the history of call the 60s
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This ppp will provide some information about the developments of CALL during the 60'sTRANSCRIPT
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History of CALL:The 60s
Betzayda Lara Castillo
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The 60’s: “The Pioneering Wilderness” featuring PLATO.
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The 60’s were characterized by…• Pedagogy Audiolingualism
• Psychology Behaviorism
• Linguistics Structuralism
Programmed
Logic for
Automatic
Teaching
Operations
Started by Don Bitzer, Professor of Electrical Engineering.
Designed to deliver learning packaged to large number of Ss’
Communication system > “note files”:
Tutor and learner.
Learner groups
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Sentence Judger
Three main functions:
2. Looked for synonyms and key words in Ss’ answer.
3. Misspelling
4. Word order
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Advantages of PLATO:• Displayed different alphabets on same screen.
“Plato was able to provide a highly coordinated and sophisticated site management system.” (Hart, 1995 at Levy 1997:16).
• Easy to use.
• Tutor: authoring language. Didn’t have flexibility of object-oriented programming.
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• Adding text to Speech Synthesis mechanism with PLATO.
• Development of PLATO guided by practical concerns.
• Range of languages: English, Esperanto, French, German, Hindi, Latin, Modern Hebrew, Modern Greek, Norwegian, Russian and Swedish.
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Hart (1995:30)• Plato laboratory featured 50,000 hours of
language instruction per semester. Plus another 50,000 hours in other curricula.
• Twelve different languages.
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Levy (1997:17)
• “First project engaging language teachers and technical staff in the development of CALL materials in a coordinated way.”
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The 60s: “The pioneering wilderness”, back to BASIC
• 1960 – Project TIP (Technical Information Project), first prototype of documentary server.
• 1961 – Paul Baran, “Packet switching network”, first Network model in military communication.
• 1963 – “A conceptual framework for the argumentation of Man’s intelligence” by Engelbart, the beginning of H-LAM/T (Human using Language Artifacts, and Methodolofy, in which he is Trained)(oN-Line System)
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• 1965 – “Hipertext”, coined by Ted Nelson, becames “official”.
• 1964 - BASIC (Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) by Thomas Kurtz & John Kennedy
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Computers:
• 1960 – DEC´s (Digital Equipment Corp.)PDP-1 sold for $120,000.
• It was included with a cathode ray tube graphic display, needed no air conditioning and required only one operator.
• 1961 – IBM introduces the 1400 Series, which replaced the vacuum tube with smaller, more reliable transistors and used a magnetic core memory.
• 1964 – Seymour Cray invents the supercomputer CDC 6600
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Some other advances…
• First videodisk is invented by D. Cregg
• Project APARNET (ARPA): an extension of packet switching (ancestor of internet).
• Jean-Claude Gardin, SYNTOL (Syntagmatic Organization Language) General Model.
• The Stony Brook Experiment
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Mid to late 60’s: Stony Brooks.• “Hypertext Editing System” by Ted Nelson and et
Andries van Dam at Brown University.
• Then changes to FRESS
File
Retrieval and
Editing
System
“Big Blue”, early commercial founders of CALL development”.
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Mid to Late 60’s: Stony Brook
• Better performances using the computer in writing and also in reading.
• Use of teletypes, disadvantage, they were too noisy.
• People involved: – William Morris (IBM)
– Stony Brook (psychologist)
• German and French used for the experiments.
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“The late 60s and erly 70s are of particular historical importance to CALL”
(Ahmad et al,1985:28)
• Collaboration project.
• Develop a programmed learning approach to language instruction.
• This project connected teletype machines to a mainframe computer system.
• Students enjoyed the use of technology
• Written and reading skills improved.
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Is the Hippy era a Happy era?
“CALL's origins can be
traced back to the 1960s.”
(Davies, 2002)
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The late 60s
• PILOT• UNIX (machine
independent)• The IBM 1500 appears • The Scientific Language
Project at Univeristy of Essex (read Russian articles)
• First concordancing program
• Mini computers were about to be born
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Late 60’s. Is the Hippy Era a Happy era:?
• 1996: Invention of the “mouse” by Douglas Engelbart.
• PASCAL (language) is invented by Niklaus Wirth.
• First cheap micro-computer: PDP8 (Programmed Data Process) by Digital Equipment Corporation).
• LOGO (language) by Seymour Papert.
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References
• URL: www.computerhistory.org/timeline
• Davies, G. (2002). CALL (computer assisted language learning). Retrieved on 29.09.08 from:
URL:http://www.llas.ac.uk/resources/goodpractice. aspx?resourceid=61
• URL:http://students.ou.edu/W/Katherine.C.Woodson-1/NEWSSITE.htm