the immune system. the nature of disease infectious diseases: diseases, such as colds, that are...
TRANSCRIPT
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The Immune System
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The Nature of Disease
Infectious Diseases: Diseases, such as colds, that are caused by pathogens that have invaded the body.
Pathogens include:– Bacteria– viruses – fungi – protists
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Koch’s Postulate
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The Spread of Disease
a. Air
b. Food
c. Water
d. Person-to-person contact
e. Bites by animals
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Nonspecific Defenses
• Innate Immunity: Defenses that help protect the body against any pathogen, regardless of its identity.
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First-line of Defense
Barriers:A. Skin- physical barrier to
pathogens.
B. Mucus Membrane- epithelial tissue that protect the interior surfaces of
the body.
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Skin
• The skin blocks pathogens from entering the body.
• It also releases sweat, oils and waxes that contain chemicals that are toxic to pathogens.– ex. sweat contains lysozyme an enzyme
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Mucus Membrane
• The mucus membrane serves as a barrier and secretes mucus. This is a sticky fluid that traps pathogens.
• Lines the respiratory and digestive systems and the urethra.
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Second-line of Defense
When a pathogen gets past the first line of defense
A. Inflammatory Response- a protective response of tissue affected by disease or injury, characterized by redness, swelling and pain.– Histamine- is released by damaged cells and
increases blood flow to the area– Histamines attract white blood cells to the affected
area
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Second line of Defense
Cells involved in the inflammatory response:• Phagocytes- Ingest and destroy pathogens
– Neutrophil- Ingest pathogens they encounter – Macrophage- engulfs pathogens and cellular debris.
White blood cells that attack pathogen-infected cells. ex. cancer and viruses
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Second line of DefenseB. Temperature Response – a moderate fever may
slow bacterial and viral growth and promote white blood cell activity.
C. Proteins – Complement proteins circulate in the blood and become active when they encounter certain pathogens.– puncture membrane of infected cells– Interferon- released by virus-infected cells to help nearby cells resist infection
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Specific Defense
The Immune System:
The cells and tissue that recognize and attack foreign substances in the body.
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Components of Immune System
A. Lymphocytes – The white blood cells- B cells and T cells
B. Thymus - gland above the heart that helps produce a special kind of lymphocyte (T-cells)
C. Spleen – Stores healthy blood cells and helps develop lymphocytes and other white blood cells
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Recognizing Pathogens
• Lymphocytes can recognize foreign invaders by their antigens.
• Antigens are any substance that the immune system can recognize and react with.
• Lymphocytes have unique receptor proteins bind to antigens and start a specific attack called an immune response.
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Immune Response
1. Pathogen enters your bodya. Contains an antigen
2. Macrophages engulf (eat) these pathogens
3. Macrophages present the antigen on its surface
4. Helper T- cell recognizes this antigen with a receptor and is activated
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Immune Response
5. Helper T cell activates B cell and it divides
6. B cells become plasma cells
7. Plasma cells secrete antibodies
8. Antibodies bind to antigen and mark them for destruction
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Antibodies
• Antibodies – a protein that reacts to a specific antigen or that inactivates or destroys toxins
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Innate vs. Acquired Immunity
• Innate Immunity: Skin barriers and body secretions– Not specific
• Acquired Immunity:
Specific response to a
specific antigen
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Immunity and Vaccination
• Immunity – the ability to resist an infection disease
• Vaccination – the
introduction of antigens
into the body to cause
immunity.
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Vaccine
• Vaccine - a solution that contains dead or weakened pathogens. Since the antigens are still present the body produces an immune response. Can be oral (live and weakened) or injected (heat-killed toxoid).
ex. Polio, measles, mumps, tetanus, small pox
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Problems of the Immune System
When the immune system reacts to harmless antigens in ways that can be harmful.
• Allergies – physical response to an antigen.ex. pollen, animal dander and food.
• Asthma – a respiratory disorder that causes the bronchioles to narrow because of an overreaction to a substance in the air.
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Problems
• Autoimmune Disease – when the immune system attacks the organism’s own cells
ex. Multiple sclerosis
Rheumatoid arthritis
Thyroiditis
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Improper Functions
• AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) – Causes the immune system to lose its ability
to fight off pathogens and cancers. Caused by the virus HIV that attacks the T cells.
– T-cells are not able to
activate proper immune
responses
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Bacteria vs. Viruses
Bacteria Viruses
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Bacteria Viruses
- Living - Non-living- Prokaryotes - parasite- treat with antibiotics - can not reproduce
on its own
- can not obtain itsown energy
Bacteria vs. Viruses
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Bacteria vs. Viruses
Bacteria Viruses
• Replication: Non-living, require a
Binary Fission host to replicate
• Immune Response:
Antibodies, macrophages Antibodies, macrophages
• Treatment: Some antivirals, but normally
Antiobiotics No treatment
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