the gulistan (rose-garden) of shaikh sa'di of shiraz - francis johnson (farsi + english)

8/20/2019 The Gulistan (Rose-Garden) of Shaikh Sa'di of Shiraz - Francis Johnson (Farsi + English)

1/312

THE

GULISTAN(EOSE-GARDEN),

OF

SHAIKH SADl OF SHlRAZ:

J\. IsTE^W

EIDITIOlsr,

WITH

A

Y

C

A

B

U

L

A

11

Y,

FRANCIS

JOHNSON,

SOMF.TIME

rnOFESSOR

OF

ORIENTAI,

LANGUAGES

AT

THE COLLEGE

OF

THE ItONOVRABLE THE

EAST

INDIA

COMPAXY, nAILEYBVRY.

HERTFORD:

PRINTED

AND

PUBLISHED

BY STEPHEN

AUSTIN.

LONDON:

WILLIAMS

AND

NORGATE,

14,

HENRIETTA

STREET, COVENT

GARDEN,

AND

20,

SOUTH

FREDERICK STREET,

EDINBURGH.

1863.


2/312

APR

1

6

1943

STEPHEN

AfSTTN ,

-m

\.

PRINl'K.R,

HKRTFORD.


3/312

PEEFACE.

Sa'dI

is justly reputed the

Prince of

Persian

moralists.

The

harmony

and

richness

of

his

language,

the

simplicity

and

chasteness

of

his

style,

the

excellence

of

his

precepts, and the unction

that

pervades

the

whole,

contribute

to

render

him the

benefactor,

the

boast,

and

the

honour

of his country.

He was

born

at

Shiraz, then

one of

the

prin-

cipal cities

of Persia,

in the

year of

the

Hijra

571,*

(a.d.

1175-6)

;

but according to

other authorities in

a.h.

580,

(a.d.

1184).

Daulat

Shah, in

his

Tazkiratu 'sh Shu'ara,

says

that Sa'dl

spent

thirty

years

of

his

early

life

in

the

acquisition

of

knowledge

;

then

in

middle

age

he

travelled

through all the regions

of Asia from the

Nile

to

the

Ganges.

He is said

to have made the

pilgrimage

to

Mecca

fourteen

times.

The

last thirty years

of

his

life

he devoted to

solitude and

religious

con-

templation.

VVlien performing

a

pilgrimage

to

Jerusalem,

a

place revered

alike

by

Christian

and

Muslim,

he was

taken prisoner

by

the Crusaders,

and

put

to

labour

in the

trenches

of

Tripoli.

From this

slavery

he

was

ransomed

by

a

wealthy

merchant

of

Aleppo

;

who

afterwards

gave

him

his

daughter in marriage

with

a

dowry of

a

hundred

pieces

of gold.

This

incident

is

alluded

to

in the

Gulistan

(chap,

ii.,

tale

32).

The lady

sorely exercised

the

poet's

patience.

Once,

says he,

she reproached

me,

saying

Ai*t

thou not

he

whom my father redeemed from

cap-

tivity

among the Franks

for

ten dinars?

I

replied,

Yes

: he ransomed

*

There

exist

some

serious

discrepancies

among

writers

as

to the year

in

which Sa'dl

was

horn.

It

is

p^cncrally

admitted that

he

died

at

a

very advanced

age,

viz.,

120

lunar

years,

which make

nearly 116

solar.

If this

be

the

case,

then

a.h.

571

is

the

year

of his

birth

;

for, of the

year

of

his

death there

can be

no

doubt,

as

it

is inscribed

on his tomb

near Shlrtiz.

At

the same

time

Daulat

Shah

states

that his age

was

102

years when

he

died.

To this

date

we

object for the following

reason

:

M.

Michaud in

his

History

of

the

Crusades

states,

on

the

authority

of

M.

Langles, that

Sa'dl

was

taken captive by

the Franks

soon

after

the

commencement of

the sixth Crusade

—

about

a.d.

1200

—

when,

by

Daulat Shah's reckoning,

the poet

would

have

been only

about

12

years

old,

a supposition altogether inadmissible.


4/312

IV

PREFACE.

me for teu

dinars,

aud sold

me

into

thy

hands

for

a huudi'ed.

Sa'di

enjoyed

dm-ing

life the

patronage

of the

Atabek

princes,

a

dynasty

which

reigned

at

Shiraz

for

about

120

years.

He

died

in

the

year

of

the

nijra 691

(a.d.

1292),

as

we

know

from a

memorial

verse

composed

on the occasion by

one of

liis

friends,

thus

given

by

Daulat Shah,

He

was himself

one

of

the

Nobles,

and

thence

the

word

7ioble

(^U-)

contains the

date of his

decease/'—

viz.

^

=

600;

1

=

1

;

and

^

=

90;

in

all,

691.

The

popularity of

Sa'di

is

acknowledged wherever his wiitings

are

known.

Even

during

his

life his

poems

Avere

sung

by

his

countiymen,

in

the

palace

and

the desert.

His

genius

was

essentially

of that

character

in

which

Orientals

delight—

unfolding

a

truth

by

a pleasing

narrative,

and

embellishing

such

narrative with the graces

of

poetry.

In this

manner

he sought

to

raise

the

character of

his

countrymen,

and

to

dii'cct them in

the paths of

probity

and

honour.

His writings

are

very

voluminous

; but

the

most esteemed among

them are the

Gulistiln,

the

Bostiln, and the

Pand-Xama,

—

works

which

are

to

be

frequently

met with even

in this country, both

manuscript

and

printed

or

lithographed.

They

form the text-books for beginners,

wherever the

Persian

language

is

studied,

whether

in

Asia

or in

Europe.

In

bringing

out

the present

edition

of

the Gulistan,

the Editor

feels

happy

in acknowledging

the

debt

he owes to

Dr.

Sprenger,

formerly

Examiner

at

the College

of

Port

William, Calcutta.

To the diligence

and

criticism

of this

laborious

and

learned Orientalist,

the

student

of

the

Persian

language is

indebted

for the

most

genuine and

authentic

version

of this masterpiece of

Sa'di

that has hitherto

been

published.

The

read-

ings

of

Dr.

Sprenger's

edition

(Calcutta,

1851)

have

been

chiefly

adopted

in the

present

volume.

The

Editor

also

takes

occasion

to acknowledge his

obligations

to

M.

Ch. Defremcry,

author

of

an

accurate

translation

of

the

Gulistan

into

the

French

language

—an able performance, enriched

with

numerous

annotations,

chiefly

historical and geographical. These

annotations

con-

tain

valuable

information,

of

which

the

Editor

in

the

compilation of

the

Vocabulary

has

not

scrupled

to avail himself.


5/312

PREFACE.

V

To

the

European

public

the

Gulistan has long

been

accessible,

if

not

familiar. Olearius

made

a

translation

of

it

into

German

more

than

two

centuiies ago. After him, Gentius

published

at Amsterdam,

1G51,

a

splendid

edition,

in

folio,

of the

text,

accompanied

by

a

Latin version

and

several

valuable

notes.

This

edition

was

reprinted

and

translated

into

English

by Gladwin

some

sixty

years since.

A far

superior

edition,

containing

both

text

and

translation, was

published

at Calcutta

by

James

Dumoulin, 180C,

large

4to.

;

and more

recently an amusing,

if

not

altogether

an acciu-ate,

translation has been

given

by

J.

Ross, Esq.

But the

most

masterly

translation

into

our

language

is from

the

pen

of

Professor

E.

B.

Eastwick. In this translation

the

poetical

por-

tions

of

the

Gulistan,

which

occur

in

almost

every page,

have,

for

the

first

time,

been

rendered

into

English verse

; and it may

be

affirmed

that

Mr. Eastwick

has managed

not

only

to

render faithfully

and

successfully

the meaning

of the author,

but to infuse a good

measure

of

his

spirit and raciness.

Beyond

this

a

translator cannot

be

expected

to go.

The

privilege of

appreciating the force and marking

the

beauties

of

rhythm

and

alliteration

which

prevail

throughout

the original,

and

have so

powerful a

charm

for

the Oriental

ear,

is

reserved

as

the

student's

reward

for

the patience

and pains

bestowed

in

the

acquisition

of

the

language.—A

more

elegant

and attractive volume

than

Professor

Eastwick'

s

translation of the

Gulistan has

seldom

issued

from

the

press. It

forms

at

once

an ornament for

the

di'awing-room

table

no

less

than

for the

library

of

the

Oriental

scholar,

and

reflects

great

credit on

the

enterprise

and taste

of

Mr.

Stephen

Austin,

of

Hertford.

New

editions

of

the

Gulistan,

lithographed

as

well

as

printed,

come

out

from time to

time

in

India, in

addition to those

which are

sent

forth from the

British

press;

and

some of

them are

accompanied

by

a

vocabulary or

analysis. However

serviceable

these may

have

proved

in

regard

to

the

Persian,

it

must

be

owned

that

they

afford little help

to the learner

in

making

out the

Arabic parts. The

Editor

confidently

hopes that

the

Oriental student

will find

these

serious

defects

fairly

supplied in the

present

volume.

—

The Gulistan

abounds

in sentences

and verses

which arc purely

Arabic

:

of

these, some

are

quotations

from

the

Ivur'Jln

;

and

some,

at

least, of

the verses are

from the

pen

of

Sa'di

himself.

But, in

every case, they

constitute an

important

part


6/312

PREFACE.

VI

of

the

work

-too

important

to

be

left

wholly

ignored,

or

but

partially

and

scantily

explained.

An

Arabic

grammar,

evincing

mnch

sound

erudition,

has

been

recently

published

by

Professor

Wright,

late

of

Trinity

College,

DubUn.

A

new

,rammar

of

that

energetic

and

copious

language

may

also

be

expected

shortly

fi-om

the

pen

of

Duncan

Forbes,

LL.D,

a

name

which

for

several

vears

past

has

been

well

kno^™

among

students

of

the

Hindustani,

and

other

Oriental

languages.

Of

Arabic

grammars

published

m

Germany

that

of

EosenmiiUer

is

perhaps

the

most

useful,

to

which

we

may

add

that

of

Caspar

and

of

Schier.

When

the

Editor

compiled

the

Vocabulary

which

accompanies

this

edition

of

the

GuUstau,

he

had

no

intention

whatever

of

gmng

a

trans-

lation

of

any

portion,

beHeving

that

all

the

assistance

needful

for

the

student

would

be

found

to

have

been

provided

there.

But

after

the

last

sheet

had

passed

through

the

press,

he

submitted

the

entire

work

to

the

inspection

of

Dr.

Forbes,

with

the

view

of

profiting

by

that

distinguished

scholar's

long

experience

in

Oriental

instruction.

His

opmion

was

that

a

translation,

strictly

literal,

of

all

the

Arabic

portions,

would

enhance

the

value

of

the

work

;

and

for

this

purpose

he

was

kind

enough

to

place

at

the

Editor's

disposal

a

manuscript

volume

contammg,

besides

a

dic-

tionary

of

the

GuUstau,

a

list

of

all

the

Ai-abic

passages,

classed

under

four

heads:- .

Quotations

from

the

Kui-'an;-2.

Traditions

concei-ning

Muhammad

;-S.

Sayings

of

the

chief

Shaikhs

or

doctors

of

Islam

;_4.

Proverbs,

and

scraps

of

poetry.

With

much

satisfaction

the

Editor

has

endeavoured

to

comply

with

the

suggestion

of

Dr.

Forbes;

and

has

accordingly

inserted

a

translation

of

the

Arabic

passages

under

Appen-

dix

A.

at

the

end

of

the

work.

The

extra

trouble

thus

imposed

has

been

light

;

but

it

is

hoped

that

the

additions

made

will

materially

facih-

tate

the

progress

of

the

student.

» i,

ii.

The

Editor

is

further

indebted

to

Dr.

Forbes

for

an

Analysis

of

all

the

Persian

metres

occurring

in

the

tii-st

book

of

the

work,

together

with

his

own

explanation

of

the

same,

which

will

be

found

in

Appendix

B.

Hektford,

1st

January,

1863.


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8/20/2019 The Gulistan (Rose-

the gulistan (rose-garden) of shaikh sa'di of shiraz - francis johnson (farsi + english)

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