The Hydrology of high Arctic Lakes and Climate ChangeBY CHRIS BENSTON

Introduction

This Presentation will explore the effects of climate on change and what changes may occur as a result of this.

Thesis

The hydrology of high Arctic lakes is heavily influenced by the surrounding landscape and climatic conditions occurring within the regions surrounding these lakes. I believe the changing climate is causing adverse and devastating effects to occur in these high Arctic lakes to due changes in the hydrology.

Background information on High Arctic lakes

Majority of high Arctic lakes are meromictic lakes. Each of these lakes has the following chemocline, epilimnion,

mixolimnion, hypolimnion, thermocline (also sometimes called metalimnion), and finally a monimolimnion.

The chemical composition of high Arctic lakes is influenced by land use practices and geologic conditions.

Usually located on the coast where fresh and saltwater meet. They do not completely stratify or mix together. These lakes tend to have increased levels of salinity.

How are these lakes formed?

Ectogenic meromixis Crenogenic meromixis Biogenic meromixis

1968 Data

Mixolimnion Monimolimnion Kongressvatn springs Outflow0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

Conductivity(us cm-1 25 at Degrees Celsius 1968)

2006 data

Epilim

nion

Mixolim

nion

Monim

olimnion

Outflow

1

Outflow

2

Outflow 3

Inflow

1

Inflow

2

Inflow

3

Kong

ressva

tn sprin

g

Linned

alen s

pring 1

Linned

alen s

pring 2

Linne

dalen s

pring 3

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

Conductivity(us cm-1 25 at Degrees Celsius 2006)

Data

Increased concentrations of phosphorus were observed. Both increases and decreases in the levels of conductivity. The rates of outflow are greater than the rates of inflow being

observed.

Data Continued

Increased phosphorus concentrations may be linked to decreased water levels.

Up to 25 % of permafrost and glacial ice has disappeared. High Arctic lakes are sensitive to changes in climate and

environmental conditions ( increased wind exposure, decreased flows of groundwater, and changes in the air and water temperatures).

Conclusion

Based on the data presented we cannot come to any solid conclusions about climate change and high Arctic lakes. Since there are almost no long-term studies dedicated to these lakes, there is often a observable lack of data for comparison purposes. And the data which is available often is incomplete and very old it hard to make comparisons with out any baseline data. Therefore, in order to determine the true extent of the effects of climate change on these lakes more monitoring must occur and a long-term monitoring program should be established.

Bibliography"Meromictic LakesRyves, David B., Richard W. Battarbee, Stephen Juggins, Sherilyn C. Fritz, and N. John Anderson. "Physical and Chemical Predictors of Diatom Dissolution in Freshwater and Saline Lake Sediments in North America and West Greenland." Limnol. Oceangr. Limnology and Oceanography: 1355-368. Print. Wolfe, Alexander P., Colin A. Cooke, and William O. Hobbs. "Are Current Rates of Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition Influencing Lakes in the Eastern Canadian Arctic?" Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research: 465-76. Print. Kling, George W., Brian Fry, and W. John O'brien. "Stable Isotopes and Planktonic Trophic Structure in Arctic Lakes." Ecology: 561. Print.

Holm, Trine Marianne, Karin A. Koinig, Tom Andersen, Espen Donali, Anne Hormes, Dag Klaveness, and Roland Psenner. "Rapid Physicochemical Changes in the High Arctic Lake Kongressvatn Caused by Recent Climate Change." Aquatic Sciences Aquat Sci (2011): 385-95. Print.

Pidwirny, Michael. "Periglacial Processes and Landforms." Periglacial Processes and Landforms. 7 Oct. 2008. Web. 8 Dec. 2015. <http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/155178/>.

Fisher, Timothy, Jessica D. Tomkins, Scott F. Lamoureux, Dermot Antoniades, and Warwick F. Vincent. "Sedimentology of Perennial Ice-covered, Meromictic Lake A, Ellesmere Island, at the Northern Extreme of CanadaPolar Continental Shelf Program Contribution 00109." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences Can. J. Earth Sci.: 83-100. Print

Pagé, P., M. Ouellet, C. Hillaire-Marcel, and M. Dickman. "Isotopic Analyses (18O, 13C, 14C) of Two Meromictic Lakes in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago." Limnol. Oceangr. Limnology and Oceanography: 564-73. Print.

Likens, G. E., and P. L. Johnson. "A Chemically Stratified Lake in Alaska." Science (1966): 875-77. Print.." - MicrobeWiki. Web. 8 Dec. 2015.

A comparison of Arctic and Antarctic seabird phenologyBY CHRIS BENSTON

Thesis

I believe the phenology of seabirds is influenced by numerous variables and is subject to changes caused by the variation in environmental factors, such as the physical location and the species of the seabird. The phenology of seabirds will vary based on species within Arctic and Antarctic as each individual species responds differently to climate change.

Variables affecting Antarctic Seabird Phenology

Sea Ice extent and Sea Surface Temperature Life span and fecundity rate Clutch size Food supply Migration and molting Phenotype plasticity Flying vs non-breeding birds Habitat

Variables Affecting Arctic seabird phenology

Changes in species of seabirds within the Arctic Region (no non-flying birds such as penguins) and changes in location. (phenotype plasticity).

Increased salinity loss of habitat and salt water intrusion. Decreased amounts in prey available and the sizes of the prey. Increased exposure to contamination Changes in the range of Arctic Seabirds Glacial ice retreat Habitat

Data for Antarctic Seabirds

Emperor penguins will decrease in response to changes lower levels of sea ice and decreased air temperatures during the warmer springs months. Survival rates of Emperor Penguins were found to increase if the air temperature increased during the autumn and winter months.

If the air temperature were to increase in the spring the rates of survival for Emperor Penguins will decrease. Changes in the Emperor Penguin population are also influenced by changes in the Southern Oscillation Index.

Data Antarctic Seabirds

Snow Petrels populations with increase based on the amount of sea ice and air temperatures. If the air temperature declines during the spring, the population of Snow Petrels will decline.

Artic Seabirds

Common Murres: decreases in sea surface temperature or SST is linked to increased sizes of breeding colonies. Increases in the sea surface temperature is tied to decreased sizes of breeding colonies.

The potential exposure to increased levels of contamination caused by retreating glacier is another threat.

Any extreme changes in either direction of the sea surface temperature will negatively influence breeding.

Arctic Seabird Data

The breeding colonies for the Thick-billed Murre will increase in size if the sea surface temperature increases slightly.

The potential exposure to increased levels of contamination caused by retreating glacier is another threat.

Any extreme changes in either direction of the sea surface temperature will negatively influence breeding.

Conclusion

Based on the data on this paper we can conclude that climate change is having adverse effects on seabird populations both in the Arctic and Antarctic regions. However, since changes in seabird phenology is highly variable and influenced by species and location it is impossible to determine how each species will react to climate change. Before any conclusions on how climate change is influencing the phenology of seabirds on global scale can further research is necessary and a long-term monitoring program should be established before coming to any conclusions.

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Physicochemical Changes in the High Arctic Lake Kongressvatn Caused by Recent Climate Change." Aquatic Sciences Aquat Sci (2011): 385-95. Print.

Jenouvrier, Stephanie, Christophe Barbraud, and Henri Weimerskirch. "Long-Term Contrasted Responses to Climate of Two Antarctic Seabird Species." Ecology 86.11 (2005): 2889-903. October, 5, 2015

McGonigal, David, and Lynn Woodworth. The Complete Encyclopedia Antarctica and the Arctic. Willowdale, Ont.: Firefly, 2001. Print. Jenouvrier, S., H. Weimerskirch, C. Barbraud, Y.-H. Park, and B. Cazelles. "Evidence of a Shift in the Cyclicity of Antarctic Seabird

Dynamics Linked to Climate." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 272.1566 (2005): 887-95.  October 5, 2015. Grémillet, David, and Anne Charmantier. "Shifts in Phenotypic Plasticity Constrain the Value of Seabirds as Ecological Indicators of

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Chambers, Lynda E., Peter Dann, Belinda Cannell, and Eric J. Woehler. “Climate as a Driver of Phenological Change in Southern Seabirds." Int J Biometeorol International Journal of Biometeorology 58.4 (2013): 603-12.  October, 5, 2015.

Struzik, Ed. "As Arctic Sea Ice Retreats, Storms Take Toll on the Land." By Ed Struzik: Yale Environment 360. 6 June 2011. Web. 8 Dec. 2015. <http://e360.yale.edu/feature/as_arctic_sea_ice_retreats_storms_take_toll_on_the_land/2412/>.

Kuletz, K.J., and N.J. Karnovsky. "Seabirds." Arctic Report Card. 11 Nov. 2012. Web. 6 Dec. 2015