The Inconvenient Truth about Web Certificates

Jean-Pierre Hubaux

Joint work with

N. Vratonjic, J. Freudiger and V. Bindschaedler

Work presented at WEIS in June 2011

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Impersonation

Eavesdropping

ModificationsAuthentication

ConfidentialityIntegrity

https://www.bankofamerica.com

HTTPS

Secure communicatione-banking, e-commerce, Web email, etc.Authentication,

HTTPS

Confidentialityand Integrity

HTTPS in practiceHTTPS is at the core of online businessesProvided security is dubious

Notably due to obscure certificate management

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Research Questions

Q1: At which scale is HTTPS currently deployed?

Q2: What are the problems with current HTTPS deployment?

Q3: What are the underlying reasons that led to these problems?

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Large-scale empirical analysis of the current deployment of HTTPS on the top 1 million

websites

Methodology1 million most popular websites (Alexa’s

ranking)

Connect to each website with HTTP and HTTPS

Store:URLsContent of Web pagesCertificates

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Q1: At which scale is HTTPS deployed?

1/3 of websites can be browsed via HTTPS

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Is this too much or too little?

HTTPS

34.7%

HTTP65.3%

Login Pages: HTTP vs. HTTPS

77.4% of websites may compromise users’ credentials!

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HTTPS22.6%

HTTP77.4%

More Web pages should be served via HTTPS!

Q2: What are the problems with current HTTPS deployment?

HTTPS may fail due to:Server certificate-based authenticationCipher suites

The majority ( 70%) of websites use DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA cipher suite

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?

X.509 Certificates: Bind a public key with an identity

Certificates issued by trusted Certification Authorities (CAs)

To issue a certificate, CAs should validate:1. The applicant owns the domain name2. The applicant is a legitimate and legally

accountable entity

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Two-step validation

BoA’s identifying information & domain name www.bankofamerica.com

CA XYZBoA’s public

key KBoA

Certificates

Organization Validated (OV) certificates

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Authentication

https://www.bankofamerica.com

Chain of trust Public keys of trusted CAs pre-installed in Web

browsers

Certificate-based Authentication

Browser: KCA

HTTPS

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Authentication

https://icsil1mail.epfl.ch

Chain of trust cannot be verified by Web browsers

Self-signed Certificates

Browser: K

EPFL ?

??

Self-signed Certificates

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Trusted CA

Not expiredDomain

match

Successfulauthentication

Verifying X.509 Certificates

Authentication Success

14Total of 300’582 certificates

Authentication Failures

15Total of 300’582 certificates

Certificate Reuse Across Multiple Domains

Mostly due to Internet virtual hosting

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Certificate Validity Domain Number of virtual hosts

*.bluehost.com 10’075

*.hostgator.com 9’148

*hostmonster.com 4’954

Serving providers’ certs results in Domain Mismatch

Solution: Server Name Indication (SNI) – TLS extension Only 47.6% of collected certificates are unique

Domain Mismatch: Unique Trusted Certificates

45.24% of unique trusted certs cause Domain Mismatch

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Subdomain mismatch: cert valid for subdomain.host deployed on host and vice versa

Same organization

Authentication Success

18Total of 300’582 certificates

Domain-validated only (DVO) certificates1. The applicant owns the domain name2. The applicant is a legitimate and legally

accountable entity Based on Domain Name Registrars and email

verification Problem: Domain Name Registrars are untrustworthy

Trusted DVO Certificates

Legitimacy of the certificate owner cannot be trusted!

Domain-validated Only (DVO)

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Trusted

Organization NOT Validated

Organization Validated

Trusted

Organization Validated (OV)

Extended Validation (EV) Rigorous extended validation of the applicantSpecial browser interface

Trusted EV Certificates

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DVO vs. OV vs. EV Certificates

61% of certs trusted by browsers are DVO

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Certs with successful authentication(48’158 certs)

5.7% of certs (OV+EV) provide organization validation

DVO61%EV

6%

OV33%

Research Questions

Q1: How is HTTPS currently deployed?1/3 of websites can be browsed via HTTPS77.4% of login pages may compromise users’

credentials

Q2: What are the problems with current HTTPS deployment?Authentication failures mostly due to domain

mismatchWeak authentication with DVO certificates

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Q3: What are the underlying reasons that led to these problems?

EconomicsMisaligned incentives

Most website operators have an incentive to obtain cheap certs CAs have an incentive to distribute as many certs as possible

Consequence: cheap certs for cheap securityLiability

No or limited liability of involved stakeholdersReputation

Rely on subsidiaries to issue certs less rigorouslyUsability

More interruptions users experience, more they learn to ignore security warnings

Web browsers have little incentive to limit access to websites 24

Conclusion

Large-scale empirical study of HTTPS and certificate-based authentication on 1 million websites

5.7% (18’785) implement cert-based authentication properlyNo browser warnings Legitimacy of the certificate owner verified

Market for lemonsInformation asymmetry between CAs and website

operatorsMost websites acquire cheap certs leading to

cheap securityChange policies to align incentives

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Trusted certificatesExtended Validation (EV) (extended validation)Organization Validated (OV) (two-step validation)Domain-validated only (DVO) (step 1. validation)

Untrusted (self-signed) certificates

Certificate Types

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Certificate Type Pros Cons

EV Most trust Expensive

OV TrustedWeb browsers cannot

distinguish OV from DVO certificate

DVO Inexpensive Cannot guarantee legitimacy of the certificate owner

Self-signed No cost Not trusted by Web browsers

Facebook Login Page

By default served with HTTPSource code of the login page:<div class="menu_login_container"><form method="POST" action="https://www.facebook.com/login.php?login_attempt=1" id="login_form" ……>

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http(s)://arbitraryServer/

CSC 104

Common Sense: Protect your passwords. Don’t use the same password for an insecure site as for a secure one.

Essay Topic: Discuss an issue arising from improper security on the web. Notable examples include: theft of iTunes accounts, theft via PayPal, credit-card fraud.

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