the human colonisation of the pacific: process and...
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The human colonisation of the Pacific: Process and Impact
Elizabeth Matisoo-SmithDept of Anthropology and Allan Wilson
Centre of Molecular Ecology and Evolution, University of Auckland
Commensal models for the human settlement of the Pacific
Early Animal Translocations within Near Oceania
Phalanger orientalisNew Guinea to New Ireland
20,000 BP?
Thylogale browniNew Guinea to New Ireland
By 8,400 BP
Rattus mordax, Rattus praetor & Melomys sp.New Guinea throughout the BismarcksLate Pleistocene
R. exulans distribution
From Roberts, 1991
3 major groups IdentifiedNo link betweenNear and RemoteOceanic rats!
N=131 R. exulans samples33 from AMNH, 87 archaeological samples11 tissue samples
PNAS 101(24):9167-9172Matisoo-Smith & Robins 2004
Tench
3 Mitochondrial Lineages of R. exulans in Near Oceania –At least 2 of those appear to be associated with Lapita
Single Pacific Pig Clade
(Larson et al. 2007 PNAS)
Origin:
Not the Philippines
Not Taiwan
Southern mainland –Vietnam, Laos
Pacific dogs
Polynesian dog – from the Bishop Museum, Hawaii
NZ & East Polynesia dogs (archaeological) – only share lineage with a modern Indonesian dog
Dingo and NGSD(modern)
Asian and Pacific dogsArchaeological & modern in Near and Remote Oceania
At least 3 dog introductionsto the Pacific:
• Dingoes/ NGSD• Coastal New Guinea/Pacific• Polynesia – Indonesia?
Who let the dogs out?• Possible evidence for “pre-
Lapita” dog bone in PNG (mainland) around 4000-6000 BP– These are consistent with molecular
estimates for timing of dingo/NGSD introductions
• Possible evidence for Lapita dogs (Kamgot, Mussau, Tikopia)
• Introduction from ISEA around 2000 BP? Lots of dog bone in sites across Pacific post 2000BP.
• How did dogs get to Polynesia?– No dog bone recorded in Vanuatu or
New Caledonia
Density and Distribution of Pacific Chickens
Hawaii WAI001
EasterIsland HAN001
Hawaii PLR
Hawaii PLK002
EasterIsland ANA004
Lombok2
Thailand1
Lombok1
Yap NGU001 front
EasterIsland ANA009
Yap NGU003
Thailand2
Truuk CSM002
Yap NGU002
Philippines
Lombok3
Truuk CSM001
Vietnam2
Sumatora1
Sumatora2
Hawaii KIP002
Tonga TD
AmericanSamoa FTF001
Niue PKI009
Hawaii KUA001
Tonga HB
EasterIsland ANA011
Vietnam1
Thailand BCH003
96
71
43
24
33
65
42
2242
50
42
42
64
39
12
9
0.005
Sumatora1
Sumatora2
Hawaii KIP002
Tonga TD
AmericanSamoa FTF001
Niue PKI009
Hawaii KUA001
Tonga HB
EasterIsland ANA011
Vietnam1
Thailand BCH003
96
71
43
0.005
~AD 950-1400
cal AD 1040-1280cal AD 360-540
~50BC – AD 400
50BC – AD 400~AD 1660-1740
AD 1270-1400
Hawaii WAI001
EasterIsland HAN001
Hawaii PLR
Hawaii PLK002
EasterIsland ANA004
Lombok2
Thailand1
Lombok1
Yap NGU001 front
EasterIsland ANA009
Yap NGU003
Thailand2
Truuk CSM002
Yap NGU002
Philippines
Lombok3
Truuk CSM001
Vietnam24
33
65
42
2242
50
42
42
64
39
12
9
AD1410 - 1530AD 1000-1680
After AD 1600
AD 1260 - 1560
AD 1290-1430
AD 1642-1680
AD 1642 -1680
AD 1290-1430
Chicken Haplogroups and Dates
Re-drawing the Polynesian triangle
DNA and other evidence of Polynesian contacts with South America
Dispersal of the Sweet Potato
Genetic Analyses of Kumara
• Crop & Food Research– Four Maori cultivars
• Rekamaroa• Hutihuti• Taputini (I and II)
• Yen Collection in Tsukuba, Japan– 300 sweet potato accessions
• Polynesian varieties• South America varieties
Andrew Clarke PhD
Sweet Potato AFLP Gel051 123 064 090 102 051 123 064 090 102 051 123 064 090 102 051 123 064 090 102
Combo 1 Combo 2 Combo 3 Combo 4
Andrew Clarke PhD
Kumara
Bottle GourdLagenaria siceraria
Bottle Gourd Genetics
Andrew Clarke PhD
Modern Bottle Gourd Genetics
• cpDNA revealed an Asian origin for Polynesian bottle gourd
• nDNA revealed an Asian and American origin for Polynesian bottle gourd
Asia Polynesia Americas
NuclearBR01_19
Nuclear MR06_24
From Clarke et al. 2006
El Arenal 1
Alice Storey PhD
Radio Carbon Dates
CHLARA003510+/-30
CHLARA004506+/- 30
CHLARA001622+/-35
3 dates on 3 bones alldate to 1300 – 1450 ADIsotopes show terrestrial diet
(Red arrow indicates 1492 AD – Date of Columbus arrival in Americas)
Compare Patterns of DNA variation in species across the Pacific to
clarify process and impact
• Human mediated vs Natural distribution• Intentional vs Unintentional introductions• Prehistoric introductions vs Historic introductions• Allows for modelling/interpreting process, speed
and impacts of future invasions/introductions?
DNA SurveillanceSpecies identification with DNA
What Rat is That? Home About How to Use The Science Links and Publications Data Ownership
Search Cluster (Simple) Cluster (Advanced) Maximum Likelihood Example Data
What Rat is That?http://www.cebl.auckland.ac.nz:9000/
What Rat is That?
This site provides phylogenetic tools for the identification of rats (Rattus spp.) from the region of southeast Asia and the Pacific. These species are often difficult to identify using morphological characters. We have operationally defined species as phylogenetic clades on a tree built using sequences from three mitochondrial DNA regions. Users identify unknown samples by submitting a DNA sequence, which is then incorporated into a phylogenetic analysis. The identity of the unknown sequence can then be inferred from its placement in the phylogenetic tree.
The identifications made by this site are operational and the whole system, including the reference sequence alignments, is a work in progress.
Contact: Howard Ross Bioinformatics Institute and School of Biological Sciences University of Auckland [email protected]
Illustration courtesy of Tim Mackrell, University of Auckland, Department of Anthropology
http://www.cebl.auckland.ac.nz:9000/
The Team
Judith Robins(rats & pigs)
Andrew Clarke(kumara, gourd)
Melanie Pierson(humans)
Alice Storey(chickens)
Thanks to those who provide our funding:The Centres of Research Excellence - AWCMarsden Fund of the Royal Society of New ZealandUniversity of Auckland Research FundSkinner Fund, Royal Society
Melanie Hingston(rats)
Dr Howard Ross(bioinformatics)
Prof GlennSummerhayes(archaeology)