the immune system and disease pre 1600s - cause of disease not known
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*. The Immune System and Disease pre 1600s - cause of disease not known Punishment from God, bad luck, bad air, witchcraft, curses etc…. After 1600s , microscopy and germ theory of disease Scientific basis for disease, doctors did not wear gloves, no anesthesia, no sterile technique - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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*The Immune System and Disease• pre 1600s - cause of disease not known
– Punishment from God, bad luck, bad air, witchcraft, curses etc….
• After 1600s, microscopy and germ theory of disease– Scientific basis for disease, doctors did not wear
gloves, no anesthesia, no sterile technique
• antibiotics - penicillin, 1940s. Revolutionized medicine
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Pathogen = A biological unit that causes disease
• prion – protein – no DNA AND not alive!!• virus - non living, needs host cell to replicate• bacteria - single celled microbe• protozoa
– single celled eukaryote microbe
• parasite - multicellular
• Most microbes are NOT pathogens
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Disease Terms
1. Infectious – Can be transmitted from person (or animal) to
person
Body fluids – example:
Vectors – example:
Ingestion – example:
Inhalation – example:
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2. Epidemic– Contagious disease that spreads rapidly and
uncontrollably affected large numbers of people
3. Plague
epidemic that kills large numbers of people
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~23% die of diarrhea (10 million children per year)- why/how?
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Prions = (rare) spongiform encephalopathy disease
CJD in humans• Always fatal, no treatment• Most cases sporadic (arise
spontaneously) or inherited • Can be acquired from exposure to
infected brains
• Example: Kuru
Sponge-like brain
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Outbreak in England 1980s
• Cows stagger, shake, fall down (“mad cow”)• Transmitted to ~18 humans via contaminated hamburger meat
• Caused by an infectious agent that is NOT alive and has no DNA !
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How does a prion cause disease ?
• Normal prp protein undergoes a shape change
• Brain cells lyse spongy brain
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• Don’t eat brains or meat from contaminated people or cows.
• Why hamburger?
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VIRUSES• Antiviral drugs or wait it out
– consist of protein + genetic material
– infect cells and reproduce
–Smallpox virus (not in textbook)• pustules disfigure, blind, kill• eradicated in 1977
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Other viruses
• Rhinovirus (50) colds
• Influenza -the flu (not in textbook)
• changes genetic makeup every year40 million deaths in 1920 in 4 months!>30,000 die in US each year!
• new vaccine needed every year because it changes so rapidly
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• HIV - human immunodeficiency virusinfects T cells -> destroys immune system
May lead to AIDS and opportunistic infections
>60 million infected worldwide
Transmitted by:
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Poliomyelitis virus• attacks the nervous system ->
paralysis• virus shed in feces (improved sanitation and hygiene
helps to prevent transmission but its easily transmissible!)
• 1916 New York, 27,000 infected, 9000 died
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Bacteria
• single celled, prokaryotic
• May be killed by antibiotics– penicillin, tetracycline etc...– antibiotic resistance problem
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• Lyme disease caused by B. burgdorferi bacteria
• Tick vector• Tick feeds on blood -> bacteria
migrate to mouthparts• Bulls-eye rash• treat early with antibiotics or
joint/nervous system problems
Look at the size of this tick!
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Incidence of lyme disease …..
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• Salmonella (not in textbook) (Daniel Salmon)
• From contaminated chicken, eggs• Must heat to 160 F to destroy, or wash off• Diarrhea, nausea, can be fatal in some
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E. Coli Spinach Cases Rise to 173 (25 states)
• E. coli O157:H7 – pathogenic– Killed in 15 seconds at 160F
• E. Coli 0157:H7 lives in intestines of healthy cattle, can contaminate agriculture
73,000 cases of infection and 61 deaths occur in the United States each year
bloody diarrhea, and occasionally kidney failure. Treatment is not antibiotics!
.
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• Consumers can prevent E. coli O157:H7 infection by – cook ground beef– avoid unpasteurized milk– wash hands before preparing or eating food– wash fruits and vegetables
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ProtozoaMalaria - mosquito vector contains
protozoa (single-celled eukaryote)
– Periodic bursting of protozoa from red blood cells
– Fever, weakness, death
– 300 million infected, millions die each year
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Parasites
Multicellular animals– hookworm, tapeworm,
pinworm, heartworm (dogs)– diarrhea, weakness, weight
loss
Roundworm infects millions of peopleUp to 12 inches in length
tapeworm
Note: you may not want to see next….
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Loa loa Nematode worm transimitted
by Chrysops flies10 million in Western Africa
Elephantitislymphatic filariasisNematodes transmitted by
mosquitoes120 million in 80
countries
Head lice
Round worms (Ascaris)1.2 billion infected
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Organs of the immune (lymphatic) system
spleen
Lymph nodesthymus
tonsils
Also, bone marrow
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Many species of bacteria in human large intestines = gut flora
• 10 13 human cells and 1015 bacterial cells in gut, you excrete 100 billion of them per day
• A harmless strain of E. coli is one of the types
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• Lymph nodes in groin, armpit, neck, intestines
• Tonsils
• Spleen
• Thymus
• Bone marrow
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How do we fight disease? How can we ever win in this sea of pathogens?
• Non specific immunity– Skin, sweat, mucus, tears, stomach HCl, some
types of white blood cells, ear wax, pH….
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Specific immunity
• Recognizing self from non-self– each foreign cell, protein, DNA has a unique
identity that can be recognized as foreign by the body’s immune system
– Self antigens• Mark your cells as “you”
– Foreign antigens• Are not yours …..
• Your immune system should be able to attack and destroy specific pathogens
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white blood cells active in specific immunity• B cells (lymphocytes)
– Make antibodies
– Antibodies bind to foreign antigens (pathogens)
• T cells (lymphocytes)– coordinate immune response
– Kill infected cells
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Vaccination/Immunization
• vaccine– Weakened or killed or piece of pathogen – Expose individual to vaccine and…..– B cells make antibodies to the vaccine (foreign
antigen)
antibody
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• B cells have “memory”– When body is exposed to foreign antigen
(pathogen) years later, B cells rapidly produce large amounts of the correct antibody
• Enough B cells to recognize every foreign antigen in nature!
• Note: you can gain immunity by contracting disease itself
• Some vaccines require boosters (example: tetanus)
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Vaccines
• Diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus (DPT) - bacteria
• Chicken pox- virus
• Polio - virus
• Measles, mumps, rubella (MMR) -virus
• The flu (influenza) - virus
• Hib - bacteria
• Hepatitis B - virus
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Quick Immunization Facts:
• 3 million children die every year from diseases that are entirely preventable.
• 30 million infants have no access to basic immunization each year.
• One child can be fully immunized for $17.
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In the future…….• Malaria
• HIV
• Lyme disease
• Herpes
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Available but not given to general population, why??
• Smallpox
• Anthrax