The history and evolution of tattoos and tattooing

The history and evolution of tattoos and tattooingByJasmine Johnson & Meredith FrazierTattoos: why do people get them?Self Expression- used to express a unique personality Sentimental Value- used for permanent memorabilia Trendy- just because everyone else is doing it Group Identification- used to show membership of a family, organization, tribe, etc. Symbolism for Beliefs- used to represent any kind of personal beliefs

Ancient tattoosHistory of the first tattoo is almost impossible to trace Tattoos have a vast history across the globe dating back over 12,000 yearsOldest evidence of a tattoo culture discovered by French excavators Saint-Just & Marthe Pquart (early 1940s)Dates back to around 10,000 B.C.Grooved needles made from bonesochre- colored iron oxide deposits, clay & water

Ancient egyptyan tattoo cultureThriving tattoo culture as early as 4,000 B.C.Female figurines and tomb depictions Bronze tattooing tools dating back to 1,450 B.C. found in Gurob (Northern Egypt) by archeologist W.M.F. Petrie Seemingly a practice strictly for females Female mummies from around 2,000 B.C.

Tattooed women in ancient egypt Multiple female mummies with permanent skin markings found in AkhmimBelieved to have been dancing girls or concubinesHigh priestess Amunet buried at Deir el-Bahari (Luxor)Anatomical distribution of markings suggests therapeutic use of tattoosUpper and inner thighs Abdomen Also believed to be used for protection during pregnancy and childbirth Depictions of household deity Bes Net like abdominal pattern

This is an ancient Egyptian figurine depicting the patterns of permanent markings on females around 2,000 B.C.

(Ancient Egyptian Figurine, Decamps)tzi the icemanDiscovered by passing tourists in 1991 near the Italian-Austrian borderNamed after the tztal region where he was foundFrozen since around 3,100 B.C. (about 5,200 years old)57 carbon tattoos of mostly lines, dots and crossesOdd placement (lower spine, knees and ankle joints)Believed to have been therapeutic

(tzi the Iceman: Up close and personal, Staschitz & Samadelli)Giolo the tattooed slave Brought back to London from the Philippines by pirate and explorer William Dampier in 1691 with promises of fame and riches A.K.A. the Painted Prince or Prince Jeoly Toured around at English carnivals as the first known exhibition of a human being for entertainment purposes Died of smallpox within three months of his arrival in England The noble savagePolynesian man named Omai from the island of Huaheine (near Tahiti)Brought back by Captain James Cook & toured by his colleague Taught to assimilate into high English societyWore robes that showed only his hands and armsWas presented to King George III and Queen CharlotteAttended the theatre and exclusive high class events as a noveltyTriggered a brief craze for tattoos among the eliteReturned home in 1776 with lots of money and expensive gifts

Portrait of Omai by Sir Joshua Reynolds being prepared for public display(The Tribune)A pivotal point in tattoo historyVoyages of Captain Cook became directed at observing in detail the body art of exotic lands and the tools used to create it Deckhands brought back vivid accounts of tattoos which sparked huge interest among Europeans, especially English sailors Constant interaction between sailors and circus folk in Europe and America formed the beginnings of the artistic tattoo culture of todaycome one, come all!Vauxhall Pleasure Gardens, London 1772Side shows and freak shows perfect vessel for tattoo cultureJohn RutherfordWorlds first homegrown tattooed manMade his debut in Bristol, England in 1827 James F. OConnell First tattooed man exhibited in the U.S. in 1841CLAIMED to have been captured and tattooed by natives of PohnpeiBert GrimmFamous artist from St. Louis Told stories of tattooing Bonnie & Clyde & other famous outlaws in the 1930s

Top: (Pednaud)Left & Bottom: (Corbett)Tattooed ladies Mainly for soldiers, sailors and tattooed men in side shows untilNora Hildebrandt! Daughter of German tattoo artist Martin Hildebrandt (NYC)Different tattoo every day of the year Made her debut at Bunnells Museum in NYC in 1882Went on the road with Barnum and Baileys Traveling Circus in the early 1890sUsually wore a corset top with matching bloomers, pearls and a flirty feather hat (arguably the first pin-up girl)

Meredith in a past life(Tattooed Ladies The Art of Pain ) (Machado)

Painting of Annie and Frank Howard, the worlds first tattooed couple who made their debut with Barnum and Baileys Circusin 1885. Both were tattooedby Sam OReilly.(The Tattooed Couple, Kelley)Oreillys gunNew York tattoo artist Samuel OReilly patented the first tattoo gun in 1891Immigrated from Ireland around 1875Operated a couple shoebox shops in NYC (Broadway & The Bowery in lower Manhattan)Charles Wagner OReillys apprenticeImproved on OReillys design and patented a newer version in 1904Took over OReillys shop in The Bowery after his death in 1908 and continued to work there until his death in 1953

(OReilly Tattoo Archive)(Wagners Gun McGrath & Caissie)War on the naked ladyIn 1909 the U.S. government proclaimed that young men could not enlist in the Navy if they had a naked lady tattoo which were extremely popularThis edict was reinstated for WWII, which led to the rise of the vintage pin-up girl tattoo Also led to the idea of tattoo cover-ups

(Michalak)sailor jerry the man, the myth, the legendNorman Sailor Jerry CollinsBorn on the west coast (A.KA. the best coast) in 1911Father nicknamed him Jerry after the family mule Traveled around the country hopping freight trains & doing hand-poking tattoos in his teens Arrived in Chicago at age 19 & apprenticed with artist Gib Tatts ThomasEnlisted in The Great Lakes Naval Academy & traveled the globe on schooner ships Developed an obsession with Asian art and culture during his travels to the far east

(The Man William Grant & Sons)Settled in Honolulu in the 1920s and tattooed at his small shop on Hotel St. in Chinatown for the next 40 yearsExtremely popular among sailors stationed at Pearl HarborOften referred to as the father of old-school tattooingHis unique style of tattooing with a perfect mix of Asian and American influences led him to become the first American to infiltrate the highly secretive world of the Japanese tattoo masters called HorisDied in Honolulu in 1973Sailor Jerry company formed by fans

(Sailor Jerry Business Card NY Tattoo School)Trouble in paradiseBy the 1950s the government (A.KA. the man) was cracking down on rules and regulations in tattoo shopsSanitation, obscene tattooing, etc.Led to many shop closings & artist retirements

(Delacourt) The tattoo goes mainstream 1960s brought about the hippie cultureYounger generationYoung women began redefining what was/wasnt socially acceptable Janis JoplinRock n Roll singer from Texas (Big Brother and the Holding Company)Racy personality & wasnt afraid to show itFlorentine bracelet (left wrist), small heart design (left breast) & small flower (right ankle) all done by Lyle Tuttle in San Francisco, CA

(Suer)Tattoos todayExtremely safe/ sanitary if done by a professional Still a somewhat controversial subjectTattoos in the workplaceGeneration gapSuccessful artists in the world of business Kat Von D (LA Ink, Miami Ink, High Voltage Tattoo, makeup line)Ed Hardy (Christian Audigier, Hardy Marks Publishing Company)Dirk Vermin (Bad Ink)Tattoos in the mediaWidely acceptable TV shows, magazines, etc. Celebrities and public figures with tattoos

Who has tattoos?Poll by Harris Interactive2,016 adults surveyed online from January 16-23 20121 in 5 U.S. adults have at least one tattoo (21% of U.S. population)Also, of those surveyed86% do not regret30% sexier25% rebellious 21% more attractive/strong

Works CitedAdams, Mark. "History of Tattooing." History of Tattooing. Tribaland, n.d. Web. 15 Apr. 2014. Corbett, Cailee. Circus side show. Digital image. OTIS Learning Portfolio. Diglication, 25 Feb. 2012. Web. 15 Apr. 2014. Corbett, Cailee. Painted banner advertising tattoo artist Stoney St. Clair. Digital image. OTIS Learning Portfolio. Diglication, 25 Feb. 2012. Web. 15 Apr. 2014. Decamps, Christian. Ancient Egyptian Figurine. Digital image. History and Civilization. History and Civilization, Dec. 2012. Web. 14 Apr. 2014.Delacourt, Susan. 1950's Angry Politician. Digital image. National Post Full Comment Susan

Works Cited Cont..Harris Interactive, comp. "Table 1 WHO HAS TATTOOS?" Harris Interactive. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Apr. 2014. Hartzman, Marc. "Opening Bally." Introduction. American Sideshow: An Encyclopedia of History's Most Wondrous and Curiously Strange Performers. New York: Jeremy P. Tarcher/Penguin, 2005. 2-3. Print. Kelley, Pat. The Tattooed Couple. Digital image. Sideshow World. Pat Kelley Illustration, May 2010. Web. 15 Apr. 2014.

Works Cited Cont..Lineberry, Cate. "Tattoos." Smithsonian. Smithsonian, 1 Jan. 2007. Web. 29 Mar. 2014.The Man | Sailor Jerry. Digital image. Sailor Jerry. William Grant& Sons, 2012. Web. 15 Apr. 2014.McGrath, Matthew, and Jason Caissie. "Wagner's Gun." MCGrathTattoos. McGrath Tattoos, n.d. Web. 15 Apr. 2014.Michalak, Jodie. Pin-Up Girl Tattoo. Digital image. About.com. About.com, n.d. Web. 21 Apr. 2014.

Works Cited Cont..Pednaud, J. T. Depictions of four tattooed men. Digital image. The Human Marvels. All Derivative Works, n.d. Web. 15 Apr. 2014.PORTLAND'S INKED CITIZENS. Digital image. More Intelligent Life. Economist Newspaper Limited, 2013. Web. 15 Apr. 2014.A portrait of a polynesian prince by Sir Joshua Reynolds being prepared for public display. Digital image. The Tribune. N.p., 21 May 2005. Web. 14 Apr. 2014. Sailor Jerry Business Card. Digital image. Sailor Jerry | Body and Soul Tattoos | Blog | Jersey City. The Academy of Responsible Tattooing- NY Tattoo School, 2014. Web. 15 Apr. 2014.

Works Cited Cont..Samuel O'Reilly. Digital image. Samuel O'Reilly. Tattoo Archive, 2011. Web. 15 Apr. 2014.Staschitz, Gregor, and Marco Samadelli. "Otzi the Iceman: Up Close and Personal. NewScientist. NewScientist, 13 May 2009. Web. 14 Apr. 2014. Suer, Kinsley. Janis Joplin. Digital image. PCS Blog. Portland Center Stage, 9 June 2011. Web. 15 Apr. 2014.The Tattooed Ladies. Digital image. The Art of Pain. Word Press, n.d. Web. 15 Apr. 2014. Tucker, Abigail. "History, Travel, Arts, Science, People, Places | Smithsonian." History, Travel, Arts, Science, People, Places | Smithsonian. Smithsonian, Oct. 2010. Web. 31 Mar. 2014.

Works Cited Cont..Nieratko, Chris. "Kat Von D." Inked Magazine. N.p., 18 Jan. 2008. Web. 11 Mar. 2014. "Biography." Biography - Hardy Marks Publications and Don Ed Hardy Archive. Hardy Marks Publications, n.d. Web. 11 Mar. 2014.Clerk, Carol. Vintage Tattoos: The Book of Old-school Skin Art. New York, NY: Universe, 2009. Print.