The Idea of SamogitianLanguage (emaii kalba) in the 19th CenturyGiedrius Subaius (University of Illinois at Chicago)

Universit di Pisa, Nov. 26, 2009

*Written varieties: 1819th c.Eastern Highland dialect. Vilnius Central Highland dialect. Kdainiai Western Highland dialect. Knigsberg Western Lithuania. Lowland dialects

*Since mid-18th c.

180018311832186318641885...*

18001831: Dionizas POKASimonas STANEVIIUSArnulfas GIEDRAITIS*

Pokass Dictionary

Pokass Dictionary

Kajetonas Nezabitauskis

(and Dionizas Poka)*

Kaj. Nezabitauskis digraf. ij or ji (like Poka) (South Lowland.):

Kjily ~ kiel kurji ~ kurienetolji ~ netolie

Count Rumiancev

Simonas Staneviius*

dina ~ dienkik ~ kieklipy ~ liepwinas ~ vienaswitas ~ vietas

Bishop Arnulfas Giedraitis

Highland New Testam.Lowland features present:gerans ~ geris imans ~ imsiszduodans ~ iduods miegans ~ miegs sakans ~ saksdransiasnia ~ drsesnia dransum ~ drsum

18321863: Jurgis PABRASimonas DAUKANTASMotiejus VALANIUS*

Pabras Sermon

Grammar of Kasakauskis

Grammar of Gross

Simonas Daukantas*

Daukantass Grammar

Daukantass Grammar

Daukantass Primer

Daukantass Cultural History

*

Bishop Motiejus Valanius

18641885 (standard)*

*Written varieties after 1864Central Highland dialect. Kdainiai Western Lithuania. Lowland dialectsWestern Highland dialect. Knigsberg

* Cyrillic lettersStandard Lithuanian:Diedas oka

Standard English:An old man dances

Cyrillic Lithuanian:

Cyrillic English:

*Cyrillic for Lithuanian 18651904Standard Lithuanian:Diedas okaCyrillic Lithuanian: Standard Lithuanian :Diedas okaSTANDARDLITHUANIAN

*ParadoxesParadox 1. The Polish letters were prohibited for Lithuanians but not for the Poles.

Paradox 2. The standard Lithuanian in Latin alphabet was formed in the period of drastic persecution of it. This probably demonstrates the scale and impact of illegal press the best.

*Latin and Cyrillic alphabetsGreen Lithuania

Purple Cyrillic alphabet

Yellow Latin and other alphabets

*Ca. 60 Lithuanian books in CyrillicShort Catechism, Vilnius, 1865.

*Lev Tolstoj, In the Captivity of Caucasus, Vilnius, 1891.Holly history, Warsaw, 1896.

*Example of Ideology: Substitution of ReligionRussian authorities also preferred to promote Russian Orthodoxy along with the Cyrillic letters.

In 1874 A. Lovtis rewrote it in Latin letters again and substituted to the Catholic one.In Lith. Catechism of 1865 Catholic crossing was substituted by the Orthodox one.

*Historical situationRussian authorities were outraged when the insurrection against Russia took place in Poland and Lithuania in 1863.

Authorities decided that they have to distract Lithuanians from the Polish cultural influence by prohibiting the usage of the so-called Polish script. They did not want to accept the tradition of 300 years.

Instead of the traditional Polish script they had offered their own Cyrillic alphabet to Lithuanians. Russian authorities began publishing Lithuanian Cyrillic books at their own cost.

*AlphabetsYellow is Karaliauius (Knigsberg) region in East Prussia; there was Lith. literature printed and smuggled over the border.

Red is the territory where the Cyrillic script prevailed.

*Statistics of Lith. publications1865-1904 (periodicals not included) 3,953 Latin or Gothic script based Lith. publications (2,687 in East Prussia; 712 in the US.)

60 Lith. publications in Cyrillic.

Thus, in 40 years there were published approximately 66 times more of Lith. publications in Latin or Gothic script than in Cyrillic.

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*GrammarJonas Jablonskis published a Grammar of Lithuanian in 1901. It became a symbolical codifying book for Lithuanian.

*DictionaryFor 100 years Lithuanians prepared and published the biggest dictionary they ever had a comprehensive dictionary of Lithuanian in 20 volumes. It was finished in 2002 in the Research Institute of Lithuanian in Vilnius. Since 2005 it is available online at www.lkz.ltwww.lkz.lt

*Daliut Ona Matulait

*J. Zikaras 18811944

Sculpture is located in Kaunas, the second largest city of Lithuania.Book-carrier, a sculpture byJ. Zikaras, 1928

*EnvelopesLithuanian envelopes of 1996 to honor Jurgis Bielinis, the most famous book-carrier. J.Zikaras sculpture is depicted.

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*Computer game with the book-carriers, 2004

*The Book-Carrier GroveIn 1990 the Book-Carrier Grove was planted in South-West Lithuania. There are 144 oaks at present, 115 of them carry a name of a book-carrier.The Book-Carrier Grove in 1990.

*The Book-Carrier WallBook-Carrier Wall was erected in 1940. Destroyed in 1950 by Soviets. Then in 1997 it was rebuilt again.

100 most important Lithuanian book-carrier names are listed there in three huge honorable tables.The Book-Carrier Wall with a group of bibliophiles.

*The Book-Carrier Wall in 1943

*Museum of book-carriersUstron, near Krekenava, Panevys county

*Association of a Lithuanian book-carrierAssociation of a Lithuanian book-carrier is an organisation, established in 1983 and registered in 1989. President Irena Kubilien.

http://tigger.uic.edu/~subacius

Lecture:

The idea of a Samogitian language(emaii kalba) in the 19th Century, Nov. 26, 2009

subacius@uic.edu

*Linguistic features of standardWestern Highl. long, short matyti to seekd a chair

Lowland open, narrow matity diphthong kiedie

Central Highl. no letter matiti no letter kedeWestern Highl. long, short matyti to seekd a chair

Lowland open, narrow matity diphthong kiedie

Central Highl. no letter matiti no letter kede

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