the importance of water (official)

8/10/2019 The Importance of Water (Official)

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WATERENVIRONMENT


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The ExtraordinaryThe Extraordinary

Properties of WaterProperties of Water


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WaterWater

A water molecule (H2O), ismade up of threethree atoms one oxy!en and two hydro!en"

H

HO


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What areWhat arethethe

PropertiesPropertiesof Water#of Water#


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Properties of WaterProperties of Water

At sea le$el, pure waterAt sea le$el, pure water %oils at%oils at&'' &'' andandfree*es at ' free*es at ' ""

TheThe%oilin! temperature of water%oilin! temperature of waterdecreases at hi!her ele$ationsdecreases at hi!her ele$ations(lower atmospheric pressure)"(lower atmospheric pressure)"

+or this reason, an+or this reason, an e!!e!!will taewill taelon!er to %oillon!er to %oil at hi!her altitudesat hi!her altitudes


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Water is -ess .ense as aWater is -ess .ense as a

/olid/olid 0ce is less dense0ce is less denseas a solid than as

a li1uid (ice floats)

-i1uid water has hydro!en %ondshydro!en %ondsthat are constantly %ein! %roenconstantly %ein! %roen

and reformed"and reformed"

+ro*en water+ro*en waterforms a crystalliecrystallie

latticelatticewhere%y molecules are set

at fixed distances"


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Water is -ess .ense as aWater is -ess .ense as a/olid/olid

Which is ice and which is water#Which is ice and which is water#


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Acids, 2ases and pHAcids, 2ases and pH

One water moleculeOne water molecule in 33' millionin 33' millionnaturallynaturally dissociatesdissociatesinto a Hydro!eninto a Hydro!en0on0on (H4)(H4) and a Hydroxide 0onand a Hydroxide 0on (OH)(OH)

Hydro!en 0on Hydroxide 0onHydro!en 0on Hydroxide 0on

AcidAcid sese

H2O H+ + OH


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The pH /caleThe pH /cale

0ndicates the concentration of Hconcentration of H44ionsions5an!es from ' 6 &7' 6 &7pH of 8 is neutral8 is neutral

pH ' up to 8 is acid' up to 8 is acid 9 H4pH a%o$e 8 6 &7a%o$e 8 6 &7is %is %asic9 OHEach pH unit represents a factor of

&':&':chan!e in concentrationpH ; is &' x &' x &' (&''') stron!erpH ; is &' x &' x &' (&''') stron!erthan a pH of


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AcidsAcids

/tron!/tron!AcidsAcids

ha$e a pHha$e a pHofof &;&;ProduceProduce

lots oflots ofH H44 ionsions


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2ases2ases

/tron!/tron!asesases ha$ea pH of &&&&to &7to &7

ontain lotslotsof OHof OHionsionsand fewerH4 ions


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2uffers2uffers

Wea acids or %ases that react withWea acids or %ases that react withstron! acids or %ases to pre$entstron! acids or %ases to pre$entsharp, sudden chan!es in pHsharp, sudden chan!es in pH(neutrali*ation)"(neutrali*ation)"

Produced naturally %y the %odyProduced naturally %y the %ody totomaintain homeostasismaintain homeostasis

Weak AcidWeak Acid Weak BaseWeak Base


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Water: The Facts

Water is possibly the most important

compound in living organisms.

Water consists of 1 atom of oxygen

combined with 2 atoms of hydrogen.

Water makes up 70 to 9 percent of most

organisms.


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What are the characteristics of

water?

1. Water is polar.

2. Water molecules attract other water

molecules. !his property is cohesion.

". Water displays adhesion.

#. Water expands when it free$es.


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Water is Polar

% polar molecule hasan une&ualdistribution ofcharge'eachmolecule has a

positive end and anegative end.

%ll polar substancesare attracted to other

polar substances.


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Why is this polarity important?

(olar water molecules attract other

water molecules as well as ions and other

polar molecules.)ecause of this attraction* water can

dissolve many ionic compounds* such as

salt and polar molecules like sugar.


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How do water molecules

attract?Water molecules form hydrogen bondshydrogen bonds.

+ydrogen bonds are weak bonds that

form between the positively chargedhydrogen atoms of one water moleculeand the negatively charged oxygen atomsof another water molecule.

!his ability of water molecules to sticktogether is called cohesioncohesion.


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Also due to its polarity

Water displays the property of adhesionadhesion

which is the ability of one substance to

cling to another.,xamples of adhesion include water-s

ability to creep up thin tubes. (lants

show this property when they send waterfrom the soil up through their tissues.


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And finallywater expands when it

freezes.

)ecause of this

property* ice is less

dense than li&uidwater.

!his property can be

seen when ice forms

and floats on thesurface of a pond.


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Auatic !iomesMarine

cean

,stuary

Fresh Water

/ivers and treams otic3akes and (onds entic3


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"ceans

alinity averages " ppt full strength sea water3.4ue to high concentrations of sodium and chloride

cean is more than salt and water* but most ocean waters

are very poor in nutrients

(hosphate* nitrate* ammonium* iron ceans cover 5716 of ,arth* but only account for 06 of

the ,arth-s primary production.

)iological deserts not limited by water* but by nutrients

nlike terrestrial biomes* production is not higher at e&uator and

lower at the tropics 8respond to nutrient concentrations like

upwellings.


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"ceansoastal regions are much more productive

than non'coastal areas.

/ich nutrient input from coastal rivers

:ost of the worlds great fisheries come from

the continental shelf

!oo many nutrients can lead to algal blooms*

which may deoxygenate the watereutrophication3


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#ome Fish $ife History

Anadromous8 fish that spend their adult

life in salt water but spawn in freshwater

almon* striped bass* %merican shad

Catadromous8 fish that spend their adult

life in freshwater but spawn in saltwater%merican eel


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%stuariesWhere the river meets the seaometimes classified freshwater* sometimes

classified marine

:ost productive biome on ,arthupport a diverse fauna including a variety

of worms* oysters* crabs* and waterfowl.

erve as nursery habitat for manyorganisms.


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&arsh Types

;resh water marshsalinity < 1.0 ppt.(lants are not salt tolerant and include maidencane* bulltongue*

alligatorweed* cattails* and spikerush

=ntermediate marshsalinity averages "." ppt.

(lants are slightly salt tolerant and include spikerush* three'corner

grass* arrowhead* cordgrass* wiregrass* roseau cane* and deer pea

)rackish marshsalinity averages about > ppt.

typically dominated by cordgrass or wiregrass

alt marshsalinity averages about 1? ppt.

oyster grass is common* but few other plant species can survive


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Freshwater Marsh

Brackish MarshIntermediate Marsh

Salt Marsh
http://stahl.ce.washington.edu/projects/marsh.jpg


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'i(ers and #treams

@enerally represent the excess of precipitation on landareas over evaporation from them.

(recipitation that falls is either evaporated* transpirated*

enters the ground water supply* or flows down rivers

;low is down'hill and varies seasonally/elated to rainfall and iceAsnow melt

)eginning of a river B thesourceand the end of a river B

the mouth

4ischarge' volume of water passing a given point duringa period of time

hannel Width C 4epth C Delocity


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'i(ers and #treams;low velocity is important in determining abiotic

and biotic components.;low related to slope and precipitation

ediment type* current strength

nly certain organisms can withstand strong flow

!he faster the flow* the more material can betransported in the water

:aterials are transported by running water in

three principal states4issolved matter

uspended solids

)ed load


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&a)or 'i(ers of The World

NameDischarge103m3/sec

Length103km

Drainage Area106km2

Ama!n" S!#th America 212$%0 6$%% &$'(

)!ng!" A*rica 3+$6& %$'0 %$01

,anges-Brahma.#tra" India 3($&0 2$+0 1$62angte" )hina 21$(1 &$+( 1$+%

enisei" SS 1'$3+ &$&% 2$&+

Mississi..i N!rth" America 1'$30 6$02 3$22

Mek!ng" Asia 11$0% %$00 0$(0

Nile" A*rica 3$10 6$6& 3$3&


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Water Pollution * +leanup

11 June 2010 Water-Pollution.ppt 31


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Water pollution

lasses of pollution* pollutants(athogens* parasites

xygen'demanding wastes

=norganic chemicals=norganic plant nutrients

rganic chemicals

ediments

/adioactive material

+eat thermal pollution3



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Water pollution

(athogens* parasites

sually from sewage* feedlots* slaughterhouses

Diruses)acteria cholera* ...3

oliform bacteria usually notpathogenic*

sed as indicators of pollution

(roto$oan parasites @iardia*

ryptosporidium3



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Water pollution

xygen'demanding wastes

rganic materials from sewage*

slaughterhouses* etc.

4ecomposed by bacteria

)acteria re&uire* consume dissolved oxygen

E)iological xygen 4emandF )43

:easure of water &ualityow in pristine water



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Water pollution

=norganic chemicals:ostly from industry

+eavy metals

ead* arsenic* mercury* copper ions* etc.

%mmonia

%cidsulfuric acid* nitric acid from acid deposition

%lso from industry

)ases caustic alkalines3



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Water pollution

=norganic plant nutrients fertili$ers3

;rom agriculture* lawns G gardens

eaching into groundwater

/un'off into surface waters

timulate growth of algae algal blooms3*

eutrophication

%lgae die* sink* become oxygen'demandingwaste



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Water pollution

=norganic plant

nutrients fertili$ers3

;rom agriculture*lawns G gardens

,utrophication

Hatural process

%ccelerated by excess

nutrient input

%lgae die* sink*

become oxygen'

demanding waste

11 June 2010 Water-Pollution.ppt 3!


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Water pollution

rganic chemicalsfrom industry* restaurants* cars* households*

farms

@asoline* oil,ngine coolant ethylene glycol3

olvents

4etergents

(esticides insecticides* herbicides* fungicides

(olychlorinated )iphenyls ()s3

11 June 2010 Water-Pollution.ppt 3"


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Water pollution

ediments,rosion from construction sites* streets G

roads* farms* sewage

4ense sediments sink* accumulate edimentation in reservoirs

ess dense sediments may stay in water

/educe clarity increase turbidity3

/educe light penetration G photosynthesis

11 June 2010 Water-Pollution.ppt 3#


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Water pollution /adioactive material

;rom spills* waste from atomic weapons production

+anford* Washington

avannah /iver (lant* outh arolina

;rom nuclear power plants minor3 losely regulated

+eat Ethermal pollutionF3

+eated water from cooling of electrical generating

e&uipment

%lters ecosystem of river* lake



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Water pollution Hon'point and (oint sources



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,round water pollution (ollution of a&uifers Hon'point and (oint sources

(ollutants slow to break down in cold G dark



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Water pollution

=n lakes* reservoirs

ow flow rate* long

residence time

4eep* stratification

(ollutants can

accumulate*

concentrate



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Water pollution

=n streams* rivers +igher flow rate*

dilution effect

!urbulent Well mixed

Well oxygenated

ong riverbanks*

contact with land ubIect to non'point

source pollutants

ften flow near cities



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Water pollution

(revention)etter to H! pollute than to clean up laterlean up is expensive

lean up is never complete



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#ewa-e Treatment

(rimarycreens and settling tanks remove grit G

suspended organic matter.

econdaryewage aeratedJ aerobic bacteria consume

organic mattereave dissolved inorganics* H"* (#* etc.

!ertiary;ilters most dissolved inorganics and remaining

dissolved organic compounds



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#ewa-e Treatment

(rimarycreens and settling tanks remove grit G

suspended organic matter.

11 June 2010 Water-Pollution.ppt 4!


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#ewa-e Treatmentecondaryewage aeratedJ aerobic bacteria consume organic matter

eave dissolved inorganics* H"* (#* etc.

11 June 2010 Water-Pollution.ppt 4"


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#ewa-e Treatment

!ertiary;ilters most dissolved

inorganics andremaining dissolved

organic compoundsan be done

biologically in wetlandsHatural

%rtificial

11 June 2010 Water-Pollution.ppt 4#


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Types and #ources of Water Pollution

Point sources

Nonpoint sources

Biologicaloxygendemand

Water $ualitWater $ualit

WaterWater

QualityQuality

GoodGood 8-98-9

Do (ppm) at 20CDo (ppm) at 20C

SlightlySlightly

pollutedpolluted

oderatelyoderately

pollutedpolluted

!ea"ily!ea"ily

pollutedpolluted

Gra"elyGra"ely

pollutedpolluted

#$%-8#$%-8

&$'-#$%&$'-#$%

elo &$'elo &$'

elo &elo & g$ &3&


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Point and onpoint #ources

NNIN4 S)5S

ran streets

S##rande7el!.ment

8astewatertreatment.lant

#ral h!mes

)r!.land

Fact!r9

Animal *eedl!t

IN4S)5S


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Water pollution

)acteria* Diruses* (roto$oa* (arasitic worms

xygen demanding substances

=norganic plant nutrientsrganic chemicals

ediment or suspended matter

!hermal pollution@enetic pollution


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:!!.lankt!n0$123..m

h9t!.lankt!n0$002& ..m

8ater0$000002 ..m

;erring g#ll12% ..m

Lake tr!#t%$(3 ..m

;erring g#ll eggs12% ..m

iologi*al

ag+i,i*atio+

iologi*al

ag+i,i*atio+


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Pollution of #treams

O&%'en (a' )ur*eO&%'en (a' )ur*e

Fig$ 20-&


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Pollution of $a/es

EutrophicationDischarge !* #ntreated

m#nici.al sewage


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Fi-. 01230

Auifer

Water well

Migratingvapor phase

Contaminant plume moveswith the groundwater

Free gasolinedissolves ingroundwater(dissolvedphase)

roundwater!low

Waterta"le

asolineleakage plume(li#uid phase)

$eakingtank

Bedrock


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,roundwater Pollution: +auses

)!al stri.mine r#n!**

#m.ingwell

8aste lag!!n

Accidentals.ills

,r!#ndwater*l!w

)!n*ined a@#i*er

Discharge

Leakage *r!m *a#lt9casing

;aard!#s waste inecti!n wellesticides

,as!linestati!n

B#ried gas!lineand s!l7ent tank

Sewer

)ess.!!lse.tic tank

De-icingr!ad salt

0nc!

n*ine

d*res

hwate

ra@#

i*er

)!n*ine

d*res

hwate

ra@#

i*er

8ater .#m.ingwell

Land*ill

Fig$ 20-11


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,roundwater Pollution Pre(ention

Monitoring a#ui!ers

%trictl& regulating

ha'ardous waste disposal

%toring ha'ardous materials

a"ove ground

Construction sites

.r"an sprawlBacteria and viruses!rom

Cities-oic metalsand oil !rom

0ndustr&1itrogen oides!rom autos and


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Fi-. 032314 p. 515

Health& 'oneClear o&gen*richwaters promote growth

o! plankton and sea grassesand support !ish+

O&gen*depleted 'one%edimentation and algaeovergrowth reduce sunlight

kill "ene!icial sea grasses useup o&gen and degrade ha"itat+

,ed tidesEcess nitrogen causeseplosive growth o!toicmicroscopic algaepoisoning !ish andmarine mammals+

Farms

,uno!! o! pesticides manure and!ertili'ers adds toins and ecessnitrogen and phosphorus+

-oic sediments

Chemicals and toicmetals contaminateshell!ish "eds killspawning !ish andaccumulate in the tissueso! "ottom !eeders+

%ediments are washed intowaterwa&s choking !ish andplants clouding waters and"locking sunlight+

!romsewers and septictanks contaminateshell!ish "eds

O&gen*depleted'one

Closed

"each

and oil !romstreets andparking lotspollute waters/

!rom autos andsmokestackstoic chemicalsand heav& metals ine!!luents !low into"a&s and estuaries+

Closedshell!ish "eds

Fi + 23*45

'educin- Water Pollution throu-h


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'educin- Water Pollution throu-h

#ewa-e Treatment

(rimary and econdary sewage treatment.

Fi ure 01236Fi ure 01236

Technolo-ical Approach: 7sin- Wetlands


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Technolo-ical Approach: 7sin- Wetlands

to Treat #ewa-e88

((

%& centimeter

la9er !* limest!negra7el c!ated with

dec!m.!sing acteriaFirst c!ncrete .!!l Sec!nd c!ncrete .!!l

SeageSeage

Wetla+d typeWetla+d type

pla+tpla+tWetla+d typeWetla+d type

pla+tpla+t

.reated.reated

aterater

,l 9 l " tl / #t P ll ti i l i


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,lo9al "utloo/: #tream Pollution in e(elopin-

+ountries

Water in many

of central

hinaKs riversare greenish

black from

uncontrolled

pollution by

thousands of

factories.

Fi ure 012;Fi ure 012;

What Can 6ou 7o8


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Water 9ollution

: Fertili'e garden and &ard plants with manure or compost

instead o! commercial inorganic !ertili'er+

: Minimi'e &our use o! pesticides+

: 7o not appl& !ertili'er or pesticides near a "od& o! water+

: row or "u& organic !oods+

: 7o not drink "ottled water unless tests show that &our tap

water is contaminated+ Merel& re!ill and reuse plastic "ottles

with tap water+

: Compost &our !ood wastes+

: 7o not use water !resheners in toilets+

: 7o not !lush unwanted medicines down the toilet+

: 7o not pour pesticides paints solvents oil anti!ree'e or other

products containing harm!ul chemicals down the drain or onto

the importance of water (official)

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