the importance of integration waste management aspects as ... · waste management goals (sni...

* Corresponding author: [email protected]

The Importance of Integration Waste Management Aspectsas a System in Good and Sustainable Waste Management

Abdul Mukhit 1*, and Syafrudin Syafrudin2

1Master Program in Environmental Sciences, Graduate School of Diponegoro University, Semarang - Indonesia2Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Diponegoro University, Semarang - Indonesia

Abstract. Waste management is one of the important issues in environmental management. The citybecomes a place of human activity that has the potential to generate waste. Unsustainable wastemanagement has the potential to cause various environmental problems. Waste management starts from theupstream to downstream levels so that it can reduce the amount of waste generation. The importance ofintegtation in a waste management system is a must and requires seriousness in applying it for create a goodand sustainable Waste Management system.

Keywords: Municipal Waste, Waste Management, Sustainable, Integtation

1. IntroductionTrash is one of the crucial issues in the urban

environment problems. Human activities areincreasingly complex and dynamic. In its efforts to carryout such complex and dynamic activities, humans needvarious supporting infrastructure to be able to carry outcommunity activities safely, orderly, healthy andsmoothly. Of the various human activities will surelyproduce residual . According to Law No. 8 of 2008,waste is the remains of human daily activities and / orsolid natural processes. For some people garbage issomething that has no economic value so it is discarded,however, there are parties who consider that waste assomething of economic value and have benefits .The volume of waste is very related to the developmentof the population, changes in the quality and dynamics ofthe activities of a city community. The source, shape ,type and composition are strongly influenced by thelevel of community culture and its natural conditions, themore advanced the level of community culture, the morecomplex the sources and types of waste are encountered.Rapid urban population development is inseparable fromthe influence of various technological advances,transportation and so on. This is because the city is themost likely location in supporting the productiveactivities of a society. Population growth, changes inconsumption patterns, and people's lifestyles haveincreased the amount of waste generation, types anddiversity of waste characteristics. The increase inpeople's purchasing power towards various types ofstaples and technology products as well as the increasingbusiness or activities supporting the economic growth ofa region also contribute greatly to the quantity and

quality of waste produced. In line with the increasingvolume of solid waste generation waste management thatdoes not use methods and techniques of wastemanagement that are environmentally friendly, otherthan can cause negative impacts towards health will alsogreatly disturb the sustainability of environmentalfunctions.

The decreasing quality of the environment needs tobe improved in order to ensure the welfare and quality oflife in the future. Humans have behaviors that are able toinfluence lives and welfare of humans and other livingthings.

Waste management can mean growing andinspiring participation [1] awareness and people'sbehavior in reducing waste and garbage production.Waste management is also a form of preventive actionagainst various environmental problems such asgreenhouse gas emissions (CH4) [2], water pollution dueto landfill [3] and soil pollution. Waste composition isgenerally dominated by organic waste. Organic waste isbiodegradable and has the potential to producegreenhouse gases. Appropriate waste management isexpected to reduce the amount of greenhouse gasesreleased into the air and can be one of the supportingfactors and methods in realizing a community that isaware of health and environmental sustainability throughthe development of low carbon communities. Wastemanagement can be started from the source of waste bysorting waste, followed by the collection process to thefinal disposal site (TPA) . The potential range of wastethat is reused and recycled depends on waste generation,waste composition and waste characteristics.One challenge and the problem faced by the manager inhandling waste is due to an imbalance between waste

https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/2018730 , 0 (2018)E3S Web of Conferences 73ICENIS 2018

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production and ability to manage it. In the wastemanagement system, there are 5 aspects that areinterrelated and mutually supportive in achieving goodwaste management goals (SNI 19-2454-2002).Under these conditions, necessary to study which aimsto emphasize the importance of five waste managementaspects.

2. Municipal WasteThe city has become a gathering place for many

activities and human activities in various fields. Fromthese various activities, it must produce residual andwaste. So it is not surprising, with the many activitiescarried out by humans, the city becomes a potentialwaste producer. Waste can be defined as the residualfrom various of humans and animals activities in theform of solid, mud, liquid or gas which is no longeruseful or no longer needed [4]. According to Law No. 18of 2008 on Waste Management, states that waste is not aregional problem but is a national problem and requiresintegrated and comprehensive handling so that it canprovide benefits to the community in terms of economy,health, behavior and provide positive benefits for theenvironment.

According to Indonesian National Standard 19-3983-1995, waste originates from (1) Housing, whichconsists of permanent houses, semi-permanent housesand non-permanent houses. (2) Non-housing, consistingof: offices, shops, markets, schools, places of worship,roads, hotels, restaurants, hospital industries and otherpublic facilities. Further explained the average amount ofwaste generation from waste sources that have beenexplained at the beginning, presented in the table below:

Table 1. The Amount of Waste Generation Based on WasteSource

No. WasteSource

Unit Volume Weight (kg)

1.PermanentHouse

Personper day

2.25 - 2.50 0.350 - 0.400

2.SemiPemanentHouse

Personper day

2.00 - 2.25 0.300 - 0.350

3.NonPermanentHouse

Personper day

1.75 - 2.00 0.250 - 0.300

4. OfficeEmployeeper day

0.50 - 0.75 0.025 - 0.100

5. StoreOfficerper day

2.50 - 3.00 0.150 - 0.350

6. SchoolStudentper day

0.10 - 0.15 0.010 - 0.020

7.Secondaryarterial road

Meter perday

0.10 - 0.15 0.020 - 0.100

8.SecondaryCollectorRoad

Meter perday

0.10 - 0.15 0.010 - 0.050

9. Local RoadMeter perday

0.05 - 0.10 0.005 - 0.025

10. MarketMeter perday

0.20 - 0.60 0.1 - 0.3

3. Problems and AlternativeSolutions in Waste Management

Waste management in Indonesia is formallystipulated in Indonesian National Standard 19-2454-2002 which states that the waste management system is aunity of waste management that support each other, andinteract in order to achieve the goal of obtaining clean,beautiful, healthy and orderly city. The relationshipbetween these aspects of management as in the picturebelow :

Figure 1. Relationship between Waste Management Aspects inthe Waste Management System

A. Institutional Aspects

Based on Article 26 and Article 27 of Law No. 18of 2008, the government as a waste administrator cancollaborate in waste management with the private sectoror waste management in the form of partnerships. Oneexample is the partnership between the Batam Citygovernment and the private sector in the form ofconcessions [5], where waste management will behanded over entirely to the private sector and thegovernment will get payment from the profits.The government is the driving force mandated byauthorities in carrying out all aspects of management toproduce solid and sustainable waste managementservices with an environmental perspective. Variousstrategic steps such as increasing the intensity ofsocialization, education, consultation, mentoring andpioneering [6] expected to be able to motivate thecommunity better in handling waste. Alternativestrategies that can be implemented as an effort toovercome waste problems , among others [7] :

Certainty, status and capacity of themanagement institution;

Improving the performance of managementinstitutions;

Increased cooperation and coordination with theparties ;


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Improving the quality of human resources forwaste management.

B. Operational Technical Aspects

The operational technique in the waste managementsystem depends on the amount of waste that will betransported to landfills. The condition and limitations ofinfrastructure and limited land area as a place forprocessing and disposal of final waste become acommon problem in various regions in Indonesia. Thisoperational technique consists of :

1. Storage is the initial stage in waste managementoperations. The storage is done to facilitate thecollection process. At this stage it can be donewaste sorting process. Waste sorting processcould be the determining point of theeffectiveness to next waste management system,while in many cities in Indonesia waste sortingprocess is carried out at temporary dump orfinal disposal [8] . Sorting organic waste can beused as compost which is very good for plants[9] whereas plastic waste can be reused orrecycled [10].

2. Collection, is a series of moving waste fromstorage to temporary dump. In general, the toolsused to collect are in the form of carts orgarbage rickshaws.

3. Displacement, is the following step from thegarbage operational techniques where the wastein the temporary dump is then transferred to thetruck to be taken to the landfill or final disposal.

4. Transportation, is an important stage in wasteoperational techniques. The effectiveness andefficiency of transportation can be a benchmarkfor successful waste management. Delaying thewaste transportation causing increase the nextwaste loading and risk of disrupting theenvironmental comfort. Planning, evaluationand monitoring of facilities, routes andtransportation schedules are important.

5. Final disposal / processing , is the end of wasteoperational techniques which is then the wastetreated with proper management and utilization.One of the waste management efforts that canbe done is by adding efective microorganisms(EM4) which affect the quality of compostmaturity which is better than the naturalcomposting process for in accordance withquality standards of mature compost [11].Principly, the final disposal is to destroy wasteas an effort to minimize environmentalproblems. In Indonesia, waste processingmethods include: open dumping , ContollLandfill, Sanitary Landfill, composting , andburning.

In order to overcome the problem of this aspect, it isnecessary to increase the effectiveness and increasing ofwaste operational services. Several strategies that can bedone [7], among others :

Optimizing the utilization of infrastructure andfacilities, Improve service coverage in a planned and fairmanner, Increase the capacity of garbage facilitiesaccording to service target, Landfill rehabilitation from pollution, Improve the quality of landfill managementtowards sanitary landfill, Research, development and application of

appropriate and environmentally-friendly solidwaste.

C. Legal and Regulatory Aspects

The management regulation policy in the regionshas not been able to provide motivation and awarenessof community participation in getting involved directlyor indirectly in management both in terms of financingand in terms of operasonal techniques.Waste problem is not a regional problem, but it is anational problem. This is evidenced by the Law on wastemanagement nationally regulate all waste issue and be areference for the regional goverments.Seen from law viewpoint in the rules and regulations,there are two aspects that can be set up and become thebasis for waste management provision is themanagement and technical aspects. From the aspect ofmanagement in general and universal waste managementlegislation, it regulates fundamental positions, rights andresponsibilities (community, government and businessworld), while from technical point of view technicalprovision (technology, funding, supervision, andparticipation) community) and administrative andcriminal sanctions [12].

D. Financing Aspects

The problem that often faced in the aspect offinancing is the unbalanced amount of operational andmaintenance with the amount of retribution cost. Wastemanagement is not running optimally because of this.The government and the community are the parties thatneed each other and determine each other in an effort tosolve the problem of waste financing. One of the formsof community participation in waste financing is to paywaste retribution which is expected to reach a betterlevel [12].

E. Community Participation Aspects

Community participation in waste management isthe involvement as individuals or communally bothdirectly and indirectly [13]. One example of directparticipation is the application of the 3R principle [14]which is the main principle of waste managementthrough the waste bank [15]. Waste banks optimationand revitalize is an initiate step tp handling the waste thesource [16] . The bottom-up of community participation


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is the result of social and cultural character in managingwaste.

Waste management with community participation isable to reduce waste management, efficiency ofmanagement costs compared to conventionalmanagement and increase economic value and createsocial harmony in society [17] . Another form ofcommunity participation is the empowerment of thecommunity itself. Community empowerment isconsidered to be able to increase knowledge andattitudes in waste management significantly [18].Jorge in Syafrudin [19] stated that one of the obstacles incommunity participation is the ability to pay differentlyin society and community life patterns. Communityparticipation will be smaller if financial conditions arerelatively limited.

Community partisipation in waste managementsystem includes a system of oversight, management,utilization, and funding. In the supervision system thereshould be a clear and transparent mechanism in whichthe community becomes a control function in wastemanagement. The community can actually act as humanresources who conduct operations and maintain thewaste transportation, the anaerobic / biogas processors[20] and incinerator. The use of waste by the communitycan be done by composting waste and utilizing othereconomic activities such as handicrafts, recycling andother production raw materials. Besides the community,the private sector / business world also has greatpotential to be able to participate in providing this publicservice. Some bad experiences in the past often burdenedthe business world so that they did not develop andneeded improvement efforts. The private sector shouldno longer be used for other purposes, but needs to beseen as a partner to jointly realize services to thecommunity so that their presence is indispensable.

4. Conclusion

From the description above, it can be drawn someconclusions are :a. In the urban waste management system in

Indonesia, there are five aspects, namely,institutional aspects, operational technical aspects,legal and regulatory aspects, financing aspects andcommunity participation aspects, which withrespect to each other so that it requires acoordinated network with one another.

b. Waste management in Indonesia is one of thecrucial problems, the social problems tend to bemore influential than the technological problems,because it involves the problem of customs andculture of Indonesian society.

c. Various alternative solutions for waste disposalshould be reviewed as a integrated system thatwaste management systems in Indonesia will leadto integrated and sustainable urban wastemanagement involving these five aspects.

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