The HP 48Pocket BookJames Donnelly

The HP 48 Pocket Book

James Donnelly

Copyright © Armstrong Publishing Company 1993

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, transmitted, or stored in a retrieval system in any form or by any

process, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or means yet to be invented, without specific prior written permission of the author.

First Edition

First Printing, June 1993

ISBN 1-879828-05-7

Armstrong Publishing Company1050 Springhill DriveAlbany, OR 97321 USA

For information on additional HP 48 publications, like The HP 48 Handbook, contact your calculator dealer or write to Armstrong

Publishing Company.

Flags

[Flag]DescripionClerSetDefauntSymbolic Math

—1 Principal Solution General solutions Principal solutions Clear-2 Symbolic Constants Symbolic form Numeric form Clear

-3 Numeric Results Symbolic results Numeric results Clear —4 Not usedBinary Integer Math

End

Coordinate System

—15 Rectangularand Cylindrical Polar—16 Spherical Polar

Trigonometric Mode

—17 Degrees

and Radians—18 Grads

Math Exception

Vector/complex Vector ComplexUnderflow Exception Return O, Error

set =23 or 24

Overflow Exception Return tMAXR, Error

set —25

Infinite Result Error Return £MAXR,

set —26Pos. Underflow Ind. No Exception ExceptionNeg. Underflow Ind. No Exception Exception

Overflow Indicator No Exception ExceptionInfinite Result Ind. No Exception Exception

Symbolic Decompilation K+Y*=(X,Y) XY*=X+Y* (XYY

Plotting and Graphics

-30

-31-32

Not used

Curve FillingGraphics Cursor 1/0 Device

Printing Device1/0O Data Format

RECYV Overwrite

Double-spaced Print

LinefeedKermit Messages

Plotted serially—28 Plotting Multiple Functions—29 Trace mode Trace off

Wire

IRASCII

New variable

Single

Inserts LF

Msg displayed

Filling enabledVisible light bkgnd

1/0 and Printing

Plotted simultaneously

Filling disabledVisible dark bkgnd

IRWireBinary

OverwriteDouble

Suppresses LFMsg suppressed

Serial

Off

Enabled

Light

WireIR

ASCIINew

SingleInserts

Displayed

Time Management

Clock Display TIME menu only Always TIME menu

Clock Format 12-hour 24-hour 12 hour

Date Format MM/DD/YY DD.MM.YY MM/DD/YY

Rpt. Alarm Resched. Rescheduled Not Rescheduled Rescheduled

Acknowledged Alarms Deleted Saved Deleted

Notes: If flag —43 is set, unacknowledged repeat alarms are not rescheduled

If flag —44is set, acknowledged alarms are saved in the alarm catalog

Display Format

45_) Set the number ofdigits in Fix, Scientific, and

Engineering modes

Number Display Format

STD

and FIX

-50

|

SCIENG

—51 Fraction Mark

-52 Single Line Display

—53

|

Precedence

DecimalMulti

Suppressed

Comma

Single-line

() displayed

DecimalMulti-line

() suppressed

Miscellaneous

—-54 Singular Value Underflow Replaces “tiny” pivots with 0 No replacement Replaces

Last Arguments Not SavedBeep OffAlarm Beep OffVerbose Messages OffFast Catalog Display On

Onceto lock

Once to lock

Active

Twice to lock

Twice to lock

Alpha Key ActionUSR Key Action

User Mode Not Active

Vectored Enter Off

Set by GETI or PUTI when their element indices wrap around

Equatlon Library

-Umts Usage Units used Units not used Used

Operator PrecedenceOperator precedence controls the order in which calculations take place within an algebraic expression.

Functions with the highest precedence (1) are evaluated before those with the lowest precedence (11).

The evaluation order is left-to-right for operators having the same precedence. For instance, in the

expression '3+5*7', the multiply operation takes precedence over the add, resulting in the answer 38.

Expressions within parenthesesFunctions! (Factorial)Power (*) and square root ({)

Negate (—) multiply(*) divide (/)

Add (+) and subtract (-)Relational operators (==, #, ,

Object Types

1.2345 XLIB nameReal number ®LIB 766 1

1 Complex number (2, 354.52 Directory DIR ... END

2 String "ABC" Library Library 766: ...3 Real array L1231 Backup object Backup HOMEDIR4 Complex array L 1,22 (344> 1] Built-in function SIN5 List £ "ABC" Yar X Built-in command SHAP6 Global name ® Internal binary integer 7 Local name y Extended real number Long Real8 Program €A 2+ ® Extended complex no. Long Complex9 Algebraic 'y=2 Linked array Linked Array

Binary Integer # 247Ah Character object CharacterGraphics object Graphic 131 x 64 Code object CodeTagged object Dist: 34.435 Library data Library DataUnit object External32_ft-52 External objects

Reserved Variables

NameDescripionNameDescripfionALRMDAT Current alarm editing data PPAR PLOT parameters

CST Custom menu contents PRTPAR PRINT parameters (HOME directory)

EQ Current equation for SOLVE and PLOT VPAR 3D PLOT view volume parameters

EXPR Current expression for symbolic operations| ZPAR Stores copy of PPAR from prev. zoom

IERR Uncertainty of integration der... User-defined derivatives begin with der

IOPAR I/O parameters (HOME directory) nl, n2, ... Integers created by ISOLMHpar Saves the state of the Minehunt game sl, s2, ... Signs created by ISOL and QUAD

Mpar Multiple Equation Solver equation set SDAT Current statistical matrix

Nmines Specifies the number of Minehunt mines SPAR Statistics parameters

PICT References the graphics display

NOTE: 1/O and print commands affect only the copies of reserved variables /OPAR and PRTPAR in theHOMEdirectory.

0T

IOPARdefault:

{ baud parity receive-pacing transmit-pacing checksum translate-code }{ 9600 0 (No parity) 0 0 3 (CRC) 1 (LF to CR-LF) }

PPAR

default:

{ Xmin>Ymin) (Xmax»Ymax) indep res (X,yis,Yaxis) Ptype depend }{(-6.5-3.1) (6.5,3.2) X 0 (0,0) FUNCTION Y }

PRTPAR

default:

{ delay “remap” linelength “lineterm”}

{1.8 ““ 80 “CRLF”}

VPAR

default:

{ Xieft Xright Ynear Yfar Ziow Zhigh Xmin Xmax Xeye Yeye Zeyc Xstep Ystep }{(-11-11-11-11-110-301038}

ZPAR

default:

{ h-factor v-factor recenter-flag { last PPAR } }

{440{}}

YPARdefault:

{ independent-column dependent-column intercept slope model }{120 0 LINFIT }

IlSymbolic Constants

The HP 48 has five constants which may be used in symbolic form or as approximate numerical values:

_Name Machine ValueT 3.14159265359

2.71828182846

(0,1)9.99999999999E4991.E-499

System flags —2 and -3 control evaluation of symbolic constants:

FlagDescripionClear Set [Default]-2 Symbolic Constants Symbolic form Numeric form Clear-3 Numeric Results Symbolic results Numeric results Clear

[4!

Program Branch Structures

CASE IF IF IFERR IFERR

test; THEN action; END test—clause test—clause trap—clause trap—clause

test;, THEN action, END THEN THEN THEN THEN

true—clause true—clause error—clause error—clause

test, THEN action, END END ELSE END ELSE

default—action (optional) false—clause normal—clause

ENDEND END

Definite Loops Indefinite Loops

start finish START loop—clause NEXT DO loop—clause UNTIL test—clause END

start finish START loop—clause increment STEP WHILE test—clause REPEAT loop—clause END

start finish FOR counter loop—clause NEXT

start finish FOR counter loop—clause increment STEP

elSystem Operations

Erases all memory (including port 0 and merged memory) and sets the HP 48 to its defaultstates. Merged memory remains merged.

Cancelsthe currentselection if selected before all keys are released.

Often known as a system halt or a warmstart, this operation places the calculator in a knownstate withoutresetting user memory. The stack is cleared, the VAR directory is set to HOME,the MTH menu is displayed, User mode is cleared, PICT is cleared, and the systemconfiguration is updated to recognize all libraries.

Starts the interactive self test.

Runs a continuous self test.

Coma mode: a deep—sleep shutdown which turns off the system timers (including the clock) andclears the system halt log.

Performs a graphics screen dump in HP 82240A/B graphics format (regardless of the I/O portselection).

Adjusts the display contrast

Cancels the next repeating alarm.

Vi

Unit Prefixes

HP 48 HP 48Symbol Symbol

quintillionquadrillion

quintillionthquadrillionth

trillionth

billionth

millionth

thousandth

hundredth

tenth

trillion

billion

million

thousand

hundred

A0BEST-

NY

Prefix—unit combinations that match built-in units are: au, cd, cu, ft, flam, kph, mph, min,

nmi, Pa, ph, pt, yd, andyr.

S1

0

1

2

345

6

7

8

9

Menu Numbers

LAST Menu

CSTVAR

MTHMTH VECTRMTH MATR

MTH MATR MAKEMTH MATR NORMMTH MATR FACTR

MTH MATR COLMTH MATR ROW

MTH LISTMTH HYP

MTH PROBMTH REAL

MTH BASE

MTH BASE LOGICMTH BASE BIT

MTH BASE BYTEMTH FFTMTH CMPLMTH CONSPRGPRG BRCHPRG IFPRG CASEPRG STARTPRG FOR(€) EDITPRG DO(9) SOLVE ROOT SOLVRPRG WHILEPRG TESTPRG TYPEPRG LISTPRG LIST ELEM

91

PRG LIST PROCPRG GROBPRG PICTPRG INPRG OUTPRG RUN@) UNITS(@) UNITS LENG(@) UNITS AREA(3) UNITS VOL(@) UNITS TIME(@) UNITS SPEED(@) UNITS MASS(@) UNITS FORCE(@) UNITS ENRG(@) UNITS POWR() UNITS PRESS(@) UNITS TEMP(@) UNITS ELEC(®) UNITS ANGL(@) UNITS LIGHT

(2) UNITS RAD(@) UNITS VISC(1) UNITSPRG ERROR IFERRPRG ERROR(9) CHARS(9) MODES(9) MODES FMT(9 MODES ANGL(9) MODES FLAG(9 MODES KEYS(9) MODES MENU(9) MODES MISC(9) MEMORY(9) MEMORY DIR(9) MEMORY ARITH(9] STACK(9 SOLVE(9) SOLVE ROOT() SOLVE DIFFEQ(9) SOLVE POLY

L1

(9 SOLVE SYS(€ SOLVE TVM(5) SOLVE TVM SOLVR(& PLOT(&) PLOT PTYPE(&) PLOT PPAR() PLOT 3D(&) PLOT 3D PTYPE(€ PLOT 3D VPAR(@ PLOT STAT(€ PLOT STAT PTYPE(@) PLOT STAT IPAR(@ PLOT STAT YPAR MODL(5) PLOT STAT DATA(| PLOT FLAG(& SYMBOLIC(€ TIME(&) TIME ALARM(€) STAT(€) STAT DATA

(@ STAT YPAR(@) STAT YPAR MODL(@) STAT IVAR(5) STAT PLOT&) STATFIT(€) STAT SUMS(910(€10 SRVR(910 IOPAR(€10 PRINT(9 10 PRINT PRTPA(910 SERIA(@) LIBRARY(@ LIBRARY PORTS(@) LIBRARY(() EQ LIB() EQ LIB EQLIB(| EQ LIB COLIB(€) EQ LIB MES(| EQ LIB UTILS

81

MessagesGeneral Messages

Insufficient MemoryDirectory Recursion

Undefined Local Name

Undefined XLIB Name

Memory ClearPower Lost

Warning:Invalid Card Data

Object In UsePort Not AvailableNo Room in Port

Object Not in Port

Recovering Memory

Try To Recover Memory?Replace RAM,Press ONNo Mem To Config All

No Room to Save StackCan't Edit Null Char.Invalid User FunctionNo Current EquationInvalid Syntax

LAST STACK Disabled

LAST CMD DisabledHALT Not AllowedArrayWrong Argument CountCircular ReferenceDirectory Not Allowed

Non-Empty Directory

Invalid DefinitionMissing LibraryInvalid PPARNon-Real ResultUnableto Isolate

No Room to Show Stack

Warning

Error:

Purge?Out of Memory

Stack

Last Stack

Last Commands

61

Low Memory (cont)Key Assignments Invalid DimensionAlarms Invalid Array ElementLast Arguments Deleting RowName Conflict Deleting ColumnCommand Line Inserting Row

Stack Operations Inserting Column

Too Few Arguments Statistics

Bad Argument Type

Invalid Y, Data

Bad Argument Value Nonexistent XDATUndefined Name Insufficient Y, DataLASTARG Disabled Invalid YPAR

Invalid 5 Data LN(Neg)

Incomplete Subexpression Invalid Y. Data LN(0)

Implicit (~) off Plot, Solve, Stat

Implicit (~) on

Floating Point ErrorsPositive Underflow

Negative UnderflowOverflowUndefined ResultInfinite Result

Invalid EQCurrent equation:No current equation.Enter eqn, press NEW

Name the equation, press ENTERSelect plot typeEmpty catalog

0z

Plot, Solve, Stat (cont.) Enter value (zoom out

undefined if >1), press ENTER

Nostat data to plot Copied to stackAutoscaling x axis zoom w/AUTO.Solving for X axis zoom.No current data. Enter y axis zoom.data point, press 2+ x and y—axis zoom.Select a model IR/wire:

ASCII/binary:

No alarms pending. baud:

Press ALRM to create parity:

Next alarm: checksum type:

Past due alarm: translate code:

Acknowledged Enter matrix, then NEW

Enter alarm, press SET Bad Guess(es)

Select repeat interval Constant?

1/O, Plot, Solve, Stat Interrupted

/O setup menu Root

Plot type: Sign Reversal" Extremum

(OFF SCREEN) LeftInvalid PTYPE RightNamethe stat data, press ENTER Expr

1T

Invalid PRTPARLow BatteryEmpty Stack

Row

Invalid Name

Unit Management

2817 Invalid Unit

2818 Inconsistent Units

/O and Printing

Bad Packet Block Check

Timeout

Receive Error

Receive Buffer Overrun

Parity ErrorTransfer Failed

Protocol Error

Invalid Date

Invalid Time

Invalid Repeat

Nonexistent Alarm

Polynomial Root Finder

49153 Unable to find root

Multiple Equation Solver

Invalid Server Cmd.

Port Closed

Connecting Invalid MparRetry # Single Equation

Awaiting Server Cmd. EQ Invalid for MINIT SendingReceiving

Object DiscardedPacket #Processing CommandInvalid IOPAR

Too Many Unknowns

All Variables Known

Illegal During MROOT

Solving forSearching

[44

NUM CHROO0NHAWD—O

=e

nNnhWD—O

NUM CHR

Character CodesNUM CHR

OZIrZRCAIOTMOOODD™

NUM CHR

OJ2+~XRGrwITOo

*DdDOonoOw

NUM CHR

=42

HIFIKkOGAWS

SAKK

NUM CHR

Dano

--X

PA—

1&Ko

I&

NUM CHR

MRRMM

MRPy

AR

IeDIII

Ir

NUM CHR

HiErHeDeeDy

RoQe

Q@

QR

Qe06O

€

NUM CHR

NUM CHR

0NN

@3

aslo

ae

NUM CHR

PAN

LKECCHWNAOD

NUM CHR

o

q-

s

tu

W

W

x

Y=z

{

|

3

B

NUM CHR

-g

mD

HPFES4990@3mo

NUM CHR

~W

=AT

OMFW10e

NUM CHR

WGGX0k

NUM CHR

-0:

030

Os

04

Jt

Oy

LT - C:CrCC7 8

T

Command Reference

This command reference summarizes the stack operations in the HP 48. Each stack diagram is

representative of the usage of the command, but does notillustrate all of the possible combinations of

argumentsthat can be used. The following table lists the terms used in the stack diagrams.

Note that system modes may affect the interpretation of input parameters or the results of some functions.

Any objectReal number

Real number

Complex number or user—unit graphics coordinates

Real or complex number

Positive integer real number (rounded if non—integer)

Binary integer

Real number with units

CharacterstringList of objects

Graphics objectPixel coordinates

s¢

Description (cont.)hms Real number in HH.MMSS formattime Time in HH.MMSS formatdate Date in current MM.DDYYYY or DD.MMYYYY format (flag —42)T/F Test result: O (false) or non—zero (true)‘symb’ Expression or name treated as an algebraic[vector] Real or complex vector[[matrix]] Real or complex matrix{row col} Coordinates of an element in a matrixposition Real numberspecifying an elementin a list, vector, or matrix. Maybe list containing two

real numbersspecifying an element in a matrix.Global or local nameGlobal nameKey location: row—col or row—col.planeMenu specified as menu.pageDegrees of freedom (positive integer)Port number: 0 — 33 or & (wildcard)Backup objectLibrary object

Library identifier (port:library number)

‘name’

‘global’

IC or rc.pmm.ppd.o.f.

portbackuplibraryLID

9t

Command Reference Example

Description : 2: 1 3: 2: 1Copiesthe level 2 object into level 1 obj; obj, @ obj; obj, obj;

Note that most commands which do not acceptlists as one of the required arguments have been extended

to accept argumentsin a list, execute once for each argument(or set of arguments), and return the results

in a list. For instance, the program % £ 3 5 * SF * sets user flags 3 and 5.

The program

«{ 12632378122

returns the list

{314 48 >

A command like LINE which can accept coordinates in list form (pixel coordinates) cannot take lists of

coordinates.

ABSACKACKALLACOSACOSHADD

ALOGAMORTAND

ANIMATE

APPLY

ARC

ARCHIVEARG

ARRY—

—ARRY

ASIN

Absolute valueAcknowledges displayed past due alarmAcknowledges all past due alarmsArc cosine

Inverse hyperbolic cosineSame as +, but does element-wise additionof objects in listsAntilogarithmCalculates amortization from TVM variablesLogical or binary AND

Animatesa series of grobs

Returns evaluated expression as argument toan unevaluated local nameDraws an arc in PICT centered at (x,y),

radius r, counterclockwise from 6, to 6,Makes backup copy of HOME directoryArgument

Separates array into individual elements

Combines numbers into an array

Arc sine

z

z

{list;} {list,)

zpmts

#nl #nz

grobj ... grob, n

{ symb ... } ‘name’

(x,y) r 61 6,

:I0:name

z

[array]

Zy ..z, {dim}

z

LIl

LlLl

acos z

acosh z

{lists)

10%prin int bal#l’l3

grob; ... grob, n

‘name(symb...)’

ASINHASNASR

ATANATANHATICKATTACHAUTOAXESBARBARPLOTBAUDBEEPBESTFIT

BINBINS

BLANKBOX

Inverse hyperbolic sineMake a single user-key assignmentArithmetic shift right (preserves MSB)

Arc tangentInverse hyperbolic tangent

Specifies the tick spacing on plot axesAttaches library to current directoryScales y-axisSets the intersection of axesSelects bar plot

Drawsa bar plot of the data in YDATSets the serial baud rateSounds a beepSelects the statistics model that yielus largest

correlation coefficient and executes LR

Sets binary baseSorts YDAT data into bins using the

independent variable column as the keyCreates a blank graphics objectDraws a box in PICT

zobject rc.p

#Il]

zzZ

{xy}LID

(x.y)

LIl

iLl

ileleLl

-

Xpnin Width N =

#width #height -{#x#y; ) {#x#y, ) 2

[[by]...[by]] [by, bR]

6C

BUFLEN

BYTES

B—>R

CASECEILCENTRCFCHOOSE

CHRCKSMCLEARCLKADJCLLCDCLOSEIOCLTEACHCLUSRCLVARCLYCNRM

Returns the number of characters in the

serial buffer and 1 if no error occurred

Returns the checksum and size of an objectBinary to real conversion

Begins CASE...THEN...END...ENDNext greatest integerSets center of plot displayClears a system or user flagDisplays a choose box with highlightpositioned at the specified elementMakes a one character string

Selects the checksum schemeClears the stackAdds clock ticks (8192/sec) to the system time

Clearsthe stack displayClosesthe serial port, clears input bufferPurges the examples directoryPurges all user variables in the currentdirectoryPurgesthe statistics matrix YDATComputes the column norm of an array

“title” { list }

objects+n

Lyl

il

il

ilLy

n T/F

#cksum size

n

column-norm

0¢

COL+

COL-

COL-

—COL

COLCT

COLY

COMB

CON

COND

CONICCONJCONLIBCONSTCONTCONVERTCORRCOSCOSH

Inserts a column vector into an array [[matrix]] [vector] n

Deletes a column from a matrix [[matrix]] n

Transforms column vectors into a matrix [coly] ... [col,] n

Transforms a matrix into column vectors [[matrix]]

Collectslike terms ‘symby’

Specifies independent and dependent indep depend

statistics columns

Combinations of n object taken m at a time n m

Creates constant array { rowscols } z

Estimates the column norm condition [[matrix]]

number of a square matrix

Selects conic plot

Complex conjugate (x,y)

Displays the Constants Library catalog

Returns the value of a constant ‘constname’

Continues a halted program

Performs a unit conversion x_old y_new

Correlation coefficient of YDAT data

Cosine z

Hyperbolic cosine z

Llil

-

Ll

LlLlLlil

[[matrix]]’[[matrix]]’

[[matrix]]

[col;] ... [col,] n

‘symby’

Cn,m

[[matrix]]

condition-number

(x~=y)

constant

X_new’

correlation

cos zcosh z

Ie

CovCRCRDIRCROSSCSWPCYLIN

C—PX

C—R

DARCYDATE

—DATE

DATE+

DDAYS

DECDECR

DEFINE

DEG

DELALARMDELAY

DELKEYS

Sample covariance of YDAT dataPrints a carriage-rightCreates a directoryCross productColumn swapSets polar/cylindrical modeUser-unit to pixel coordinate conversion

Complex-to-real conversion

Calculates Darcyfriction factorReturns the system date

Sets the system date

Adds a number of days to a date

Number of days between two dates

Sets decimal baseDecrements and returns value of variableCreates user-defined function

Sets Degrees modeDeletes alarm from alarm list

Sets delay between printed linesClears user-key assignments

‘name’

[A][B][[matrix]] n m

(xy)

x,y)e/D Re

date

date *daysdate; date,

‘name’‘name=expression’

n

=55iRiR-iR

5

-iR=

iR>--=>5iR5

covariance

[AXxB][[matrix]]’

{#x #y}

Xy

ddate

date’

Adays

X

eDEPNDDEPTHDET

DETACH

—DIAG

DIAG—DIFFEQDISPDODOERRDOLISTDOSUBSDOTDRAWDRAXDROPDROPNDROP2DTAG

Specifies plot dependent variable ‘name’ —Counts the objects on the stack objects =Determinant of a square matrix [[matrix]] =

Detaches library from current directory library-number —

Returns vector of major diagonal elements [[matrix]] —

Creates matrix with specified diagonal elements [diagonals] n —

Selects differential equation plotDisplays objectin specified display line object nBegins DO ... UNTIL ... END structureGenerates system or user—defined error nApplies n arguments to an object {list;}...{list,} n obj

Executes object using argumentsin list {list} n objectDot product of two vectors [vector A] [vector B]

Draws a plotDraws axesDrops one object off the stack objectDrops n objects from the stack obj, ... obj; n

Drops two objects from the stack obj, obj;

Removes all tags from an object :tag:obj 11l

iLiLil

objects ndeterminant

[diagonals]

[[nxn matrix]]

{results}

{list }’X

£e

DUPDUPN

DUP2

D—-R

€EGV

EGVLELSE

ENDENDSUB

ENG

EQ—

EQNLIBERASE

ERRM

ERRN

ERROEVAL

Duplicates one object on the stack obj

Duplicates n objects on the stack obj, ... obj; n

Duplicates two objects on the stack obj; objy

Degrees—to—radians conversion X

Symbolic constant e

Computes eigenvalue and right eigenvectors [[matrix]

of a square matrix

Computes eigenvalues of a square matrix [[matrix]]

Beginsfalse clause in

IF...THEN...ELSE...END structureEnds program structures

Returns the number of frames in argumentlist for DOSUBSSets Engineering display mode n

Separates equation into left and right sides ‘symb;=symb,’

Displays the Equation Library catalog

Erases PICT

Returns the last error message

Returns the last error number

Clears the last error number

Evaluates an object o &

—

—

—

-

N

—

1l

aLl

ll

Ll

obj objobj,...obj; obj...obj;

Objl Obj2 Obj] Obj2

(m/180)x

2.71828182846

[eigenvectors]

[eigenvalues]

[eigenvalues]

‘symb;’ ‘symb,’

“string”#n

EXPEXPAN

EXPFITEXPMEYEPT

FOs

FACTFANNINGFC?FC?CFFTFINDALARMFINISHFIXFLOORFORFPFREE

Natural exponentialExpands an algebraic

Selects exponential curve-fitting modelNatural exponential minus 1Specifies eyepoint coordinates for 3D plotCalculates fraction of black-body emissive powerat temperature T between wavelengths 0 andFactorial or gamma functionCalculates Fanning friction factor

Tests a system or userflagTests and clears a system or user flagDiscrete Fourier transformReturns alarm index »n or O if no alarm is foundTerminates Kermit server modeSets Fix display modeNext smallest integerBegins FOR ... NEXT or FOR ... STEP structureFractional partFrees (makes independent) merged memory(port 1 only)

z‘symby’

X

eye Zeye

start end

X{name/LID} port

A

--iR>>iR>=o>==

exp z‘symb,’

exp(x)-1

fraction

n!

f

T/F

T/F

[array]’

n

Se

FREE!

FREEZE

FS?FS?CFUNCTIONGETGETIGOR

GRADGRAPHGRIDMAP

—GROB

GXOR

*H

HALT

HEAD

Frees (makes independent) merged memoryin port 1Freezes up to three display areas specifiedby lowerthree bitsTests a system or user flagTests and clears a system or user flagSelects function plotGets an element from a list or arrayGets an element from a list or arraySuperimposes grob’ onto grob at thespecified coordinatesSelects Grads modeEnters the Graphics environmentSelects the gridmap plot typeConverts object into graphics object

{name/LID}

*n

{list} index

{list} indexgrob { #x #y } grob’

object size

Superimposes and inverts grob’ onto grob at grob { #x #y } grob’the specified coordinatesMultiplies the vertical plot scale by specified factor

Suspends program execution until eitherCONTor KILL are executedReturnsthe first object in a list

X

{ obj, ... objy }

Ll

Llilyl

!l

T/FT/F

object{ list } index’ objgrob’’

grob

grob’’

Ob_] 1

HEXHISTOGRAMHISTPLOTHMS+

HMS-

HMS—

—HMS

HOMEiIDN

IF

IFERR

IFFTIFTIFTEMINCRINDEP

Sets hexadecimal baseSelects histogram plotDraws a histogram ofthe data in YDATAdds in HH.MMSSs format

Subtracts in HH.MMSSs format

Converts a number from HH.MMSSs format

Converts a number to HH.MMSSs format

Selects the HOME directorySymbolic constant iCreates an identity matrixBegins IF ... THEN ... ENDor [F ... THEN ... ELSE ... END structureBegins IFERR ... THEN ... ENDor IFERR ... THEN ... ELSE ... END structure

Inverse discrete Fourier transformIF ... THEN ... END test. Executes obj if T/F is true.IF ... THEN ... ELSE ... END testReturns imaginary part of a numberIncrements and returns value of variable

Specifies plot independent variable

hms; hms,

hms; hms,

hms

X

[array]T/F obj

T/F true-obj false-obj —

xy) = vy‘name’

‘name’

RA

—

—

-

—

hms;+hms,

hms;—hms,

X

hms

0,1)[[nXn matrix]]

[array]’

X

LE

INFORM Displays input formINPUT Suspends program, displays message, “message

“title” {labels} fmt {defaults} {initial values} —o

{data} T/F

prompt” = object

and waits for dataINV Inverse (reciprocal) z > 1zIP Integer part X ™ nISOL Isolates a variable in an equation ‘symby’ ‘global’ = ‘symb,’KERRM Returns the last Kermit error message - “message”KEY Returns numberindicating last key pressed - rclor0KGET Gets named data from remote device ‘name’ —KILL Cancels all suspended programs -LABEL Labels axes eLAST Returns last arguments - object(s)

LASTARG Returns last arguments - object(s)LCD— Returns LCD as 131x64 pixel graphics object - grob

—LCD Displays graphics object in the upper—left grob —corner of the stack display

LIBEVAL Executes library object. Upper three digits #n

are library number, lower three digits arefunction number.

8¢

LIBS Lists library objects attached to the current directory - {title LID port ... }

LINE Draws a line in PICT {#x; #y, } {#x0#y, )} 2

YLINE Returns best-fit line for ¥DAT data - ‘symb’

LINFIT Selects linear curve-fitting model -

LININ Determinesif an equation is linear in a variable ‘symb’ ‘name’ = T/F

LIST— Separates a list into individual elements { obj; ... obj, } = obj; ...obj, n

—LIST Combines n objects into a list obj; ... obj, n = { obj; ... obj, }

ALIST Computes first differences of objects in a list { obj; objy...obj, } = {objp_jobjzy..}

YLIST Sumsthe elementsin a list { objj ... obj, } = obj;+...+0bj,

[ILIST Returns the product of the elementsin a list { obj; ... obj, } = objy*...x0bj,

LN Natural logarithm z> Inz

LNP1 Natural logarithm of (argument+1) x = In(x+1)

LOG Common (base 10) logarithm z > logz

LOGFIT Selects logarithmic curve-fitting model **

LQ Returns LQ factorization of a matrix [[A]] = [[L1] [[Q]] [[P1]

LR Computes linear regression of YDAT data — intercept slope

LSQ Returns minimum norm least squares [B] [[A]] = [X]

solution to system or linear equations

LU Returns Crout LU decomposition of a square matrix [[AT] = [[L1] [[U]1 [[P]]

MANT Returns the mantissa of a number X 2y

6¢

TMATCH

IMATCH

MAXMAXRMAXY

MCALC

MEAN

MEMMENUMERGEMERGE1MINMINEHUNT

MINITMINRMINY

MITM

Match-and-replace, beginning withsubexpressionsMatch-and-replace, beginning with toplevel expressionReturns the maximum of two numbers XySymbolic constant — maximum real numberFinds the maximum column values of data in ¥DAT

‘symb’ {‘pattern’ ‘replacement’}

‘symb’ {‘pattern’ ‘repl’}

Sets Multiple Equation Solver variable to not ‘name’user-defined stateComputes means of the data in YDAT

Returns available memorySelects a built—-in menu or creates a custom menu mm.pp

Merges RAM card with main memory portMerges RAM card in port 1 with main memoryReturns the minimum of two numbersStarts the Minehunt game

Establishes Mpar from EQ

Symbolic constant — minimum real numberFinds the minimum column values of data in YDAT

> <

IL1l

i1ilil

!

Changesthetitle and variable menu in Mpar “title” { names }

—

-

N{

‘result’ T/F ‘result’ T/F

max(x,y)‘MAXR’

[xi- %]

014

MODMROOT

MSGBOXMSOLVRMUSER

NDISTNEGNEWOBNEXTNOT

NOVAL

NSUBNUM

—>NUMNUMXNUMYNXOBJ—

Modulo XySolves for single (‘name’) or all (“ALL”) ‘name’variables using the Multiple Equation SolverDisplays a message, waits for keystroke “message”Displays the Multiple Equation Solver menuSets Multiple Equation Solver variable to user— ‘name’defined stateNormal probability density mean variance XxNegates an argument zSeparates object from list or backup object objectEnds FOR ... NEXT or START ... NEXTLogical or binary NOT #n,

Placeholder for unspecified values in INFORMargument list

Returns the current frame number for DOSUBSReturns character code of a string’s first character “string”Evaluates an object to yield a numeric result object

Specifies number ofplot increments in X for 3D plot types nSpecifies number of plot increments in Y for 3D plot types nReturns the numberof data points in YDATDecomposes on object onto the stack { obj; ... obj, }

Ll

UA

Ll

Ll

ndist(mean,variance,x)

-z

object

#n2

NOVAL

Iy

OCTOFFOLDPRTOPENIOOR

ORDEROVER

PARAMETRICPARITYPARSURFACEPATH

PCOEF

PCONTOURPCOVPDIMPERM

PEVAL

PGDIRPICK

Sets octal baseTurns the calculator offRemaps printer output to the HP 82240A character setOpensIR or wired portLogical or binary OR

Rearranges the VAR menuCopies the level 2 object into level 1Selects parametric plotSets paritySelects parametric surface plotReturnsa list showing the current pathComputes coefficients of a polynomial withspecified rootsSelects pseudo-contour plotPopulation covariance of YDAT dataChangesthe size of PICTPermutations of n objects taken m at a timeEvaluates polynomial with specifiedcoefficients at xPurges specified directory and its contentsCopies nth objectinto level1

#n] #1'12

{ names }

obj; objy

[roots]

#horizontal #vertical

n m

[coefficients] x

‘name’

obj, ... obj; n

Ll

il

illilly

N1l

#1’13

Ob_) 1 Objz Ob_] 1

{ HOME names}

[coefficients]

Pn,m

y

obj, ... obj; obj,

w

PICTPICTUREPINITPIXOFFPIXONPIX?PKTPMAX

PMINPOLARPOSPREDVPREDXPREDYPRLCDPROMPTPROOT

PRSTPRSTCPRVARPR1

Returns the name PICTto level 1Enters the Graphics environment

Initializes RAM card in port 2Turns off a pixel in PICT

Turns on a pixel in PICTTests a pixel in PICTSends commands to serverSets the upper-right plot coordinates

Sets the lower-left plot coordinatesSelects polar plotFinds substring in string or object in list

Predicted dependent variable valuePredicted independent variable valuePredicted dependent variable valuePrints an image of the displayDisplays a prompt and halts the programComputes polynomial roots

Prints the stackPrints the stack in compact formatPrints the name and contents of a variablePrints the level 1 object

{ #x #y }{ #x #y}

{#x #y)“contents” “type”

(xy) =(x.y) =

A

{ list } objectX

yX

1L

il

Llill

T/F“response”

npredicted-valuepredicted-valuepredicted-value

[ roots ]

PSDEV Computes population standard deviation ofdata in YDATPurges one or more variablesReplaces an elementin an array orlistReplaces an elementin an array orlist andincrements the positionComputes population variances of YDATdata in columns specified by COLY,Returns list of objects in a portDisplays PICT with specified coordinate inthe upper-left cornerSelects power curve-fitting modelPixel to user-unit coordinate conversion

PURGEPUTPUTI

‘name’{ list } index obj{ list } index obj

PVAR

PVARSPVIEW

port{ #x #y }

£y

PWRFIT

PX-C

-Q—-Qn

QR

QUAD

QUOTERADRAND

{#x #y}

Converts numbersto fractional equivalent

—Q after factoring out 1t

Computes QR factorization of a matrixSolves a quadratic polynomial

Returns argument expression unevaluatedSets Radians modeReturns a random number between 0 and 1

(ATl‘symb;’ ‘global’

‘symb’

Ll

NN

AA4

>

{ list }’{ list }* index’

o Xm ]

{ list } type/bytes

(x,y)‘a/b’

‘a/b*m’

([QIT [IR1] [[P1]‘symb,’

‘symb’

RANK

RANM

RCEQRCI

RCIJ RCLRCLALARMRCLF

RCLKEYSRCLMENURCLY,RCWSRDMRDZRERECN

Estimates the rank of a rectangular matrix

Replaces or creates a matrix with randomintegers from -9 to 9Recalls the contents of the variable EQ

Multiplies elements in a row of a matrix by afactorMultiplies elements in row; of a matrix by a

factor and adds the result to elements in row;

Recalls the contents of a variableRecalls alarm from alarm listReturns a list containing two binary integersrepresenting the system and user flagsLists user-key assignments

Recalls number and page of active menuRecalls the contents of YDATRecalls the binary integer wordsizeRedimensions a matrix

Sets the random number seedReturns the real part of complex numberor arrayReceives file from remote Kermit and savesin named object

[[matrix]] =[[matrix]] =

N

[[matrix]] factor row —

[[matrix]] factor i j —

l‘name’n

Ll

[[matrix;]] {dim}

rank

[[matrix]]’

object

[[matrix]]’

[[matrix]]’

object{alarm}

{ #system #user }

{ obj; rc.p; ... }

mm.ppobjectn[[matrix,]]

Sy

RECV

REPEAT

REPL

RESRESTOREREVLIST

RKF

RKFERR

RKFSTEP

RL

RLB

RND

RNRM

ROLL

Receivesfile from remote Kermit and saves insender-named objectBegins loop clause in WHILE ... REPEAT ... END i/structureReplaces level 1 object onto level 3 object at { list} n object = {list}’position nSets the plot resolution #n —Replaces HOME directory with backup backup —Reverses the order of objects in a list { objy ...obj, } = { obj, ... obj; }Computes solution of initial value problem {tyof(ty) } tol tr = {tyyof(ty) } tolusing RKF methodComputes change in solution and { tyf(ty) } stepsize = {tyf(ty) } stepsize Ay errorerror estimate using RKF methodComputes next solution step of initial { ty f(t,y) } tol stepsize = { ty f(t,y) } tol next-stepvalue problem using RKF method

Rotates left by one bit #n; 2 #ny

Rotates left by one byte #ng; 2 #ny

Rounds fractional part of numberto n places Zpn7" 7y

Computes maximum value of the sums ofthe [array] & row-normabsolute values of all elements over all rows

Moves the level n+1 object to level 1 obj, ... obj; n objp.1 ... obj; obj,

9

ROLLD

ROOTROT

ROW+

ROW-

ROW—

—-ROW

RR

RRB

RREF

RRK

RRKSTEP

RSBERR

RSD

RSWP

Movesthe level 2 objectto level n obj, ... obj;n = obj; objp, ... obj,Finds a numerical root ‘symb’ ‘name’ guess — rootMovesthe level 3 object to level 1 obj3 obj, obj; @ obj, obj; objsInserts a row vector into a matrix [[matrix]] [vector] n = [[matrix]]’Deletes a row from a matrix [[matrix]] n = [[matrix]]’Transformsa series of row vectors into a matrix [vector;] ... [vector,] n = [[matrix]]

Transforms a matrix into a series of row vectors [[matrix]] = [vector(] ... [vector,] n

Rotates right by one bit #n; — #ny

Rotates right by one byte #n; > #n,Computes reduced row echelon form of a [[matrix] = [[matrix]]’rectangular matrixComputes solution of initial value problem {tyof(ty) } tol tr = {tgygf(ty) } tol

using Rosenbrock and RKF methodsComputes next { ty f(t,y) of/dT of/dy } tol stepsize = { ty f(t,y) of/0T of/dy } tol next-stepsolution step of initial value problem using Rosenbrock and RKF methodsComputes change { ty f(t,y) of/dT df/dy } stepsize = { ty f(t,y) of/dT of/dy } stepsize Ay errorin solution and error estimate using Rosenbrock and RKF methods

Computes a correction to the solution of a [B][[All[Z] — [B-AZ]system of equationsRow swap [[matrix]] index; index, = [[matrix]]’

Ly

R—BR—-C

R-D

SAME

SBRK

SCALE

SCATRPLOT

SCATTER

SCHUR

SCI

SCONIJ

SDEV

SENDSEQ

SERVERSFSHOW

SIDENS

Real-to-binary conversion - #nReal-to-complex conversion Xy 2 (xy)

Radians-to-degrees conversion x = (180/m)x

Tests two objects for equality obj; obj, @ T/FSendsserial break -Specifies x and y scale in units per 10 pixels Xy ™Draws a scatter plot of the data in YDAT -Selects scatter plot -Computes the Schur decomposition of a square matrix [[A]]l = [IQI [ITNSets Scientific display mode n —Conjugates the contents of a variable ‘name’ —Computes sample standard deviations of the data = [ X]..Xplin YDATSends object to another Kermit device ‘name’ —Generates a list of results from repeated obj ‘name’ start end step = { list }execution of an object

Selects Kermit server mode eSets a system or user flag tn —Resolves all name references ‘symb;’ ‘name’ = ‘symb,’

Intrinsic density of silicon as a function of temperature T — density

SIGN Sign of a number

SIN SineSINH Hyperbolic sine

SINV Inverts the contents ofa variableSIZE Finds the dimensions of an objectSL Shifts left by one bit #nySLB Shifts left by one byte

SLOPEFIELD Selects slopefield plotSNEG Negates the contents of a variable ‘name’SNRM Computes the spectral norm of an array [[matrix]]SOLVEQN Places Equation Library equatinn(s) in solver subject title PICT—option

and places corresponding picture in PICT ifPICT-option is non—zero

SORT Sorts the elements of a list in ascending order { list }SPHERE Sets polar/spherical mode

SQ Squares a number or matrix zSR Shifts right by one bit #nSRAD Computes spectral radius of a square matrix [[matrix]]SRB Shifts right by one byte #n,SRECV Reads n characters from the I/O port nSTART Begins START ... NEXT or START ... STEP start end

Zysinz

sinh z

nor { dim }#Ilz

#l’l2

spectral_norm

S--iRiRN55->N

#1'12

spectral_radius

#n2

NR

RA

6y

STDSTEP

STEQSTIME

STO

STOALARM

STOF

STOKEYS

STO+

STO-

STO=*

STO/

STOY,STR—

—STR

STREAM

STWSSUB

Sets Standard display modeEnds FOR ... STEP or START ... STEPStores into reserved variable EQSets serial timeoutStores an object into a variableStores alarm in system alarm listSets the system and userflagsMakes multiple key assignments

Storage additionStorage subtractionStorage multiplication

Storage divisionStores into reserved variable YDATEvaluates the commands defined by a string

Converts an object to a string

Executes object using first two objects in listthen executes object using next object in listand previous result until list is exhaustedSets the binary integer wordsizeExtracts a portion of a list, string, or grob

)

increment

objectseconds

object ‘name’

time{ #system #user }

{ obj; rc.py ... }

object ‘name’object ‘name’object ‘name’

object ‘name’object

“string”

object

{ list } object

n{ list } start end

Ll

illellellell

alarm_number

“string”

object

{ list }

0s

SVDSVLSWAP

SYSEVAL

—-TAG

TAILTANTANHTAYLR

TDELTA

TEACHTEXTTHENTICKSTIME

—TIME

TINC

TLINE

TMENUTOT

Computes the singular value decomposition of a matrix [[Al] =Computes the singular values of a matrix [[matrix A]] —

Swaps the objects in levels 1 and 2 obj, obj;

Executes a system object specified by address #n —

Tags an object with another object object “tag” —

Returns a list less its first object {list}

Tangent z ™

Hyperbolic tangent z >

Computes a Taylor series approximation ‘symb;’ ‘name’ degree —

Calculates temperature difference T, T, 2

Creates example directory in the VAR menu iSelects the stack display -

Begins true-clause of IF, CASE, or IFERR structures T/F —

Returns time in binary integer clock ticks (8192/sec) i

Returns current time using 24 hour format -

Sets the system time using 24 hour format HH.MMSS —

Adds temperature increment T; increment =

Toggles pixels on a straight line {#x#y; } {#x 8y, }

Displays temporary menu mm.pp ~

Sumsthe columns in YDAT -

(U IV 8][vector S]Objl 0bj2

‘tag:object

{ list }’tan z

tanh z

‘symby’

difference

#n

HH.MMSS

T,

IS

TRACE

TRANSIOTRN

TRNC

TRUTHTSTRTVARS

TVMTVMBEGTVMENDTVMROOTTYPE

UBASEUFACT

—UNIT

UNTILUPDIRUTPC

Computesthe trace (sum of diagonal elements)of a matrix

Selects character translation modeTransposes a matrix

Truncates a numberto n digits

Selects truth plotConverts date and time numbers to string formLists the variables of specified type in thecurrent directory

Displays the TVM menuSets Begin payment modeSets End payment modeSolves for TVM variableReturns the type of an object (see Object Types)

Converts unit object to SI base unitsFactors specified compound unit

Combines a number and unit object to createa new unit objectBeginstest—clause of DO ... UNTIL ... ENDMakes parent directory the current directoryUpper-tail Chi-Square distribution

[[matrix]]

n[[matrix;]]

Z1 n

date time

type

‘name’

object

X_units

X_units; y_unitsy

X y_units

d.o.f. x

-

Ll

Llily

Llil

!Ll

[[matrix;]]

Zy

“string”{ names }

value

type

y_base-unitsX’ _unitsy*unitss

X_units

utpe(d.o.f.,x)

s

UTPF

UTPNUTPTUVAL

—-V2

—-V3

V-

VAR

VARSVERSIONVTYPE*W

WAIT

WHILEWIREFRAMEWSLOG

XCOL

Upper-tail F-distribution

Upper-tail normal distributionUpper-tail Student’s t-distributionReturns scalar portion of unit objectCombines two real numbers into 2D vectoror complex number

Combines three real numbers into 3D vector

Separates a 2 or 3 element vector

Sample variances of YDAT dataReturnslist of variables in the current directoryReturns operating system version and copyright msgReturns the type of an object in named variable

Multiplies the horizontal plot scale by specified factor(alter PPAR)

Pauses program execution for n seconds or waits for a

key (n=0)

Begins WHILE ... REPEAT ... END structureSelects wireframe plot type

Returns fourstrings indicating time, date, and sourceof four most recent system halts

Specifies YDAT column as the independent variable

d.O.f.l d.O.f.2 X

mean variance X

d.of. x

X_unit

Xy Ll

Lll

Xyz

[xyz]

iR

5

iRiR>5>

x-column —

utpf(d.o.f.{,d.o.f.5,x)

uptn(mean,variance,x)

utpt(d.o.f.,x)

X

[xy]

[xyz]Xyz

[X]~-~Xn]

{ names}“version” *

type

copyright”

rc.p (n=0)

“string;”... “‘stringy”

€S

XMITXOR

XPONXRECVXRNG

XROOT

XSENDXVOL

XXRNG

YCOLYRNG

YSLICEYVOL

YYRNG

ZFACTOR

ZVOL

v

Sendsstring through I/O port without KermitLogical or binary XOR

Returns the exponent of a numberReceive an object using Xmodem protocolSpecifies x-axis plotting range

Returns x™ root of y

Sends an object using Xmodem protocol

Sets the width of the 3D plotting volume

Sets width of 3D target mapping range for gridmapand parsurface plotsSpecifies a YDAT column as the dependent variableSpecifies y-axis plotting range

Selects yslice plot typeSets the depth of the 3D plotting volume

Sets the depth of 3D target mapping range for gridmapand parsurface plotsCalculates gas compressibility factor Z

Sets the height of the 3D plotting volume

Square root

“string”#I‘ll #n2

X

‘name’

Xmin Xmaxy X

‘name’

Xleft Xright

Xmin Xmax

y-column

Ymin Ymax

Ynear Yfar

Ymin Ymax

T, PZiow Zhigh

z

Llel

Ll

Ll

lLl

Ll

#Il3

n

vy

1 or “unsent” 0

yS

Integral lower-limit upper-limit ‘integrand’ ‘name’

Derivative ‘symb;’ ‘name’

Symbolic constant 7t

Summation ‘index’ initial-value final-value ‘summand’

Sum of data in independent ¥DAT column

Sum of squaresof data in independent YDAT column

Sum of data in dependent ¥DAT column

Sum of squares of data in independent YDAT column

Sum of products of data in independent and

dependent YDAT columnsAppends one or more data points to XDAT

Deletes last row from YDATLess-than comparison

Greater-than comparison

Less-than-or-equal comparison

Greater-than-or-equal

Not-equal comparison

Equal comparison

Logical equality comparison

integral

‘symb,’v

sum

XX>X;2PRXY2X;Y;L

liLl

Ly

It

IVIAV

<e<Y<

Ll

N N N~ > et

Assigns local variable(s)

Adds two objects

Subtracts two objects

Multiplies two objects

Divides two objects

Raises a number to a power

Factorial or gamma function

Substitutes symbolics for names in a symbolic

expression

PercentPercent change

Percent total

A

100(y-x)/x

100y/x

Ll

9¢

Going Further

Do you want to know more about your HP 48? The HP 48 Handbook is the ultimate reference for peoplewho want to get the most from the HP 48 calculator. The Handbook contains chapters that cover allaspects of programming, user interface design, graphics, data transfer, memory management, custommenus, and much more. Additional reference tables cover the equation library, constants, key locationcodes, units, and much more. Many example programs are included to demonstrate variousprogramming and graphics techniques. The command reference lists every stack diagram, keystrokeaccess, characteristics, and related flags for every command. Do you want to place graphics in the stackdisplay? Perhaps work with extended precision real numbers? The System Programming chapterintroduces the magical world of internal unnamed objects accessible through the SYSEVAL command.

The HP 48 Handbook is the HP 48 reference book you can’t live without!

To order a copy of The HP 48 Handbook, contact your calculator dealer or send a check (or postal moneyorder) for $20 in U.S. dollars drawn on a U.S. bank (overseas bank drafts are not accepted) to:

Armstrong Publishing Company1050 Springhill Drive

Albany OR 97321 USA

The HP 48 Pocket BookFlags

Operator Precedence 7

Object Types 8

Reserved Variables 9

Symbolic Constants 11

Program Branch Structures 12

System Operations 13Unit Prefixes 14

Menu Numbers 15

Messages 18

Character Codes 22

Command Reference 24

Going Further 56

The HP 48 Pocket Book goes where you go — providing a concise collection of handy tables coveringmany aspects of HP 48 operations and a 32 page command reference listing the syntax for all commands.

ISBN 1 - 879828-05-7