasa of aga and is the 5th direction.Leo is the zenith(simha- sky-tunga;sama-ha) .It is z for zenith(simha). The four digits show the four directions and the veretical thumb shows simha(sky). Thus simha(sigma) is the thumb(angushtha).

Tunga-king-simha –sigma.

Samek=simha=karsha=karaja=harsha It is seen as bangles on hands of deities

as in M-1181 with the inscription karsha-svarNa.

Karaja-digits is garja-simha

m1181 http://www.harappa.com/indus/33.html

karsha /panca suvarNa/kaparda

Heb.maakiir(maakhiir)-trader cf.maakhar-to sell cf.makara

Nose money is the king’s money.

Bhadraasana(panca-5) is hiraNyaaksha as in or or etc.

sigma=head of simha and tail of simha samekh

Vriksha is patraasana(seat of leaves) and bhadraasana(throne).Aga(tree,Aja-Indra,ram,Aries) is the sun(cf.ram faced deity in the tree(H-178B). Aja is usha(dawn).

Usha is aja(ram) or uksha(bull;va-bull+gaja-elephant).Praatar(dawn) is bhadra(bull,king). Bhaata(dawn) is paada(foot),raaja(bhadra-king) and vaaja(sacrifice,food cf.Hindi -bhaat-rice).

One has to bow his head to eat food/ touch the foot.Bowing the head is worshipping the god/king.Thus foot /food is king and god. The cross is ka(bhadra-head) or sa(patra-bird). Sitting with the bhadra paada(crossed legs) is bhadraasana(throne)/

Bhadra-aajna(royal order) etc. It is Christ-the king-on the cross(bhadraasana/aakaasa).It is swastikaasana as in H-182.Garta is karsha and panca(5)/vanda(praise)/bandha(agreement)/sandha(market).

Tiger(karsha) +paana(paNa cf.H094 cf.paana→pa→-va)

→unicorn(karsha/gaja) + paatra(paNa) . Cf.kuupa →gopa→bhuupa→pa(king,leaf,water cf.the fig leaf shaped well of the king )→va(hand,tiger,bull)→ka(head cf.ka→bhadra→head,bull,king,elephant;sa-bird,god,snake;kaca→gaja→ka-sa→aksha)

pa-na-sa=panca(karsha=4+1=5 digits) paNa =pa-na or paNa=pada=veda=deva

whence pa-tra→bhadra→panca→ n-tra=Indra

va-na=bhadraasana=paNa=sroNa=throne=buttocks suula=suura=srona

→ panca =bhadra=karsha

Manusmriti: The Laws of Manu

http://www.hindunet.org/manu_smriti/index.htm

Manu .7.126

One paNa , must be given (daily) as wages to the lowest, six to

the highest , likewise clothing(netra) every six months and one

droNa of grain , every month.

, (asvattha patra-Fig leaf ),

http://www.mohenjodaro.net/heartwell81.html

Pipal-leaf shaped well, Lower Town

http://www.mohenjodaro.net/heartwell81.html

C2B7 bhadraasana(throne,patra-leaf,asana-eating) taamra(copper) saasana(gift,command).

Bhadraasana(throne) panca(5) nishkarsha(value,tax)

m273a bhadra naaga(mesha-maasha-hariNa) karsha

m259 hiraNya aksha/panca(5) /raaja(king) panca(5)/nripa(king)

m223 karsha,hariNa paNa or panca karsha

m1185 bhadraasana(karsha)paNa. Note the vana(tree) on the aasana(sroNa) of the bhadra.

m289 hiraNyaaksha /panca/raaja aksha/panca Na pa

paNa –panca-raaja/pankajaaksha raaja

gaja(naaga-elephant)→karsha/naaga→copper→kubera→cobra indicated

by snake /elephant also.

naahas=copper

m018a Na/aasana gaja/pa 12→12 paNa/karsha.

m018ac 12 pa Na .Compare this with m018a.It shows reading in both directions.

m292a karsha(cf. alligator-garja-karsha) 3 bhadra(king/gold)

bhadra=svarNa

m417 bhadraasana karsha=cakra of pa(bhadra=king).Carii cakra=srii cakra.

patra + pa(foot) + na(horn)→paNa/panca(5)

m478b paNa karsha(tiger) bhadraasana(vana) bhadraasana karsha paNa svarNa→dva-raNa(duel)

Metals Known

Gold –Hiranya,dravya,bhadra,ashtapada raa=hiraNya; dravya, dravya

Copper- paNa,rakta,arka

Bronze- kamsa=panca.Hence pancaloha also.

The evolution of the Indus script.

http://www.ancientscripts.com/brahmi.html

Brahmi script

There are several theories pointing to the origin of Brahmi .One school holds it to have originated from west semitic.Another school believes it to have come from southern semitic.A third school considers it to have originated indigenously from the Indus script.The script is attested by the 5th century BCE.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brāhmī_script

Scholars, such as F. Raymond Allchin, G. R. Hunter etc. details out the derivation of the Brahmi alphabets from the Indus Script.This hypothesis is slowly gaining momentum because of the sheer differences between how Semitic alphabets work and how Brahmi works for an Indo-Aryan language .

Dr. Subhash kak showed that the Brahmi script evolved from the Indus script.

http://www.ece.lsu.edu/kak/IndusFreqAnalysis.pdf

http://www.ece.lsu.edu/kak/writ.pdf

http://www.digitorient.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2009/01/AlphabetDiogène%20.pdf

Western scholars believe that Brahmi evolved from the proto-Sinaitic/ Phoenician script which in turn evolved from Egyptian hieroglyphs based on the acrophonic principle.

But presently we can see that the Phoenician script itself evolved from the logosyllabic Indus script which itself evolved from the early pictographic writing system of the Anatolian Aryans.

Rigveda states the sacrificial asva(vac) has 34 ribs/consonants

The number of letters in the Harappan Alphabet

The primary scripts are three as sa(god),pa(wind,bha-light),ra(fire) is svara(the sun,sound),vrisha(Indra,bull) and bhaarata(speech,fire).

The rigveda states that the vankris(ribs cf. girvaana →vankri) of

the sacrificial asva(vac-word,speech,bhaasha-language; saptaasva-sabda –vac-voice,the sun) are

34.ribs (34 consonants)<<RV:1.162.18>>

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma

sigma=simha=lion/tiger=panca=5

History

The shape and alphabetic position of Sigma is derived from Phoenician shin .

Etymology

The name of sigma, according to one theory,[1] may continue that of Phoenician Samekh. According to a different theory,[2] its original name may have been "San" (the name today associated with another, obsolete letter), while "Sigma" was a Greek innovation that simply meant "hissing", based on a nominalization of a verb σίζω (sízō, from earlier *sig-jō, meaning 'I hiss').

The samek evolved from the simha-tiger and the sa svar-suura-paana-paNa of the Harappan.

Phoenician was usually written from right to left, although there are some texts written in boustrophedon. Like the Indus script which is the vedic style.

When the Phoenician alphabet was first uncovered in the 19th century, its origins were unknown. Scholars at first believed that the script was a direct variation of Egyptian hieroglyphs

The Proto-Sinaitic alphabet was in use from ca. 1850 BC in the Sinai by Canaanite speakers .

http://www.ancientscripts.com/protosinaitic.html

Aleph(ox)→ aalap(to speak)→asva(elephant,bull)→avasa(sun,king)→a

Beth(house)→bhuja(paNa-arm,bhavana-house)→va

Gimmel→sanku(hook)→salaaka→ kiila→kiilaka-elbow joint

→kiila→kuuta(koti-peak)→huuti(sacrifice) =ga =

Kiilaka=42ndyear of the 60 year cycle

Qof=kapi(monkey,elephant)→kaphii(elephant)→ibha(elephant)

kara-gira-hari(monkey,tiger,snake,gold)

Daleth-danta(teeth)/ratna(jewel)

He→harsha(joycf.H-3305)→karaja(fingers)→garja(roar)→simha(lion,tiger)

Waw=vara/vana/valaya/kara=va

Zayin=sama =paNa=sa

Heth=sa=fence=bhadra-fence=sanketa(refuge)=keta(ketana-house)

makara ketana=kaama deva

Teth=ratha(chariot)=aksha(axis)=cakra(wheel)=raaja(king)=saasa-king

Yodh-hand=do(s)-saya=hand =cup(bhuj-hand)=ya and

paana(cup)=paaNa(hand) =ya yaj=saya=hand

Kaph= palm of hand =bhuja=kara=hasta=paaNa=baahu=vaaha

Lamedh –simha/lamba/thumb/luuma=tail/animal/Lata-plant

Mem=ma-water =mam=kam=ham=water

Mam on gala-neck =mangala(auspiciousness) on unicorn neck

lines=mangala=pingala=kamsa =simha=lamedh

Nun=naaga,nahusha-snake

Samek=simha=panca=garja=himsa , , ,

Ayin=nii=nayana=eye

Pe=pa=nri-king=bha-bharga-arka-sun=pa-leaf,water

Tsade=saada-grain

Res=sira-head=gaja-elephant=kaca-hair=sara-arrow=raaja-king

Sin=dans=danta –teeth

Teeth of canines and snakes=sa-naaka=sa-nakha=simha

Taw=sava(a corpse)=siva=subha(auspicious)=taya(protection)=saya-dos-

hand= = jaya(success)=deva=deha(body)

Tau=dyu(diva-sky) =ka=kha =ha(sky) = + simplified sigma=plus=karsha=karaja=aksha=aakaasa(sky)

=ha(soma/naaga/naaka/kha-svar-the sky)

delta=da(bhadra-hill;d=p)=dhanus(bow)/pada(foot)=pa=da=caraNa(foot)=adri(hill)

,saila/sailaka-hill;praasa-spear;dala-petal;danta-dansa-teeth=da(hill,wife)

alpha=aalap(speak);asva-uksha-bull;avasa=sun/king;aarava-sound;aavaas-sound;vac-voice

gara=sira+bun=sira-paNa=svarNa=naanaka=A=GARA=agra=arka=gaja=haya=7 the trunk of the elephant.

Gara being sabda-sound is sapta-7.Gara being bhadra it is patra

Mal അ A = ക K + ര R → cry=A

beta=vaasa=vas-house vaaha=beth=bhuja-hand

=anka-limb;kara-hand;kiila-kuuta-koti-top;sanku-hook→L-bo(elbow)

danta-teeth Dalet=danta teeth .Changed by evolution.

paNa=vana- house=bait-vas-house

bhuja-hand/patra-leaf

sa-saaksha-bolt

cf.zeta/patra cf. vesa

theta –srii,cakra-wheel

iota/iisa/sa/aja/usha/iisa/eka-one

kappa=ka-head=cap

lambda=stambha/thumb/lamba-vertical

matsa-fish;masta-head;nasta-nose;naaga-king,snake

nu=naaga-snake

saaksha/aksha-axis

o-vakra-curve/cakra-circle/arka-sun

Micro=krimi -worm

Krimi=kram-step,walk,go across = worm-wheel .the rotating sky wheel.

va-vaaha-hand

ka-head/kara-hand/sara-arrow/sira-head/khara-ass/hara-ass

raaja-king/sira-head;dhanus-caapa-bow

Ru→dra→ to split

simha-lion/sankha-shell/sankhya-number = =panca-5

sa-god,bird/sava-corpse

=u=uksha-bhadra-bull

= pa-leaf,egg,water

=k =karsha ka-head/sa-god,bird/gaja-elephant/ka-sa/kha-sun

maha(buffalo)/naaga(snake)