the impact of informal contacts on communication efficiency in hierarchical organizations
DESCRIPTION
The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiency in hierarchical organizations. Modeling small-worldliness in a hierarchical network. Master thesis defense Remko Arts. The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiency in hierarchical organizations. “ Lekenpraatje ”. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiency in hierarchical organizations](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070423/56816688550346895dda3b41/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiencyin hierarchical organizations
Modeling small-worldliness in a hierarchical network
Master thesis defense
Remko Arts
![Page 2: The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiency in hierarchical organizations](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070423/56816688550346895dda3b41/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiencyin hierarchical organizations
Modeling small-worldliness in a hierarchical network
Master thesis defense
Remko Arts
“Lekenpraatje”
![Page 3: The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiency in hierarchical organizations](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070423/56816688550346895dda3b41/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
How do informal contacts impact the communication efficiency of a hierarchical organizational communication structure?
![Page 4: The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiency in hierarchical organizations](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070423/56816688550346895dda3b41/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiencyin hierarchical organizations
Informal contacts
![Page 5: The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiency in hierarchical organizations](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070423/56816688550346895dda3b41/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiencyin hierarchical organizations
Informal contactsCommunication efficiency
![Page 6: The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiency in hierarchical organizations](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070423/56816688550346895dda3b41/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiencyin hierarchical organizations
Hierarchical organizationsInformal contactsCommunication efficiency
![Page 7: The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiency in hierarchical organizations](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070423/56816688550346895dda3b41/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Hierarchical organizationsInformal contactsCommunication efficiency
Hierarchical organizationsInformal contactsCommunication efficiency
![Page 8: The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiency in hierarchical organizations](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070423/56816688550346895dda3b41/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Hierarchical organizationsInformal contactsCommunication efficiency
What is ahierarchical organization?
![Page 9: The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiency in hierarchical organizations](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070423/56816688550346895dda3b41/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Hierarchical organizationsInformal contactsCommunication efficiency
![Page 10: The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiency in hierarchical organizations](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070423/56816688550346895dda3b41/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Hierarchical organizationsInformal contactsCommunication efficiency
![Page 11: The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiency in hierarchical organizations](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070423/56816688550346895dda3b41/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Hierarchical organizationsInformal contactsCommunication efficiency
![Page 12: The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiency in hierarchical organizations](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070423/56816688550346895dda3b41/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Hierarchical organizationsInformal contactsCommunication efficiency
Team clustering
Information qualityTeam specializationAvailability
![Page 13: The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiency in hierarchical organizations](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070423/56816688550346895dda3b41/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Hierarchical organizationsInformal contactsCommunication efficiency
Team members
are clustered
![Page 14: The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiency in hierarchical organizations](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070423/56816688550346895dda3b41/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Communication efficiencyInformal contacts
Hierarchical organizations
What are
informal contacts?
![Page 15: The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiency in hierarchical organizations](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070423/56816688550346895dda3b41/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Communication efficiencyInformal contacts
Hierarchical organizations
ARE ABOUT :
COFFEE
![Page 16: The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiency in hierarchical organizations](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070423/56816688550346895dda3b41/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Impact on communicationInformal contacts
Hierarchical organizations
![Page 17: The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiency in hierarchical organizations](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070423/56816688550346895dda3b41/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Communication efficiencyInformal contacts
Hierarchical organizations
![Page 18: The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiency in hierarchical organizations](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070423/56816688550346895dda3b41/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Communication efficiencyInformal contacts
Hierarchical organizations
Network reach
![Page 19: The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiency in hierarchical organizations](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070423/56816688550346895dda3b41/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Communication efficiencyHierarchical organizationsInformal contacts
What isCommunication efficiency?
![Page 20: The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiency in hierarchical organizations](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070423/56816688550346895dda3b41/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Communication efficiencyHierarchical organizationsInformal contacts
MeasureSomething we
![Page 21: The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiency in hierarchical organizations](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070423/56816688550346895dda3b41/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Communication efficiencyHierarchical organizationsInformal contacts
Team Clustering
Networkreach
![Page 22: The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiency in hierarchical organizations](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070423/56816688550346895dda3b41/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
3 Components:
Team Clustering
Network reach
EfficiencyHierarchy Informalcontacts
![Page 23: The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiency in hierarchical organizations](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070423/56816688550346895dda3b41/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Modeling
But
how?
![Page 24: The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiency in hierarchical organizations](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070423/56816688550346895dda3b41/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Previously: empirical
![Page 25: The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiency in hierarchical organizations](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070423/56816688550346895dda3b41/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Modeling
![Page 26: The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiency in hierarchical organizations](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070423/56816688550346895dda3b41/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Modeling
Buthow
Exactly?
![Page 27: The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiency in hierarchical organizations](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070423/56816688550346895dda3b41/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Aral, S., Brynjolfsson, E., & Van Alstyne, M. (2007). Productivity effects of information diffusion in network. Preliminary draft version, MIT Sloan School of Management. Barabási, A.-L. (1999). Diameter of the world-wide web. Nature, 401, 130-131.Bian, Y. (1997). Bringing strong ties back in: Indirect ties, network bridges, and job searches in China. American Sociological Review, 62(3), 366-385. Brzozowski, M. (2011). Who should I follow?: Recommending people in directed social networks. Proceedings of the Fifth International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media. Retrieved November 20, 2011 from http://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/ICWSM/ICWSM11/paper/view/2867Burt, R. (1992). Structural holes: The social structure of competition. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press.Collins, R. (1998). The sociology of philosophies: A précis. Management Communication Quarterly, 19, 653-660.Cormen, T., Leiserson, C., Rivest, R., & Stein, C., (2001). Introduction to Algorithms. (2nd ed.). Cambridge, MA, MIT Press and McGraw-Hill. pp. 595-601.Davis, W. & O’Connor, R. (1976). Serial transmission of information: A study of the grapevine. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 5, 61-72.Dörner, C., Pipek, V., & Won, M. (2007). Supporting expertise awareness: Finding out what others know. Proceedings of the 2007 symposium on Computer human interaction for the management of information technology. ACM New York, NY, USA.DiFonzo, N., & Bordia, P. (2007). Rumor psychology: Social & organizational approaches. Washington, DC, American Psychological Association.Dijkstra, E. (1959). A note on two problems in connexion with graphs. Numerische Mathematik 1, 269-271. Edmonds, B. (2001). Complexity and Scientific Modelling. Foundations of Science. 5(3), 379-390.Erdős, P., Rényi, A. (1959). On random graphs. I. Publicationes Mathematicae, 6, 290-297.Faloutsos, M., Faloutsos, P., & Faloutsos, C. (1999). On the power-law relationships of the internet topology. Computer Communications Review, 29, 251-262.Fell, D., & Wagner, A. (2001). The small world of metabolism. Nature, 18, 1121-1122.Granovetter, M. (1973). The strength of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology, 6, 1360-1380.Granovetter, M. (1983) The strength of weak ties: A network theory revisited. Sociological Theory. 1, 201–233. Hansen, M. (1999). The search-transfer problem: The role of weak ties in sharing knowledge across organization subunits. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(1), 82-111.Holland, P., & Leinhardt, S. (1971). Transitivity in structural models of small groups. Comparative Group Studies, 2, 107-124.Jeong, H., Tombor, B., Albert, R., Oltvai, Z., & Barabási, A.-L. (2000). The large-scale organization of metabolic networks. Nature, 407, 651-654. Holland, P.W. & Leinhardt, S. (1971). Transitivity in structural models of small groups. Comparative Group Studies, 2, 107-124.Jalili, M. (2011).Synchronizability of dynamical scale-free networks subject to random errors. Physica A, 390, 4588-4595.John, A. & Seligmann, D. (2006). Collaborative tagging and expertise in the enterprise. Edinburgh, UK: Unpublished. Retrieved November 20, 2011 from http://wwwiti.cs.uni-magdeburg.de/iti_db/lehre/Seminar%20Virtual%20Engineering/Paper/folksonomy2.pdfKrackhardt, D., (1992). The strength of strong ties: The importance of philos in organizations. In N. Nohria & R. Eccles (Eds.), Networks and Organizations, 216-239. Boston, M, Harvard Business School Press.Krackhardt D., & Hanson, R. (1993). Informal Networks: The company behind the chart. Harvard Business Review. 71(4), 104-111. McMillan, E. (2002). Considering organisation structure and design from a complexity paradigm perspective. In G. Frizzelle & H. Richards, (Eds.) Tackling industrial complexity: The ideas that make a difference. Institute of Manufacturing, University of Cambridge.Milgram, S. (1967). The small-world problem. Psychology Today, 1(1), 61 67.‐Mintzberg, H. (1980). Structure in 5s: A synthesis of the research on organization design. Management Science. 26(3), 322-341.Mintzberg, H. (1983). Structures in fives: Designing effective organizations. Upper Saddle River, NJ, Prentice Hall.Newman, M., Barabási, A.-L., & Watts, D., (2006). The structure and dynamics of networks. Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press.Pool, I., & Kochen, M. (1978). Contacts and influence. Social Networks, 1(79), 5-51. Rapoport, A. & Horvath, W. (1961). A study of a large sociogram. Behavioral Science, 6, 279-291. Reagans, R., & McEvily, B. (2003). Network structure and knowledge transfer: The effects of cohesion and range. Administrative Science Quarterly, 48, 240-267.Uzzi, B., & Spiro, J. (2005). Collaboration and creativity: The small world problem. American Journal of Sociology, 111(2), 447-504.Walsh, T. (1999). Search in a small world. In Dean, T. (Ed.), Proceedings of the Sixteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (pp. 1172-1177). San Francisco, CA, Morgan Kaufman Publishers Inc.Watts, D. (1999). Networks, dynamics, and the small-world. American Journal of Sociology, 105(2), 493-527.Watts, D. & Strogatz, S., (1998). Collective dynamics of small-world networks. Nature, 393, 440-442.Wilensky, U. (1999). NetLogo. Center for Connected Learning and Computer-Based Modeling, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL. Retrieved Nov 20, 2010 from: http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/ Wilensky, U. (2005). NetLogo Small Worlds model. Retrieved Nov 20, 2010 from: http://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/models/SmallWorlds. Center for Connected Learning and Computer-Based Modeling, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL.Wu, L., Waber, B., Aral, S., Brynjolfsson, E., & Pentland, A. (2008). Mining face-to-face interaction networks using sociometric badges: Predicting productivity in an IT configuration task. Draft. Retrieved on September 20, 2012 from: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1130251
Scientific papers
+/- 40 scientific papers
![Page 28: The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiency in hierarchical organizations](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070423/56816688550346895dda3b41/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Watts & Strogatz (1998)
Watts, D. & Strogatz, S., (1998). Collective dynamics of small-world networks. Nature, 393, 440-442.
![Page 29: The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiency in hierarchical organizations](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070423/56816688550346895dda3b41/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiencyin hierarchical organizations
Modeling small-worldliness in a hierarchical network
Master thesis defense
Remko Arts
![Page 30: The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiency in hierarchical organizations](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070423/56816688550346895dda3b41/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Watts & Strogatz (1998)
X
![Page 31: The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiency in hierarchical organizations](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070423/56816688550346895dda3b41/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Watts & Strogatz (1998)
Characteristic path length
Clustering coefficient
TeamClustering
Networkreach
![Page 32: The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiency in hierarchical organizations](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070423/56816688550346895dda3b41/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Clustering and Ch. Path LengthShort Characteristic path length
High Clustering coefficient
𝑪(𝒑)=∑|𝒗|
(𝒌¿¿ 𝒗 ∙(𝒌𝒗−𝟏))/𝟐𝒆 ¿
C / L
![Page 33: The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiency in hierarchical organizations](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070423/56816688550346895dda3b41/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Watts & Strogatz (1998)
![Page 34: The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiency in hierarchical organizations](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070423/56816688550346895dda3b41/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Small-worldlinessSmall-worldliness
SW = C / L
![Page 35: The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiency in hierarchical organizations](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070423/56816688550346895dda3b41/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Watts & Strogatz vs Remko RemkoWatts & Strogatz
Regular network (ring)Randomness
Efficiency
High Clustering +
Short characteristic path length
=High small-worldliness
Hierarchical networkInformal contactsCommunication efficiency
Tight teams+
Great network reach
= Efficient communication
![Page 36: The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiency in hierarchical organizations](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070423/56816688550346895dda3b41/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Research question #1
How should the effect of informal contacts on communication efficiency in hierarchical organizations
be modeled?ANSWERED
![Page 37: The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiency in hierarchical organizations](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070423/56816688550346895dda3b41/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
NetLogo(Wilensky, 1999)
+/- 15 pagesof code
![Page 38: The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiency in hierarchical organizations](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070423/56816688550346895dda3b41/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Exp. #1: Watts & StrogatzREPRODUCED
![Page 39: The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiency in hierarchical organizations](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070423/56816688550346895dda3b41/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
NetLogo Watts & Strogatz rep.
SW peak
![Page 40: The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiency in hierarchical organizations](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070423/56816688550346895dda3b41/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Research question #2
Does the efficiency of organizational communication networks change when
informal connections are formed?
![Page 41: The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiency in hierarchical organizations](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070423/56816688550346895dda3b41/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
NetLogo hierarchy
![Page 42: The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiency in hierarchical organizations](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070423/56816688550346895dda3b41/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Exp. #2: Hierarchy
![Page 43: The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiency in hierarchical organizations](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070423/56816688550346895dda3b41/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Exp. #2: Hierarchy
No SW peak
![Page 44: The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiency in hierarchical organizations](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070423/56816688550346895dda3b41/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Research question #3
Do informal connections affect different organizational communication structures
equally?
![Page 45: The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiency in hierarchical organizations](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070423/56816688550346895dda3b41/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Exp. #3: Hierarchy depthDeep: 8 layersShallow: 2 layers
(Exp. # 4 in thesis)
![Page 46: The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiency in hierarchical organizations](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070423/56816688550346895dda3b41/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Exp. #3: Hierarchy depthDeep: 8 layersShallow: 2 layers
No SW
SW
(Exp. # 4 in thesis)
![Page 47: The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiency in hierarchical organizations](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070423/56816688550346895dda3b41/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Conclusions
What have we
Learned?
![Page 48: The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiency in hierarchical organizations](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070423/56816688550346895dda3b41/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Thesis
The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiencyin hierarchical organizations
Hierarchical organizationsInformal contactsCommunication efficiency
![Page 49: The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiency in hierarchical organizations](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070423/56816688550346895dda3b41/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Problem statement
How do informal contacts impact the communication efficiency of a hierarchical organizational communication structure?
![Page 50: The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiency in hierarchical organizations](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070423/56816688550346895dda3b41/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Conclusions
The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiencyin hierarchical organizations
Hierarchical organizationsInformal contactsCommunication efficiency
![Page 51: The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiency in hierarchical organizations](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070423/56816688550346895dda3b41/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Conclusions
Informal contacts Increase network reach
Decrease team clustering
![Page 52: The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiency in hierarchical organizations](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070423/56816688550346895dda3b41/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Conclusions
Small organizationsSuffer more from the decreased
team clustering
… efficiency decreases
![Page 53: The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiency in hierarchical organizations](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070423/56816688550346895dda3b41/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Conclusions
Large organizationsBenefit more from the
decreased network reach
… efficiency increases
![Page 54: The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiency in hierarchical organizations](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070423/56816688550346895dda3b41/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Limitations
![Page 55: The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiency in hierarchical organizations](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070423/56816688550346895dda3b41/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Thanks
The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiencyin hierarchical organizations
Master thesis defense
Remko Arts
![Page 56: The impact of informal contacts on communication efficiency in hierarchical organizations](https://reader036.vdocuments.mx/reader036/viewer/2022070423/56816688550346895dda3b41/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Let’s get informal.
: remkoarts http://remkoarts.nl/archive/Thesis and presentation available from: