DEPARTMENT OF THE AIR FORCE

AIR YOReI'. tUSTORICAL RESEARCH AGENC\l (AFHRA)

MA-XWELL AlR FORCE BASE, ALABAMA

Augtl$t 26, 2009 FOlA 2009~03268-F KFI # 2009-65674

AFHRAIRSA 600 Chennault Circle Maxwdl AJ-:a, AL 36112-6424 USA

Mr. John Greenewald. Jr.

Dear Mr. Greenc'.vaJd.

This i5. in response to your Freedom of Infomlation Act (FOIA) request received in th is office on 25 August 2009 pertaining to the document with IRIS nllmber 00214615, Inception. Org(lni=lJliol1. and FUllctions ofHeadquarters.

As a FOTA request. it has been oss igned the identification of2009-03268-F. Thl:: Air Force Historical Res3yable to AFO MAXWELL AFB. Mail the check or money order 10: AFHRAlRSA

ATTN: ForFOTA 600 Chennault Circle Maxwell ArB, AL 36112-6424

Ir is my pleasure lL' giYe you any information \ ....e have nnd my sincere hope that the infonnation provided serves you wel l.

Respectfully'.

Cathy Cox rchivist AFHRiV esearch

Enclosure:

1. Copy of original RFI (requesl for infonnatl(ln)

Cop)' of document with IRIS number 002 14615

LLlIJUf'1lL

FOlA 2009-03268-F

Dear Sir,

This is a non-commercial request made under the provisions of the Freedom of Information Act 5 U.S.C. S 552. Pursuant to the U. S. OPEN Records Act of2007, my FOIA requester status as a "representative afthe news media" -. a status entitling me to an unlimited search processing my request, and the first 100 pages free of charge. For examples of my various publication credits in this regard, I refer you to my radio network, and my own personal radio show (syndicated on FM and AM stations) at http://www.blackvaultradio.com. Myinternet website http://www,thcblackvault.com which holds a vast government document database, along with many freelance articles that I have written, which have also been published in magazines and websites, including OpEdNews.com, UFO Magazine, FATE Magazine, and others.

Additionally. since the document is listed as under 100 pages, it should not incur a charge.

I respectfully request a copy of the following document:

IRIS Number: 00214615

Main: INCEPTION, ORGANIZATION AND FUNCTIONS OF HEADQUART

Call: 519.01 V.I CHAPTER I

If the document is considered currently and properly classified. I respectfully request a mandatory declassification review (MDR) of the document, as it is more than 25 years old and should be considered for declassification.

Thank you so much for your time, and I am very much looking forward to your response. Please know that

~lectronic delivery of the requested material or correspondence related to this case is preferred and accepted in heu ofpaper copies via snail mail. .

Sincerely.

John Greenewald, Jr.

http:OpEdNews.comhttp:http://www,thcblackvault.comhttp:http://www.blackvaultradio.com

, , .'\ . IRIS Public Record

Key Info~lill

Main: INCEPTION, ORGANIZATION AND FUNCTIONS OF HEADQUART

Dcxument Type: CaUNumber: 519.01 V.l CHAPTER 1

IRIS Number: 00214615 Accessions Noles:

Old Accession Nbr: 2-5220-15

Rcvd: Rei 1987nD126

lndcxer ID: 05 Entered Date:

QeID,

Scanner ID: ,",eID

QC'd Dale::

Scanned Date: Ace Date:

Title:

Beginning Date: 1942101101

End Date: 1945101101

Publication Date: 1945/05/28

Classification UNCUS Media Roll II: 6539 rtf'St Frame: 1208 Last Prune: 1315 Linear Feet.: 0

Old MFlm Roll. A5S19 Audio Rec:

NUMPAGE 99

Title ~xtensions: VOL 1. CHAPTER 1

AbSlract TIllS STUDY DEALS WITHo TIm DIVISIONS BY DIREcrORATE; TIm FUNcrJON OF TIm DEPIITY COMMANDING GENERAL FOR OPERATIONS; TIm DIREcrORATE OF WEATIiER SERVICES; TIlE DIRECTORATE OF PLANS; INTERAllIED RELATIONS; AND ANGLO-AMERICAN COOPERATION.

VOLUME AND CHAPTER. NUMBER SUPPLIED. ITEM IS A STUDY DONE BY TIm mSTORlCAL SEcrJON, USSTAF.

TIlle Added Entries Author:

Subjecl:

Major Command:

OocLink:

Administrative Markings No Administrative Markings Listed

Security Review Information:

.,

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.( 'J~Ji!! as 2 - -.'

. . , .

THE ~~EPTION, ORGAljIZATIOII,

AND FUNCTIONS Of' f!FJ,tQUARTmB,

11.S . S'l'RATEGIG AIR FORCES IN j!\JROPE. . .

28 l/ay 1945 ,

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U,S . St".t~gic Air Force. in ~ppe liistor1~.1 S~ot1011.

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TABLE' Of CONTtNIS i ,

. .

J Foreword 1

Tho D~yi.1on ~ peput~ " . 1 The p1reQtorate o~ Cperat1on8 31

The Director.~. of Po.t-Ho.t1l1t~ P~annin8 ., .. 4i. The DireQtor at Air Act~v1t1e9 for.tha

Control or Ge~ t , 63

The Dlrecto;,a~e of !nt.U1g.no. 6.5

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, 'I-, In p~e.enting~h. following etudl, the H1.topioa~ Soction ,

U.S . Strategic Air :ForceB in ~pe,. !loes not .l.~ that it 18 ~

anything beyolXl wl>

I

The Division ~ Deputie.

.. The Division by Directorates The Function of the Deputy Commanding

General for Operattons

The DireQtoret~ of OperatloQs

The Dif"ectorate of Iptelliflence

The Dtrectofate of Weather Services

The Du-e.ator8~e of flans

The D~ea~orate of Post- HOstilities Planning

The Dirsctor of Air Operations tor the CO,ntro~ of GBrmany

Relat~o.ns with Organ1z~tions OutBide the . u.s . Strategic Air Forces in Europe Frame~ork

The Chief of Staff Seqretarist

The Function of the Deputy Commanding Genersl for Administration

The Directorate of Communications

The Directorate of Medical Services.

The Dlre~tor8te Qf Personnel

The Plrectorate of Armament

The Separation of the 'Air Technic~l SerVice Command ~n Europe

Inter-Allied Relations: Cooperation

Anglo~Ame~ican

Jnter -Allied R~lations : RU88o -American Cooperation

New int'orl!l&tion, as uell as suggestions and correction!1"J 1s

urgently required to perfect this narrative . The fullest coopers

tion of all concerned is invit~d.

9

\

http:Relat~o.ns

, , " , ,

( , :P.rel1uin~ri Draft No .1

In ttl\,: C!l..llt,G - O\c:r fra..: v .!J .r..J.Y ~.1r Lot-ces ' 1n the U.i\:.

to tha U.:... . ... cr.. tc.t,ic .4r j'OICE;S in huro~ I perhq:s th", ;;:ost

5 tri kiOl; c..l.ld DOS tor1Linc 1 dc~ :.rtuxu f rot the ~1oJ ;ACl II .~. s tdf

~~t-up ot L hoc.dq,u.:.l' t ers roE- S t t...:. divisio:) cf rus,!JOnsi bili tics t

~der the e ot:Llcndlni;. g:mu rLl t l& tr.ceil t 9 0 de:.;u t1 ...5 . one for

OpeltiOl.l!3 &..'14 OIlv tor al.m1nistrLtiO!l . Tilis unorthodcx i:nd

U:UqUb oraUli'Z!.tio~l ,~.:..s not tLu Ic'S.ut of . \-:h14 on the focrt of

tho r.:.en who pluul... d. 1 t. 1'.1t:~ou&h it \'ILS ~1 thout pr ecedent I 1 t

reprcsc!ltcd t he sinlll1':: st po.ssitlc sollltiol! to the hi&Jlly

courli cc~(;d ).robl(';l.18 -IIi ti) \.P leh it ht.' to cope .

In cl'der to t.i._fl(.cic.tt:: j~t ho'" t his fern ,of oJ:"son1zt.tion

tlQS (:Iri vcQ. Cot I 1 t is rl ..... c'"ssC" r:,. to f:le:. cv t ec k to t ho tii;:.e ulu..n

tht.. U .5.;;tr~tceic .J.r L'ore

holiu.in. ry LrLft No . l"

ETa CO~ltri'butloilS to the UwT.i.J! Idee.

Oh-1n8 )'Cl'tly to tb.: tccUcc..l a1 tUC.tioll i n ~~ ort:1r.cstern

Europ.... ., J:.QI tly to tb~ c.vctlLbili t~ of forces. and :..c.rtlj> to

its l,.OO&rtollhict.l loc ctio.l , LcludLl~ th~ pbj:siclll proximity

of lc..rBu Brt tish c...'ld d .!uric.;.l forc;;;. s i!! c.. reI, ti "iJly &lLll erel.. .

c.nd tht. n c.. turc.l dc~'c...::.dcr.ce .

I . !

Prcll;:::d.OElr" Drc..ft No ,. 1

Tce:: tOl'l.:.o.tion of tho 'I"altth nir FOlce in the.. U. K. inI

th& l c.tv sU)...~}(;; r of 1942 \"iC.S tn~ first shocl( thc t tile El~bth

bc.d to 3ustc.ia . Fra... 1 t t he T';;~lft:) drt>'o< personn(;l,r.i:rcr c.tt

end suppli(;s of ~ll typ.. s c.nd k:L ~lds. .. ::11... tl:is cut t!:c 1!.lf:,hth

~.1r Force 'V lrtuLlly 1n hc.lf Cu1G hLd i -';13 "ffeet in evt:r,;- s .... l:i..:::rc

of too Liehth's t:lxister.ce, c: lU'~ JiClt of th~ burd.;;n pf

cetuclly (.ccot:lpl1shine th':' .::. ctivctioll of tbe 'I\.e!fth ~J.r Forc~

lo~stic'l support to tt.c ?C/l}H op:..rc.tion in North .1'rl.c~ fell

on t~ VII! ~:.1r Fore.., .:3Grvice CO~.:..D" , t h .... lOt;,ie t iccl c:n.l

of tho I:.l!,hth ...:ir Fore"; ,,

Tturc 18 no poi. !l~ i u dt. sQri bi n.;. h....:re ho,;,; t h....:(;: !"fe ctB of

'l'OR:;H on the I;.i f!,h th ".-iI ~'o~co cOilt r ltut(;d to the n..::Y..t crisis

of its cc.reor , ti~... r(; .... O'l of d,":,.l1~.h t, P16CislPil 'bc'!J.t,i.~ c.t

the Cc.sc.t.lc;nec Ccnferc .lee. 14-23 Jc.r:.ucr" 194.3 . f::ra;;. ',hieh t b.e

Ele;.':th ~re(;d ..'ith C: ::lew ! Cl:Sl; 0:.1 1.1.fe I tb... CLSl1b1e:.ncc.

lir., ctlv~ . 21 J U1UUI". 151,.3 . c.ud ~rt:'~c; ne ... rcspoDsitilit1..s. -Ey l lIc:y 1943 , Jlt.;c.d~u'-rtu1s , #.rt.::y -ir 1"010I,;S . hc.d direo ted c

to the U. K st:.l6y .... xisti,.e, or6,t:..lizntionr l CIrc.l'lu:.:.:onts in. . the :i!.iehth ;.:ir ~~o ~ C.... . L.16 ._l:!':.U rtIccnn.:ndc. tions fer 1i1cr.:. r.slng

U . :.; .~.r r:1Y ;J.r F01Q;J; , p....rsor.:.c l i ll t !:l(: Euro}:.... c..l 'r~'"'c.t.:. r to the

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rrolimi.nc.ry Droi t no . l

Euroyccn t;llocte r t o:: tbr... unprc.ce dented fl f,lU'u of 500 ,GCe. The

c or.:rJi tte(: . c l:.tincil-tc l rJC;liit... r of r.:hich wes E+i c,cdie :r Gc:nort.l

li,; c.d ~ucrtcrs,lbbth ~J.r FOlce , t !:l{; 0:)1:, tir ,,c Doli i~l the Th;;., c.. tor

cq:c.blc of ht..:lc; li n.:. the ~1 c..nu1ue of such ~(.st ", xpcnalon.

~hC,; reas ons f c,r t he ir lcm op.. rc..ti onGl rc.t'-.:. be:d lon~ b(;(.1 n s uppl y

c.nd tlC.i lltcnoc e c1;1.fx'lcultlus . 'i'h.t.y could ~ol nt ~o TCJl;H and

t he T\:ie lftb ~.ir Force fOl thQir 19~2 p . rfor.lw'c~, tlbieh ,,(.S l ess . . thCJl hc..d be e n lrX pc. c tu e; . "..1 t !:o th(; ,sUCC,", S8 of .'i'ORCH ond t 11

,<

Proll~ncry Lreft No . 1

BoQte~ Offe:lsi V(;; ,lcuocht::d :1.n ~prl1 ~9~3 c.nd confil"Ot;.d by

Ccr.lbi'rit::;d t.bi ... fs of stt.ff directive 0:1. 10 ]lL'1l:. . hc.d cco.J. t tcd

the Eighth .-J.r Force t o 0 \.u:. jo,r put in eUL.shj,nb t h_ Gcn:.c.n

\.cr I-otentiE.! prupcrr.tory to ('\~f,r..ORV . the c~hi'picU3

C:.ssc.ul t on the (..ontinont.

Th~ , b} th~ ~~d le 0: 1943~ ~ter Q yecr of ~x-~rience

in th~ Euro...... c.n 'itlnJ1!l6

fl.l!1ctions '"hi ch- \":... re nbollY or priI-.ci pc.lly d t!lw r losis:t~ccl

http:8Orvj.cehttp:t;.ili).;.sthttp:itl

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Preli~nU'y Iirdt No .1

~,:rot\l a 1~IXlIC..'c1UQ t c,lJc.jor Genolc:.l Henry J .7 , "'iller , hi s

of F{c

. ,

PreliDinc.ry Drllft N"O.l

COi:.DUlder for 1lr.1nkilCoIlcc should c lso J:>c the Coo.lt-'1dinf" ~nercl t

lJcintenence CQrJ!.lC:!ld.. In c.pJ;lrovins th4;il reo~gnni~Qtion propos... t;i

by Gcncrcl Knorr, (~merO"l Mi llvr e roto GerLtlrc.l Ellla::r the. t!

whil.e it T.lisht not be: .ta~ible in r:.11 p.::.r~iculLrs, it ,1).5 ot

lcr.st c ste}.> in the rigllt direction,.

The proposr:l l/CS ncver octUE.lly put into etXoct L5 1 t

stood. ClthOUgil the re ce... Ct.. no doubt thct the. r~orgaui'ZLt.j,.on

whieh ,'o'CoS to toke. plLce on 15 Octot{.:r 1943 r;cs lue,c.ly,

inspired by ~ t . Just 'WllCt Geilcrc.l E::ker 15 r(;C:.ctio:l to tho Kn",rr

tAl-St; linus ~..(:s ;i. ~. his wi ne: t but he l'rotc.b~ co''lsidc:r...dthat

the t1~ to put ~ t into efftoct ~7C.S no~ ri ~.l:.. t . H~ hed for BOlle

. ti jX be.l!!n tr:,ii'lS to sell .. ,.si:1n~~on 0:"1 th..; idee.. of h!s hc.v:\.ng a

deput} to c.ct La his c.lter t:@',O c:.nd a lso C.9 (j ShOCK_(.bsOl"ter.

aywpLtho..tic to the- dc;;I-u1:y idee. ThLt Xi:r..lcns ;!lUst hc.ve been

famili

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Prcl1~n~y Dr~ft No. 1

of the weakG:' '~.' scction chi~fs . .;.t the .5t1U! tioo 1".0 strongl y urg..:.d the. t th~ s ... rvice CO~.l1t! be shc.lln '4P in order to tssure

Q bis,h(;r opcrLtionol rete thr oue,h 14tiding c. m r e: effective

I:lOintoncnoe pr~&t'a-~. ODe hie,her op~rLt1onal J"de, t'.t any

cost , he felt . General. .>rncld'i:oul d insist.

In tho,) ~lUlS for the; build-up of U .D .. .uz-,;y l.tr Fox-cus in

'ilould 00 a suecnd . 0% tc:.cti ctJ. I ;-J.r Foree \;E:sido t~'e ll1ehth .

Lnd 1 t finally t .... eccc ... vldc:lt thc.t tufa r;ould 00 th_ rJinth

1:.1r Forco , '"hc..n its unvEol bccc.m IDPi:lcn t 1a ec.rq ~ptof.lbcr

1945 , the full ~~ninB of th~ Knorr propos&l ~cs cppc~n~ in

i ts true l'I'(;I5Pf. c tivC . If the:. i-ie.hth Gnd the Hinth ~r iorcus

Tlero to exist siele by Sid" . end if t!k: Ni~lth 'l"iOro e:Uoned

to hGndlt.: its s...,rvice functions iil tAo SL;-i; c1uplicLtivo Uld confusi r.e, v;t;.y the :i:.'ie!;th hf-c dono , th.. uhcl G l.ir FOICO l ot:i-st1cc.l operotionl..l oblis.Ltioas ...ou1d be e ndllllaored t1i th cowp.},.oto

frustration .

To obvi ctc any i o.:is of ccntrLl1'Lt:a ccmtrol or of

CClntrC;.l1z... d resi-rc:~ii 't..i~ity , Genc.r4 :cc.l

, .4

~' ~:. .....- . .w.--.

5opt~:.,ber, d th th~ cO'x.cnd of all IJ&S . ~.r-~ .{9.r Fer cos in the

U.K i n c.c!C:1 tion to his dutil..s I1S COrM";;ndi!lf, Gc:lvrc.l, El~:ith

Lir Forco. It 18 Ql. liltorastins ti\Ough h"-l'dly very ioportcnt

feet thLt 51:1.cQ l.11.a-JI.11y Ge:'lcrc.l 1:.C:o;.1 hL:.d in t.ffl..ct boen

cO:!l,..:.(.r.dinb t>.tO durC.l'ont sots of for cos , th: YIII EOl:i.c d , i:1 r.ddi t i Cll to ~ t~ tOTW(;r

tu;J.ct1 ons . 1'1..." C'.1th.3 '-3 r~c.dq4W"t... rs U .G . ~..roy J";r i'orcoJs in tho

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U.K. ;. broad. reorgOllizction Qlso took pl Lce wi thin HQ.Eig,bth

,;..ir Foree . OE.ven of the speciel stofr sections weTS trc.asforrod

l'.-i ttl t hei r personlle l to the VIII 4'.11' Fore

..

Frclir:.ine:ry Drcft No. ).

cootrol ovor botll of those ...ir Foroes I c...,G , st:cond I to the

ooncontr~tion in the ht:.nds of c. aiD{,.le indivldu~,~ tho thoe:ter

ir service res~onsltiliti~a . Tbe position ( f Generc.l Knerr

OS -4, Hc:...dqucrte:ra u.~.~ .t"q.r Forces i:1 U. :tt:. I ...,is

iIXlGosurc..bly atro~ttoned by hi s beiDS, cs w~ll. thq Co!DUlcnng

Gai.l.erc.~ of the VIII ..iir Foree s-arvic(! Cocr...emd, . on old&r Wld

inevl tc.biy Co stro!lser c~.lcnd then thll:l lX .'J.r Forco :Jurvice

Tpus , it is not such 0 greet step rr~~ such ~ reinforced

":"-4. ' .'ho ;is elso L s.1.rvico C:o:::..:.t.!tG.e :( . in the U,.:::; ~t:.:y :.ir Forces

in U.K. , period , to c. df.:.l-uty tX>r.w:.cnd~n~ ~nc;orcl tor i.duinistrLtion

nho is in loco ":"'-4 CI!d "lso the wr a,cIvico

on 22 !iovot:.bcr 1543 . l ...ss t han L QOnth eftor t ilO

Il.1UlOUllC':" ,".l6nt of Gcn...rd ....nar l..3 COfl..cno 1uti. G..u.::rcJ. , \'I II .ir

ForcQ !Jt. r vic", CC::il.,l:...'1C; , i n ~ddi ti ol1 to h:'s duti.,;s =s 1.-4 . Hq .

U. ::i -r;JY ~.ir Fo~a.:..s i n U. K. , ;Jr.jor G...:ouxu Id.:t.l ii. ~d\":r.rds .';C.5

C:.nnounce.:d .:.5 I.eputy Co~6Cl' , U .s~ 4 .rq:; .J.r Forc......s i n U. i(

'j. llis u'ppcintl.lCIIt, ho,-;evqr I rop~ose ..ltod loss llr06I"~6S to\lcrds

the.: recl1zt.tion of tho dOl=-utY ,co.leept LS proposod ill tt...... Knerr .

l.lci.X>rcnduu of 27 July tht:lll 'Qhet hed olr

". " . ... .. ' Frellr.;iocry Drnft No.1

incu:pt!0:'1 of U. S .. Strc.tdt,ic ;'.j.r 70rc,- 8 in Euro~ , ~l::-tC~t :10no

nos ~dc tOl.'uds t:l5t~blishi~1S. ::.. doputy O:o::ucador for O'Polntion.s.

I t i.5 intcr"" stillB to note tact frop. ~5 Octooor 1943 ,

tiltb the ostcbli.:sbQ:;n t of U. O .r q ."J. r F01C';S i:"l U, K. I ~nt11

1.5 r:e~o:"lbor 1943 , 4"hc,;n tht: Ninth .ir i'9" CC P, 53Cd to tho

opcrctionc.l control 01' .a.J Sir Tr d'tprd lcl~ ...JIlr.llory I the

Ca..J:llll1dcr -in~hi~r. t : &l.lkd bp:.di tio41c.ry ..;1r Forcoe, Genera l

Ecke-r hed botb odl:D.ni.stTC.t1vl.l cnd opezc.tionr.1 ~ontrol of two

..\Q..riCGn ~"J.r Forces , the $i8t.t. &nd Ninth , Q st tu.. tiou \. h:dl

. r.s I).oVer oe,c.in to .... Jd.st in tho" :e.uropocn ':i,'hc:;c.ter OJ.' ~rations. ,

Tho bi rth Ct:lrtiftccto ot the.. nOl thv:c~.t .."J' r icD.'l ~.f Force

orle,1nc.t.;(i I:. t Uill CcaeblUlCl. Confcrcpcc of 14 - 23 Jcnuc.ry 1943.

Th~ n~r UlCi. VE::iioty at cir e1e:.xmts ransed r.1006 thu northern

cpc.st of i.trice pre5o:.lwd no ~i ttle prob~eu to the ~:l. whoso teak

~t wcs to rcorsr.ni2C tPcu ioto efficient, workc.b1e f1gh~in~ forces .

The; Tr:eltth .J. r Forcx. r w~ch l~ E.d !,onc i nto '-QUon ....ith tho 4.J.l~ ....G

lcnd1n~ on 8 Novc.:...oot 1942 . wc..s t ilcu still the only U. :J , ~'J. J""

Forco .PJ'Cscnt.

I n oTSc.uizi!ltS the tlortlr;J(Jst ~:.triccl) i;r l!"o;rce , it "ilC.S Cot '

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the over~ 11 tl8b:t. ~1 Go::DLllder c,nd an ~IiCil!l ,air otficer C4

tb? over~l ~cc.~y b)'Obcr c?m..!lder. '1'0 tWa Lt,CencrQ1 C~l

SI)i:.ctz . the ..:.a::ri,COll ch ~d"illor to th~ Th"fJ~r Cot:l:lU)dtlr .. Gen-ercl

Eisc.nbolX3r o.o1,lld not "&&r'Oe . 11> \ms Gcnerr.). Spc.c.tzJe view thc.t

the ;lCOri, cc.p, long...l'tlI1gc I or strctcgic . bo:lbGra s~ou.ld ~

, .

_J'OlECnde~ b~ en ~e.J"1cMt ~d 1:;0 su&>cstl.;d. "J;b.t.t . 6 ,"ogled J?n;ckdo;m

ot lbe I:lir ~lElOOJlts ' lIould' be to diVide theu 1ij.to the ccx:ryOZlI;;qt

pr1M11'4 " ... ultiC.t~J.y o~ood UI>On Qll~ be. """, tbe ~CBi8 or

orson1 Ztlt\9P of t tle No'rtbw6i ~.Lr c~ ....ir lorce.

In Cionbrc..l. Order" Np, l . Hq. ~ Uprthwc"t JncCll idr 'Ioft;.e t

~8 F.br w,ry i9h3. it WeB ,toted thot tbe , No,th... . ist Atri.""

~=telli.l'ir. lore. would be .~..d of Bq . ~ liq,;jq.. )(II. . .

. ~ltt~ J4r 1 0rOo ""a of jla8torn. ,J.r Coa,:qld Co;) !j. :~l'. arfl'!lli :ooUan) I C:.D!1 "\:bet 1~ . co;:cc.,n~~r ~."Q~' be U[.)o~ Gp~.r4 J'C.t:04 li,I:0911 ttlo~

';fhe ~c1ple ~f ooob~:pSI\8 U.S .t~ "4r 19;r~B ~ .Rt~"i' . un1 t$ ~08 t91i o ..~cd tliroue.~ut tho .. c..rio~s co:::Wncn~$ tJt the North~at;

J.t'rl~t..:l iJr 'orco~ . .

t.t ~bi.s peTtod 1;bc:re _e:d.stcd C oonM.}1CJ!l "b1c h~ "fi'~S ncVO;l'

1

i

Preli:.nnLl'Y Dn:.ft no. i

i n ....Gi:: ~lr ~'.r .hur 'Iod6.;:r , c... "",;orc.ll 4o.1li.:d i.ir GO::J"lCnoor for

tho vntilC 1!i..diterrC1CE.:""l erec., a:.C; to hi;:;. , ""r!:r .. l Dpre:.:z , cs

North!'.b5t 4..-ricL.'l 40ir Foree CO:':""""lClldcr ,tICS resj.onsl ble . Thus , >ie

hc.vc 1:....'1 cX

Pr.:.lioinr ry L-rLft i~ o . l

iDplwent tbe Cod:lincG BO:..:.lNl Cffc:.lSi vo by striki ng t h(; CDeOY

tror:. oP;"os~ t o poi:i.ts of t h,.. coclJ!ss. Tho (;o:.lbi::lOd Chio...fs of

:.ite:.ff directive stc.tcd lih.:..t t hu u.lti~t,- str~;~t!l of t !us ~.1r

'Foreo Yiould 06 t ,;.;mty_ono \21) hc:::.vy groa:ps . of \,'b1ch six (6 )

\","Ol'e to 1>\3 rosorvc.u f or usa i:1 CL.SEo W C:.l/..!"g;.;;i.cy should Lriac

in the: .}..:.0"1

~ frellniuc.ry D['(..ft 110. ~

the c!OSi:ls t cl ordinr.t10n of t i:dr ol'6 Ic.tions r:7., .

http:ednistrc.t1http:opoH.tio~1.clhttp:0f'~t.tzhttp:trc.tc.ochttp:1...~l(..rchttp:trL"tcL.ichttp:frellniuc.ry

Zruli::.i,nc..ry Drcft lk . 1

Forces h. :i!.urop;.. \H....S Li.l

c.t Esslll:y ~C/.rk u.::.ti l 16 Jt,I'!:.1,ry , ;Jhc.::-I it r;oulG !..:eve to Sigh

-;'YCC...lOO . ..1;;0 on 6 Jen ULI)' , four t:.Gdi tionc.1 stc.ff c.ss i ,n!.xmts

":"1'

rr"llwin.... zy Loreft No.1

c.eeount c f ,m.::t \.(,3 L~ th... C.i 1 t, Q.) of pl"'tJp.:.n n;:;biu foz' t ho

das.,.i t(; his iX'.3. tioo

i"rc. li::11 n.r ry LrLf t No. 1

1 944. Tilis :,)t:y bev(. bec~i. : Cc.s .... of ov(.;r .. (.uxious cHticipLtiO ~') on

Spc.c k \:les 1 :1 .. c.ah1ugto~1 ~ 1 8cussi~t, r;i th Gi.ll1(. Tt..l Rr.olG t h .. p l L..'ls

th:..t t he stTLktJc c!"::a:.t..:.lt:t;r :.:.uct I:'LVI.; tr... r1 f.,h t t o trLiisfor

l lrcrc.ft end ~u:rso~m.... 1 fr.:. r:. on... tt:(;c,tcr to '.l1o th ... r L 1 orde r to

bo c.b1

I'I0 li:.:.1 nU"l-' Drc.f t lJo. 1

v (o ry ::.uch. con corned Lbout t :-J,c Nintt L~ tl:~s~ oc.r1 ), dcliberc.tions

Lbou t th:.. or8~i'Z=-tio:'; of U.3. '::';tn tc ,fi c .i r FOIC(";S hi. ~UIO~ .

'I'hia is bor:lu O\4t 'by ~:.c feet thc t, 1cUlr ~;;,'l t l"1l 31 ,D:::ecdle r

since. i t hLC:: nothine:, to Cio \;i t b th~ subj...ct then unde,r di s cussion ,

t o t ho "rivct t hc. t tl'.~ str.:.tt.e,ic ca.:.-..LllC:cr should l ....:.k.;, SU1\:,; thc. t

it ,;c..s u:l~e rstood by c.11 concel"OlG'd t !l

In t hi s cb ...nt,tJ iLl. til.: stc.t1,lS of F1~tc. r CO:':".Lnd V.'Q heve

r:nother i ns t.t.noe . of th~ : ntluone:o or tho ~~.c. ri Bnee of the N.orth_

t/cst J.tr~Q u.n ...ir i'orc.(: on t ho.. U.S. StJ"c togt e ..4.r ;Forces, In

thc.t c..1:r force, General SR~o tt. hLti int..;;6l'Lt 4-;'l.d o f t hL.t dr tor 90 , 'I7hi l El t ho :J. ~go e.enc. r~ 1

Gepots ":OUl d be put of t he ovu r L..l'+ J.j.:J" Saz:v1cc; Co;X:.jld, ~ 1 t

'. orkod out I ho,.ev~r .. t ho P L.:IIU i.j.r L

Prelimncry Dr:1't No.1

plonn1.ng \1i til thLt possibili tj i ;. oi.l~ sboJ.IC ec;::u;nce ~ t once.

~) Cx....;.:inLtion of the notes of this 31 Dcee__pcr conteronce

indi cctcs thLt theTa ,-;LS s o::) iC:Clc. ot erecting, c. TrLining Co~d. No. such orgc...uu.tion "PLoS . hoooycr. forthco.:ing. The contere~c

rec.c;:hed no defin1 te C;e~isl 00 , bu ttho re.s.aXl&lS:Jbili ty for

t rainin6 r.us plLc~d directly under the control of ijq. U.n.

Strc.tegic JJ.r Forces in buroptt.

GonElrLl upC.LtZ. closud .the conferenco by .stC:tint; thL.t

,.

o OG8SCti:l' wou.ld te p'~pLn.. d out l1 n lne. t he proposed OrB.::.lli'U.t10nc.l

set- up c.nel Tlould b;" .stIut to Cc~era.l ill'DOld on 2 JL.ll~ .. 1944.

This is en excellent inCiie.;. tiOD. of t .l:.f, extent ~o whi eh the U" S..

Strc.tcsic i.1r Foree ore;c.niz(;tion ':Jt. 8 eruoted wHbout do penclence

on or cons~ tition \7i t b Hq....ruy .,:.ir Forces, Thct in4e;wndenco

cccounts .. in l ....Tg l.x. L.S~le. for t hi.: un1

=-' .... -.

;relitinc.r~ Pro: f~ Ho. l

Ouu 9 t: ..::su irn.s,ului ti(;s ri~ 5 no to t; C::l 10 Jc!":u c:.r y .

t.t r- conf(;x:c~cll of tho;; t~nLl'Ll, ,::hiob th(; div.tsion by depu.t1cs afforC:uc. , to r- l~ .rg(.

oxtcnt e l1 .~n..ted t ho... chi.::!' of stc.ff t.s t he f ocus of stdf

coordin ....tioil . In tho:: U~.s .!:.itr... t ''':t,ic 4ir Force s i n J:.uropo ,

t!,,.; chi e f of 3t(..ff li ke t h .... Ik:put:,. c01.:...c.ndc.:-r I Gq ncrol .hduuas If

. . in thlJ U.L .r-...Q..-ir lo'o:rees in U,K. ort,cuizc. tioD , 'Wc.a Cl k+nd

prcee.ntinb t he "yle;~J:-oint of tho cOLl:-.r.J1din.; {;,ODt:lrc,). "flbc n shr.:rp

6ifferenC l;S of opinion {Xos.:. , .Del c.n i ncc r ..L..dic.ry bet;;e(ln the

st!..ffs tuncti o .llog unC: ... T thloi t \:o L.6plt1 es .

The U~.:... . Ot r t;. t c ll ::'5 c c..rryi ng on its

om r c s :;.onsi "t-ili ti

fr~li~;1n~ry Lrcft I~o . l

Golv6,.tcd by t hL.t co...z::c."!ciinb t;cneIL.l to t h,-, ca...: c.nC:o rs of loY/oI

I;;cht:.lons \:ere t o rutin v... s4d i::. t hose co:.,,:,..w:..dors.

l.ir ]'0:C(:6 , t. l.:S to POSSt-5S , 'Ht-s C .:.....tt6r of .t-G rsistcnt CO:JCf;r:.1

:-~ t tur _ r .:. t~(.I :Cc.oc:::d cclly , it ,:;0010:: (.ii~ ",Cl" . slnc~ t t tht.:

"ti:.)J h(.; 1Lo l;cd :...ny C:1.rcctive r ul:..:. r d. i :1e i t _ ct t ho ; .1 Dc.:Cf".l r...bo.. r

cO!lf(,;J"t.;n~o .h

JrCl l1::liacry Lrc.ft lio . l

ill 11is CO:.::lt....lcJ . tl;.~ .:.d!:u:ti.str".ti .....;: cO:ltrol of c.ll t tl,) ~..:..(;ri ct.n

.:ir u...1t s ot t .. .::.t cc;. ~ ~ 'u::, 011 2(; JLnu.~rY I ConcTel 3pr.ctz t..ssu:::Gd

t la.t rcS~OilSibili ty I t l.us .re;lC:13rine obsoldu tho Hq. U. S. ~r:..y

j.i r :Forcos 1 :.1 l..i.:1C. I .....;:uch ~:LS c. bolishow t t.c sc.: ~:.o do.;, c..,d by the

sc..r:.v o~cr~

The di vision by de ..atias ric.3 not >71 t !1out its c.:l!lCyc..'CQ3 ,

....Ill t bc. ovcrt-;crid L.L of cu rtLL. tc#r.:d.nolo~ "("/bich it involved

;.:1~ FOlce s in ~uro.w . publis.i1C.d c. s~ ...r.ll Oossc.ry,

..

.lAo1il istri .. tion - ,.he:!. ~quclifiod . Cd ~ .::i;lis tr.::. Uon i nc l ud(.s c.11 pll( s .. s of :.:.i 11-tU'j' opt.~ to t ions ::1ot 1n....olY(,d i n the te:r....s IIh.ctics:! Q.:.O II 5 t :-.:.. t ... Q'.. I It co:-.:.prisl..s sup~ly I eVLCw.. ti 0.1 f sl.~\l tc tion . cons tructiO:1 , ::JC.:'n tcm.;lc(. I I'Cpl _c~!.O.. .J.tB I tr.:.nS.i-.o lt , t or.. I trl.fric c ontr e l. s c lv C:.BO , e,rL.VCS l~t.istr(. t ior. , bl.lri( 1 s . co~....;put(.t1ons }X:rtd:rl. "l{S t o :-';'OV~!.:Llit3 . p..;rso.l ,~u l ;...;:.:.., to:X:l t. "ut.r terin;l . r..u li ta.ry BOV(.: Z'.ll..i.O-.!- t I '-.:.LZ'tii... l l:~;'; . e .... :16QZ'sh1 1-' , Wld 0 t~..;r :;..111.;c. su."t .. ects

Ope_(.;.ti01l5 _ ."hc.n u..'Q..lC.lifi c.d , op.... rc. t1 O;lB i :1C l uc:. ... 5 ...11 i-hLS(;s of dlitcxJ opurc..tions i~lvol \'(.:c! i :i t Il" ter.:.:.s I t e-cties ' I MstrLtc f::T' 1 C!lC trc.ii.li:lea

~t me.h t hLva bo.::eu i nteres tini,. c.:.G. i us!: r _ct1va to ~(,vu publisbed

.) 1 ~.

http:u..'Q..lChttp:Oossc.ry

b:vcn Lt~Elr 2C Jcnuay the grce:::. lisht ''''''13 ~;ot fully on

tor Hf, . U. S . Ztr.:.to~1 c .ir Fcrcc.:s 1n Euro;o . ;.. hec.clqu.:.rters

lotti-r of 3 Fcbrouy 1.~44 ~xl'l:::jn_ ' t o tt.~ co,:,"'r:l~(;rs.of t he

~1(!hth i.iT Fore.:.:, the. VlII ;oir force.: ~e..rvict.:: Cc:':"':I"!Q ~!lC: t ho

Bth f.itrc.tce1c ioir wpot ;.n:'L , t hc.t UJ.'lti l t he fi nc..l roori:..:.n1Zc.tiO:l

of the U.U , DtrL.to.;1c ..-.ir 101 ccs i n :i:;.uroliC ",L6 eo:'.pl.... t.a C.;."1d

.. tho VIII .-i r Force Dt:lrvicc Cc;::. 4.na c..s tr.o1J . '.1.1 O

Pruli: 'J.n: ry Drc.f t tlo . l

th(J Co...:..:....ni.c...l dudi ty , c.....').(; 1ll t ue ido'ltiC .... l CO~ll1.~ti on, .e.s

VIII :J.r J!""'orcc ,J,:..rvice COl.:......~nd . shoule. ro .. vc teen p.....r..tl. ttcd~

Ye t the situC:.t1o.~ tJLS :lOt ':.i.t~out loQ.c . I n t:lIJ iuitid

for.....:.t.. tivQ l-crioC of U.. !"". 8trLtc..e,ic .. .:ir .iOl- C(:~ in .i:.uro~ . ".-..-hich

ooly survlco cO:..;.._L.. .. c:. '1"h__ P 'otl.... ...... th..,l~. :...::.c; su"t;S(J;UO:ltly \. "5

for tji .. :anth i.ir E01C"; L..Z \"'..'.;!ll LS .... s ... rvic

l-'r e ll ::-J.. ncry Drc.ft No . 1 I f thi s ... x... .:..c!h:nt 51:..1,:; lif1 (:

.:..ir Forc,Js in Europ:: . t h

Bodt-.;;r CCQ.::c.!1Ci. e a V:-II ;.it ::"U;"POlt CoU.l(';,~ , :.:",rfc1'min.; ell

the fWlctions thLt t hLt control ... ntc.il ... d . :.h..:-.n tho: iHnt h

.11' Force ;';cs e.stdlish... (;. in i.ni:.1c..nc , it simply took ovor

tho,; Wli ts of VIII . ..ir ~Uppol t CO:..!.tlll: t Mch ccntinu...:d to

opc :r:'c..tc c..s t....for(: . . .-3 .E.i &hth ;,ir ...'o:..ce. . "buCCClC. .....3 . u.s .

.. .roy ;.;1.:: 1

enG cXI-loitcd; conside. rc.tion h;:d to be giVe.~l to tho:: plmniQ8

of c.tt.:.cks to suppozt th.... Russic.n o:.:f(;nsi Vi; cnd: th0 f:.round

C:lil'pl:.if,n i n Itt.~y ~ ?h... s,:; "vr~ fectors y;hich ned not

:previousl)' beon considered py th~ cent.crs of thu Lircctoritc

of O'p... ~etions; th(. .,:.cori< of ~ht. L-iT'Qctorc.tc >.'us furthL;r

inCTC Ls ... d by th:,. (;x}:t..llsion of its othL.r functions , occt..sio!l,-,d

by th(.. grc.::.:;:cr Be{.l .... of op....r.:..tions to b..;; conduc~t)d by the t"!1O.. .;:.i r Forcus ~ ':1"110 1~r:a tctiPQs i~PQ;s\.;d by th...: PC50ntly t vcilc..blo:.; sourp.::.s

do nn pc:;.4 "\: of Co ~;rQ(. t,.;r I..xpcnsio::;. ClpoP. thw siSlJif1cc~c(;

of this DL...' 4:Oi tu..:. tio!) - - ' t"o h~_ vy borol 'or forcl;:s t OD(: in th...., U . Y ... f

tb:.. o"th.:.r i~ I~Lly t under thr.. 0l- __ rt..tion.:.l control of onl.. co..r ...:..nd"r

f~cr.l the poin-;: of vi~ t' of thl.. I..l.f(;ctor of Op;.;l" c.. ti~DS , :.n

c..de'luc. t;... dcvoi-op!lC.:n t of tni s ph.:.s(; of th.... or~c.ni z.:. tioq.c1 c..nd, functiond stucJ.j. 0(...'1 tcs"t; be l!u;.d;; throU(h en Ulc.lys~5 of tbe

iU.::s of the D1rcctorc.tc l"...'1d cO:}Bu1tLtiO'l '.,1, t h ~tl,.. inCl.ivi~uw~

upon ..... ;.Or:l the. n(;',7 f .nd Qro.c:.de:nod t.:..sits i.:..11 .

rn 11 JLnUq~ 1944 . Colonol Jc~.s h. .. q1ccl.. ,fon:...;rl:Y

...- 3 .i;:\.~th ~4r ':orc\':' .:.no U . ::'.~.r.ay .ir Fo.:rc\,.:s in U. l{. ! '''..5 '

i.:ppoiritcd Director of Op.:;r:ctions . 3.

http:U.::'.~.r.ayhttp:D1rcctorc.tchttp:L-iT'Qctorc.tc

the ~e.si tien n:'l:u:i""!.i..d vcccnt until 12 :r"'"brur...ry 1944, ,fll:.;n ho

'.'cs I'C q,:po in"tt.:d to thL ~e{)i tion .. 5 . oclly to be.: r.::li.....vcd ten

duJ's lc.tcr Colle: r~illc:..ccd ty Colon,""l .;.j.frod R. l~;;'xrlc..l1 .;.c. 6.

~t i5 intt,..rc::.t108 to not" tnc.t for c. title , eolon.,;1 r,1c'X\"m1l

WElS ..s~t . i..cputy CG f01 Opc;rc..tions ':'5 ;i'::: l.1 cs L/Gps; this

Qucl1ty of functions ~ h cvc beer. indicLtivl.; of c... pos;i.tion of priori ty hc;l.d by t h(... DircctcrL... 1..; of Op..... rL.tions over tbo other dircctor~tl.: 5 . Tho..: Covoi 1 .:.b1

In 1i~Y, 1$44 . Colond 10 . J .sutto::rlin bclcux: toputy

[ircctor of, O:p~r[.tions . ':lh

l''relimi u (.rj- Drr.ft No . 1

cf U~~ n..'Y .ir Fcrc.::s in U . I~ . c.n.o l.iihth ~.ir FOlC~ . it m ..y

b

-----

1 r

Prclit:1inc.n Drtlft IJo . l

~.. s ... r1oua ocd:!.ficc.tion in tt....... function~ of U.,." Dir6ctorc:.t~

of Op\ir

Frclir.Unaj IJrr.!'t Ho. l

ioposod by the res;..onsibil1 ti ..:.s for 3tr ..te~ c pll..n :'\in~.

rr~o to concentrct~ utirly u~o~ ~ost-~osti liti ~s ~tt~r.s .

"iti. this chc.nt.c i:..l 1\ll.iction. t ht. DirGcctorc.t e "';(.$

spli t in t o th... folla:,iub sub-s{: c tions: Current OJ.:...: r L tions ,

Technic:;.l Ik-quire...:lfmb I Opel ctionc:..l FIL!lllin8 , CO:U:luru.cc.tiOfj.S t

Rcco~ tioo Tn..inine Lllocc.tion r:ud }'riori tLs .t..'"\~ Ti=c.;i.ninb.1S

The. noxt chL!l{,e ccoo " i th tho;; n;orsc.:.-dzLtion of the

eot1T";: HoLdC:!.uc.rti rs. on 15 1:L)' 1945 I 7ihen 1 t reverted to the

orthodox If ' 5tc..fi' s)isto..;_ . with tt..c Lilector of Cp~Ic.tioIlB .

s1x tlub - s,-, ctioos I viz. I Op",rCti o llS I 'lli...1 n106 , Gycrc.tioDLl

t , C . tl . l b . I'lc.t.lS , Req.nxct::nts. CL ::

Pl'QlimI:ory Drc..f ,t No.1,

Clnd c: shifting of inei vidu...ls fTOO on.:: position to c:nothu r .

Thoro is c.:.'l obvious :,)(;(;d for l."C:souch 1:0 ~otcrn1nu ::h~ t hl.; r

th.:.su c ul tifc.r1ous e ~c.nf.C= s .:;(..I'iJ thu rcsul t of hone fido ~-

chWE;.6f1 of ttlllction or of en i n;.:.blli t y ~o , Iorl'\: out c. s c.t isfcctory

OrB~Zc.tion ~Dd c.s~ i Bn d~ti~s 1n such c. r.cy c.s t o insure tbe

rcoc1 nud csse!ltlullr t he sc.r:IO .

Tboueb none ot t he f~.c tion(~ 9h~ ts 50 lndl~~t~sJ it

c.pyu{lts: ira;. t he ..,.vi ~encc:; i q tht/ fi l es of th{; Lircc:torr..t~ of

OpeH:ti ons t h

Pro1ioiQ-czy Drt:.ft No . 1

of Director Op Gp.:.re.tions to ~"rror..l t;',(. cldri cc.l lior k

~ttcndcnt upon his othel c~~~city,

'I'hv lists of fu.l1ct~on.s \i:4ch '-..pac..r on til~ v;;.ricus

functi onc.1 chats LllQ i n th.... (r~U1i :, er.tio:.1. 1knuc:l of Ji;c.c1Ci.u(.!. tel S ,

U. G,.::..tr.:.tl,..G!c ~.ir FCICCS in Europ,-, . co not e;i YO c.n r.d.... '

',.he t !\.. por t.s '"",lI... n ...ci .... rC:G\.l.lu 1y'l' ',.h.:.. t ;:].8 t h,;,; "tcsi s for tt.c. ,. hO'U. \'.(.;rc tk dt.! t. ,"alN...~"tl\:.d~ ',,N t h..,y ::...: rcly col:tor..tions of l~tl,..riL..ls plupc.r.::d 1y lO"t";o r .:;.cht.lons or did tll.:;y

......

http:rC:G\.l.luhttp:coolOl.dshttp:I'Ol-ric.tchttp:I-':ci!.ltq.nahttp:L:\.roctorL.tohttp:Lir.;:ctorc.tuhttp:G,.::..tr.:.tl

lm.-olv~ ori,1n.:.l -;'~l"k''i '"b"t typ... ot s?-ci~l l.:l~rts 7Ic:re JrLd.:: 'i ,.het "rc so!.). of th(..!;f. s:p...ciCJ! rc.portB ~(

"i("'::G-ps i nfol'l.::... d on }.Irc.!,ress of .. >ir FOIC-v S tom:..l ds c..ccC'~.~plishr:..;rlt of its sp,- cific obj....ctlv... a. Q

'. h.c t r ,:S;.ltx C.:lei s,Y..>:ci.:.l r,:;p:::rts i.e re pIOpc..Xt:lU on til{; Coi...Lir.

:&Y 'ii r.o!.l t.nd ho'.: \ito r.., ~.olici .. ~ dct-.:~l.:inod'I' :.(;rc o:y....! .:.tiol1{' coor~im tt:.ci ~'l1th tt..; R ..F c.s r.... l1 [.s -:;1 th f>tX:ricL.!1 . J.r Forc... s"l If so , ho...: ":;(,5 t!l1s L.CC~:l... lishcd'i "i.ll...t difficu1til.ls t.'(;n. I..flCc.unt.... rt::G'j

~f'I(,;fU .. s c..ld fol'l":crc::; t c.ct1cl.l l -tho.! U;n.:ctorc.t... of Opt: lc.tioil~ in tho \,orkine, of

HLc.cl'tu'-:rtflls , iJ~o . str,. tc.aic ..ir Forc~s in I:;uropu f end the

~ ts c,o..'1 trol.

http:E.ircI(.fthttp:difficu1til.ls

~.lim1nary Draft 110. 1

DlRECTORi.1}; OF

PCBT- HCS'llUTIES F~IHG.

PCST..F.C6TIllTIES PUNNING :.s A SUBJECT. , , I

.As ta aubjoct Post- HostlU tics I "lWlIling is ona of considorabl e II '. i .mporta.'l.cc , requiting little justification tor on exhaustive and

Intoneive study. Needless to say , this ~cpor 1s not intendod to be

o 'Work of that e l aborate nature , but 1 t 1s hopoll that 1 twill i n

!reliminary 'Jraft no . 1

The large r &spec ts of l-.,)S t _hos till tics j:.lanning requi rcd r trom

thl.> very bcginninS r EI close reletionship bo;t,;cen J3ri ti.sL end American

plElIUb3rs~ Tb.~ conseque:ncGs of unile.tcr.-l and .mcoordinat e d actio!l

on matters that toucbed on national interests and policies 710ule al-

most cGrta1nly l CEid to misunderatondi!l6, S(.rioua and unreconc11ed

points of diffe:rcnce boboen Bri tain and i.mcrica on conti-ove rs1el

issues _ post..17aI' Euro}.'oQan air b~scs ond eir transportation routQs,

tor Inatnnce _ might ,:;tO ll have prolonged t he '"tar and jcope.rdizcd t he

$inco such cooperation ties s o obviously dosirable , could 1 t be

effGcted'i Furth... r, 17hGt uechinory - .such &15 inter related committees

and liei~on arrangements _ could be devisvd?

Fortunately tho British and j~ric~s who ~re BO 5ucces15fully

CEoIT)i"ng on tee t.ir r:ori'are c;.gaios t Gcrm.cny bad scve:.rel years of

cooperc.tive c~ricnco b.;;hind t hem. From tho time the Uni ted States

iled c.n t e red the "ax tb(J WO I\l.li es had porked and pl~cd together

to bring about thQ defloe t of Gc!t8.ny. !.nd Qny s oriOUI5 i rri tE.t1ons

or controversial ques'i;ions tbLt had CO[iJC' to the fore had been d1s

cW!5sed over the conference t6bl(; . -;.1 th s'.lch Co r e cord behind tht.lll t he

auspice s se6~d f nvorab l c tor a hae.ltby continuU1Cf: of s uch cooper

ation. It 1s t;rue that S~ pOl5t_t"lcr quos t1 ons ,.ore 50 contrOVe r _

sial .thc.t th~y hc.d t o to c..voided r;hile tho \ler '.".'cs still in probI'ess.

'!boso r:erc sht::l"led u;;:-,porerlly I "becE.USO l C:lngthy discussions of t he&!.

?Oul d he..vc been at the e-x;cnse of' uC~Jcl operations against tlw

one!IlY. The.: significant point to not e hero is thc.t th.cy ~ kap t

:" " -. L

http:Gc!t8.ny

Prel imioary Draft No . 1

in tbe background and not parmi ttod to interl'tiTO ..1th more press_

ing problems .

J. comple te and general investisation of J.nslo-;...merican post_

hostilities pl anning should proporly beSin T.dth an exacdnation ot

tbe policies emanating fram "the Combined Cbiefs or staff and the

Jo1nt Chiefs or~taff. But sinco the resent Purpose is to exannne

planning princ ipc.lly at the 'lbeotre l ovel it fiould seem Ir?st l ogi _

cal to begin "Ui th the 'ftork done in this connection at ttH'iJ' 7 for

the sll&.estians end tentative P.l.ans tbot CCIIB f r an that Hea.dquarters

uaually bro~t defin!~ reaetion.e trom USS'l!!-F t "hich bc,;~ res_

ponsible for e l l ~..iJ? post_hostili ties plans in the Eur:}pcan Tbeat~

of Operctions. 'lbe intcrre l ationship4 bc'tPeQ.D BH/.EF , K~: "i' and USS~

on post_liar ai r matte:-s sbed somo signifi cant light on j; :oglo-J~ri ..

ca,n dlrrcrencos of opinion as to the level on ..hich their planning

should be coordinated t and El8 to the doa1ra~ili ty or coordination

be l ol=: XJ..V level.

1D.ck of l!lB.terilll roll not parmi t of 0. compl etely unified narra

tive I so it is the h ' Wntion here only to pre~"nt a number of in_

stances Ulustr&tiva of planning differences end the steps taken to

reconcile them. Jon acu-ly instance appears in bomb survey dis

cussions.

01 26 Il!Ely 1944 . a joint meuting ot British lllld itmericans 'Q"83

"

tr~licinary Jr3ft No.1

hE:~d et the ~ir IDnistry to consi der plens for 0 ground swvuy of

boobing in Europ;:.:. No dE:finite ergE.:olzatiCroc. l plans e;n::rged from

this gctr.cring . but it is i mpor t a nt to note thc.t tho Bri tish repr c _

scntctiVQS f..vored a closely coop..::r&tlve effort in surveying bO!'!lb

da.mage~ They thoueht the mission shoul d be a combined survey under . 1

Q ciroctive froZl! the COr..lbined Chiefs of ~teff.

This idoo \",'f:S directly opposod by IJajor Goncro J. J.odc rson. and

Gent;lrc.l Spae.tz , ",ho felt the.t sucb an investigation "should be CoD

duo ted by tho Bri Ush and kme"ncuos seperc.tely, .i.ndc rson did Dot

V:lillt ari ncgracd "report 00 egrtle:d date.' but a full DX!-d factual report

upon l"/h1oh it \":Quld be po3si b10 to b~.sQ fatum kmericun pol ioies,

. . ti 2He Vies aure tbc.:t the p;robl em wo.s not one: fo~ cotnl'i ncd tiC OA.

7ho ra l~tion6h~p betwocn SHJ~ air plcnning age ncics e~d us&T~

i s brought to the fora ,",ben e DHi.&f

rrelir.lill3.ry Draft i:o . 1

pl ans be suspended until th~y Cfrn be reconsidered by ~ POSt. ho5ti _

Ii tio,s plattning agency Oll \:,hicb USZ'T~ is roprosented directly io

proportion to thb forc!o::s in\,olvodfo ;3

Clle of course ,;o::uiers \1hy a hecdql,lerwrs e;.s importent as US5ThP'

m:.s Dot consul ted r:hen pll;Ils for fqturo cir o~retioos \7ere discuss

ed.. The ansuor :l.s Dot ct presout ava11?-ble t bU1: cccoroing to Col

oD,e l Ch~le6 Cc \Jil li emson~ esc , 1>tilitc.ryJ.ir Jo.dviser, savel'O;L

offorts hed boeD made in the past to obtcio a. voice for UBi":'? at

;LEivels oolo'U the Suprcme COlilUlOp.dor~ In e w:oorandl.+m of 17 h.ugust

1944 to :!Ilo.jor General F .. L.. .ianacrson he rcco~nds th&t all nir po,licy

plr.nning 'should be ;ntegrokd at llHi>W JBvol bet'i/Oen Eri tlsh nnd

.4mer1c~n air rcprosontc.tivcs rather th\lll betr:cen various ~~s of

of combinod EIlJ sepcreto OClll!':lE;D.ds 01"' undor any suph cCl!jIID.od except

~FJ;E:;;.,4

en this question of combined planniob t,;;; J.~; the ~H..:-EF l evel

ColODel ii111iomaon offQrs soJ:!&j observations tbat are worthy of

quotatiO:I:l et SO!!le lepgtb,,

liThe :particular p}iot under consider:tica is the atscnctilitc.ryJ.irhttp:rrelir.lill3.ry

T'I'elirr.':'r!8.ry ::Jraft Ho . 1

Bri tis~ OOvr;rnwnt on locally dotennincd rtl.lic:d policies and plQD.s~

.hdmi ttin~ first tht;.t tbere ON differences bet\ieti.n Bri tish and

l.m",ricen points of vie'.: .... -diff(;I'(;nces ,/hlch rightly bev,;; t>cen sub

ordinetcd to the comr.:.on mili wry eim - tht; approach of the cnd of

hostill ties necessi tatos e rcva}uoti on of the effect upon t he. future

stetu~ of the t~o countrie~~ Tbus it sCCQa appropriate to poi~t

0l..\-t thnt 1~dlate avDilcbUi ~y of the Brl tif'h m1ll1strles, plus thc::ir

full ed+nn1s~rative control of ~ritish compo~cnt6, enables the B~t-

ish govel"JlIllCnt alm.ost to participate directly even 1~ tho oo.rly

sta~es of 0. plannios operation.. That ..ould be DO dofect .. might

even be adesircbl fE.:aturc ~ if tile V.S. govcl"!l.Qent coul9: w .rtici pate equclly ,;C:lllj but t~e probl~m of distance precludes o.iroct

contact, \;bilc th~ ~clricon c~nd system tends to ruduce the

(lffeo~ivcne$s of r ritt.:m cClJII;lunicotions , fI.

It SQems to CO!.Jnc! ':;il~icmsoll thc.t suff:icicnt coordination

of strictly ~ricen policies is .retcrded by tho fact th&t Gonerol

Ei sonhO".Jc r I os Supremo Comr. r",.daX" , Q cannot o).lov:' any oc tioD io his

oome that might i-mp:!y a bir..sed ott:!, tudo~n Hv feels that some of the

p.l:ennin& difncultics

I'reliminnry !)r:l!'~ No . 1

'Thus, it n oule SClem to be in the ectuul int

----

rrel1:ninery :Jroft 1';0 . 1

6 aprovcl

It Po..s 0l..50 decided at tho Fcrk House r.:oeting thet oper ational

ond &d.ministrc.tive centrol c.of ell Unit"d Stutes .bImY ":..ir Forcos in

Europe sbould be s ivQn to OIlQ United States ;:.ir Foree HeCldquartcrs

upon tho cessetioD of hoetill ties. COPbined G~d of Ert tisb {oDd

United 3tctcs air unit.s op.d E:.ctivities ct ony leva l "bel(""\; DCk.EF

shol41d~ thi,,;TQfore, be ter:::dnotud \".ho n the \;qr ond$. ....1). Bri tish

liO!;l . Unitod stoto~ J.ir Foree opere.tioDS end activities in Europe

should bo directed thcrac1'"toT by 8oP'lrote Un! ted StIltes nnd Bri tish

811' c~dorst \7ith parellel stnrfs, operotlng in close coordina

tion undGr uniform directivQs froD ZGAEF~,7

planning is brought ou t in the relationship b( ~ ..;eQn ~S.3T..:.F and the

h.EJJ. Beo~uso SWom' ~:.o. not hov(: an !I.i r stEf.t in \1~. ~h air ex_

~:ionce '9~ ~ll.y intcgrD.te d tho ~ ~.-as U!! - J in that capaeity.

I"':"~ ~lUlxJr8l"'.ip .inolud(Jd both Brltl.sb cnO j.rocrican~t but it ,IBS pN

pu:.dQrEmtly Ed t1 sh~.

plc..nnins ro)J;re8E:~to.t:' /es to nork IOloncsido ll of the j~'$ steff at

SHk.EF on operation T.....1.IOL-lbN eod post_hosti li tics rIlf).ttc rs . He W!.S

furtba;r I'OQucstud to nc tify the ~..c of :;. G-3 a"'; ~;H ;,-::i' "rIhe:n Us

-------.~.._. -~----- .. 6.,. hlinutus of mcc. tiI e.' Lieutenant G:oercl C&.~:l 3pactz

idr Chie f l,:ar~hci -.iir 'ITcf ford l..eigh_I:.c.1101j' end ~thars . l'nrk: HC)U8(;; ~ 21 k USllst 1941f.,.

7. Hid.

http:Brltl.sbhttp:lUlxJr8l"'.ip

Preliminary Draft No; 1

111ann~rs \7C"1ul d arrive . 8 '!'('"' "this Genc:ral .:.ndeTSon rcpl1~d that

'":/;Irking .an the (oir prJVisi"'r.s ""If 'i'hUS.\.t.~ . This COli.li.:1tt.3G rt.:s pre _

~red to eoo:percto " i th the J;r;F planne rs . but it ':"ins b~li~ved the:.t

tbo best ~sults of such cooporc::.ti.Jn could b.,;.. ronli zod ~nlr if

lJSST~...F duc.).t dl1\.;ctly ',"11th m~.Ef Ins~oed or $J!. 9

I t r.'(;

Prelimi Df:.ry !)raft Ho . 1

post-.~08til1 titrs s1 tuc. ticn Ilnd actions.' J...1S1o - i.muncan dirf6 r

(;llC5S O~ post ..hoatili tics st.ould be intGerCited at .s!~ level. It

would be incoll[sl'ous to IIhc.vt,; direct repnson tution of (.n l~lliod

10 cotlOUld r:hic)::!. contc.ins to portion of the .:.zooricon d.r forces .. '

Conorc.l Spc:.c.tz seeood to 1:e in oo::oplc to tlf;reo:n.3n t . ior on

6 tiept"mber 1 944 hE; brings und~r revi", ,,, , in f:.:. lettor to l.c:1 ...h .. .

J\:a~lory . e stc.tc:n.cnt ;:lc.da by the lette r in c. letter of 3 Sapter~-

ber to SC~.EF on pcst-hcati liti~s p,lonni%.o Gu;1erul Sp.o..:tz thoue,."t

that L.oig~__!,!fl.llory hE-d USt1d phn.s(io1oeY tl':.c.t II tl.IlY l ued to 80::00 mis-

undcrstL!l.d1n6 , us it tWy to inwl";.l'tI'Wd thet . c havlJ Elgreed for

You rot:.l1~ , I c.m. .sure, thct it ......ould b6 inco::lgI'Uoua for the ploo_

ners of the s.:.:nior U.G ....ir I~c.dG.UllrtE:i rS to be planning po.rnllel to 11

cor.mlood tcctict.l hoc.dQ.ucrtcrs ';;hich contuinlld U.S. C:.i:r p l unDers . "

h.ccordin.g to Genered C/l'de r l"O ~ 6 fron !k.caqunrtC:rs LTcvs.:.. ,

doted 18 JC:.nuc..ry 1944. USST..$ m,.s e;ivcn ros~onsibllity for the

eduinistn.tion of e.J,1 Uni t

Fre~1mioary Draft Ho . 1

did t hi s c. l so invest i n USS'UU' r \;l sponsiblli ty for 0.11 ~ost ..hosti

11 tics air policies 'j 8 000 dobut hoo c..rison on this scoro t or sc(!~d

to c. risQ , t7h...:n i:E..:';; He~d~uartor3 proplU'ud plc.ns rolLti :lg to me ttc rs

tion. Tho l~Jr He~dquorters z~ have quosticnud t he &11-encomPQss~

lng ::::ll::.ture o:f thC,; Genera l Q'dor. Furhe:.ps 1 t r.r1shod to hovo tho ~t-

t c r tostad~ But .~hotovor its I!OtivGS 1 t ..-;f.oS not long in doubt_

For .s soon c.a Goner;:.l !;ipoc:tz h6E: rd cbout J~IF IS c c ti on :3..;: re CO!il-

1Jt; OlQod to tt.~ CG 1 ETOU!l: in (.. +o t t& r of 22 Uc)' 1944, t !".z.t his hec.d_

qucrters bo @Vd!l t h" t re:>ponslbility. EIi.gcdiel' Gc-nercl R. B. Lovott

assured him f.: to \'! rl t'.ys I t.tcr ~hut JOur nco:.dquortc-rs 1.s s peclficclly

ohnrced ',-;1 tb tha respoaslbili ty of d.o~Z7.:d.iUng , subject to t he 012

provol of the ,+hl"lcter Coo:.!ld~r , t ho policies ()t the U. S. i1TIJY M .r l 2

For ces in this th-::at ur , on ell post _hosti li t1 Q~ :nc.tto rs. lI

This responsibili ty cc:.rriod ";Jitb it ev(.:r incr~ c.~iIl8 obti gc. tioDS

and dutios end :iCi l y grow in signifi c c.nee to.nd i mpoctLnce . T'O cGttcr

di scberac its tunc tions U.3ST...F' roor~oni zt;::1 its senerc.+. ple.ppinB f&0 1

l1t1os to cro~te c nO\. Di:rectorc.ttl , knO\;'U (;.s tho Dircctort:.tu of Foet

Hostili'ti ll~ :planning, \j,th Bri ,E;cdier Gen&rcl Iod::.und Si ll ['5 Diroc

tor. ij3 \:05 to &ct unda r t h:1 Leputy Coc::oo.nd!D6 Gont:.'rc l tor Opera_

tiona , ~J& jar Oonuro. l F . L .I.nderson"

Tht::ro \It..:5 SOr.t. tUfi\.:rcnco 'ot 0illmon bct-::uun t ho D/c ~IIN cnd

t he DCG/Cf,O as to t ho ~lti~te ~~ctlons end res~n5ibi lities ot the

Dlractol't:t

preliminary Draft No . 1

CC1"ry on tho "c.r, 't'ere not pl'ollcrod to hCilldlc post- hosti li ti (:8

plc..nnine. or to supervise prcpcrc..tioos for ioplc::::c::nting post_ncr

Qctiviti(ls . It Stot)lICd c.dvisablc thcrufore to contrr.:.lizo post- hosti _

11 tios plcn.!1ing .und :.lso the execution of t llose plODS in one body.

He rocor.m:mdcd \I Thct D/I'H be rosponsible for r.lcking de t el led plc.ns .

for sUycrvising prcp~rction, cnd for the implomcntGtioo ot all

cctivi ticq in : the .f

r reliminary Draft z;o. 1

pluto count~rpcrt of ell th"" oth6r stuff ogc.:ncic;6 in U~T..F. Cbv1_

ously this l";oul d 00 c. t.'c.stc.ge of p(;I'aonDvl. F'ul"thor tit would be

rlrrost i~ossible to pr o('uI.;) U Hl of thu Uxpor1tlDco ~d Quc,l1fico_

tions of tho~c c.lrc~dy cssisnod to thb 6t~ft sectiODs.

I~ .fOS not intonded, eont111u(':s Gonarel J..ndorson, thc.t thCt Dir

octoroto for Post-hoati I1ti~a rlcnnin~ s~oulo do~ro thon l~y plen

nins fOUD:dotlons. for ell the oct1vi the listod ~bovo. Onco tho

fr!:l:nor;ork v:c.s oonst;-uctucl 1 t ;;-cs cxpcotod thc.t tho oth~r involvod.

sections of ussr..:.,,' .:"ould c~plr:. te: tho plc.ns. nIn Qccordanca "i th

tho pzi.nc1plc of combinina TC;sponsibl11 ty for d-:;;\-c.11(;d. pll!1U11ng '

rrcl1.minary !)raft No . 1

oxocutive. group 't.cs clso stated by its diT

:preliciD9.ry 1)raft ~';o. 1

of 3Unuary 1945 trot !l t r uly definlt1vo statem.mt o.pprorod . It cam:I

i . tbe ferm of d. report ent itled 'GGlJoral toliey Guido for U. S . Air

FC'rc~s Activities iL Et.ro~e fol~o71ing thQ dcfi..ot of Gb:r:!W.D.Y . Tt'.is

extoLsivc paper was prepared by the CG, USOTI}F t o :pros6Ilt the lI.ec

oaaary ~'F objoc\'ivas and thu policios requi7:'od to cttD.1I. them.

Qcneral Anderson QXJ]l'"esscd tho high...Dt re~d tor tho Guide

CM. cons1der~d it to be of !Vest value as en aid . Although chang1na

oiroumstances would necessitate occoaiooa l rcvis1oll.s it would cou

stltute , he said , .(! fouo.dotioD for detoiled plaon i ns by a l l U.S .

!~1+ Forces 1n Europe. Th~s pupor has alreo.dr boet+ favorably c o1131

dared by the staff at Europ;,;(!.p Tbooter of Operot~CJls, U.5../ i'ieod

qU\lrt218 and !or'~-:lrdod to the U..S. side of supruJ:a HG c.dqw rtcrs ,

.\l1icd EXpeditionnry Foroe , far finc.l coordlmtion prior to orUdel

publ1catiO+l. c e rtQio chonges , ~cctly miuor , are being =do 1n too

pa~er. However t pond1.cg rEJvisiolla~ we ore treating the inclosed 19

droft os the 1 3ibl~ ' 10 these mntter8 . ~

The; objectives and Rasponsibilities of the U/j,v.1I' iu post--sur

.endor Europe 'liara t occording to tho :Policy Guide , as follows .

"Qcneral :

'To provide, tn /lcoordnnce with nt&tic::LQl policy , a.n otfl.;i&ut

oDd aentrally controllDd u~s. :~ 1r Forcos or[.'('.ni'lontion in Europo of

~hc r equired strcnsth t.lnd ccmposl tior~ to assist ill the anforCClOOllt

of tho 9urror.der terres Cud i t!. reinta~lIlng order in Europe.

1,. I.tttE;r , MCjor Ger.fJral F.L. !. lJdcreon , to MQjor GcUtr a l Robert l!! 'Job~tltr, CG . 1st T:.F , 6 h!"Irch 1945

http:U/j,v.1Ihttp:pond1.cghttp:alreo.drhttp:statem.mthttp:preliciD9.ry

ITelbinary Draft Uo . 1

"Specific

11(0) . To provide CI "sJsnceri. nigh] v m"l:In E- Air F{rce ... "(0). To establish and maintain a ccmrJ ~t(' and integrat

ed S'rsteTII of U . ~ . miJitary air treneport fC!.ciJ lUes..

To disarm a!ld delJloblize t.he GAr.

II(d). To aid in the care and evacuation cf n.r . prison-

era of \'?8r.

"(8). To aid in reder:ovment .

lI (f). To establish a 6tron~ U . ~ . air inte])igence organi..

zation i n Europe .

"(g) . To assi~t the varicu1'l eurvev orpsrizotions ffi.lch as 20

homh sllrveys and evc]uetlt'D 'hrerds ,1I

Tn Q head"'uartrre activel'T engagE'd in r.agins ar.rie] rar

far againEt Germany the addition of PCFt Hostilities planning

to lis many duties cr~eted an acute personnel sport~ge . Al

though General Arnold c:JiEeprroved. of Fpr.d1~ men from the Zone

of the Interior to undartake ffi Jch ror k . Gen~r8) Spaatz asked

him to do so . He est1rr.at~ that thp. oVE-raJ} reqdremC'nts for

off'lcer personJ'1e] for the P(lst Host!Jitlf's st-aff' . U.S. Orcup

Control Cour.cil and v8riou~ oth~r gTcupe ~ouJd be 3rr men.

Truly. this "8S 8 tremendous dra.in on h~. f' l"Snpc'I7er resources.

Also, ,in l ooking ahead . to the occuretion pPrird, ~en the r~

turn of l!Ieny ofricf're: to ctvllian life r.ou:;d create a !Jf"ed for

replacemf'nts, General ~~a~z sugC''eted to Cenf'ral Arnclc1 that

2C' . Report , "Gneral P('llc~ Gnjde for t'.'=. Air Forces Activi ties in Furo~ Follo'"lng the Defeat of Ga rll"am lI , Uf"STAF, Fins) draft. 5 Jan . 145

..""

http:est1rr.at

prel1mirnry Draft ~;o . 1

that it \'1C'uld be '.'.'ise to hevc f'.vaileble a number of ~'ounlZ

Rep.ular krtly officers With theater exper ience end collc~e

trcining . He felt that a I1TrenendouEl stride torrn~-d assuring

tho offectiveness of the U. S . Arl~l~ .Air Forces in Post - '7.!!.r Eur ..

opel! "'ould be taken if roch !!len t'!'sre available r,",fln necaf-d .

To invostigete the possi~ility of ohtej~ing 8dditi~nal

perscnnel and to t'r esent USSTAF l s post- hcstilities reqlli7' e~ nts ,

the Post- Hostilities Co~lttee, headed by Brip.adier General

HU) , TITI('t t .r. 1:"c.shimlt ol1 in ~cv('r.lber of l Q44 . There Genero.l

Hill presp.nted sev~ral l etters on plannl~g to General. Gi l es

Rnd mede Co r.ccucst for a~/i'tional persenne! t o Colonol C ~ P .

I,essig , of the COr.L'lIitmen"'", ::; Dividon ,

In s\lT!1r.'arizing h~. s impres~lon of the' rC'cept1on accorded the

CO!"11ilittce i n tJ""nshin?"tnn Colonel }~o.lcolm D. ,Tones, n melloor of

the visiting partv , found tha t Ju,F H~edquarters and the ;-:aJ'

DepartC!~nt r:'p.re syrrpathetl c '~ith USC:TAF problems qnd require..

ments , ktt they seemed to f r;el the t ~l[.C"T.A.F hE'.d placed too much

sty-ess on the i r.lpox-tancc of some of its (l.ctiv1tiee , nnC! had II gone

beyond current -er Depertmcnt thinking in ccnn~ction r.ith r ede

ployr.lcnt plnnninr; , particularly rlth reference to ceq\.!1 ~ i tlcn of

E. ir b,eses all ovr Et' r C'pe 000 the nccf'ssit.v f or a large Air Dis 21

crr-arncmt Come.nd e.s dis>tinct fro~ the (lc C1 1~tion Air Force , "

2) . ~(1ITI(lrRndl1mJ R:l\OTt on !iifSicll of Po;t..Ho: t.llitiee- Plenni n;:z COl""li ttee tc the Hntted St:-tf:Ei , Col rne) ~!'.J colm D, J ones , Jr- . , to Director , PH/Fl annln~ , Hqs . , 11Sf,TA?, 27 November 1944 .

( 0 - ,

rrelimiDSrY Draft No . 1

The ebave treat~ent of t he genercl a s~cts of post-hosti

lities planning 1$ 8 mere sketch , ccntain1ng gars too obvious to

nention . In t ruth, as a prelimi nary survey, it is intended to

do nc r.tor e than just that J (\nd han the gr.ps been pointed out

8 S they appeared , about one hQlf of the s pace 1.'ould he.vc ~E'!en

consumed in that all,:ays bf'gul1ing but cften profitless proce

dure. Once cautioned thet he n ill encounter 8 series of Grp,nd

Canyon, it is ouite unnecessa.r~r to drO'fl the s{>as('lned tr(1.velcr' IS

8tten~ion t o each one 8S it Dp~ar s . It is true that clearly

r.t8rked ,,"arning sifns announcing the next abye,;: rnav prevent

~omc precipitous descents and obviatr thn n~ce~tit~ of groripg

ab~ut f or r opes to r oech the surfaco a?ain ~ But the fact tbet

even the r ope s oro often rois~1ng in this repor t morely serves to

emphasize tho urgent need for some sturdy ~idge~.

C"tnc gul.f, ho.-evcr, should bP. cited, and that concerns the

post -hostiliti Q8 aetjvlties of USSTAF prior t o the establish_

ment of tho Director a t e . It is sus pected that thp various staff

seetions did B~roe of the necesBary plenning that rcl~ uit hin

thoir sph('lrcs of nativi t.y. "'0 do knOf7 , thoUfth, that in order

to conserve per sonnel nnd avoid c~usion the Director of In

telligence , Bri gadiClr General George r. . '!cDonE'~d , ,}C15 directed t o

estnhl ish 8 Central Ir.t ~J ligcnce Section to s~rvn nIl proper

post -hostilit.ie s req,uir('1l':ents.

Onf' further statc.l!]cnt on IntelJ igAnce should be included ., The scope of the proble~ ~~nt faced the Post-Hostilities SEction

of Intell1g~nce , end it i B assu~cd th~t the problen ep~llod gen

, i ~ .

ITelimincry !)raft I:::> 1

cro.lly to all po~t-host11it1(.'s nct1viti ~s , ,ms rE':vC'elcd ('t a

meeting of thE A2s of the A.lt..-~ hlld on 23 January 1945. There

the problo~ "as dividod into periods , as follo?~: (1) the SHAfF

or TJJ..IS!.wf period, l est lng until Crertlnn::r rurrcndcrEd , (2) thlJ

ECL!FSE pc- r iod of B-Fnrtito contr ol and ()) the Tri- F'llT\jlto 22

period .

------------~,-

22 . Col onol H.D , ~hcldon , Assistont Djr, US~T.AF J t'1nuto51 t~ccting of A-2s of AA.F in Europe, 23 January 1945.

\

DIILCTOR f!F .~R ,;CTIVITI~ FOn m CGI'l'ROL OF . ~S!.:,ty

For Q. bri c.f pe:rioc. of l: ss tbl.n thr~c: o:7uc.ks t he re arose

1n Hl: c.dquc.rtt.rs , U I~ ' stn.to@. c Ar Forces , under t hcIX: };uty

ComroE.Ildi De, Gcnc rL l for Opcr c.tions , D 0.0\1 dircctorLtc r.i t h

functions c c purt;ly p05t-bo5t~ll ti;..s nLturo. On 31

Octotor 1944 . :Mc. j~+ 06n.:.:rc.. l Ro bert , ; ~rp(.r ".'7CS t.'pp~lnt.;;d

to t ho nU\1 pc'Isl tJ.on of Diroctor !'.tt. of ..iJ.r .;..etlv!tios fOT t he Cont rol of Gcnac.:oy. 1.

'!his office t,'f..S to ;':or!t ;;:i t h the- Director of r06t

j~r For~(;s e:.nd Sn:..E:F . u . s ,bali t c.ry ;.i r ~.dvl sor to Ji.uropcQIl

h:ilitLIY ~ctious I t.nd r..nj oth...r . tlli .:..d i!.e.c.ncl ':: B t bc.t oxisted

t i!o ~ or Dis,ht c ow.: t o ... X1st . l c tl.. l . p_itt.i!li ne; to c ir cc.tt...nI

c.,ffoc tiDf!; t bL; control of Gcrr..lL!1Y , It pcs to hi.; t he cbiof

;rc prosClnt (..tiv-.: of lit.cci.qU~ t...1.5 . U. S .8tr~ to&1c ,;.:ir Forcc:s

on t hi.: U. S, ("roup Ccnt rc.l Councilj to 00 t he kputy for the . . . COmIUUldin{:. Celle r " l, U . ~ ..:.rGY .j.r Forces in Gc.,rrr:o.ny, in tho

':.ir Divi310n of r.hc.t...vor Control emmet1 t ho;; ".111

-------

Con~rol Council c.nd t ilt .. finel control :!:).e;chillC;ry ff:"r Gc n ':'n:i ,

cnd of coordinctines 'A th hirl 0:1 wl othl.r plcns n.:e,e:rdi os the control ('If Gcrr::.:.n)- . 2 .

en 19 novcnbcr 1941; , tho CC c.or c.ndUi cstc.b_ishine. the

r C8cindvd Uld t he. functions of t hct office \'{l,:. ;r(.: c.s,sULlCd by ,

tho Di reo tor 0; f'ost,.liost~ 11 tic.s Fltnning , ,;, t" 1.~hi ch post tieD

Me. jr'tr Gcnc.rc..l Robert .. Ht..rp.;' r r;c: s nUlC:d , vi 013 Bri i!,Qdic.r

G.. nvrt.l EdouoQ ' .. li1ll . 4

1'. hq Ll:.,::c llo , 1Cl..F.~ us.::." ,F, 31 Oct 44

2 . Ibid

';:; Hq r . .ioo:o No . l w, ~ US~'l',"'':' . 19,IOV 44

4~ GO No, 93 t Hq ~"lJ.F I 19 Nov 44,_

.. . " (.1

Preliminary Draft No . 1

DJTI!'CTQRATE: OF IllT!HrGr,NCE

UntD t.he for~ti"n of !icr.dq'..!artc.rs, United StEltcs Strate

gic Air Fcrccs in Et'ropc, t!le iote) li.c;:c!"Ice rcquircm"nts for nIl

thr.'\ nl'~tr.-O ~t.(lt. f"'~ Ai:r Fo)'"cOt il'1 thR Hl'1itr-il J(jru::rool'l e Ar l'! rAtH-.O!"l -

s1bilities of the A- 2 Bection of Hocdqunrtrrs , U . ~ . Ar~y Air

Farcce in U. K. Since the inteJligonc~ functions of U.~ . Amy

Air Forces in U. K. ucrc ~rformod by tho Ei~hth Air Fcrce A-2

orgonlzct10n, thrrf" WtH; little demerer.tien bc--t 'ft'ecil the a ir in

t~lllgcnco rceponslb1J iti~E of V. S. Ar~y Air Forces in U. K. and

of the Eighth Air Force . Tho eskbli5h.;ltc.nt of f:D oyer-a.ll cor.l

I'!!S.nd pccof'sitatcd u division of rcsp-:.n slbH:it.v, F.nd , :;;ubscqucnt

lV, a scvtrnnce of dcpondcnc:'t upon the Eighth Air Ferco.

In nccorde nco rl.th GonnTt'.l qpr'.ntz r ideo.. of strenmlining tho

organizational functions of tho ner.' hl',l.o.dqunrtC'rs , much of the

edmlnistrntive ern opcrationr.l dctQila F.bich ~culd ordinerily be allocatod to the intelligence acction ~'CTe delegated to the vllrtous Dtl00rdi nc.te Air Forco bondQua.rtcrs . The nc"'l~' (l.ctiVlltcd U. S . Str ategic Air Forcos 1" E'nropc Dlrf'ctorat~ of Intelligence

F'S fQllT'OO t.hr. r(!~non:r;lhiJitv for thn "~orkiTl2 Tr-)r.tionshl ."C and

lia ison \71th the Britisb Air !lin1s"t.rv :-nd such ether ngcncics

that c cntributed t o the cir inte) J igcl"'cC rC'C!l.'lrf'd b.,.r the UnitNi

Stat~s ftrlltrgic Air Forces in th! s th(" ~t~r . ThC' co):'C of

http:lin1s"t.rvhttp:I'!!S.ndhttp:oyer-a.llhttp:eskbli5h.;ltc.nt

FrrJ ir.tinr.ry Drnft No . 1

:lccour.t!1bllit~ anct jurisdiction of the nr.-.;: c1irect-or-!ltc extended

1to the Eighth, Fiftc-cnth end !.J1nth Air Forcc~ .

Thr. U. c . Str .:it :-gic Air Forces in ~uropc Dirt' ctorc.t c of

Intdlig(mcr: contir.ucC to functicn in cen.1unction trl th the A- 2

sccti('lD of the F.lc:hth M.r Force until 15 Jt:nu('. ry ] 944 . On that

da t e aU pr-nding ~tt('rs p"rtc.lning t o the Ei,,th Air Forco

l'.'l"'re turnoo ovor to the I;djutant Gon('r01 f or prOJ"T trnnsrdssion

During this period tho nCf! dircctorl'lt.c }-..r~nJ"\ t o C.SP.UmQ orf;l'.n i

za tiolk'll proportions . On 6 J( .nuE'.r~ 1944 Col. George C. !IcDonn1d 2

r'as .mnounccd Dirr;octor of !ntr)} lr. C".ncc,:3 nnd on ~('I Jnnuar:'! 1944 4

Hced~uortC'rs , u . s . Army loir Force s i n U.K . l'roG d i:::olvcd . The

porsonnrl nucleus \'.'8 5 E'cquirrd from the Eif"hth Il..ir Force 11- 2

s ootion . In cstablishin.Q'; spce:ffic i ntclj i O'("neo r ('s!,cnsl;"1l1tlcs

for the nCt! dirce;tor:ltc nnd thf' Eiehth 1!-ir Fo:..co, U . . S, Strategic

J..ir ForccE in Europr h.:'cdqu rt("'r s c autioned thllt 1ICue mIl be ex

orcised not to confuso the' busincsf\ of !I . S . fo.:rmy .k1r Forcol!! in

5U. K! , U.S. Stratrgic kir Forces in Euro~~ , find Hqs SAFn ~

The org."'.nlzc.tionr.l plan for the neT1 d1r:.-ctorc.tc conflistcd

of four sub- scctionF; naMcl y , tar ects , ~ornret i~trnigcnce

6(llyn service) , photo rcc onrw.issancc unit nnd s('cr C'! t if,t(::ll igcncc .

1. Por 1 , J..!n~c , l t Col Lo'?-11 P. ""'''''ickt'r, Rxrc A, ..2, e 1.F t(", Col GC"orgc C. Vc!)on!'..lC'. , A- 2 , 8 AF J 2 Jan 44.

2. Hq PCl!IO No 1 , Hq USS/.FE , 11 J nn 44 .

3 . GO II 2, Hqs , U~.S.AFE , 6 Je.D 44 4 . GO Ii 6, Hqs, USSAYE , 20 Jan 445 . Hq Jo.1rJ'Jo No 1 , Hq US~.AFF, 1] J.:~n 44

6 . Par 5 Memo, J.t Col Lo-r:C!ll P. '-"tcker, FoXoc A- 2 , a AI' to Col George C, HcDoDl!ld , J..- 2, 8 JJ', 2: Jon 44

ti

http:Vc!)on!'..lChttp:d1r:.-ctorc.tchttp:orf;l'.nihttp:Jt:nu('.ryhttp:ir.tinr.ry

, Prnli~in~ry Draft No . 1

'rho '.'1'ork of the Eir.hth Air Force A- 2 sect1e>D on fundcr.icntnl

intrlligcncC' , C'ttir;:ntcs (Ina. studies hc.d bc~n lim5.tcd b('c.o.usc of

th(- diver si(ln of' TL:ll.n- po':":'t:.r for accoT'\plishirif, the nncossn1"~ c.dl"in

7

istrF.\.tlvc dctC'ils . .To rc:::, d~' this condition, the responsibility

f or tho dlstrib\~tlcD of r:ops , ch"~.rt8 cmd r r'cr,gnition trD.lnlng

mate-rial t:"C$ chcrgro to the eppropril'.tC' s('ctions of tho Eighth

and ~inth }jj Forccs, and the> accountability for count~ intclJi

genoe mottcrs r:rs transforrcd to t!l,(' Dcr-ut::" CO!:l.'"(l.ndnr for AdJ'"lin

lstration . Neither Q public r.lntions s~ction nor a photographic 8

unit ~;('r C' included in thC' r.C'f.' orgr.niznticn . The: trc.nsf c r of those units !roo the Int.lli.~(nc(' fur.ction~ rnc:dc poadhlo a r o-

c.rrangCr.lcnt of intollig~ncc officers o~ a cor.s~lidnt1on of

dutiClS r:hich afforded the or gnniznt.ion Eo. gTr-:;.tcr c cnc ontraticn of

its cn('rgi('s on IIthc fundomrntl".l f 1C'ld of its dut.ica : oporation

901 intr:llig(ncc lt Planning, r r r-vlously nccornplishcd by the Elr.hth

Air Force /t- 5 section , occ,'j'!C Co function (If the' Dircctorotr (If" 10 I ntcl1igc!""lcc . 7 . M

Prelil"11nar:t Drcft No . 1

The orgenizc.tion of the DircctorctC' of Intcllic;ncc ~s

dcsignrd to pcrfom t;;o 7:cncro.! rurposcs: on(l , "Direct!,m of

011 Opcrotioncl Into11igonco ~tt(",!"!= f .::llin.g Ylit!":!n the auth

orlt,- end r equiremcnts of t.he Cor..r.w.ndlne Gr-ner:::.l , U . ~. Strategic

Air Forces in Europa, including the ~3n5 of aseo ssing the copo

bUltles of and dcoogo cnuscd the f'nc~.t'; end , t l"J'O , "Koep tho

Conoanding Generel and th~ Deputy Gomnonding G~nr6l Opprations

informed of the operational intelligence httvlng to do o;.-ith the 11

capr.biliti('s of the cncrr:yll . '.lor~ spocificc.ll;r, this r esponsi ..

bility ccn~ltod of collcoti~g, interpreting, rvaluating, col1a~

ting and dissc~lnotln!; air intclllgr'nec of vru..uc t o .the United

Stc tcs Strctcgic Air Forces in Europe , and in sorno inst:!nccs to

011 of the Pni trd Stll.t.r s Air F'oroe::: i n Furore , as r--r-ll 08 asscss 12

lng th(' cnreh! l itirs of , mld t.ho;-, dOrlagr dono to , thC' oncr.lY.

The collection of air lntclli~cnoc info~ation T.CS accoMp.

lisbcd nainly froJ:"1 the fo:U o-::ing flcurCOfl : (\11 British Inte111

gC'ncc tlgcnci~s , "'8r Dct\.... rtl"lcnt in roshing-ton, A:!licd Govornrncnttl

Intc111g("!]co r(":port~, o~rc.tioncl rcpor ts from .Air Forcce in al l

thrntcrs, thC' Office' of StrQt~gic SC'rvlccc, tbC' MinlB~T7 of Econ~ 1)

onic "'Ilr!'c.rc~ and Photo Recor:1lcif:sancc untts.

11. Info f!lC'DO , Col GcorfI .... c: . :.i1cDon

Draft No. 1

ThC' sj tucticn of U. f . Strat('p.ic Air Fcrc

Prclirine.ry Draft No. 1

~c thr. new Dirrctor of Int~lligcncc did not Intel~ to

el i minat.e the Eritilili air intdJigrncc inrJuf'ncc , hC' did

pIon to assUD(' grcdually EI ~(',~tr"r dogrcr. of independence .

C0nscqu~nt} YJ e~rangcncnts ~cro ~edr. fer Uni ted ~tatc. s int~11i-

grncr of.:iccr,s to portici~to i nti:oo.tC'!Jv in the ve.rlous Air

J~ini 1:'try sou"'ee end stud... c.c~ivitiC's, ROO in Doc C'l"!lbcr 19Lc3,

f ourt oen 'o! flecrs , r.h! ch r0pr~srntrd nprroxL~t~ly one- third

, of the intelligence officers nhen the no" director ate 'rnS for~0d , l:rrr approved for es ~ignM,nt on the ~\nda~cntal wor k

benches in the .Air ~1in.i stry.1? /..5 r:oro i.r::tr lligr'nCC' pl"rson

n('l ~~Q~ nv~ilob1c to US~TAF, thf' J~rican purticlpction in

Air '~inistr:r .fu..Y')ct.i ons br-co"!c Mor e pr01't:'U.."lCOO . Gf'nClrnl Mc

Donf'~d "'IOinteincd e po}.:'cy of gT'f~dualJy incrnasing po.rtlc1p;1

tioD for t rro purpose's : on('l, t ('l produce nnit~ Stat.cs Air

Force dr-vt"llopfd intelligrnce ond ....t thr, snr:.c tiMe to provido

tho r.ruch nccd C'd training of Unit.ed ~tC\tf' S pM'6onnI"1; and t 'l'.'o ,

to relicve thC' ~rt:l7; Air forcC'f' of duplicct.!ng t hi s i ntt:lli

ge'nce co~plrx in the int r-r C'st of mcnpo~r cconocy~S

In order to co- ordinntt"l t he col1.:-ctlc'n, 1ntC"YTr etnti c,n,

collct1on e nd dissoninr tion of cir ~_ r.trJligC'nce , offic(,rs flo oT.]

17 . Ltr, ,!;u;" j : ~u:ocrv' sion of' 0por:::!.tiC'lnal Intl"llip, C'nce SubSection, L- 2 , r..t, C('l 10:.('11 P . I"'r",ckcr, J:.ctinf~ As~t . cIs A-2, 8 AF, tb ciS /Brig Gr n ChcIlc s C. Chauncey/, 19 Dec 43

l~. Itr, .'='ub,i: E=t?ff St\.ld," Tbr Dosirr>..bi11t,r for a Proposed D0~Ut:.- COr.n:',ndC'r fo r J.ir IntoJl i F{c 'ncr: Service s , ussrAF end the Propcs;,'Ci Orp.anizf':t1on, Brig (kn GcorgC' C. McDoneld , D of I, USSTi..'F, to Lt Gcn Cerl Spaatz leG usC'TJ::FI thru !fr. ~ Gan Frf':d 1 . Andcrsrl1 , D/en OpS, USST/.F', 2L Oct 44

http:Prclirine.ry

Prr:lir!lnr:ry Drnft No ._ 1

tho Directorate of Intcllig~ncc pnrticiFctrd in the follo~Qng

19 r egularly scheduled moctings :

1 . Joint Intc-11igcncc COr'::-J.ttoc 2. Ofrico of !"nr Inforn~tion c . Psychologiccl -errer .- h rld at J..ir t!lnistry 4. Psychol ogical T!'arfcr r hrld f:t Tld('wlng 5. Joc~cy Cocmit~o 6. Joint all Working Cor.~ittcc 7. J oint all Target 8. "Prisoner of rar ond EEcapro in con.it'netion nth the

)11.1itl'.ry Intclllg~nec Sr:ction, ETCoUSA

9 , Prisoner of ~~ ond Escnpoc nith r.ighth hir Forco 10. Doily Air TUnistry Str.ff Moeti ng 11 . CocbinC'd Intc-llig(""nc(' Pricoritic--s COldrnittcc 12. Cros.:sbor.

In r.dditi on to th(":5("" r t"gulp..r t!:.lJctings , informnl conferences

~t"ro held with intrrrst rd agencies f or the co- ordi netion of

s pt"ciflc projrcts.

Gr-nerel J.!cJ?onr"ld , fro!!! the:. tir:-,c he hr.d been appointed

Director of Intolligence , ~orkcd to~ard the dC"Ve1opr~nt of en

tJ:lcriean I.1r Intt"lli!7l"-lIc (' t.n~t! th.."It could 1)ilfill the rC::t('nt s of 0. gro'i1ing /iir Force . One of the- grret(lst obstc.c1cs

in o.tttlining this gaol r"as tho l ack of quo.lifhd personnel.

In October , 1944, Grncr a1 McDonald stcted :

" At this junct.ure it night b l'" "l':e11 to pause and r c f1 e:ct or. the r CSponsibilities of Ai r IntcJli~C'nco to the Air Forces. I hf've tocen in s:-rvicc cnd conncctrod nth Ai r In-t olligc-ncc ~ctlv!tio:s l ong cno:u......h to lmo,,", t ha t this irnporUmt section of fundcnc,ntal nc :- d s Cl.r.d rr-quirerr;cnts has been seriously n('glocted r.nd has hf"'.d to contend with d isccurap,c"coz:nt FI"OO 19n~iny b(ycnd that of thr. other ru~dr~c,r.tal s~ctions under the COnBnnd lng Gcnorc1 of tho ~rmy hiT Forcee.

19. Hono, tubj: Lint of PXlct.inp:s , Brig G, n Gcor go C. Me Donald D o"f r t o D of Ops, 7 Aug . 44

http:11.1itl'.ry

, PrclL'1!inory Dr:!f,t No. 1I I

I "This ncr hc s taught UI5 the need for 2doquatc and tinoly tntcll1gcnec. This cnD only bo achieved by having sl1t fic i cpt trained personn.:l , cquiprnc'nt and other f acilities I t~ a chieve this ond . "20!

I The original organizcti0n of the Diroctcrctc of Intelli gence 2)

eonsi~tcd of f our sections. 0n 16 February 1944 there ~erc

38 officers, 1 rmrrcnt officer aod J C? e nlisted personnel essign.. 22

(:d to the Directorc t e . Bv the ond of 1944 thore T1er c ___

, 23 scctions ~ith n totel Qf 126 ~rficer~ 2 warrant cffic ers, U.and 162 enlisted perscnncl pOrf~rmln~ thp duties of the j ntclligcncc directorate .

The enlarged intelligence orgc.nizQtion 110 S brought a~out ,

primarily, t o i~cr("asc the. e f f icie ncy of fulfilling ~ho ori

gina l int(:lligcncc corllitnonts of U.S. Strt.tcgic .Air Forcc~

in Europe o.n

"

"

, , Preliminary Draft No, 1

tbe year~ These edded functions included ~ch thing~ sa ,

electronic intelligence, Po~t Ho~tillties. Plenni~g and ~n~ .

te'llig~mcc and Technical lntclllgeJlCe, GeJ')oral McDonald

assumed for his directorate these addltiona~ r(l~ronslbil:ltiEls, . - .

because be bel~cved that 6~y 4e...centrallzation of intelligence

fecilities limited the qual,itv of the intelligence produced" '

end ~~litated against the .ef~iciency of the Diroctornte of , , 25

. Intell1.gcnoe . . .

By Z4. OctobcT 1944 tb~ responsibilities of tb~ Dl~cctor ., , '

Qf Intcllig~ce had he~ome :

1, - Tho collection end dissominet1oQ of "detstlod ' i,nform8tl~n on the ~m~I!lY.'s 8tr~n~h; de~cnsoB, diipos1t;J.on~ a~ capobUltlEl~ to be used for pl~nning end ~ondu~tlng dSl.ly operations . ' .

z. The initiaticn of ovc~all 'policy and co~ordinating th~ efforts of all ~er1c8n Air Intel11ge~ce ~n ETO with British and Allied Int~lligen~e i~ ordor to nccomp~laP' tntel~ ligcncc aims . .

,. Tho ~bmlssion to .~o .CO, ~cy 41lr Forcfls), and . Air Staft', Weehjnff:'on m.th J\ir . :rntt'!llJ,g~nce r:clcvant to their CC!"!!'l8qd .resPQDl!libilitios end pertinent to their necds~ the ' dies'ominat1oD of such i.,toUigencc to adjacttnt 800 lower echeloDs' and to the SpCCiF.l sF-enoiee dependent. llpo!l tho Intelligence serv~ce8 of UfS. Stretegl0 4ir F~rces ip ~urope,

, , ., . , ,. , " 25, Ltr, Subj: starf ftu4y : The Pesirabl11ty fpr a Proposed

Deputy CCMrnp.Ddcr for Air InteJli~r~e SC~C~S)' U$ST~, and the Proposed 9r8eni~~tiop; Brig Gen GeorQ;e C. Mc - ' . Do""~d. P of I, qSST.F ;0 'Lt Gen 1)",,1 Spa.to, Icc ussrJ\F/, thru ~.. j Ce~ Fred 1. Mdo~.on, clcc Ops, VSfTAF 24 Oot 1.4

http:diipos1t;J.on

Prc-l i rninnry Drcft No . 1

264. l.w.ttcrs porteining to FORt Hostilities.

By the end cf the yE'nr, Tcchnicc.l IntC'JJigrnce ~s cddcd to

'\" ... 27the gror.ir~ list (1 f r~spcns1~iliJics

.A.l thcugb the Dircctcre t o of Int.(lJ 1 igcnco gr'c.\": M('ro in

dependent , the British 1nf)ucnc~ ccntinu~ to be gre e t . B

cP.usc C'f cur rcliance upon ldr }':inist.ry Int .c1l1E!(nc( sources

only c fort of tho Dircctorat.c of Intrllig(:ncc r:::s r.hl c to

2f"C'Vc to the Continent .c.ftcr the invCtsion. 1:1: (J;.dvE'.ncNi cle..

I'!:cnt.s of thtl Dlrectorat.:- of Int.cJllg "-'ncc r.er fl c5t.cblishcd on

the Continent as pElrt of the Adv~nced Hccdqt'C.:rtt'TS , n.r., 2

StrAt.egio Air Foret's ~ furC'pC" by e Sopt. 44) At n confer cnce on 9 October 1(144 , GenC'l"al Andcrs('"n 6:o-pJninc-d our ":lorking

8J;I"eOT'iCnt. 1'1th the BrH:lFh thus, II It ....c.s or) gincJ ly pJ anned ,

l-.f'.Ck e'hC'Ut tW(1 years ego, that. -p, r.culd reply \' pon British

scurces of Intcllie:cnce in th1e: theater end that they i"lould

r Ql y upon U. S . sources for Intcl1:!.gincc rcqu1r:r:l(!nts in the

)0 -,;ar 11'1th Jepnn.1I

26. J,tr , Subj: StC'.ff ~tndv : The Dcsir.eb1l1tv for e Pro POB~ DLputy Comnnndcr for hir Intelligence Services, USfThF, end the Propcscd Or~cnizcti(".n, Brlr. Gen Gocrre C, ~Doncld, D of I, USfTlJi' J to J-t Ger. Cerl Spentz , ICG USSTli'1 thru )'l'.j Gem Fred L Andcr$cn, DICG 0ps, USSTAF, 24 0ct 1.4

27. Ltr, !!.j G~n Fred T. Andrrscn , D/CG Ops , U~.~TAF to D/CG 1.dniD , USS11.F , 14 Doc 44

28. Me~rondunJ Bri~ Gon George C. HeDcnald, D of I, USSTAF to /Brig Gc r. Edm'.rd P . curti.l, cis, USSTf.F (thru Asst. DC Cps) , 8 Sept 1.4 .

29 . Ibi.d.

30. ConfercmcF'J hf'ld in ' ~f1'ico of Dcrut;v CO.l!"JllnndElr, 0pf:rn tions , USF~~

http:Jepnn.1Ihttp:l-.f'.Ckhttp:inist.ry

---~-----

Prclinlnnry Draft No . 1

During the p~e'r~onc~- of' :-'nr this errcTl~('rtE'nt ~.1 tb the Britlsh

, 'as entire] y fRtisff'.ct or v . 1.8 n T.",3ttc r of f eet , i t hed nndo

pos:::iblc a ",er e cff('ctiv(' and rtC'rC' eff iclcnt U. S. ~.tr("! toglc

Air Fcrccs in Furopc i ntp)ligcnce orgcniz~tion thnn couJd have

been lltt.oined othcrnse . IJe,'orthcJ r ss, the pr cgr :s fI of the

r.ar had clearly In~ieatt~ the nGcessity of an overell end co~-

p1c tol~ independent Air Intel11~en~~ 3gcncy. The end of hcs

til1tlas 1n Europe ~ould not cruse Air Intelli~cnco r csponai

bilit1e s . To bring th~ war to its ccrl1cst conclusion and to

C!.nticipe.te f or futurn cOD.'!littments, "Cenore.l s SpC.!!.tz , f.ndcr60n

and McD"-oold !1Toposed to e stn"'"'].ish an 1ntelligGnco or gnniza

tion of comn....nd pro!XIrtions.31 In D("'cCof':btr 1944, Gonorol

McDonald "\lcnt t o r!!. shil'!f!tcn t o subD.lt :-cOCI:l!'1f:ndr.tlon8 and

pl ens f or the n(''II' U.S. Strategic /I,ir Fo::cc;; s in Europe In-

t(Jli~cnco Co~~nd.

Tl.'!rnot Int("ll ig(nce

tt""ith the' for!Tlnt-1on of' Hcr.dqucrters U.S . St.rc.tC'glc Air

Fe-rccs in Furore' , th(' coer-dinetien of t.r...rpf't Mt.ters e nd

opr;ratinnnl r lenring "!'i th thE! :.ir FC'rce f" r.m tho Britil'lh

soctiC'n~, for.~crly the function of t he h-5 Section In Head ~

quarters U. S . l:.r"TIt iLl::- Fcrccs 1n U. K. l'it. s inccr pcr r.ted into tho

Dir t'ctornt,o of I nt.l.'I) Hgcncc under the Tergcts sub- scction.

31. Conference held 1n t.hc C'lff1ce of the DefUtv CO!!ll!!andcr, O~rotior. s, Pidcv.ing , 30 r et 44

.- ,--L -

http:pro!XIrtions.31http:SpC.!!.tzhttp:C!.nticipe.te

- ------ - -

Prclir.dnE'.ry Draft No . 1

Fron the' functiorw.1 :ooint of vito\" the TargC'ts sub

sC"'ctlcn dealt ,:,.'1th the: coordinating of target l':IOttc.rs vith the

Eighth ~nd Flfternth J.j.x Forcos e nd the R.A .F . ; prc~ring the

TergC't SC'Ction of Bor.irerdr.lcnt Dircctiv(s, ~nd prroucing tar .

get r .atcrin l for the \lSC of the U . ~ . Lr~ J..ir Forces and the

Rovel Air Force . The cconemic aspects , on rhich ottnck pri .

oriti()s Poere oosed , of potential targets nere ~t\ldicd through

lr.Ior~ction obtained frern U.S. ~nd British Economic r arfere

UnitE. This sub- s(;'ctic:oD prepared tl'.rget potenticlity reports

giving spoaific infor:- ~_tion chcut the inportcncc of a porti ,. ct'lc.r ind\lstrv t o the ene:"lY; furniEhed AiMinfi! Point Rc}:'Crts

for the location of ~nc~y pl~ts or f~ctor;es . As e basis fo r

reco!!m'eoontions of fur ther esrcults, Ecrnonic 1W.id II.BE'OSSrnen~s ,

pointi ng out the interruption of prcduC'tion h~r 1.H1ed stu.cks

'.00 knOml fnets ccnccrning tho prO.'!I'CBf' of rflc rDstruction after

bor.:bin~ , ..,ere used . InforD",otion on Enc~y ground defenses ,

~tDrinl on f~ok , bal1~on barrages, scnrohlighte and radcr

)2 ~r. s provided .

The ma jor. portion of F.t('ric.l ut'cd h:.~ Tl'.rgcts r.C 5 erected

at Air 1:'iniBtr', beth in I. . I. .3cO,) nnd in M. I .15 . At A.I.

3e(1), a dot~c~n~r.t of offic~rs rpd cnJ i5ted ~cn fron tho U. S.

Stratei!'ic I.ir Forces in TUTOP

- -

, . , '.

Prollc1na.s , ..i::lerioc.a tetc.cht:ent ct ~'.. l.~o (l( SQ.p 1944. ~. l~i d .

http:tCl"t,

.. , 4 ')

PrellIJinqy Draft NO.1

.h1eb oontein ca:.plcte' 1n.toro.lC.t1on on. ell tcctlcnl targets

wi thin the terri tory covered lly ~uch dossier, c.ad in nnnotuted

vertical ceri~ pbotOGTopbB,. '.

,ihen T~rM~s bect.:..:.e eskb,ij,shed ps (. . sub- section undeJ"

to; Intelli~Jl,Ge J)1roctorote it c.asw:.X:d ' the funtrtions of llck

eub~e~t1on of '~2:~ Hecdqq.c.rtere u.s. ,i-r-4 ~ar l'o~ces Ll U, K,

,10k. c.lc:mc wi th i;cQlo!.lic Reid .:.asoes.pent.~ , .~eQY Ground pefeases.... BaHoon B~.rcS." .soq-cItl1gh~s 'lld Red",!,. tomed 0 divisioD .

Flck ~trt:elli~>lco ~ntor.,c.t1on ~~ p:-oduccd e;}tijrel>,

();).e third of the personnel. .' . .

o~~i~rs m .d en!i~ted i,..:en , l7AQ uacd ln the, COP,.f;lGt~on, collo.tloQ.

~4 d1aset:4u;:..t~on of Flc..k ~4for..:..ct1on. Unae~ J,t.Colonel

. . wo.{I ~4W+u:~1ble for "tib~ aupplfina ot porst;mncl ~o ~t }: ,15 I ' for

. . -

the dls4~td!l(;'"Qn of q.o:.k i:;,.for-c..ion, tllld for tJ;ae coorr!1nc.tioq

of Flak -P.f(!tllei.J:$ CLl)DS .the Uni ted stc..tee 4 ;r Forees 1n ~qrope.

In Ootoi?e1 ~ +~r; t;:coorcl ~P~C1;~ cn~ ...nderson rellJ,i z,:..d the e~8tenee or ~ ~rotle;. in the i ncrease it!, ~our ~O"se8 . - ' ~u~ to OUGt:I f',lc..k . Tb~>, expressed: t~~c~r r..IlJt1e~y Qld c jo1n.t

IntalllbOncc/OpQrct1on=8t~~Y of tllo probl f:!.l wos in1t1o~d, .95 ,

, , i .' lJelX>, Erii.~GCn . 039rli,O' C. Moton.:.l d t Djr USDTtJ!', tp Col lJ>:"'U P"~ollor . j/ej>l

---- -

t " )

,, Prcl1c1~ory Drdt No.1

Major Ceqer~ p1dfi ela .,J.. S~.eia1~st of JIq. i,JeF . on

~s vls1 ~ to thi$ tbec~r ~ ~~ Nor8::Jber of ~~4 s_~re" 5qd t he

nccess1~y fOf inve!~~siti~~ of c~ptured cer~ .tlQk ~nstcl~

lQt~oDS by ~~ trdnea "tlck D.nCfysts ris ~Q2..u us possible , '. .. " . u~tex:' ee.p~d~. 36 :Pr~bCblY c.s 0. I'Cs\u.t of tlUs (i. ;::lOre cctive fle:k uni t within -the lJ1 rector of I~ t,.,llle,ant'".8 , USSTJ3 , '

, . '

~ou.duct rese~oh t su;-veys C:O:1d stuCio:lS tor the reduetto!l ot

lo~ses due to Flc.k "!'t.s ~u8f.este4 end J.1; . Colonol R:i.ebC::X'd ~t. ,

De~erec\lX. C~;C, tbcu . 'I'.1t~ cj.:~ In~lli~llc~ i ll .jCS~P8ton t 'fit..8

reco.JOquped to' .hClcd t~ unit , . '37

, ,

._~ 23 .TCDq.cr~. l~ , ~ho .propos~ of c. !lep Fl~ s~tT~P cw.t~ .

i n (o"r Co ~ec1; -deol o:r clisC~81on c:;ld t he .rElC$~fld~t1I;)Jl,,s

for on o~~~eC: fl~ ~Cf~iOh wore .~1;Clted . ~ C?rgcn12c~o~~

cbprt I :lqdiCf ~"ns t he type~ ot officers Df;ledcd .Cor "the DDli

E.lc:k seotio~ ~ 1?~ df'CoWIl up ll Lt,Ccl9';;lel $\lrbp ck: .~d opp~v~d. '

McK:1nnef . l:!~E:dquOftQrs ~ ~'J.r i'oroo~ repftl~ntc:tivo 1 Lt.

Col one l .r. ~'~Bo\7.~ of ~X ~4r t:cfel;'l.$e CO~':f41 CIl~ J,:ajar

Crespr of ~bht~ ~Ar force Tho cru...f~ tiCS E.p.provod ~y .. . '. .. , ,

' .. " , i i . ~6. I n.t't JJeoo-,C9+,Mi llo;d ~r.is , De~u~y p~tW , to .

(E:r1,8, Ceo, Goors. C.IJeDol,,,ld) p/."~.l. u.s:;T.

--- -- ---

,. . ) > ,

Colonel "..eieker qt;l too See\ion l;CS to b;: ;set up by Lt~ColODel

.surbeck .. pen,ding the trri-vcl ot ~t . Col:lel Devorecu,x troo'"

\'icsbington '~ho- WUl to be 1 -loS.' beed. 38

Since U.S . strC:.tee;lc ~r FOTCt.;8 in l.urope wep unf:lble to

. provide YocCWlcies 1::1 the Tio -ror this .:;xpc..'1.S;i.on , ~~ WLB. ~6cided the:t t ho . v.rio~ k1r ~~orees liQUld furnish ptt~ee:rs on Tin to

'd. ,:; , strL::to~c ".iT .!'oro,..::s in ~urope pending Fobo.ble CSSigru:l.eut,39

1'1\13 new ofScnizc'\ilone.l cbc.r, diYided the slok IqtplJ.1s.ence

~~t~oDe into five pq-ts under too 8upt.;.rvision QJld 41rec tion

CIt ton ,pnti ...Rircrc.f; Colone~~ 'I'h~ otficor pElJ'BOllllel ~re Jlet-dow -Cor e:c.QQ 6ubo~(UnL~ ~eti~)J~ cqc:oTdi~ tG ~ucUtic'"tlon8 Qld

:('Ulk CtnG. ttu.: ~q.u1~ccm~s iGc1.uded tJtct1sticitnS . ;,nt! ......J.re~_ott .

cfficeJ"s, offiC\if8 04 tq cotlbe.~ cxporionce O1P 9tfiocrs wI th Q' . . ' . . 4

bc.'l~ Inw~~u~E!' in EQ. U . S~trcd;~~c M,!" Fo. ce~ in

E~ope wo, no ~oneef r~~~~ c ~~~,~nct1ng w.d coordinc~~ng ., .' ~.e _

.

fGctor~ It bed ~dE:r~Qkun tllQ auil.Y~J, ru1d 8to.pdordfu.~on ot

. atn.tiaUc, i~ ~gqd to n,e:.l\.; the prepq:'t:.~i~n opd' d1s~ribut1on . . "

o~ apec;1c.l . flc~ e~udie~~ the DUPQrv;sion ' of, ~nter":" c.l:r fo~~

flck CQn1'ure;.lce ('.,.'1G lJ. i4.eon ct th c.+l ~U ...d flc..k Q~na1e8 i

t he eol~uc~ion . Cistri~utl~n ~~ pUbli~~g of. opclQtioncl

. , II I! 3e t ).tOOD , ~ubj, ~~6:Jdod - F+c.k ~',nclys1~ SQctiPJl of D~ ~S:Ti.F ,

1.'.001 :r.l.. ~Om.l,ll , :P.' 4~1 CJ If'J;b ~. ' J~; ~~1d. . .' .

40, ort.Q.u.z,-~onu CIlq't. l'ropo~cd u::.s.r;.t f10k s..~t1on , 7 feb 4,5.

I . " I

80

I I

Prel1:::d.nc.ry LrLft No . 1 t I

tlck 1nfo r ,.lc.tic.n, ' ..."l.a th~ o~).r..lysis of O!1(J;:::Y flc.k equ1;:t::ent. 4! t The. need for" Dor", hl&hly sp...citc!l , t1l.jor Q.,:~ere:l C16fic.:lc1 orrl.;red "eleli tio:t.:J. offi cors

for Flak I:ltcllie~neo . In Vie~7 of tMs , tho ilc.k ~ ...ction of ! iJ.:.; . ~trc.t"8ic .>ir FOlces in I.uropr:. r OQ.uvsted flck ClKlysis

c.nd cnti - urcrcft '-It111e:ry officers ':::.lle:. ot!lcr sJ:.Ocir..lizud .\ personnel to supply i t5 nucds. 42 Fl.:.k hi;:,G r 9cchcd the Inportc..nec

of L tClCt--t COl_pl;J [.S to t..... used i ll (;11 oth.:.l" t hcc.ters

of ncr , both in th" trdilil18 of :rc.rBonnol for Flak Intollis,c.nco

,iork Lncl in our op'rt.t1onc.~ plC.:'l&li i1!.

~pr,,:SCj:~ tc.tiv(..s fro:_~ t h..:. vu ;'ouot!ivi,sio!l.O of the

T:r!&&ts subsuct10n sel"VlJc1 Oll tho Co;.:bin_cl :3tr itc&ic T'::Z8ots

Corm ttco . i7hich \,,"8 for_.:..t.: d of EriUsh c.nd..i.u.... r1ec...;.l p.;rsonnol

for tht-.l ;-urPOSQ of 'S Si~i16 }

'.

:r.!ost of t h.: i :c.por tc.nt tcr&~ t ca.::.pl ... x.;;s -::c r c do ten..iD..... d by the

norki ..6 co;:.rj tt.:os fro:_ Cccu.:.ul r t.:.:~ i~lfor:_[ tl O~1 . Th",n t hoy

The conclusions LlTiv(;d c. t by t::(; \:orki!lf, 00--,- -,1 tte..,s ,:e r c thon

bra\leht' bf.dor~ t h(; cO::lbirl\it:: DtH .tc@ c Tc.rf;t::ts Co~:rl. t~.:. fo r

Lpprov.;l or discpprovc.l t .: ftc r \7h1ch n.ca:i:,:,ur:.c'lLtions for

priori ty syste:...'3 l :4jl'C 8ub..:l tted t o the; ; ,J.l1 ",d ..d.r COi.:.:.. cnders . ribo

Jocktly CO:';':.:.1 ttGt:: . ".'hieh . u.:.:ti l t bu fOT_Ltioi.) of thl.. CGc.binci:.

Strc.teeic T~rgot Co::.ni ttoo ~n J\1.:."1

- - -~..... . ,'-

Pr;;li:Jincry Lrc.ft No .1

disse:..-J.no:.t io:l. of i n tc::Ul6(: nec ooncer.liul!, the. e-:lC;::yfS c ...;.e:bili t1...s

~d ~ulnor~biliti~s . 48

Un-til the for-.:.c.. tion of U~T.F u(.;c.rly til of til..; c.ir

ev.:lu...tcd br the JJ.r toll-metry. Duo to the provcllins circlt.ostcnco8 1

tee Un! wd S"tCltGS ~,J..r Forct;s , in tho Un! tod Ki::l.l:,C.Ol:l ""l"C re ...l c:.ct..d

1n u posi tion of c.cceytiua this infor...:.(, tion a t fc.c~ vl::luc end

1ncorpor~ tint, it i n to i ts ~~l"ts . ("''1c! stucl,1es . 49 , Th.... Llcrecs~ci pc.rtici j:. ;. tion of .. ':':'cli.c al c..i r pO~7(;r in

tho ~.ir llinistr;,r f .;Jr Uni t....c;, Btc.:tos ink lli ':'l.:ncc officl:ra to

.:.: ffici on t fu."'"l ctioni nb of tac Unit....a DtLks ~.1r FaICLs . "

personnel \ . hC:l the Lir;.;c torctc of I:1t\...lli:.~:l.cu , U. G .. ~~rt.tuBic

i.ir Fore .... s i !l huropt:, r es 8StLbli3hod '\"'...;r.... (1) ll'lJ(b). iJ.2(c) ,

Forec;;s of I},.cl't::.~~' ~ld 3llt

end scel ...s of c..ttc c k. _.11 infor~c.tion y... rtein1 ne:. t c tbe. ~ncqy 's

oiterLft i ndu.stri ... s "'.5 proe ... ssed b)'" ".12(1,). ~3(c) !.La

c oncernud ~:1 th the pcraoll.:'1Ql Ulcl o~e.rmi ZCtiOll of tht.; Gc:rocm

studha. ~4 fica eonc::.t rncd \7iti1 th~ (.:ne~ ls si~uals s,Ystso .

'P sc rvic(;) and. the: prepc.rc. ti9:.l of B, M. f". :reports. The

IlSSCSSW l.l. t of mr ra1~ cl.lL.:lge WC.S the Nsyonsibili t y of Ja.3(c) 2.

The oooreinction of sor"4 conducted by t ho photo8.I'opbi e

:RoeOD!lci ssc.Dc(l Un1 ts wes aec o-":.rlis ~\!4 by t he ;~ (:~~h.) 50

~y 5 .i.pril 1944. t~,C Oper a tiooL1 Ihte+li ~enc(; end 'Y'

The se i neluGcd t he .coorli nl.tion r..n4 (.:vo.lut:. tion of cn..:py

opcr c.ti.onol l!li'or....c.tion obta::in ... d frou t he .4.r !,Jinistry end otho r

s ourccs i t he detcrrrlnc.ti ofJ. of t he e!lc.~ls str\.::lgth, dis~si tiO!l ,

offectivencss . ~~!lctiO.l . uas t !!B:e tlnd c Lpt:bll1t1""sJ tho

esce rtoinin8 of loo L-tion. lctivi t y and a;;ot(;; ntiali ty of eneW)'

uirdrclJOs toe..:; th",r 'ki t h t ile. di s "I...ributi on of .t..ircr1ft end uet en a l

thereon (c1istinBuisLinrs dUi.-qy o..'lC! decoy f1 01c19 frOD optorationnl

fields); Qle t o iJ"ovlde i llfor o c.:\: ion v (:l uClb1e to coabat c rc t.s

pcrtGi:U.n~ to re1foI'"_Llce . t ccti cs" vulna r nbil1ty, Cfucumts,

n(m clevic~s wei. i oprovc....c:l ts of ",no;..:y cd.rcn..:i" t C!l.c! dcfenc('; 9 .51

for i , - 2 50" pcrs 6. 7, &. Bt Lt f., Subj: Crsc.-u %~ ti ojl PlL'1 O~e.rG'i onc.l h . tl..lliL.;:ncu O.;. etiop ,Lt . Col Juli rn ~J.len,

Gnid 0 I,. U.:JTiJ to Lt Go: Lowell ? ,i,oi 'k~., (IootiDf,. . IjQ~ia V([j;lj~~I~~]f(I' {JV(; ~l'

\1. kl~

aelioin(.ry DrDft No.1

Uld aeolus of ottcek. ~.J.1 infor~c.tion jA.rtcinint t o thy encqy 's

olarf.ft indu.stri c.$ "" .8 p-oc.... s8od by ~ol2(0 ). ~..lJ(c) .:(;.8

conccrnud '.;-i th th(;: persoll.:.lo). c.uc::. O~6uni zction of the Geroon

~r Foroe. end. in (.ddi tio:u , prepc.r~d pLat opere. tione.1 research

studlE>s. .;.14 l'.lCS conc~rr;.cd m. til th" (;ne~ ' 8 Sif,llels SystEin.

1Iyt1 scrvictl and t oo pre:pcrc. til?:'l. of B, M. f". :reports . The

W!lSCSSllOllt of Oir rmd a~ge "C$ th6 Nsyonsibll1t:,' pf i.ol.3(c) 2.

The cooroinctio:l of sort4-~s cOilduc ted by tho pbotosrephic

RlconnLissJlcc Un1 ts ';,'05 aCCO'_lf lish,Jd bj" the . o.DI (r-h .) 50

~y 5 J.pril 1944 . t he Operatior.d !hte~li,,-,onco end "y

sub-sdction b~d cas~~ cur-tLi:l apw clfl c responaibilltics ~

Thuse includcd tho c oorC:1 m:'.tion Ulrl cvalu Etion of cnt:.'l:iY

operc.t::'oDal in