the greater access to trade expansion (gate) project: final report

THE GREATER ACCESS TO TRADE EXPANSION (GATE) PROJECT: FINAL REPORT November 2009 | This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by Development and Training Services, Inc. (dTS)

THE GREATER ACCESS TO TRADE EXPANSION (GATE) PROJECT: FINAL REPORT CONTRACT NO. GEW-I-00-02-00018-00, Task Order No. 02

UNDER THE WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT IQC

DISCLAIMER

The authors’ views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the U.S. Agency

for International Development or the United States Government.

Photo credits on cover starting left to right: Shehzad Noorani/World Bank, Scott Wallace/World Bank,

Curt Carnemark/World Bank

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION 6INCREASING GENDER EQUITY IMPROVES ECONOMIC OUTCOMES .....................................................................7

GENERATING KNOWLEDGE OF GENDER ISSUES FOR ECONOMIC GROWTH AND TRADE .................................8

ADDRESSING GENDER ISSUES IN USAID EGAT PROGRAMS AND PROJECTS .....................................................8

STRUCTURE OF THIS REPORT ..................................................................................................................................9

CHAPTER ONE 10ENHANCING GENDER EQUITABLE OPPORTUNITIES FROM TRADE LIBERALIZATION ....................................... 11

INCREASING PRO-POOR AND GENDER BENEFITS FROM GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS ......................................... 16

SUPPORTING WOMEN’S ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN MICRO- AND SMALL ENTERPRISES (MSES)...................... 21

CHAPTER TWO 38GENDER AND ECONOMIC GROWTH TRAINING .................................................................................................... 39

TECHNICAL SUPPORT............................................................................................................................................. 44

DISSEMINATION ACTIVITIES.................................................................................................................................... 45

CHAPTER THREE 52SIGNIFICANT RESULTS............................................................................................................................................ 53

LESSONS LEARNED................................................................................................................................................. 54

ANNEX A: PERFORMANCE AND MONITORING DATA ............................................................................................ 56

ANNEX B: GATE FACT SHEET .................................................................................................................................. 62

ANNEX C: GATE PUBLICATIONS ............................................................................................................................. 64

ANNEX D: SAMPLE GATE COUNTRY ACTION PLAN .............................................................................................. 68

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THE GREATER ACCESS TO TRADE EXPANSION (GATE) PROJECT: FINAL REPORT 5

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INTRODUCTIONThe critical role that women play in economic development is increasingly recognized. Women produce more than 50 percent of the world’s foodstuffs. Women contribute to global gross domestic product (GDP) more than to either new technology or the new economic giants, China and India. Furthermore, the value of women’s unpaid work, including housework and child-rearing, accounts for over half of world output.* As the Economist declared in a 2006 article, “economic growth is driven by women.”**

* Economist. “Womenomics,” 12 April, 2006.

** Ibid.

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While women play a vital role in economic progress, on the whole, women’s economic potential is limited by gender-based constraints.* Women often lack access to and control over productive resources, new technology, and market information. In addition, the majority of women earn on average about three-fourths of the pay of men for the same work and are more likely than men to face barriers in the workplace. These inequalities are inefficient; they undermine productivity and impede competitiveness. The effectiveness and sustainability of development assistance is compromised when gender issues are not addressed.

From 2004 to 2009, the Greater Access to Trade Expansion (GATE) Project, implemented by Development & Training Services, Inc. (dTS), worked to strengthen the capacity of USAID Washington Offices and Missions to institute gender-equitable practices and policies in USAID-funded trade and economic growth activities. The GATE Project, funded by the USAID Office of Women in Development (WID), worked in seven countries. Target countries were Albania, Bangladesh, the Dominican Republic, Kenya, Nigeria, Peru, and South Africa. GATE activities enhanced existing USAID trade and economic growth activities by helping missions to address gender considerations in their programming and implementation efforts. Designing programs that address the needs and priorities of both women and men better enables USAID to achieve its economic growth and poverty reduction objectives.

The GATE Project supported the WID Office’s strategic objective, “Gender Considerations in USAID’s Development, Humanitarian and Transition Work Better Reflected” and its intermediate results of “new knowledge/information on gender issues generated and disseminated” and “organizational and technical capacity to apply gender-responsive approaches increased.”

INCREASING GENDER EQUITY IMPROVES ECONOMIC OUTCOMES There is a positive and synergistic relationship between gender and economic growth; gender equality is linked to greater economic growth, and concomitantly, economic growth generates new opportunities for women’s income generation. As Secretary of State Hillary Clinton stated, “Supporting women is a high-yield investment, resulting in stronger economies.”** GATE activities were guided by three underlying assumptions regarding the relationship between gender equality and economic growth.

✪ Increasing women’s employment increases economic growth. In 61 countries, a positive correlation was found between growth and women’s participation in the labor force between 1980 and 1990.† This can be attributed to the fact that gender inequalities exact a high cost on the economic and human development of countries around the world, undermining their productivity and human capacity to contribute to the economy.

✪ Addressing gender-based constraints can increase competitiveness. Efficient use of labor is an important part of economic development, particularly in countries that rely on inexpensive labor as one of their resource endowments. The International Labour Organization (ILO) has noted that discrimination faced by women and minority groups is a significant obstacle to economic efficiency and social development. Where more than half of a country’s potential labor is not used efficiently, it is inevitable that competitiveness with other countries is negatively affected.††

*Gender-based constraints refer to restrictions on men’s or women’s access to resources or opportunities that are based on their gender roles or responsibilities. The term

encompasses both the measurable inequalities that are revealed by sex-disaggregated data collection and gender analysis as well as the processes that contribute to a

specific condition of gender inequality.

** U.S. Department of State. “International Women’s Day,” 8 March 2008. http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2009a/03/120129.htm

† Tran-Nguyen. “Economics of Gender Equality, Trade and Development.” In Trade and Gender: Opportunities and Challenges for Developing Countries, edited by Anh-Nga Tran-

Nguyen and Americo Beviglia Zampetti, 1–54. New York and Geneva: United Nations, 2004.

†† Walker. “Human Rights, Gender, and Trade.” In Trade and Gender: Opportunities and Challenges for Developing Countries edited by Anh-Nga Tran-Nguyen and

Americo Beviglia Zampetti, 321–46. New York and Geneva: United Nations, 2004.


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✪ Increasing women’s employment reduces poverty through intergenerational transmissions of wealth. When women control cash earnings, they invest them in human development inputs such as food and education for their children. In the Philippines, increased consumption of calories and protein is positively correlated to the increased share of income accrued directly to women.* A study in Mexico found that men spend only 50 percent of income on their family, whereas women spend close to 100 percent. In the same way, when credit is given to women, they make significant investments in the household.** In Bangladesh, one study showed that for every 100 taka lent to a woman, household consumption increases by 18 taka as opposed to an 11-taka increase in consumption for every 100 taka lent to a man. †

GENERATING KNOWLEDGE OF GENDER ISSUES FOR ECONOMIC GROWTH AND TRADE Generating innovative, targeted research on how men’s and women’s roles and relationships impact different economic activities is critical to integrating gender issues

into programming efforts appropriately. In collaboration with GATE-assisted USAID Missions, the GATE Project conducted studies that improved USAID staff’s and implementing partners’ understanding of women’s participation across multiple sectors. In addition to broad-based sectoral research and economic analysis, GATE also conducted project-based research to support gender integration efforts at the implementation level. Key focus areas included gender impacts of trade policies, gender and value chain analyses, and gender and enterprise development.

ADDRESSING GENDER ISSUES IN USAID EGAT PROGRAMS AND PROJECTS The WID Office’s mandate includes supporting USAID’s capacity to address gender-related issues in operations and programs by providing technical leadership and assistance to Missions. To this end, the GATE Project focused a large part of its capacity-building efforts on increasing the ability of Economic Growth and Trade teams in GATE-assisted Missions to understand and address gender-related issues in field operations. Parallel to efforts directed toward USAID Missions, the

* Ranis, Gustav, Frances Stewart, and Alejandro Ramires. “Economic Growth and Human Development.” In World Development 28, no. 2 (2000): 197–219.

** Seguino, Stephanie. “All Types of Inequality Are Not Created Equal: Divergent Impacts of Inequality on Economic Growth.” Burlington: University of Vermont, 2005.

http://www.levy.org/pubs/wp_433.pdf

† Smith, Lisa, Usha Ramakrishnan, Aida Ndiaye, Lawrence Haddad, and Reynaldo Martorell. “Public Policy to Improve Women’s Status.” In Household Decisions, Gender

and Development: A Synthesis of Recent Research edited by Quisumbing Agnes, 187–93. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2003.

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GATE Project undertook a series of similar activities with the partners implementing field activities. GATE efforts with implementing partners aimed to translate and shape research, training, and technical assistance into pragmatic and actionable recommendations tailored to the specific geographic and sectoral context of targeted programs.

Gender and Economic Growth Trainings and Workshops were conducted in Bangladesh, Peru, and Kenya to assist USAID Mission staff and implementing partners with gender integration efforts. Materials were adapted to each individual Mission’s economic growth, trade, agriculture, and environment activities. In addition, GATE designed a series of tailor-made trainings and workshops for implementing partners through which participants were introduced to a gender analysis framework and learned to analyze complex gender roles and relations and to design activities to enhance overall program outcomes and gender equity. Such trainings were conducted in Albania, Kenya, Peru, and Tanzania.

STRUCTURE OF THIS REPORTThis final report summarizes GATE’s achievements across seven countries. It consists of three chapters and four annexes. Chapter One describes new knowledge about gender and economic growth and trade-related issues generated through the GATE Project. Chapter Two discusses the project’s efforts to increase the capacity of USAID staff and implementing partners to integrate and address gender issues through trainings and targeted technical assistance. Chapter Three summarizes significant project results achieved and important lessons learned throughout the life of the project.

Annex A includes performance and monitoring data. The GATE fact sheet is in Annex B. Annex C provides a list of all GATE publications and links to the materials on USAID’s WID website. These materials, which include training curricula and research methodology, can be used as templates for others working to support women’s economic advancement. Annex D includes a sample GATE Country Action Plan.

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CHAPTERGENERATING KNOWLEDGE OFGENDER ISSUESECONOMIC GROAND TRADE

Integrating gender considerations into economic growth activities requires an understanding of the gender roles and relations that shape economic engagement. GATE research activities sought to identify gender-based constraints that limit women’s economic participation, as well as to develop recommendations that promote the full participation of men and women in economic development. The discussion that follows summarizes key findings and recommendations across GATE research areas:

✪ Gender Dimensions of Trade Liberalization

✪ Gender and Global Value Chain Development

✪ Gender and Enterprise Development

ENHANCING GENDER EQUITABLE OPPORTUNITIES FROM TRADE LIBERALIZATION The 2006 World Bank report “Assessing World Bank Support for Trade 1987–2004” contributes to the ongoing debate regarding the relationship between trade liberalization, economic growth, and poverty reduction. The review found that trade liberalization alone was not sufficient to sustain economic growth and that the gains from economic growth—derived from increased domestic demand as resource allocation improved—were frequently concentrated among a limited array of sectors and beneficiaries. Moreover, the employment and poverty outcomes associated with trade reforms were mixed.

Trade liberalization is often perceived as gender neutral. However, seemingly neutral market mechanisms and macroeconomic policies can reinforce existing inequalities. Trade liberalization does not occur without adjustment costs. The removal of tariff and quotas may expose previously protected sectors to competition and open up new areas to exchange and service fees. Changes in trade policies are likely to produce changes in employment,prices, incomes,andconsumptionpatterns, which in turn affect men and women differently.

GATE research investigated the effects of trade liberalization on the poor, particularly poor women in Bangladesh, South Africa, and the Dominican Republic. Cross-country comparisons reveal the following key findings:

✪ Trade benefits are unevenly distributed.

✪ Women’s employment trails men’s employment gains in key sectors.

✪ Occupational segregation limits opportunities for women.

✪ Women earn less than men in most occupations.


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GATE GENDER AND TRADE PUBLICATIONS

Daniels, Reza C. “Gender Dimensions of the Incidence of Tariff Liberalization.” USAID Greater Access to Trade Expansion

Project, Arlington, VA: Development & Training Services, Inc. (dTS), December 2005.

Fontana, Marzia. “The Gender Effects of Trade in Bangladesh: A General Equilibrium Analysis.” USAID Greater Access to

Trade Expansion Project, Arlington, VA: Development & Training Services, Inc. (dTS), March 2007.

Gammage, Sarah. “A Trade Impact Review for Bangladesh.” USAID Greater Access to Trade Expansion Project, Arlington,

VA: Development & Training Services, Inc. (dTS), June 2006.

GATE. “Gender Impacts of Trade in South Africa Post-1994: An Exploration Based on Female Employment and Firm

Ownership.” USAID Greater Access to Trade Expansion Project, Arlington, VA: Development & Training Services,

Inc. (dTS), December 2008.

Holguín, Tejada, and Associates. “Dinámicas del Desempleo en el Sector Textil de las Zonas Francas de la República

Dominicana entre el 2003 y el 2005”. USAID Greater Access to Trade Expansion Project, Arlington, VA: Development

& Training Services, Inc. (dTS), June 2007.

Isa Contreras, Pavel, and Consuelo Cruz Almánzar. “Dinámicas recientes de la Producción, el Comercio y el Empleo en

las Zonas Francas de Exportación de la República Dominicana.” USAID Greater Access to Trade Expansion

Project, Arlington, VA: Development & Training Services, Inc. (dTS), March 2007. (Executive Summary available

in English.)

Khatun, Fahmida, Mustafizur Rahman, Debapriya Bhattacharya, Khondker Golam Moazzem, and Afifa Shahrin. “Gender

and Trade Liberalization in Bangladesh: The Case of the Ready-Made Garments” USAID Greater Access to Trade

Expansion Project, Arlington, VA: Development & Training Services, Inc. (dTS), April 2007.

McGill, Eugenia. “Trade and Gender in Bangladesh: A Legal and Regulatory Analysis.” USAID Greater Access to Trade

Expansion Project, Arlington, VA: Development & Training Services, Inc. (dTS), March 2007.

Thurlow, James. “Has Trade Liberalization in South Africa Affected Men and Women Differently?” USAID Greater Access

to Trade Expansion Project, Arlington, VA: Development & Training Services, Inc. (dTS), March 2006.

All GATE Publications are available on the USAID/WID website: http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/cross-cutting_programs/wid/eg/gate.html

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Trade Benefits Unevenly Distributed According to GATE’s research, trade liberalization caused overall poverty to decline; however, the benefits of trade have been unevenly distributed. Overall, low-income women have gained less from trade as consumers and faced greater adjustment costs, as labor markets contracted in response to import competition.

✪ In South Africa, trade liberalization contributed to poverty reduction, but it primarily helped higher-income households. Poor households were less likely to benefit unless they were able to gain new jobs in emerging sectors. Lower tariffs benefited poor and wealthy households alike. However, women-headed households do not benefit as much from tariff reductions because of the range of goods these households consume. Men-headed households have greater exposure to tariffs since the goods they consume bear more tariffs.

✪ In contrast to trade theory, food prices have risen in the past few years in Bangladesh despite greater import penetration. Higher food prices are particularly difficult for women-headed households and for rural poor households that may also be affected by import penetration in commodity sectors. Statistical analysis in Bangladesh also revealed that a woman head of household increased the likelihood of poverty by 7 percent, while a rural household increased the likelihood of poverty by 17 percent.

Women’s employment trails men’s employment gains in key sectors. Trade affects particular sectors and individuals within those sectors differently. GATE research revealed that employment gains from trade liberalization benefited men more than women.

✪ In South Africa, wholesale, retail, and manufacturing sectors are important sources of employment for women. In wholesale and retail, both men and women have gained new employment opportunities—though men are increasingly benefiting relative to women. In manufacturing, women’s employment growth has been lower than men’s employment growth.

✪ In the Dominican Republic, the free trade zones have generated jobs for many women, especially in the textile sector. In many cases, this opportunity has been their entry point into the formal labor market and has generated an important source of income for them, enhanced their autonomy, and increased levels of self-esteem and empowerment. Yet, women’s labor force participation in the free trade zones has been in steady decline over the past 15 years. While in 1993, women made up 61 percent of the labor force; in 1996, they were only 53 percent of the labor force. By 2005, their participation rates had dropped to 51 percent.

✪ According to computable general equilibrium (CGE) simulations, even if the textile industry were to maintain its competitiveness in Bangladesh, increased employment opportunities would most likely benefit men. This assumes that the industry switches to producing higher-value items, which requires more highly trained workers and supervisors. In other parts of the world, this type of switch has prompted the “defeminization” of the labor force.


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Occupational Segregation Limits Opportunities for Women To achieve the level of growth needed to reduce poverty, labor must be deployed efficiently. If gendered social norms restrict women’s participation in the paid economy, then the labor force is not functioning efficiently. GATE studies highlighted the extent to which labor markets remain highly segregated and segmented by the sex of the worker, with little opportunity for women to advance. Discrimination, whether deliberate or not, reduces efficiency in the labor markets because it does not allow labor to move where it can be most productive. Occupational segregation reduces overall growth.

✪ In the Dominican Republic and Bangladesh, women are the majority of apparel workers and the minority within the technical staff. Within the textile sector, women generally work in sewing, inspection, packing, and planning, because they are more perceived as “delicate, sensitive, and detail-oriented.” Men, however, are placed in jobs such as cutting, ironing, and shipping, as they are considered “stronger.” Men are also more likely to be in positions that require higher levels of training, such as technicians and administrators. The beliefs surrounding men’s and women’s innate skills may determine employer preferences in the recruitment process. Thus, recruitment is not based on identifying the individual’s abilities but, rather, on gender stereotypes of appropriate roles.

✪ In Bangladesh, gains in the agriculture sector are not benefiting women to the same extent as men because women are not located in sectors that benefit from increased trade liberalization. The majority of women’s agricultural labor is not export intensive. Women are less likely to be employers, employees, self- employed, day laborers, or apprentices than men and are overrepresented as unpaid family workers or domestic workers.

✪ In South Africa, women’s employment remained concentrated in the food and textile subsectors. These subsectors shed jobs to reduce costs when they have to compete against lower-priced imports, adversely affecting women more than men.

Women Earn Less than Men in Most Occupations Labor markets in all GATE countries studied were characterized by lower wages for women workers, as well as more laborious tasks and less secure contracts.

✪ In Bangladesh, although women are a growing proportion of agricultural day laborers and workers, they earn less than 60 percent of men’s wages per hour. This reflects sex-segmented tasks and gender-based mobility restrictions.

✪ The 2003 Dominican Republic National Labor Force Survey data show that the average wage for men in the free trade zones was 30 percent higher than the average wage for women.

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GATE TOOLS: SAMPLE GENDER AND TRADE MATRICES

The tables below include a sample of the key questions and indicators for evaluating the gendered effects of trade by sector. For the

complete set of questions and indicators by sector, see “Bangladesh Gender Training Handbook: Integrating Gender into Trade and

Economic Growth Programs and Analysis” available at http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/cross-cutting_programs/wid/eg/pubs.html.

TRADE AND GENDER ISSUES IN AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT SECTORS

Trade Questions Gender Questions Type of Indicators

Have large producers switched from staple crops to export crops? Have small producers?

Do women and men produce different crops?

Percentage of men and women employed in agriculture, disaggregated by sector and task.

Have cheaper-priced imports been introduced into the market?

How would the introduction of cheaper products affect male and female producers?

Changes in sales and production, disaggregated by sex of the producer.

Have new opportunities been created by increased trade? Have other jobs declined in terms of numbers or pay?

Has the sex composition of employment changed?

Changes in labor force composition in sector, disaggregated by sex.

TRADE AND GENDER ISSUES IN THE MANUFACTURING SECTOR

Trade Questions Gender Questions Type of Indicators

Are health, safety and labor regulations enforced?

Do men and women experience the same rate of injury and enjoy the same level of labor rights?

Unionization rates disaggregated by sex.

Injury rates disaggregated by sex.

Have wages risen or fallen in the industry?

Have real wages or relative wages by sex changed?

Hourly wages by sex and occupation, annually.

Have the items produced for export led to new employment opportunities?

Has the sex composition of employment changed?

Participation rates by sex.

Sectoral participation by sex.

Do women and men have the same

opportunities for promotion?

Is there marked occupational segregation

by sex?

Percentage of workers with pensions

benefits disaggregated by sex.


GATE PRO-POOR AND GENDER VALUE CHAIN ANALYSES

Gammage, Sarah, Kenneth Swanberg, Mubina Khondkar, Md. Zahidul Hassan, Md. Zobair, and Abureza M. Muzareba. “A Pro-

poor Analysis of the Shrimp Sector in Bangladesh.” USAID Greater Access to Trade Expansion Project, Arlington,

VA: Development & Training Services, Inc. (dTS), February 2006.

Rebosio, Guillermo, Sarah Gammage and Cristina Manfre. “La Cadena de Valor de Alcachofas en el Perú: Un Análisis a Favor

de los Pobres.” USAID Greater Access to Trade Expansion Project, Arlington, VA: Development & Training Services,

Inc. (dTS), March 2007. (Research brief available in English)

All GATE Publications are available on the USAID/WID website:

http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/cross-cutting_programs/wid/eg/gate.html

INCREASING PRO-POOR AND GENDER BENEFITS FROM GLOBAL VALUE CHAINS Countries around the world have embraced export-led growth as a means to increase economic growth, reduce poverty, and leverage their comparative advantage in an increasingly globalized world. As trade barriers and tariffs have fallen and incentives to shift toward export-led growth increased, low-income countries have shifted production from domestic crops for local consumption to cultivation of horticultural and aquacultural products for export. A country’s comparative advantage for exports may include lower production, transport, distribution, and labor costs, as well as climatic conditions to grow horticultural crops year-round for more lucrative markets.

The transition from domestic to export-oriented production has necessitated an examination of the

organization of relationships that bring a product or service from conception to consumption. The entire range of activities that are required to do this is known as a value chain. At each node along the value chain, there exist multiple actors, such as producers, processors, or exporters, who may possess different leverage in bargaining with other actors, which subsequently affects the outcomes to themselves and others in the chain. Participation in a value chain may increase incomes and livelihoods for some actors and not for others.

Gender, though overlooked in most value chains, is imperative for understanding the totality of production, distribution, and consumption within an economy. Women and men often have different roles, access to assets, and decision-making power, which affects their opportunities to participate in value chain activities. Women are increasingly employed in buyer-driven commodity chains. However, they are most often concentrated in labor-intensive, low-value-added activities. Understanding men’s and women’s access to productive activities, differential opportunities for upgrading within the chain, and gender-based division of activities will allow policymakers to craft appropriate initiatives to enable men and women to have equal access to the pro-poor growth opportunities provided by commodity value chains.

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COUNTRY METHODOLOGIES

PERU

GATE research included quantitative and qualitative

analyses of the artichoke value chain. One hundred and

fifty-nine producers and 144 workers were surveyed to

collect data about their work in the chain. In addition,

GATE conducted 30 key informant interviews. The

report analyzes income generated in the chain and

potential economic spillover. The research also

explores sex segmentation of the labor market.

BANGLADESH

GATE research employed quantitative and qualitative

analyses of the shrimp value chain. One hundred

and eighty-eight individuals were interviewed using

questionnaires and an additional 25 key informant

interviews were conducted with individuals representing

government, the private sector, and nongovernmental

organizations. Focus group discussions with male and

female workers and farmers were also held. In addition

to primary data, secondary sources were used on

social and environmental impacts.

GATE'S GENDER AND PRO-POOR VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS APPROACH GATE’s research seeks to understand and map value chains to determine where costs and returns accrue and to explore opportunities to improve market outcomes, raise productivity, and improve income distribution along the chain. GATE focuses on institutional analysis that links actors along the chain and recognizes power differentials that may influence outcomes. Finally, the research suggests policy and program initiatives to improve income distribution along the chain, to generate more employment, and to promote equitable and inclusive growth within the countries. Recognizing that men and women occupy different positions across the chain, GATE integrates a gender and pro-poor analysis that aims to uncover the economic, organizational, and asymmetric relationships among actors throughout the chain.

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GATE'S METHODOLOGY GATE uses quantitative and qualitative analysis, relying on primary data collection through surveys, secondary analysis of household survey and national accounts data, and key informant interviews and focus groups. Integral to GATE’s gender and pro-poor analysis are the following components:

✪ Distributional analysis: explores the value added generated along the chain and examines the returns to labor and capital and to the different actors that participate in the chain.

✪ Segmentation analysis: assesses how the labor market is segmented by sex throughout the value chain;

✪ Analysis of power and governance within the chain: investigates power within production and exchange relationships across the value chain, including the power to set market prices and bargain, as well as indebtedness and suboptimal contracting; and,

✪ Entitlements and capabilities analysis: considers factors and characteristics that mediate men’s and women’s entitlements to productive resources and their capabilities to deploy these resources. Where possible, GATE also examines the poverty rates and livelihood strategies of different actors in the chain.

GATE applied its gender and pro-poor value chain analysis to study the shrimp sector in Bangladesh and the artichoke sector in Peru. The results of those studies follow.

GENDER AND PRO-POOR ANALYSIS OF THE SHRIMP SECTOR IN BANGLADESHShrimp is a valuable export for Bangladesh, and its production provides a livelihood for the poor, small farmers, and many intermediaries and exporters. In 2004, shrimp earned more than $360 million annually and accounted for 4.9 percent of exports. Shrimp production ranked second in Bangladesh in its foreign exchange earnings. The sector generates jobs in rural areas, with as many as 1.2 million people directly involved in shrimp production and as many as 4.8 million household members supported by the industry.

The shrimp value chain comprises a number of participants, including fry catchers, fry intermediaries, nursery owners and workers, farmers, shrimp intermediaries, processors, and exporters. Vulnerability and asymmetrical relationships permeate the value chain. Fry catchers are dependent on the sea, and many are landless with few assets. Fry catchers borrow money from fry intermediaries (faria) before production and commit to selling their product to the faria to whom they are indebted at a price determined by the buyer. Similar coercive relationships exist between hatchery producers (where shrimp are farmed) and the intermediaries. Indebtedness and subsequent suboptimal contracting arrangements with creditors are seen throughout the chain and include farmers, shrimp intermediaries, and shrimp retailers.

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The analysis revealed several significant gender issues along the chain.

✪ Male-Female Labor Segmentation. The shrimp value chain is a highly sex-segmented labor market. Women and men cluster in different activities. Women and girls constitute 40 percent of all fry catchers and 62 percent of all processing-plant workers. Few women are intermediaries. Moreover, women are absent from several nodes of the chain, limiting their ability to gain from the sector economically. Inequality in women’s participation is also evident in the insecurity of their employment; a greater proportion of women are involved in temporary or casual employment. In farming, although men are reported to outnumber women, 73 percent of women’s labor time is concentrated in temporary or casual employment, compared with 31 percent of men’s time. In processing, where estimates reveal that women outnumber men, 92 percent of women’s labor time used is considered temporary or casual.

✪ Wage Differentials. Women fry catchers and sorters earn approximately 64 percent of male fry catchers and sorters’ earnings; 82 percent of men’s wages in pond repair and casual agriculture; and 71 percent and 60 percent, respectively, of men’s wages in the packing section and cooking/ breading section of the processing plants.

✪ Power and Governance. The shrimp sector is a buyer-driven chain where producers, particularly small producers, have little ability to influence the price at which they sell their product and are frequently locked into contracts that limit the price they receive. At lower ends of the chain, among fry collectors and intermediaries, bargaining is limited, and few agents are more than price takers. At higher ends of the chain, among the larger farmers and processors, there is more opportunity for negotiation.

GENDER AND PRO-POOR ANALYSIS OF THE ARTICHOKE SECTOR IN PERU The emergence of an export market for artichokes presents new prospects for promoting agricultural and rural development in Peru and expanding opportunities for the inclusion of resource-poor farmers and workers in a dynamic and high value-added market. Artichoke production experienced a sharp increase in 2000. By 2006, the crop was among Peru’s top five agro-exports, generating an export value (FOB) of $66 million. Between 2000 and 2006, artichoke production increased by 2,414 percent, the area under cultivation grew by 2,212 percent, and the total export value grew by 7,949 percent. In 2006, artichoke production generated approximately 20,500 full-time jobs.

The artichoke value chain includes agricultural producers, service providers, input suppliers, processors, and exporters. Agricultural producers vary in terms of their farm size, as well as their production arrangements. Nearly 68 percent of producers are small farmers with less than 2 hectares of land. Fifteen producers are agro-processors and both cultivate the land and process the artichokes. Other producers enter a renter/producer arrangement in which export companies rent land and pay the owner a certain amount in exchange for ceding control of agricultural activity. Other producers are contract farmers and sign a contract with processing plants to sell their product to the plant for a fixed price or within a fixed price range, according to specific criteria. Farmers without any arranged purchasing agreements are considered independent farmers.

The analysis revealed the following significant issues along the chain:

✪ Distribution Analysis. The artichoke value chain is dominated by 15 agro-export processing companies that produce and process artichokes for the export market and who capture 61 percent of the total value added generated in the chain. At the same time, 60 percent of the costs are borne by the agro-exporters. In contrast, 10 percent of the profit stays with small and medium producers who bear about 15 percent of the costs.


✪ Economic Spillovers. While forward linkages in the chain from farmers to producers are strong, backward linkages to the national economy remain weak. The actors with the greatest backward linkages in the chain (small and medium-sized farmers) are also those that capture a smaller percentage of the total value added. Promoting more linkages and better sales price for small and medium-sized producers has the potential to amplify the spillover effects, with the potential to benefit the poorest sectors and actors.

✪ Male-Female Labor Segmentation. The artichoke chain reveals consistent sex segmentation by occupation, by type of activity, and by level of insertion in the chain. Artichoke production and processing generates the equivalent of 20,500 full-time jobs, and women hold 51 percent of

those jobs. Men and women cluster in different occupations, with the intensity of female labor increasing at the processing level, where approximately 80 percent of the labor used in processing activities like peeling, cutting, and de-leafing is female.

✪ Wage Differentials. Gender wage gaps are more marked in certain segments of the chain than others. Women on small and medium farms receive 88 percent of men’s wages. Male and female workers earn equal pay in agro-processing in the fields and on large farms. In processing plants, women workers without defined job tenure receive 86 percent of men’s wages, and those with contracts make 93 percent of men’s wages per hour.

POLICY AND PROGRAM RECOMMENDATIONS

On the basis of this analysis, GATE’s research suggests policy and program initiatives to improve income distribution

along the chain, to generate more employment, and to promote equitable and inclusive growth within the countries. The

recommendations listed below include a sample of both policy and program strategies to improve equitable outcomes.

✪ Reduce bureaucratic constraints. Acquiring appropriate licensing, certification, and other regulatory requirements is

a barrier of entry for many small producers and processors. Work with governments to streamline the process and

reduce the costs of obtaining appropriate certification.

✪ Provide farmer education and training. Train farmers (and other household members) on farm management,

extension services, and appropriate methods to grow export products. Ensure that trainings are held at times and

conducted in ways that enable women to participate.

✪ Train producers, processors, and entrepreneurs on how to obtain necessary government permits, on how to improve

sales and pricing, and on how to acquire financial literacy.

✪ Increase forward and backward linkages along the chain. Research and invest in promoting new linkages along the

chain, such as feed production for shrimp or packaging for artichokes.

✪ Support the formation of networking and collaborative organizations. Cooperatives can negotiate better prices,

surmount credit barriers, and negotiate with governments.

✪ Diversify offerings. Invest in research and program initiatives to diversify offerings within each value chain. Additional

processing could ensure that plants operate at full capacity, employ additional workers or reduce seasonality issues,

generate higher value added, and increase foreign exchange.

✪ Develop appropriate credit markets for micro- and small entrepreneurs and producers. This would reduce the cycle

of indebtedness and vulnerability along the chain. Ensure that programs are developed to provide credit to women,

particularly in areas where access to land and credit remain a barrier to entry.

✪ Encourage ethical trading initiatives. Supporting fair trade, organic, and ethical trading initiatives provides a way

to “brand” products, increase value added for workers along the chain, improve environmental conditions, reduce

intermediaries along the chain, and meet consumer demand abroad.

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SUPPORTING WOMEN'S ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN MICRO- AND SMALL ENTERPRISES (MSES) Micro- and small enterprises (MSEs) provide important income-generating opportunities for poor households while also providing businesses with needed goods or services. Formal and informal small businesses fill the needs of consumers and entrepreneurs. To ensure that the contribution of microenterprises to national economies is maximized, that the poor are included in market development, and that businesses can expand, micro- and small enterprises need access to finance, business services, and improved inputs; they also need a conducive enabling environment that facilitates rather than inhibits their participation in markets.

Women are active in MSEs both as entrepreneurs and as employees. A number of factors mediate their participation in the workforce and access to productive resources. Prominent features include age, literacy and numeracy, education, rural or urban location, ethnicity, language, health, and physical well-being. For example, individuals and groups with initial endowments of

productive resources, such as land wealth and physical and financial capital, are better able to access additional productive resources and frequently face higher returns in existing markets. Women entrepreneurs with land wealth and capital are more likely to work in the formal economy, where their businesses are registered; they pay taxes on income, labor, and capital; and they benefit from private and public sector programs.

In contrast, women entrepreneurs with little more than their labor to sell are likely to cluster in the informal economy, in small production units that are unregistered and where they may not pay taxes on income, labor, or capital. In many cases, women’s wages and work are often considered secondary or complementary to the traditional male breadwinner’s work. Moreover, when women do engage in income-generating activities, they often continue to do most of the “reproductive” labor in the family. This includes unremunerated household tasks, family maintenance, child care, food preparation, cleaning, and caring for the home. Because of the time dedicated to these tasks, women generally have less time to acquire new skills and find better employment.

Women entrepreneurs were a key focus of several GATE reports. From Albania to Peru to Nigeria and Kenya, women’s economic activities were examined to explore their different needs and capabilities. The range of GATE studies on women entrepreneurs reveals a diverse set of factors that facilitate and impede women’s success in these enterprises.

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GATE GENDER AND ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT

PUBLICATIONS

GATE. “A Study of the Cowpea Value Chain in Kano

State, Nigeria, From a Pro-poor and Gender

Perspective.” USAID Greater Access to Trade

Expansion Project, Arlington, VA: Development

& Training Services, Inc. (dTS), July 2008.

Kuramoto, Juana, Néstor Valdivia and Juan José Díaz.

“TICS, MIPYMES y Género en el Perú: Una

Primera Aproximación”. USAID Greater Access

to Trade Expansion Project, Arlington, VA:

Development & Training Services, Inc. (dTS),

January 2007.

Nichols Barrett, Kara. “Albanian Women in Agriculture:

Case Studies.” USAID Greater Access to Trade


& Training Services, Inc. (dTS), December 2008.

Rubin, Deborah, Cristina Manfre, and Smita Malpani.

“A Gender Assessment of Sustainable

Conservation-Oriented Enterprises (SCOE):

Final Report.” USAID Greater Access to Trade


& Training Services, Inc. (dTS), March 2008.

All GATE Publications are available on the USAID/

WID website: http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/cross-

cutting_programs/wid/eg/gate.html

ALBANIAN WOMEN IN AGRICULTURE: CASE STUDIES Women’s involvement in Albanian agriculture is not new. During the communist period, women’s participation rates on agriculture cooperative and state farms exceeded that of men’s. Today, women are both managers and owners farms. This study interviewed women producers to explore the factors contributing to the success of Albanian agri-businesswomen. A total of twenty women producers were interviewed in the following regions: Berat, Diber, Elbasan, Fier, Korce, Lushnje, and Sarande. While no woman’s path to success is the same, several common factors emerged. Similarly, the data revealed common constraints for most of the women entrepreneurs.

Factors Influencing Success Each woman’s entrepreneurial story is different. Yet four factors influenced each one’s success: (1) access to land; (2) strong, supportive family relationships; (3) agriculture experience during the communist period; and (4) legitimacy to execute farm-related decisions.

✪ Access to Land. While only four women in the sample held the title to agriculture land, all 20 had access to land. The 1991 land reform distributed land to households and not individuals. The title to family agriculture land is in the name of the head of the household, which is most often a man. Participants were confused by the attention given to the title of land being in their husband’s names. One woman echoed others, “But you see, the family’s entire name is on the topi (certificate). It’s for the family, not just for my husband.” Women perceived that the land belonged as much to them as to their husbands: “It’s my land too; his name may be listed on the title, but our family was given the land.” As members of families, the women had access to and decision-making power over the use of the land.

✪ Supportive Family Relationships. Even though men are often socially recognized as the head of the household, women and men expressed the importance of cooperation and strong family relationships to the success of the business. As the

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Xare commune director stated, “One hand washes the other, but both hands wash the face.” Women insisted that for the family agriculture enterprise to succeed all members have to work together. All members not only must work together but also must decide together. In households where both men and women were present, none identified one person within the relationship as higher or lower in status. As Merita stated, “We are both the brigadier. The only way you can prosper is to decide things together.”

✪ Experience. Women’s previous experience in the agriculture sector is central to their current success. The sample included former brigadiers, agriculture specialists, as well as women who were producing the same types of crops that they produced during the communist system. Through their experience in cooperatives and state farms, women gained not only knowledge but also social networks. The women brigadiers and agriculture specialists had more advantageous social networks than their former cooperative or state farmworker counterparts. Through their social networks, women have gained access to land; reliable, trained workers; and price information.

✪ Legitimacy. Decision-making power within the farm enterprise is not exercised based on a hierarchy of roles; rather, it rests on legitimacy. Society may afford Albanian men structural positions of authority; yet, within the family farm enterprise, it is individuals with the knowledge and experience in agriculture that have power. Women’s expertise in agriculture and involvement in production provides them with legitimacy to execute farm-related decisions. As one woman stated, “We are both engaged in the work; therefore, we are both entitled to make decisions.” Lack of experience delegitimizes one’s decision-making role. Another woman’s husband, for example, is a notary and not a farmer. He does not possess legitimacy to intervene in the agribusiness. This woman may consult her husband, but as the expert, she is the one who exercises decision-making power.

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Constraints Women Face as Entrepreneurs Key among the constraints identified by women was lack of access to quality inputs and equipment, unfavorable loan terms, difficulty expanding physical capital, and lack of access to information.

✪ Access and Terms of Credit. Albania has a range of financial services available to smallholder agriculture producers. Microfinance institutions such as Opportunity Albania and Pro-Credit have expanded into both rural and urban markets. Yet producers voiced concern that the products are not appropriate for agriculture given the volatility.

✪ Access to Quality Inputs and Equipment. Women’s limited access to financial services often affects their access to equipment and inputs. The case studies highlighted, however, do not posit financial constraints as the impediment to accessing better-quality inputs. Rather, lack of standards and certification for inputs is a constraint for men and women. Producers discussed the deep frustration with purchasing seeds without certainty of the actual variety contained in the packet.

Unlike inputs, though, lack of access to equipment was linked to finance. Several respondents could increase their farm’s enterprise productivity by purchasing a tractor or harvester. However, the lack of leasing options for procuring farm equipment limits producers’ abilities to access such productive resources. However, it is unclear that men have greater financing options than women.

✪ Difficulty Expanding Physical Capital. The ability of women to negotiate better prices with wholesalers for some products is constrained by lack of access to cold-storage facilities. Wholesalers know that producers must sell the same day as harvest; producers are price takers rather than price setters. The financial investment required for a storage facility exceeds the financial capacity of all the producers interviewed, even with a great line of credit. Furthermore, lack of physical capital also limits producers’ ability to diversify crops.

✪ Access to Information. Women’s access to association services is constrained by perceptions concerning membership, training and meeting venues, and lack of attention to men and women’s concerns. The perception that the head of the household should attend association meetings on behalf of the household limits women’s attendance. Such beliefs are reinforced when association meetings are held at bar/cafes, spaces often regarded as inappropriate for women.

Beyond structural impediments to women’s participation, it is not clear to what extent existing associations are providing services to meet women’s needs. Women association members voiced dissatisfaction with the benefits received, while nonmembers expressed a belief that association membership was a “waste of time.” That being said, women participants are eager to learn.

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RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS

✪ Examine prevalence of women- and joint-managed enterprises. Little data often exist on the prevalence of joint-farm

management. Additional data are needed not only on the prevalence of women- and joint-managed farm enterprises

but also on their characteristics. Without this, it is not possible to explore the extent to which their characteristics

differ. Understanding both the prevalence and the characteristics of the different types of managed farm enterprises

is important: who programs should target; how access to information and services may vary by management type;

and how interventions may differentially affect enterprises based on management type.

✪ Explore gender-based constraints within agribusiness. Information is needed to further understand gender-

based constraints to increasing the productivity and competitiveness of agribusinesses. Identifying gender-based

constraints is critical for developing targeted interventions.

PROGRAM RECOMMENDATIONS

✪ Ensure Equal Access to Trainings and Seminars. Facilitating equal access includes addressing the time and venues

of the training, as well as how potential clients are identified. Thought should be given to how the space and time

at which trainings are held will affect the ability of women to attend the events. Where there is a critical mass of

women-managed enterprises, workshops should be held near the women’s workplace instead of in town centers

and women-only trainings. In addition, women should be contacted directly.

✪ Include Women’s Constraints and Interests in Training Topics. In addition to issues of access, women also perceive

that the topics discussed in agriculture trainings do not match their needs and interests. All of the participants were

eager to learn more to increase the sustainability and profitability of their enterprises.

✪ Do not use head of household as a primary indicator for data collection or targeting activities. Research finds that

headship does not necessarily determine management in farms. A more inclusive process for identifying primary

clients should be developed. Using head of household is not conducive for identifying the person or persons actively

involved in farm enterprise oversight and decisions. Program staff should ask questions concerning management

when memorandums of understanding are drafted with new partners.

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A GENDER ASSESSMENT OF SUSTAINABLE CONSERVATION-ORIENTED ENTERPRISES IN KENYA A number of key sectors in Kenya’s economy, including tourism and agriculture, rely on the use of natural resources. Developing efforts to reduce the unsustainable use of these resources and protect them is therefore important to support sustained economic growth. Enterprises based on natural products and services are what the report termed “sustainable conservation-oriented enterprises” (SCOE) to emphasize the dual goals of conservation and economic viability. These enterprises can be categorized into four types based on the character of the interaction between “nature” and the enterprise, the type of income generation, and the contribution to conservation built into the enterprise. This assessment, conducted in and around Nairobi and in the Laikipia and Samburu districts, revealed gender-based constraints within each of these SCOE subsectors.

Gender issues in Cultivation-Based enterprises Cultivation-based enterprises are enterprises in which seeds or insect larvae or young animals are harvested from wild sources (aloe, butterfly pupae, honey) but are cultivated to maturity through a direct interaction with the owners of the enterprise and human labor in a controlled process. The key gender issues in these types of enterprises include:

✪ Access to land. Gendered patterns of access to and ownership over land vary widely. In some parts of Kenya, land tenure systems grant individuals ownership to land, while in pastoral groups, land is held in common by the community and is governed by a group ranch. It is important to know, in proposing new cultivation-based enterprises,

whether women will have access to and control over sufficient land to support the economic viability of the activity. Similar constraints and opportunities in relation to ownership of animals are at work in animal husbandry.

✪ Access to labor. Women’s access to labor is often shaped by household or familial relationships; their ability to hire labor is often dependent on access to credit for payment of wages, unless cooperative work groups are established to provide labor in sequence to members of the group.

✪ Access to information. Poor women in Kenya typically have less formal education, lower literacy rates, and less familiarity with market information than do men. They may also need to learn new cultivation techniques.

✪ Access to capital. This varies culturally, by household and by individual. However, it is an issue for all SCOEs, as entrepreneurs need capital for seeds, tools, other inputs, and labor. In cultivation-based enterprises, capital may be needed to rent land.

PROGRAM RECOMMENDATIONS:

✪ Involving women in cultivation of overexploited plant

species, essential oils, seeds/pods

✪ New animal initiatives: small animals or insects (e.g.,

apiculture, butterflies, and turkeys)

✪ Environmental protection, including plants to curb

erosion or to revegetate degraded areas

✪ Forming women’s groups to organize labor pools

✪ Obtaining micro- and larger credit loans

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Gender Issues in Eco-tourism Enterprises Eco-tourism enterprises are enterprises in which the fundamental character of the environment is conserved through careful resource management and reduction of human-wildlife conflict on those lands, which are the basis on which the enterprise depends. Communities generally earn income from eco-tourism-based enterprises through payments of land rent, bed-night fees, conservation feeds, employment, and related activities. Gender issues in these enterprises include:

✪ Access to membership and participation in management structures. This is understood as a lack of access to political capital.* Because of the mobility of the wildlife resource, direct access to the land is less critical than rights to membership and participation in the groups that make decisions over land use. Among the pastoral groups that live in those areas and that have formed group ranches, men continue to predominate in the management of the group ranch committees. The same issue prevails in landscape-based eco-tourism enterprises, where access to the management structure that governs decision making over land poses challenges.

✪ Access to employment. Perceptions about appropriate roles for men and women can limit employment opportunities. For example, women in the activities reviewed are not employed as tour guides or scouts because of concerns over safety, whereas elsewhere in East Africa, women perform as guides.

BUILDING GENDER EQUITABLE PARTNERSHIPS

IN ECO-TOURISM

Differentmodelsofpartnershiparrangementsforeco-tourism

facilities involve varying levels of community participation in

eco-tourism activities and community reliance on private

investors. These range from arrangements in which a

private individual or company owns, operates, and markets

the tourist facility to arrangements in which the ownership,

operation, and marketing of the facility are mixed between a

private partner and the community. “Strategic partners” often

mediate the relationship between communities and private

investors. They help monitor and promote transparency of

agreements among the community. Gender issues have not

been taken into account either in the work of the strategic

partner or in the content of the partnership agreements.

When building partnership agreements for eco-tourism

enterprises, it is recommended that donors work with

“strategic partners” to develop gender-equitable principles

that would form part of each partnership agreement.

Suggested principles could include such items as:

✪ Establishing a minimum percentage of employment

opportunities that will (a) be fulfilled by the

community and (b) be fulfilled by the women of

the community. Tracking of these jobs should be

disaggregated by sex;

✪ Identifying employment opportunities for women in

underrepresented areas such as tour guides;

✪ Ensuring that women are permitted to become

registered members of group ranches, as permitted

by Kenyan law;

✪ Developing strategies to improve women’s

participation in the governing bodies of group

ranches;

✪ Supporting group ranches efforts to update their

membership lists regularly; and

✪ Ensuring that both men and women participate in

the negotiation of the partnership agreement.

* Political capital refers to access to voice and representation in the governing structures of one’s household, community, locality, and nation.


Gender Issues in Natural Product–Based Enterprises Natural products–based enterprises are enterprises that harvest natural products (gums, resins, honey) from the environment directly through the labor of the enterprise owner, often by several people or groups at the same time. Over-extraction can degrade the environment. The key gender issues in these enterprises include:

✪ Time and mobility. Most women experience significant time poverty; they have insufficient time to complete their household and child-care responsibilities because obtaining and cooking food and finding water and firewood take hours of every day. Women can be at a disadvantage in collecting the raw materials for the enterprise unless they pass by the materials on their way to find their daily supplies of wood and water. They are further constrained by a lack of rural infrastructure and transport. In some situations, women may be prevented from traveling because of concerns about security or by local cultural norms.

✪ Access to information. Women need information to select materials and identify the products most likely to sell in domestic and overseas markets. Locally collected honey or essential oils, for example, need to meet both quality and quantity criteria, and regularity of supply needs to be maintained. While women are sometimes believed to have greater knowledge than men of the medicinal properties of indigenous plants or their locations, they may not be familiar with the species with the best prospects for the market or with pricing, packaging, marketing, or other aspects of business development.

Gender Issues in Culture-Based Enterprises Culture-based enterprises use cultural knowledge as the basis for the enterprise—beadwork and other handicrafts, home stays, ethnic dancing and singing, and ethnic food sales. The gender issues in these types of enterprises include:

✪ How to engage men. It is curious that although men and women equally shape their cultural beliefs and practices, most culture-based enterprises are fashioned around the work of women, whether it is handicrafts, food, or song and dance. Some exceptions include dances by Masaai and Samburu men at safari lodges and the sale of men’s wood carvings. Opportunities exist for men to become more involved in culture-based enterprises. In some areas, men expressed a desire to form their own groups and to begin to work in men’s handicrafts and other cultural artifacts for sale. Constraints to address in developing men’s enterprises are similar to those for women and include lack of knowledge of the market, quality control, and general business development skills.

✪ Time. Beading is popular because it can be taken up and put down without loss of momentum or sacrifice of quality. It is also a portable activity. Women’s disproportionate responsibility for reproductive activities is a challenge for their participation in culture-based, income-generating activities.

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A STUDY OF THE COWPEA VALUE CHAIN IN KANO STATE, NIGERIA, FROM A PRO-POOR AND GENDER PERSPECTIVE Cowpeas play a key role in the agriculture and food supply of Nigeria. Nigeria is the largest producer and consumer of cowpeas, accounting for about 45 percent of the world’s cowpea production. Kano State is in the heart of the Nigerian “cowpea belt.” Cowpeas are grown on almost every farm in Kano State and are eaten in some form by almost every Kano consumer. The cowpea value chain in Kano State is similar to that throughout most of West and Central Africa; it includes many actors, of which the most important are cowpea producers, farmworkers (including family labor), grain merchants, grain retailers, processors, commercial food preparation businesses (formal and informal), and consumers. This study examined the participation of women in the cowpea value chain and specific strategies for bolstering women’s entrepreneurship.

High levels of occupational segregation exist in Kano, including in the cowpea value chain. In farming, age and gender are important determinants of appropriate activities. Women in the cowpea sector own and manage farms. Marketing is dominated by men, most likely because of their relative freedom of mobility. Processing—currently an informal, household activity— is dominated by women, although industrial processing could change these trends. Vending of processed cowpea products is usually done by the processor/ preparer or other family labor. Women entrepreneurs are concentrated in the production of cowpeas and in informal processing food vending. Access to land and labor limits women’s productivity in this sector.

✪ Access to land. Landownership and access in northern Nigeria are complex and changing. According to the interview results for this study, in 9 out of the 11 farm families, wives own fields. Of the 17 wives for whom there are data, 7 managed at least one field personally, hiring men to do the heavy field work, and 9 rented out the fields. A common rental agreement allocates one-third of the harvest to the owner. Most women managed only one field personally, and any additional land was rented out. The data suggest that the inheritance rights of women under Islamic law are increasingly respected.

✪ Access to labor. Access to and control over labor is also an important determinant of participation in farming. Gender roles in farming in the Kano area have changed over time; before the introduction of seclusion, evidence suggests that Hausa women were actively involved in all aspects of crop production. Depending on how strongly seclusion is practiced within an area or a household, girls, unmarried women (e.g., widows, divorcees), and menopausal women might participate in field work, particularly in the less physically demanding activities such as planting or harvesting. None of the women interviewed are involved in soil preparation or weeding, and most sources agree that these activities are rarely, if ever, performed by women in Kano farming systems.

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The informal processors and street food vendors in Kano City are mostly women. These women are also among some of the poorest in the city, especially those who rely on street vending for a large share of their income. For this study, interviews were conducted with 53 women involved in informal cowpea processing. Some women, particularly married women who generally do not sell outside the home because of seclusion, make the products at home; and customers come there to purchase them. What is not sold will be taken by young boys or girls to sell in front of schools or at markets.

Cowpea processing has long been an activity for Kano women. Entry and exit is common; however, for some women, it is a lifelong activity. The average duration for the vendors surveyed is 11 years, with the maximum being 40 years. There were some vendors in the survey who had only been in business for a month. Twenty-one percent obtained their capital from their families. Nine percent obtained loans from their husbands. A few poor vendors and orphans benefited from a gift of the zakat house (2 percent).* Many women cite capital as a constraint in the expansion of their businesses.


✪ Promote farmer education and training targeted to both men and women. As farming in the Kano area develops,

smallholder farmers, both men and women, will require skills to compete, as well as farm management expertise

through extension services. The evidence indicates that Kano women own and manage more farmland than in the

past, and, in turn, this indicates that the acceptance of women’s rights to inherit land and houses under current

Islamic law is increasing.

✪ Improve vendor business skills. Cowpea street food vendors need to acquire more sophisticated business skills.

The expansion of their product line to include other foods is one possibility. Better production and sales facilities

(e.g., a bench, a shed, or a building) might help. Vertical integration with cowpea processing (informal or industrial

processing) might reduce labor requirements.

✪ Promote networking organizations. Informal cowpea processors could benefit from networking organizations for

the demonstration of equipment, product development, and marketing. Women who produce cowpea-based foods

could be encouraged to form groups to enter into the business of making cowpea flour or servicing larger market

outlets. To include the largest number of cowpea processors and vendors, cultural and religious norms should be

considered in conducting outreach.

✪ Develop cooperatives for informal processor s. The major barrier to assisting informal processors is that they are

spatially dispersed and do not have a professional association. Almost all the informal processors are women, and

many of them practice seclusion. One way to target and communicate with women, particularly poor women, might

be to develop a cooperative approach for groups of informal processors to use cowpea flour and buy inputs.

✪ Identify and promote desired cowpea characteristics. Identifying some specific cowpea characteristics desired

by processors and consumers could increase profits for farmers and ultimately the processors as well. These

characteristics might include ease of removal of the hilum and testa, increase of flour yield, improvement in taste,

and reduced cooking time (an important characteristic for women who are involved in food preparation).

* A zakat house is a Nigerian government agency that collects alms for redistribution to the needy.

INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES, MICRO- AND SMALL ENTERPRISES AND GENDER: A PRELIMINARY OVERVIEW The majority of Peruvian workers and business leaders, both men and women, are employed in and derive their income from MSEs. Approximately 7.6 million Peruvians are employed in MSEs, which generate 64 percent of Peru’s GDP. But while MSEs make up 98 percent of all of the businesses in Peru, they only generate 2 percent of its exports. Since MSEs are so significant in terms of job creation and income generation—and since they have the potential to contribute to poverty reduction—it is not surprising that more attention has been paid to how to improve MSE productivity and market access. Despite its dynamism, most MSEs generate low returns and have limited productivity.

Information is essential for the market to function effectively. In general, access to information about markets, prices, providers, inputs, and customers is hard for micro- and small entrepreneurs to obtain. Information can be accessed through different channels, including social networks, print media, radio, or the Internet. While micro- and small enterprises do depend on social networks for obtaining information, generally these networks are small and limited. Information and communication technologies (ICTs) can play a fundamental role in facilitating communication with broader networks or offering available information through other sources. This study examined men and women entrepreneurs’ access and use of ICTs in the agribusiness and handicraft sectors. Interviews and focus groups were held with both men and women in Lima and in Puno.

✪ Access to ICTs. The data from Peru show that access to ICTs, including cell phones and the Internet, is moderately widespread in Peru. Focus groups conducted with men and women entrepreneurs in the agribusiness and handicraft sectors revealed that telephones—both fixed lines and mobile phones—are the technology most accessed, followed by some limited use of the Internet from public booths. These groups also highlighted that cost and accessibility barriers exist, suggesting there could be opportunities for low-cost service providers to enter the market.

✪ Use of ICTs based on education levels, language, and age. Data suggest that gender-related differences exist between individuals and ICT use. The education level of the person and the person’s first language (Spanish or indigenous) are especially important factors. Women with lower levels of education and those whose first language was not Spanish used the Internet and the telephone less frequently. Analysis also shows that there are marked generational differences and that people between the ages of 14 and 24 use various types of ICTs more actively than older people. These findings emphasize the possibility that untapped opportunities may exist for promoting youth participation in micro- and small enterprises so that youth can function as intermediaries or as agents of information for other entrepreneurs.

The barriers identified in this study do not suggest that ICTs are out of the reach of micro- and small entrepreneurs but, rather, that there is a wide range of possible technology-related interventions that can facilitate their access to information. Before engaging in such an intervention, it is necessary to understand the informational needs of the micro- and small entrepreneurs and to have more specific information about gender and about the sector where the intervention will occur. In addition, understanding the capacities of these men and women entrepreneurs will facilitate the design of gender-sensitive activities that offer appropriate technologies for certain groups of entrepreneurs.

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✪ Collect gender-disaggregated data on needs and skills of men and women business owners.

✪ Identify gender-based constraints in accessibility of ICTs disaggregated by men and women business owners.

✪ Promote the incorporation of business services and ICT training at the public Internet booths.

✪ Develop special training initiatives for women that incorporate ICTs.

✪ Develop Internet content aimed at microenterprises that are accessible to people with little formal education, in both public and private arenas.

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COUNTRY PROFILES ALBANIA BANGLADESH DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

ALBANIA The growth and competitiveness of micro-, small, and medium enterprises in Albania are critical for maintaining and expanding the economic growth experienced there over the past several years. Women’s participation in the economy through informal and formal MSEs underscores the importance of understanding the gender differences involved in reducing the constraints to these enterprises and strengthening the capacity of these entrepreneurs to produce and compete in a continually changing environment. To support USAID/ Albania’s Economic Growth Program, the GATE Project designed a series of tasks to enhance the understanding of different constraints and opportunities facing men and women in the labor market as entrepreneurs.

✪ Gender Dimensions of the Albanian Labor Market:A Study of Existing Information, Gaps, and Needs. The study assists USAID/Albania, the government of Albania (GoA), NGOs, as well as international donors with increasing their understanding of the importance of integrating gender into labor market surveys, statistics, and policies. The research evaluated the existing labor force data and identified data gaps and limitations for understanding the gendered dimensions of the Albanian labor market.

✪ Albanian Entrepreneurs: Assessment of Financial Skills, Attitudes, and Behavior. In preparing for the development of the Albanian Partners in Microcredit’s (PSHM) financial education training program, this assessment sought to understand the gender differences in PSHM’s clients. It examined gender differences in PSHM client’s existing behaviors, knowledge, skills, and attitudes. It also explored the gender differences in how clients prefer to learn and their availability to attend training.

✪ Rapid Appraisal: Gender and Horticulture Production. Immediately following the award of the Albania Agriculture Competitiveness (AAC) Program, GATE conducted a rapid gender assessment to identify strategies and interventions to ensure both men and women are able to benefit from the trade expansion activities related to horticulture production and marketing.

✪ Gender and Agriculture Training for the Albania Agriculture Competitiveness (AAC) Program. GATE designed and delivered a training module to enhance the project activities by improving staff knowledge, skills, and practice related to gender analysis. Participants were guided through a process of identifying and addressing gender-based constraints that affect agricultural competitiveness.

✪ Albanian Women in Agriculture: Case Studies. This study highlights women agriculture producers, an underexplored group of farms in Albania. The case studies explore the variables that influence the progress of women in agricultural enterprises, particularly access to land, supportive family relationships, experience, and legitimacy.

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BANGLADESH Since 1992, the government of Bangladesh has undertaken critical reforms to increase trade liberalization, revise and reduce tariffs and quotas, and improve customs procedures. In 1995, Bangladesh joined the World Trade Organization (WTO) and negotiated a series of agreements to lower tariff and nontariff barriers. Yet Bangladesh remains heavily dependent on a limited number of exports to earn foreign exchange. Textiles, clothing, and footwear account for 80 percent of all export earnings.

Nearly 20 percent of the total female labor force is in the manufacturing sector, with 60 percent of the workers in the ready-made garment sector. With the end of the Multifiber Agreement, it was imperative that new strategies to expand and strengthen trade-related poverty reduction were developed and new analysis commissioned to assess emerging markets from a pro-poor and gender-aware perspective.

The GATE Country Action Plan for USAID/Bangladesh is dominated by research and training directed at supporting the Mission’s understanding of the impacts of changes in the trade environment on women. The CAP activities aimed to provide recommendations for USAID/Bangladesh on how to design programs that would achieve broad-based economic growth and secure opportunities for women.

✪ Supporting Gender and ICTs: Opportunities for Women in Bangladesh. An ICT research study, this paper details the gender differences in access to employment in the ICT sector and use of ICT systems. It examines the ICT sectors and approaches that may provide promising opportunities for women.

✪ A Pro-poor Analysis of the Shrimp Sector in Bangladesh. This value chain analysis documents where men and women are located within the shrimp sector, the terms and conditions of work for men and women, and the outcomes of employment and exchange. It provides policy recommendations on how to move women to higher links within the chain for future USAID/ Bangladesh investments in the sector.

✪ A Trade Impact Review for Bangladesh. This three-part analysis of the impact of trade agreements consists of (1) an examination of how trade liberalization and integration has affected low-income Bangladeshis, (2) a gender equilibrium analysis, and (3) a legal and regulatory analysis. It aims to recommend ways in which trade and economic integration can be harnessed to distribute gains more evenly throughout the society and achieve pro-poor economic growth.

✪ Gender, Migration, and Remittances: Donor Strategies and Opportunities. This desktop review provides an overview of ongoing research and program activities on in- and outmigration and remittances, with a particular emphasis on women’s experiences as migrants and receivers of remittances. USAID/Bangladesh received program recommendations on how to promote remittances as a development tool.

✪ Gender and Trade Liberalization in Bangladesh: The Case of the Ready-Made Garments. This exploratory analysis describes the restructuring and changes that are taking place within the ready-made garment sector. It analyzes the impact of the MFA phaseout in terms of prices, profit, jobs, work culture, market structure, product diversification, work informalization, adjustments at the enterprise level, and changes in policies.

✪ Gender Training Materials: Integrating Gender into Trade and Economic Growth Programs and Analysis. GATE designed and delivered a gender, trade, and economic growth handbook and training program tailored to USAID/Bangladesh. The materials address how to integrate gender concerns into trade and economic growth analysis, program planning, and indicators. The training materials provide guidance to USAID Mission staff on how to conduct gender analysis of trade policies, economic growth, and trade-related projects. The handbook includes suggested project design options, indicators, and exercises.

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DOMINICAN REPUBLIC Economic competitiveness is fundamental to the Dominican Republic’s current strategy to enter the global economy. While the Dominican economy has performed remarkably well since the 1990s (with the exception of 2003 and 2004), some sectors—particularly those in the free trade zones—have lost ground to international competition. The country’s export sector has been dominated by the textile and manufacturing sector for decades. The garment industry employed between 65 percent and 73 percent of workers in the Dominican Republic’s free trade zones. Between 2004 and 2007, the free trade zones experienced massive layoffs— more than 54,000 jobs were lost.

Since before the elimination of the Multifiber Agreement in 2005, USAID/Dominican Republic invested in analysis to understand the implications of the changing trade environment on investment and production strategies. The GATE CAP aimed to further complement these analyses with research and action that examined the employment and livelihoods impacts of the declining terms of trade.

✪ Dinámicas Recientes de la Producción, el Comercio y el Empleo en las Zonas Francas de Exportación de la República Dominicana (Recent Production, Trade and Employment Dynamics in the Free Trade Zones in the Dominican Republic). This desktop analysis of the changes in industry and male/female labor composition in the Dominican free trade zones describes the trends and possible factor influencing investment and employment decisions.

✪ Dinámicas del Desempleo en el Sector Textil de las Zona Francas de la República Dominicana entre el 2003 y el 2005 (Unemployment in the Textile Sector in Dominican Free Trade Zones). This analysis of the impact of job losses in the garment sector documents the economic and sociocultural effects of job loss on displaced free trade zone male and female workers in Santo Domingo, San Pedro de Macoris, and La Romana. It also examines livelihood options and coping mechanisms and briefly assesses potential sectors for absorption of displaced workers.

✪ Roundtable Discussion on Employment andUnemployment in the Free Trade Zones. This stakeholders meeting brought together representatives from trade unions, academic institutions, NGOs, and government agencies to discuss the findings of the GATE reports and brainstorm about potential actions for supporting displaced workers.

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CHAPTER TWO ADDRESSING GENDER ISSUES IN USAID EGAT PROGRAMS AND PROJECTS

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Although many USAID Missions collect sex-disaggregated data and have some familiarity with gender issues in development, GATE found that greater capacity building is needed to assist Mission staff and implementing partners with analyzing and using data to address gender issues in projects and programs. A range of capacity-building activities, including trainings, workshops, roundtables, and direct technical assistance, complemented the research activities under the GATE Project. These activities aimed to provide USAID staff and implementing partners with a foundation for understanding technical and programmatic skills required to address gender issues adequately.

GENDER AND ECONOMIC GROWTH TRAINING The GATE gender and economic growth training was developed with this need in mind for USAID Mission staff and implementing partners. The materials raise participants’ awareness of how gender issues influence economic growth and trade-related activities and include tools for operationalizing gender. The focus is on building the capacity of practitioners to integrate gender considerations into their daily activities. The training materials cover a broad range of topics including:

✪ Developing gender-related scopes of work for economic growth/trade activities

✪ Integrating gender issues into requests for proposal

✪ Evaluating the degree to which gender considerations are integrated into proposals

✪ Designing gender action plans

✪ Constructing gender-sensitive indicators

The training helps practitioners identify gender integration opportunities (GIOs) for Mission program components and projects. Gender integration opportunities refer to actions taken by project managers and staff to reduce gender-related barriers, maximize gender opportunities, and improve women’s status. These actions can be taken to adjust program

activities or program management such as performance measures and data collection. They can also support organizational policies related to gender equity, staffing, and personnel issues. An example of the GIOs identified during the USAID/Bangladesh training follows.

Acknowledging the complex nature of gender, the materials are designed so that they can be adapted and tailored specifically to support gender integration efforts in an individual Mission's economic growth, trade and investment, agriculture, and environment activities. In this way, participants learn to relate gender concepts directly to the particular political, economic, and social experiences of men and women in their projects. The materials were adapted and training was delivered to USAID economic growth teams and implementing partners in Bangladesh, Peru, and Kenya.


EXAMPLE OF GENDER INTEGRATION OPPORTUNITIES (GIOS) FROM USAID/BANGLADESH TRAINING

PROGRAM COMPONENT 1: INCREASE PRIVATE SECTOR GROWTH

OVERALL ✪ Increase opportunity for women to participate and contribute in the private sector.

OBJECTIVES ✪

✪

Increase rural growth and employment for women.

Improve access to information, technology, markets, and financial support for women

entrepreneurs and others who want to start up their own businesses.

ENTREPRENEURS ✪

✪

✪

Create small and medium trade opportunities for men and women in rural areas.

Promote women’s entrepreneurship.

Bring more women into SMEs. ★

Increase access for men and women to information (business) and technology and ★

financial support (credit).

Provide/increase access to credit and microcredit and business development training ★

with special emphasis on women.

Microfinance for trained women to start businesses in tree nurseries. ★

Increase women-led enterprise development in “nature” products. ★

Skills training for urban slum dwellers from low-income groups. ★

Women and solar renewable businesses. ★

Partnering and networking

Promote and strengthen women entrepreneurs associations. ★

Strengthen women-owned and women-operated business forums. ★

INDICATORS ✪ Disaggregated gender data

Increase number of women entrepreneurs in solar renewable businesses. ★

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PROGRAM COMPONENT 2: IMPROVE QUALITY OF WORKFORCE

OVERALL OBJECTIVES

✪

✪

✪

Equal opportunity (wage and workplace) for both men and women.

Ensure safe and healthy working environment for men and women workers (cross sectoral).

Facilitate equal access to formal and informal education (cross sectoral).

WOMEN ✪ Provide management skills training to women entrepreneurs.

ENTREPRENEURS ✪

✪

Give cows and advanced training to women on livestock rearing and monitor performance with

periodic health checkups with cows.

Train women technicians in solar home systems maintenance.

EXTENSION WORkERS

✪ Increase capacity and skills of extension workers, volunteers (health workers, agricultural

extension community trainers, disaster management volunteers, etc.), and other stakeholders

in the community (local government, market management committees, etc.).

PRIVATE FIRMS ✪ Train private sector firms in labor laws and worker rights (cross sectoral)

TRADE UNIONS ✪ Ensure equal voices from men and women in trade unions (cross sectoral).

WORkERS, ✪ Provide gender-sensitive training for women and gender-segregated training on effective use of

INCLUDING WORKER power.

HEALTH AND SAFETY ✪

✪

✪

✪

✪

✪

Provide training with special emphasis on training women.

Workers in fruit processing plants are trained in workers’ rights.

Shrimp processors receive training in international practices on working environment and labor

standards.

Provide training to women and to men in nontraditional sectors, including more vocational

training for women.

Provision of safety and security for women in workplaces.

Incorporate adequate gender-based occupational health information and care in training

to improve workforce quality (e.g., for men and women factory workers, women should be

informed and supported on reproductive health and men should be informed about smoking or

other environmental health issues).

MANAGING CONTRACTORS

✪ Ensure USAID contractors develop and budget for a workforce development component in

their activities, with emphasis on women.


The training concludes with the development of gender action plans. These plans outline main programming areas at the Mission or project level and identify concrete actions that can be taken to improve their attention to gender. Examples of gender action plans from USAID/Kenya are provided.

KENYA HORTICULTURE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM GENDER ACTION PLAN

GENDER INTEGRATION OPPORTUNITIES

ACTION STEPS & DELIVERABLES TIMETABLE ADDITIONAL RESOURCES REQUIRED

Undertake gender Review of gender mainstreaming ✪ 4 months Training consultant

mainstreaming training for staff policy document

of project and partners M&E survey✪

Identify trainers, money; plan and✪

undertake workshops

Identify and increase women-

owned horticultural enterprises

by 30%

Organize business opportunities ✪

seminar for women

Rapid survey to identify enterprises✪

Provide technical assistance to ✪

existing women-owned enterprises

1 year Technical assistance

Promote women-friendly

crops (e.g., sweet potatoes,

indigenous vegetables,

butternut squash) and

technologies (e.g., mulching,

drip, irrigation)

Set up demonstration plots✪

Organize the women into producer ✪

groups

Create market linkages ✪

Integrate and prioritize activity in✪

work plan and communicate to team

12 months Technical assistance

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KENYA MAIzE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM GENDER ACTION PLAN

GENDER INTEGRATION OPPORTUNITIES

ACTION STEPS & DELIVERABLES TIMETABLE ADDITIONAL RESOURCES REQUIRED

Undertake gender Track incremental benefits (KSHS) to the women ✪ Continuous Data collection

mainstreaming accrued as a result of project activities (seasonally) and reference

training for staff of

project and partners Tilt resources that are accessed and controlled by the ✪

woman in favor of the household

Expanded and improved livelihood strategies available ✪

to the household

Enhanced decision-making and control abilities of the ✪

woman within the household

Quarterly

Continuous

(seasonally)

sheets

Initiate on-farm Project M&E system made more gender responsive ✪ Seasonally Postharvest

storage of farm Enhanced role of women in trade and marketing of the ✪ throughout the life handling

produce to enhance produce of project specialists

gender transformation Increased incomes drawn from premium prices paid ✪

as a result of enhanced quality due to improved

postharvest handling.

Farming becomes a business reality within the family. ✪

Impact assessment.✪

Linking production to Improved nutrition within the household ✪ Throughout the life Training

nutrition to improve Enhanced synergies among programs implemented ✪ of project materials

food quality within the within the same region household

Better-managed HIV cases leading to increased ✪

production and reliable farm labor

Impact assessment✪

Incorporate gender Improved gender integration within project activities ✪ Quarterly throughout Trainer

as a running theme Male trainers equipped to deliver gender training to✪ the life of the project manuals/

in the project training project beneficiaries materials

manuals Improved dissemination of gender information to youth, ✪

women, and men

Number of trainings delivered with gender component ✪

in the curriculum

Acknowledging the complex nature of gender, the materials are designed so that they can be adapted and tailored specifically to support gender integration efforts in an individual Mission's economic growth, trade and investment, agriculture, and environment activities. In this way, participants learn to relate gender concepts directly to the particular political, economic, and social experiences of men and women in their projects.


Gender and Value Chain Workshops GATE designed a participatory methodology for value chain and gender practitioners to enhance their skills in identifying and addressing gender issues in value chain development. Through classroom and field exercises, the methodology leads participants through a process in which they learn to ask questions related to gender roles and relations; to analyze gender-related data; to identify gender-based constraints that have an impact on productivity, market linkages, and value chain efficiency and competitiveness; and to develop actions to overcome the identified constraints. GATE piloted its methodology in Kenya and in Tanzania with USAID-funded programs involved in maize, dairy, horticulture, and seaweed production.

Gender and Agriculture Training GATE developed a training module to benefit the USAID-funded Albanian Agriculture Competitiveness (AAC) project activities by improving staff knowledge, skills, and practice related to gender analysis. Participants were guided through a process of identifying and addressing gender-based constraints that affect agricultural competitiveness.

Lessons Learned: Workshop on Gender and Economic Growth The GATE project delivered two two-day workshops for the business managers of the USAID/Peru Poverty Reduction and Alleviation (PRA) project. Conducted toward the end of the project, the workshop reviewed gender concepts and gender analysis frameworks. It led participants through a process for identifying successful gender integration strategies and assessing missed opportunities for integrating gender into activities.

Gender Integration Workshop for Kenya Agriculture Research Institute In collaboration with the Gender Unit of the Kenya Agriculture Research Institute (KARI), the GATE project delivered training on gender concepts and analysis to KARI program managers and scientists implementing USAID-funded programs.

TECHNICAL SUPPORT Operationalizing gender requires continuous monitoring and support to ensure that programming efforts consider these issues in each stage of a project’s or program’s cycle. Complementing the in-country trainings, GATE provided online, targeted assistance to several USAID field missions, including:

✪ Gender review of Kenya Dairy Sector Competitiveness Program Activity Approval Document;

✪ Guide for understanding gender issues in Land Tenure and Property Rights (LTPR) Assessments of Agricultural and Conservation Enterprises in Kenya;

✪ Summary of gender issues in supporting value chains in Peru;

✪ Gender review of First Annual Work Plan for MYPE Competitiva Program;

✪ Review of Rural Household Survey conducted by Tegemeo Institute for USAID/Kenya; and

✪ Review of USAID/Kenya’s Performance Monitoring Plan for opportunities to further disaggregate indicators by sex or include additional gender-sensitive indicators.

Support for gender integration efforts must adopt a “top-down” and a “bottom-up” approach to ensure greater success. Therefore, GATE employed a similar strategy for working with implementing partners as it did with the Missions by being available for rapid online consultations. The online technical assistance was delivered primarily to USAID/Kenya partners who benefited from a gender review of:

✪ Value chain assessment of the passion fruit sector for Kenya Horticulture Development Program;

✪ Value chain assessments of beekeeping, eco-tourism, and cape chestnut sectors for Kenya Civil Society Strengthening Program;

✪ Performance Monitoring Plans for Kitengela Conservation Program and Kenya Diary Sector Competitiveness Program; and

✪ Annual Maize Harvest Assessment conducted by Tegemeo Institute for Kenya Maize Development Program.

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DISSEMINATION ACTIVITIES In addition, a series of dissemination activities were developed in GATE-assisted countries as well as in Washington, D.C. In the Dominican Republic and Bangladesh, roundtable deliberations were held to discuss the findings from research. In South Africa, GATE participated in an annual forum to advocate for better integration of gender analysis in policy research.

Human Development and Gender: Redefining Competitiveness in the Dominican Republic. GATE’s final task in the Dominican Republic was to initiate a dialogue on the relationship between competitiveness and workforce development. In collaboration with Centro de Investigación Económica del Caribe (CIECA), USAID/DR, and other donors, the GATE Project designed a roundtable discussion to:

✪ Initiate a dialogue on short-term and long-term competitive employment strategies, highlighting the needs of women in particular;

✪ Raise issues regarding the impacts of trade on women and long-term employment and workforce development strategies; and

✪ Increase awareness of the benefits of gender analysis for a more complete understanding of the benefits and costs of particular policies for economic growth.

Twenty-six people from organizations and agencies, including the World Bank, the National Competitiveness Council, the Ministry of Labor, the Ministry of Women, and Instituto Nacional de Formación Técnico Profesional (INFOTEP) attended the event. Other participants included representatives from a diverse range of women’s organization and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), the Center for Gender Studies at Instituto Tecnológico de Santo Domingo (INTEC), and trade unions.

The Garment Industry and Gender: Examining Bangladesh’s Position after the End of the Multifiber Agreement. GATE arranged for the Center for Policy Dialogue (CPD) to present the findings from the paper, “Gender and Trade Liberalization in Bangladesh: The Case of the Ready-Made Garments.” A panel of key representatives from the ready-made garments sector commented on the findings at an open forum with various organizations engaged in the sector. More than 100 participants from the garment sector attended the event: NGOs, worker representatives, business owners, donors, government officials, and the press. The forum provided an opportunity to discuss workers’ rights and how the government was working with the NGO sector to monitor labor agreements in the industry.

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Remittances and Gender: Seeking Inputs on the Issues, Bangladesh. GATE hosted a roundtable discussion in Dhaka of its draft study entitled “Gender Considerations in Migration and Remittances in Bangladesh.” The purpose of the roundtable discussion was to obtain comments and inputs from organizations working in this sector on the appropriateness of the policy recommendations developed on the basis of the research findings. USAID staff and members from 11 organizations currently working on migration and remittances issues attended the roundtable.

South Africa Trade and Industrial Policy Strategies Forum (TIPS). The TIPS Annual Forum is a vehicle to help create and sustain a network of researchers working on trade and industry and other related fields. The annual forum is TIPS’ largest event and serves as a platform for researchers, policymakers, and other stakeholders to discuss ongoing research and to discuss relevant policy issues resulting from research. GATE participated in the 2005 forum with USAID representatives, raising the issue of how to include gender into future TIPS research. Subsequently, GATE collaborated with researchers from the forum on the gender and trade analyses described earlier in this report.

Gender, Trade, and the Financial Crisis, Washington D.C. This event brought together three speakers to discuss GATE research findings in the context of the current financial crisis and to propose programmatic and policy actions that might mitigate the negative-gendered effects of the crisis. Dr. Andrew Morrison, lead economist of the Gender and Development Group at the World Bank, led the discussion by providing an overview of the effect of the financial crisis on women and families. Marceline White presented GATE findings from research examining the garment and textile industries. Finally, Dr. Sarah Gammage, social and development economist at the Economic Center for Research on Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), reviewed the results from GATE research on gender and trade issues in Bangladesh and South Africa. The GATE team produced a series of short research briefs and summaries based on previous work for this event, which was attended by 60 people.

Sustaining Gender Integration in USAID Programming, Washington, D.C. GATE hosted a video conference with USAID/Washington and three USAID Missions to discuss lessons learned from the GATE project. Staff from the Albania, Kenya, and Peru Missions participated in the event. Each Mission described its experience with GATE technical assistance and training activities and presented key findings and lessons learned from GATE assistance.

Promoting Gender Equitable Opportunities in Agricultural Value Chains, Washington, D.C. The GATE team presented the publication “Promoting Gender Equitable Opportunities in Agricultural Value Chains: A Handbook” to a wide variety of stakeholders in the development community.

Introduction to Integrating Gender Issues into Agricultural Value Chains, Washington, D.C. The GATE team also organized a video conference with several USAID Missions to further publicize the availability and contents of the publication “Promoting Gender Equitable Opportunities in Agricultural Value Chains: A Handbook.” This event was designed to introduce USAID Mission staff and implementing partners to the INGIA-VC process outlined in the handbook.


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COUNTRY PROFILES KENYA PERU NIGERIA SOUTH AFRICA

KENYA Kenya’s economy is dominated by agriculture, which contributes more than a quarter of GDP and sustains about 85 percent of the population. The USAID/Kenya Program therefore focuses on increasing agricultural productivity and trade, promoting an enabling environment for the private sector, expanding openness to trade and investment, strengthening Kenyan capacity to manage economic and natural resources, and increasing rural incomes. Women are important contributors to and benefactors from investments in these areas and the USAID/Kenya Program has made exceptional progress in mainstreaming gender into its portfolio of economic growth activities to create the conditions for broad-based growth.

The GATE CAP aimed to support USAID/Kenya’s continued gender mainstreaming efforts by providing targeted assistance to enhance staff’s and implementing partners’ ability to lead gender-sensitive implementation. The CAP built a program that provided USAID/Kenya staff and implementing partners with the tools and knowledge to address gender issues in agriculture and in natural resource management.

✪ Gender Training Materials: Integrating Gender into USAID/Kenya Programs for Agriculture, Business and the Environment. GATE developed a set of training materials that address how to integrate gender concerns into analysis, program planning, and indicators of USAID/Kenya’s economic growth programs. The USAID/Kenya Agriculture, Business and the Environment Office (ABEO) team participated in the training along with representatives from their implementing partners. The training culminated in drafting the Gender Action Plans, which detailed specific actions each program could undertake to improve its mainstreaming efforts.

✪ Gender Assessment of Sustainable Conservation-Oriented Enterprises. This assessment describes the range of business activities that constitute what USAID/Kenya has categorized as nature-based enterprises and identified gender-based inequalities affecting women and men within those enterprises. The assessment examines strategies to address gender inequalities in enterprises that rely on natural resources and are intended to have an impact on conservation efforts.

✪ Gender Training Materials: Integrating Gender in Agricultural Value Chains (INGIA-VC) in Kenya. USAID/Kenya’s implementing partners participated in GATE’s participatory capacity-building program for value chain and gender practitioners. Through classroom and field exercises, participants learn to ask questions related to gender roles and relations; analyze gender-related data; identify gender-based constraints that affect value chain efficiency; and develop actions to overcome the identified constraints.

✪ Targeted Technical Assistance to Support Gender Integration Efforts. The USAID/Kenya programs benefited from direct technical support to ensure implementation of activities addressed gender issues appropriately. GATE conducted a gender review of project documents and activities for the Kenya Horticulture Development Program, the Kenya Civil Society Strengthening Program, the Kenya Dairy Sector Competitiveness Program, Tegemeo Institute, and the Kenya Maize Development Program. GATE also participated in various workshops and trainings conducted by USAID/Kenya and partners to provide continual support on gender integration.

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PERU Market-led growth is an important component of reducing poverty and improving people’s lives in Peru, and USAID/ Peru has focused on trade-led growth as a means to achieve poverty reduction within the country. Despite the impressive effect USAID/Peru’s programs have had in its focus regions, where poverty and extreme poverty have both fallen, accelerated growth varies by region. While the coastal regions have benefited the most, the highlands and Amazonian regions have yet to show significant gains from recent economic growth. Similarly, Peruvian men and women have not benefited equally from expanded growth, and inequalities remain great.

To support USAID/Peru’s market-led growth, the GATE/Peru CAP delivered research and training that underscore the importance of addressing gender issues that distort and reduce market efficiency and highlight the economic opportunities presented by women’s participation.

✪ Pro-poor Growth, Gender, and Markets: Creating Opportunities and Measuring Results. This introductory report provides the basis for understanding the relationship between gender issues and economic growth and recommendations for how to identify strategies to address gender-based constraints. It also provides some advice on how to measure gender-related results.

✪ Gender Training Materials: Integrating Gender into Economic Growth and Environment Programs. GATE designed and delivered a training program to build the capacity of the USAID/Peru Economic Growth and Environment team to integrate gender concerns into analysis, program planning, and indicators of USAID/Peru’s economic growth programs. The training was delivered also to USAID/Peru’s implementing partners. The training culminated in drafting the gender action plans, which detail specific actions each program could undertake to improve its mainstreaming efforts.

✪ Las TICs, las MYPES y el Género en el Perú: Una Primera Aproximación (ICTs, MSEs, and Gender: A First Look). This report examines the potential for information and communications technologies to overcome gender-based constraints and facilitate women microentrepreneurs’ participation in agribusiness and handicrafts.

✪ La Cadena de Valor de Alcachofas en el Perú: Un Análisis a Favor de los Pobres (A Pro-poor Analysis of the Artichoke Sector in Peru). This analysis of the artichoke value chain sector in Peru compares and contrasts the benefits and challenges for men and women of two agribusiness development models: smallholder production and processing in the Andean highlands and large-scale coastal production and processing. The analysis documents where men and women are located within agriculture commodity chain, identifies the terms and conditions of work for men and women in each stage of the chain, examines the outcomes of employment and exchange, and provides policy recommendations on how to move women to higher links within the chain.

✪ Workshop on Identifying Gender-Related Best Practices in the PRA Project: Training Materials. This two-day workshop was designed and delivered for the business managers of the USAID/ Peru Poverty Reduction and Alleviation (PRA) Project. Conducted at the end of the project, the workshop reviewed gender concepts and gender analysis frameworks. It led participants through a process for identifying successful gender integration strategies and assessing missed opportunities.

✪ Rostros de Mujeres Peruanas: Experiencias en Café, Trucha y Artesanías (Faces of Peruvian Women: Experiences from Coffee, Trout, and Handicrafts). This report documents the participation of women in the coffee, trout, and handicrafts value chains. It describes women’s tasks, the effect of their participation on gender relations in the household, and some of the factors that facilitated their entry and success in each sector.

NIGERIA Growth rates in Nigeria have remained positive over the past two decades, peaking in the early 1990s at a little less than 10 percent. The economy is historically agrarian, and GDP generated in agriculture is significant, but 40 years after the discovery of oil, it has become a net importer of food. USAID/Nigeria investments in agriculture are aimed at improving the large rural population that derives its livelihood from a sector marked by low productivity, poor infrastructure, lack of services, and environmental degradation. Women’s politically, socially, and economically disadvantaged position in Nigeria has necessitated a strong mandate from USAID/Nigeria to ensure that its programs address women’s needs. The GATE/Nigeria CAP was designed to support this effort.

✪ A Study of the Cowpea Value Chain in Kano State, Nigeria, from a Pro-poor and Gender Perspective. This assessment of the cowpea value chain approach in and around Kano provided an in-depth look at how to implement strategies with a pro-poor focus. The report provided USAID/Nigeria and the MARKETS project with recommendations for how the poor, small producers, and women can be fully integrated into the formal value chain.

SOUTH AFRICA South Africa has undergone significant changes in its political, governance, economic, social, and development systems over the past decades. Nowhere has change been more evident than in its economic and trade policies. A cornerstone of the government’s program has been a commitment to outward-oriented industrialization and a reduction in tariff and nontariff barriers in compliance with WTO’s mandate. While the economic transformation led to greater growth, the income and benefits associated with increased globalization were unevenly distributed.

Given South Africa’s commitment to reduce poverty and income inequality, GATE’s research sought to analyze how trade liberalization was contributing to changes in economic growth and poverty rates for

men and women in different income quintiles. The research activities aimed to understand whether the benefits and challenges of trade liberalization were affecting both men and women equally or whether particular groups of men or women were being affected disproportionately. These research activities included the following reports:

✪ Has Trade Liberalization in South Africa Affected Men and Women Differently? Using an applied gender equilibrium and microsimulation model, this analysis examines how trade liberalization has affected men and women since 1994. It explores both employment and consumption impact of tariff revisions over time.

✪ Gender Dimensions of the Incidence of Tariff Liberalization. This report evaluates how changes in South Africa’s import tariffs affected male- and female-headed households during 1995, 2000, and 2004. It found distinct spending differences between poorer and wealthier households, as well as male- and female-headed households. Because of the differences in spending, poorer and female-headed households benefited less from tariff reductions.

✪ Gender Impacts of Trade in South Africa Post-1994: An Exploration Based on Female Employment and Firm Ownership. This report explores two aspects of the gender impact of trade liberalization in South Africa. First, it examines the relationship between trade liberalization and women’s employment. Second, it explores the relationship between trade liberalization and women’s ownership of enterprises in the informal sector.

✪ Provide input and participate in the 2005 Trade and Industrial Policy Strategies (TIPS) forum. GATE provided input into terms of reference for 11 trade and poverty studies by highlighting ways of incorporating gender into the studies and expanding the use of sex-disaggregated data. GATE also participated in the forum with the USAID/South Africa trade and policy analysis team.

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CHAPTER THREE

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SIGNIFICANT RESULTS The GATE Project aimed to generate and disseminate new knowledge on gender and economic growth issues, as well as increase the organizational and technical response to gender issues in USAID economic growth programming. A review of the project’s achievements reveals that GATE succeeded in reaching its primary target audience of USAID staff and implementing partners. Efforts led USAID staff and implementing partners to initiate and undertake more gender-inclusive analysis and programmatic interventions. GATE also influenced the broader international donor community.

Over five years, almost 200 USAID staff and implementing partners received gender and economic growth training. Moreover, after receiving GATE assistance, some Missions and projects replicated the training efforts. For example, the Kenya Agriculture Research Institute renewed its effort to train staff after receiving GATE training, as did the Kenya Horticulture Development Program. GATE directly, or through its research activities, influenced the design of at least seven requests for proposals (RFPs). The results from GATE’s value chain study of the Bangladesh shrimp industry led the USAID/Bangladesh Mission to implement a training activity in July 2007 aimed at removing constraints and perceptions that reduce the participation of women workers in shrimp fry hatcheries.

In the larger donor community, GATE research has been referenced in different publications, such as the World Bank’s “Gender and Agricultural Livelihoods Sourcebook” (2008). GATE’s value chain methodology guided recent World Bank research on aquaculture in Nigeria and Vietnam and influenced an International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) gender review of value chain projects. GATE research has also been shared with the Private Sector Working Group of POVNET; the Development Assistance Committee GENDERNET meeting and conference in Istanbul, Turkey; at an Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development conference in Cairo, Egypt; and at the Association for Women’s Rights in Development conference in Bangkok, Thailand.

GATE PROJECT ACHIEVEMENTS

Number of publications 33

Number of requests for proposal with new gender dimensions 7

Number of trainings and workshops conducted 8

Number of people trained 195

Number of dissemination activities 8


LESSONS LEARNED The lessons learned provided below consider a range of options for sustaining gender integration efforts in USAID economic growth programs based on the experience of the GATE Project.

✪ Ensure ongoing training of Mission staff and partners on gender and economic growth issues. Competency within USAID Missions and among partners should be established and sustained through a range of training activities. These should include introductory workshops on gender issues for new Mission staff and partners as well as ongoing workshops for senior staff and partners on gender analysis, design of gender-sensitive indicators, and implementation of gender-sensitive programming to support the sustainability of efforts.

✪ Establish competency within USAID Missions both in-house and by building up expertise among local consultants to support Missions’ efforts and to ensure that future program work plans, scopes of work (SOW), and other program documents include adequate attention to gender in all sectors.

✪ Set higher expectations for USAID partners to establish and meet gender-related objectives in economic growth programs. USAID should lead partners in their efforts to ensure that projects and programs are integrating and addressing gender issues in design, in implementation, and in monitoring of USAID-funded activities by demanding greater attention to gender issues in proposals and in reporting requirements.

✪ Support gender-based research at the policy and programmatic level to ensure that USAID and implementing partners have sufficient information to design and implement programs that address gender issues in economic growth programs more fully. Examples of the types of research include country-specific gender assessments of sectors (e.g., horticulture), programmatic interest areas (e.g., nature-based enterprises), or emerging areas of interest to USAID (e.g., gender and climate change).

✪ Build the capacity of partners to integrate gender into market and value chain assessments to understand how men and women are employed in different activities; identify gender-related bottlenecks that can lower efficiency, impede upgrading, and reduce technology; and understand gender inequalities related to the distribution of power along the chain.

✪ Support existing and closing economic growth programs to report on gender issues they have encountered in their work, and encourage them to provide documentation on how these issues were successfully (or unsuccessfully) addressed so that other projects can learn from their experiences. Such information could help to address USAID’s two key questions of the Automated Directives System related to gender integration.

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ANNEX A: PERFORMANCE MONITORING REPORT This performance monitoring report covers country and research activities carried out over the life of the Greater Access to Trade Expansion (GATE) Project from October 1, 2004, and November 30, 2009.

Performance monitoring activities were conducted throughout the project to collect information and serve as a continuous dialogue with clients and partners. Monitoring created a feedback loop capturing results and informing the design of project activities. GATE focused on evaluating the impact from project assistance to USAID Mission activities. Concurrently, it assessed the project’s performance in relation to the WID Office’s Strategic Objectives (SO), including

✪ SO #8: Gender Considerations in USAID's Development, Humanitarian and Transition Work Better Reflected:

★ IR #1: New knowledge/information on gender issues generated and disseminated.

★ IR #2: Organizational and technical capacity to apply gender-responsive approaches increased.

The GATE Project modified its original three performance measures during the latter half of 2006. The final performance measures are shown below, with their link to the WID Office Strategic Objective IR shown in parentheses:

✪ Assisting civil society and host country officials gain a better understanding of gender and trade linkages (SO #8, IR #1).

✪ USAID Missions understand and incorporate links between economic growth and gender (SO #8, IR #2).

✪ USAID Washington Offices understand and incorporate links between economic growth and gender (SO #8, IR #2).

✪ GATE Project interventions result in real change for the poor, especially poor women, in the country (SO #8, IR #2).

The most difficult indicator to measure was the final one. Given the lead time in first producing a product that could begin to have an impact and the subsequent time needed to produce and capture the impact, GATE did not expect any measurable results under this indicator until late into the project’s life. GATE was never able to capture data that reflected impact at this level.

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The progress results the GATE Project captured during its life are below:

IR #1. ASSISTING CIVIL SOCIETY AND HOST COUNTRY OFFICIALS GAIN A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF GENDER AND TRADE LINKAGES

A. BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF TRADE AND GENDER ISSUES BY CIVIL SOCIETY

INDICATOR PRESENTATION MADE DOCUMENTS REQUESTED REQUESTS FOR GATE COMMMENTS OR INVITATIONS

FOR GATE PARTICIPATION

2004–2009 Presented an overview of GATE’s paper

on trade and gender issues to 30 staff

members at the International Food

Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). The

coordinators of the program noted that

they received lots of positive feedback

from other colleagues as well. IFPRI staff

asked GATE for some of the research

material that was mentioned during the

talk

Presented an overview of GATE’s

paper on trade and gender issues tAo

approximately 80 partners at the USAID

Mission in Bangladesh.

In early 2005, GATE presented a gender,

trade and poverty overview at a South

Asia Free Trade Area (SAFTA) research

workshop, along with a set of policy

recommendations. As a result, gender

and poverty concerns were included in

the penultimate outline for all country

reports. The USAID project CTO noted

that GATE involvement was “active and

constructive” and remarked that GATE

“made a very effective case for including

gender issues in the SAFTA papers,

especially assessing losers by gender

and possible mitigating actions. This was

included in the outline of issues to be

developed by the study.”

Preparedtwostudiesaddressingimpediments

to women’s access to markets for the Network

on Poverty Reduction (POVNET), a subgroup

of the Development Assistance Committee

(DAC) of the Organization for Economic

Cooperation and Development (OECD).

The DAC Market Access paper prepared by

GATE was distributed at the A/WID conference

in Bangkok and a DAC conference in Cairo in

late 2005.

The Bangladesh Mission distributed the

shrimp value chain analysis to many NGOs

and host-country officials.

GATE met with IDB consultants in late 2006 to

discuss gender aspects of microfinance and

private enterprise. GATE shared the DAC work

and “Working Paper No. 3 Lessons Learned:

The Importance of Women in the Economy.”

In early 2007, the Fair Labor Association (FLA)

requested to review GATE research in the

Dominican Republic for an assessment trip

undertook by an FLA team and a stakeholders

meeting entitled, “After the MFA: Challenges

in Promoting and Protecting Worker Rights in

a Changing Market Environment.”

World Vision requested copies of our

Albania training material for micro- and small

borrowers after learning of our work in late

The OECD Trade Directorate Room

Document No. 1 Trade and Gender:

Issues and Interactions incorporated

a substantial number of GATE

suggestions, and references from the

draft GATE provided comments on.

GATE submitted an abstract to the

Human Development and Capability

Association (HDCA) in early 2007

and received an invitation to present

its value chain analysis methodology

at the conference in New York in

September.

GATE attended a September 12, 2007,

meeting with Belarussian women

entrepreneurs and presented some of

GATE’s findings.

GATEattendedadiscussion in late2007

hosted by USAID with the FAO officer

to develop a new gender strategy for

food aid. Input was provided based on

GATE’s work. .

The Trade, Aid and Security Coalition

invited GATE to a roundtable discussion

of the shrimp industry in Bangladesh.

The meetingwas heldon June19, 2008.

Several senior Bangladesh officials

and the ambassador participated. The

discussion centered around improving

GATE research was presented at the

South African Trade and Poverty Research

Project: Dissemination Workshop in early

2006. About 40 government officials,

university researchers and project staff

attended this workshop.

2007.

The Bangladesh shrimp value chain research

brief was circulated to the participants of the

Trade, Aid, and Security Coalition roundtable

in early 2008.

the sector‘s performance and reducing

labor issues.

The Gender and Global Change group

at Cornell University asked GATE to

make a presentation in the fall of 2008

GATE presented an overview of its project

in early 2006 to the WID IQC Consortium

members. Twenty-five staff of various

contractors attended the presentation,

along with WID Office leadership and staff.

Staff of Dewey & LeBoeuf, LLP, requested

the survey data from the Bangladesh shrimp

value chain analysis in late 2008.

GATE value chain publications were

disseminated through the KIT Portal for Value

on its work with gender and value

chains.

GATE work on gender and value chains

was cited in the International Center for

Research on Women paper entitled

“A Significant Shift: Women, Food

GATE’s Paper "Has Trade Liberalization in

South Africa Affected Men and Women

Chain Development (http://portals.kit.nl/

value_chains_for_development). Security and Agriculture in a Global

Marketplace” funded by the Gates

Foundation

B. GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS AND POLICYMAKERS INFORMED ON GENDER AND ECONOMIC GROWTH ISSUES

INDICATOR PRESENTATION MADE DOCUMENTS REQUESTED

REQUESTS FOR GATE COMMMENTS OR INVITATIONS FOR GATE PARTICIPATION

2004–2009 GATE met with the Kenya

Desk Officer fin late 2006 to

explain its activities.

GATE briefed a State Department representative in late 2007 on

its work. This person was going to participate in a Vital Voices

conference in Kyiv as an “expert” panel member dealing with

trade policy and women. Key documents were shared for her

background.

GATE provided input on a survey on gender work as background

to a brainstorming session on the World Bank’s Gender Action

Plan in early 2009.

GATE provided comments on a draft of issues and questions to be

addressed at UNCTAD Expert Meeting on Mainstreaming Gender

in Trade Policy Geneva, March 10–11, 2009.

GATE provided comments on the gender aspect in the EG

guidance for postconflict countries.

GATE provided comments to the WID Office on the OECD’s draft

of a Social Institutions and Gender Index.

C. GENDER PERSPECTIVE ADOPTED

INDICATOR GATE RECOMMENDATIONS ACTED UPON

2004–2009 In May 2008, GATE was contacted by a researcher working for IFAD. She wanted to know more about our value chain methodology and interview instruments for work she was preparing to do in Bangladesh.

In June 2008, staff at the World Bank used parts of the GATE Project’s value chain methodology to conduct its gender value chains of aquaculture in Nigeria and Vietnam.

During the first half of 2008, two GATE value chain papers (Bangladesh and Peru) were referenced throughout the recently published “World Bank Gender and Agriculture Sourcebook.” This reference work was a joint publication by IFAD, FAO, and the World Bank and will receive an audience throughout those organizations and beyond.

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INDICATOR PRESENTATION MADE DOCUMENTS REQUESTED

REQUESTS FOR GATE COMMMENTS OR INVITATIONS FOR GATE PARTICIPATION

2004–2009 GATE met with the Kenya

Desk Officer fin late 2006 to

explain its activities.

GATE briefed a State Department representative in late 2007 on

its work. This person was going to participate in a Vital Voices

conference in Kyiv as an “expert” panel member dealing with

trade policy and women. Key documents were shared for her

background.

GATE provided input on a survey on gender work as background

to a brainstorming session on the World Bank’s Gender Action

Plan in early 2009.

GATE provided comments on a draft of issues and questions to be

addressed at UNCTAD Expert Meeting on Mainstreaming Gender

in Trade Policy Geneva, March 10–11, 2009.

GATE provided comments on the gender aspect in the EG

guidance for postconflict countries.

GATE provided comments to the WID Office on the OECD’s draft

of a Social Institutions and Gender Index.

INDICATOR GATE RECOMMENDATIONS ACTED UPON

2004–2009 In May 2008, GATE was contacted by a researcher working for IFAD. She wanted to know more about our value chain methodology and interview instruments for work she was preparing to do in Bangladesh.

In June 2008, staff at the World Bank used parts of the GATE Project’s value chain methodology to conduct its gender value chains of aquaculture in Nigeria and Vietnam.

During the first half of 2008, two GATE value chain papers (Bangladesh and Peru) were referenced throughout the recently published “World Bank Gender and Agriculture Sourcebook.” This reference work was a joint publication by IFAD, FAO, and the World Bank and will receive an audience throughout those organizations and beyond.

IR #2. USAID MISSIONS UNDERSTAND AND/OR INCORPORATE LINKS BETWEEN ECONOMIC GROWTH AND GENDER

A. MISSIONS ASSISTED GAIN A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF WHY GENDER IS IMPORTANT TO TRADE AND

ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE, AS REFLECTED IN PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION DOCUMENTATION

INDICATOR PRESENTATION MADE TRAININGS REQUESTS FOR ADVICE DOCUMENTS POSTED ON THE INTERNET

2004–2009 GATE presented an

overview of our program to

the South Africa Mission.

AsaresultGATEwasasked

to consider providing some

analysis not in its current

program that would help

the Mission understand

the gender issues in

SMME development in the

country.

A GATE staff member

participated in a workshop

May 15 and 16, 2008,

at NARL KARI in Kenya

on gender integration

into USAID-funded

environment and economic

growth activities. The

Mission and participants

reviewed GATE’s inputs

favorably.

Gender and economic growth

specific trainings held at the

Bangladesh Mission. Twenty-four

Bangladesh Mission staff were

trained on how to include gender in

their work, and 12 staff were trained

specifically on how and where to

include gender in their economic

growth portfolio. In response to the

success of the gender trainings,

the USAID/Bangladesh Mission

requested GATE to present a

section of the Bangladesh Training

on Gender Integration Opportunities

(GIOs) to Mission Partners at the

annual partner retreat next quarter.

In addition, the Mission expressed

their intent to disseminate a

shortened version of the handbook

to its partners to assist them in

better integrating gender into their

economic growth projects.

GATE conducted training in early

2007 for the USAID/Peru Economic

Growth and Environment Team and

implementing partners. A total of 17

USAID/Perustaffmembersattended

the 2.5-day training. An additional

21 participants from implementing

partners also attended.

GATE delivered gender and

economic growth training to 8

members of the USAID/Kenya

Agriculture, Business and

Environment Office (ABEO), one

representative of the USAID/Kenya

Democracy and Governance Office,

and 30 representatives from ABEO

implementing partner programs in

late 2007.

GATE reviewed a Peru Mission

paper on improving service

to microenterprises for the

inclusion of gender. GATE

produced a paper on Market

Access for the Peru Mission.

GATE provided comments in

early 2007 on how to include

gender in the first-year work

plan for the Nathan-operated

MYPE Competitiva program in

Peru.

In February 2007, the Kenya

Mission requested input and

comments on how to integrate

genderintotheActivityApproval

Document for the Kenya

Dairy Sector Competitiveness

Project.

GATE researchers prepared

a briefing for Mission staff on

SMMEs and gender in South

Africa as background for an

upcoming procurement. The

presentation was made April

20, 2007.

USAID/Peru EGE office

requested GATE provide

examples of business

development service programs

for women to the State

Department in late 2007.

On March 11, 2008, GATE

prepared an interview guide

for the Kenya Mission (at the

request of the GATE’s mission

counterpart) on

Shrimp value chain posted

on USAID/Bangladesh

website in late 2006


B. MISSIONS INCORPORATE GENDER INTO THEIR ECONOMIC GROWTH ACTIVITIES

TIME FRAME

RFPS, RFAS, COUNTRY STRATEGIC PLANS, ETC., WITH NEW GENDER DIMENSIONS

PROJECTS THAT INCORPORATE NEW GENDER AND ECONOMIC GROWTH

ACTIVITIES, INDICATORS, AND POLICIES

2004–2009 GATE advised Bangladesh Mission in early 2005 on how and

where to include gender in an upcoming ICT procurement and the

recommendations were subsequently incorporated.

Peru issued an RFP in late 2006 for SEGIR MACRO: Andean Region

Trade Capacity Building services and specifically cited GATE work

and instructed the bidders to follow our guidelines. We briefed one

bidder as the proposal was prepared. We will follow up in the next

period to see how well gender is incorporated into the work plan

and activities of this project.

Kenya dairy sector competitiveness procurement issued in October

2007 included a significant discussion of the importance of gender

to the activities for the program.

In late 2007, the Kenya Civil Society Strengthening Program issued

a Large Democracy and Governance request for proposals (RFP)

following the GATE training, which requested applicants to address

gender in their proposals.

On May 5, 2008, the EG office director in the Peru Mission

complemented GATE’s work and its effect on their design of new

activities.

In June 2008, the Albanian Competitive Enterprise Development

RFP emphasized the importance of integrating gender and attached

points to gender integration as a component of the evaluation.

Peru’s draft RFP in late 2008 for a trade-led poverty reduction

program cited GATE’s work on gender and economic growth and

recommended bidders read our documents.

In early 2005, GATE recommended to regional

Central American trade CTO areas where gender

could be incorporated into trade programs;

CTO took measures to provide this information

to partners for potential inclusion in current

programs within the region.

On the basis of GATE research, the Bangladesh

Mission framed an RFP for follow-on agriculture

support to include more gender issues and

questions that needed to be addressed by the

bidders.

USAID/Kenya SO5 Team and implementing

partners held a strategy meeting in October

2007, in which a gender discussion was included

in the agenda.

The Kenya Mission asked for and used our

comments on the Land O’Lakes work plan for

their new contract to work in the dairy sector in

late 2008.

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TIME FRAME

RFPS, RFAS, COUNTRY STRATEGIC PLANS, ETC., WITH NEW GENDER DIMENSIONS

PROJECTS THAT INCORPORATE NEW GENDER AND ECONOMIC GROWTH

ACTIVITIES, INDICATORS, AND POLICIES

2004–2009 GATE advised Bangladesh Mission in early 2005 on how and

where to include gender in an upcoming ICT procurement and the

recommendations were subsequently incorporated.

Peru issued an RFP in late 2006 for SEGIR MACRO: Andean Region

Trade Capacity Building services and specifically cited GATE work

and instructed the bidders to follow our guidelines. We briefed one

bidder as the proposal was prepared. We will follow up in the next

period to see how well gender is incorporated into the work plan

and activities of this project.

Kenya dairy sector competitiveness procurement issued in October

2007 included a significant discussion of the importance of gender

to the activities for the program.

In late 2007, the Kenya Civil Society Strengthening Program issued

a Large Democracy and Governance request for proposals (RFP)

following the GATE training, which requested applicants to address

gender in their proposals.

On May 5, 2008, the EG office director in the Peru Mission

complemented GATE’s work and its effect on their design of new

activities.

In June 2008, the Albanian Competitive Enterprise Development

RFP emphasized the importance of integrating gender and attached

points to gender integration as a component of the evaluation.

Peru’s draft RFP in late 2008 for a trade-led poverty reduction

program cited GATE’s work on gender and economic growth and

recommended bidders read our documents.

In early 2005, GATE recommended to regional

Central American trade CTO areas where gender

could be incorporated into trade programs;

CTO took measures to provide this information

to partners for potential inclusion in current

programs within the region.

On the basis of GATE research, the Bangladesh

Mission framed an RFP for follow-on agriculture

support to include more gender issues and

questions that needed to be addressed by the

bidders.

USAID/Kenya SO5 Team and implementing

partners held a strategy meeting in October

2007, in which a gender discussion was included

in the agenda.

The Kenya Mission asked for and used our

comments on the Land O’Lakes work plan for

their new contract to work in the dairy sector in

late 2008.

IR #2. USAID WASHINGTON OFFICES GAIN A BETTER UNDERSTAND AND/OR INCORPORATE LINkS BETWEEN ECONOMIC GROWTH AND GENDER

A. USAID WASHINGTON OFFICES GAIN A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF WHY GENDER IS IMPORTANT TO TRADE

AND ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE, AS REFLECTED IN PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION DOCUMENTATION

INDICATOR PRESENTATION MADE TRAININGS REQUESTS FOR ADVICE DOCUMENTS POSTED ON THE INTERNET

2004–2009 GATE attended the

Economic Growth Officers

Workshop October 15–19,

2007, and represented the

WID Office’s work under

GATE on gender and

economic growth.

On April 30, 2008,

Andrew Morrison of the

World Bank presented

on the role of women in

poverty reduction and

economic growth at

the recommendation of

GATE staff. USAID/EGAT

Economic Growth Sector

Council and partners

(about25people)attended

the presentation. Morrison

is the lead economist in the

Gender and Development

Group at the World Bank.

GATE Training

material shared in

late 2007 with senior

EG leadership for

inclusion in the

training sponsored

for EG officers.

Provided GATE

training material to

an EGAT contractor

preparing a regional

training course to be

held in Washington

in December 2008.

In February 2007, the WID Office requested GATE

to provide information on the Bangladesh value

chain to a senior USAID economist. He was asked

to participate in a briefing for Capitol Hill staff of the

Senate Hunger Caucus on trade capacity building

and hunger.

Prepared a note for the CTO to use in an internal

meeting to discuss training needs for AID staff. We

drew upon our training experience and our work in

the field to prepare the note for the CTO to use at

this September 26, 2007, meeting of the Economic

Growth Sector Council.

All Bangladesh material sent to an EG officer in late

2007.

On March 24, 2008, the WID Office asked for GATE

to provide input into the annual program statement.

On March 25, 2008, GATE provided input for the

WID Office concerning our assistance to field

missions as follows:

1 DAY: GATE provided comments on how to include

gender in the first-year work plan for the Nathan-

operated MYPE Competitiva program to USAID/Peru.

3 DAYS: USAID/Kenya requested input and

comments on how to integrate gender into the

Activity Approval Document for the Kenya Dairy

Sector Competitiveness Project. GATE reviewed the

document and provided inputs.

3 DAYS: GATE researchers prepared a briefing

for USAID/South Africa Mission staff on SMMEs

and gender as background for an upcoming

procurement.

On August 12, 2008, GATE provided comments to

the WID Office on its draft APS, regarding a grant

program for local NGOs and US PVOs.

Provided input to the WID Office for the COO of

USAID on specific quantitative indicators for returns

on investment in gender-specific programs.

SInce late 2006, GATE

documents were posted on

the USAID’s Development

Experience Clearinghouse

website and on the USAID

intranet.

In February 2007, EGAT/

PR/MD requested to post

our Bangladesh shrimp

value chain on her office’s

website.

During the October 3, 2007,

WID IQC meeting, GATE

documents dominated a

WID Office presentation of

its website.


ANNEX B: GATE FACTSHEET GREATER ACCESS TO TRADE EXPANSION (GATE) Promoting Gender in USAID Trade-related Economic Growth Activities Implemented by Development & Training Services, Inc. (dTS) Duration: September 30, 2004 – 2009

International trade can be a powerful force for economic growth and poverty reduction. However, the impacts of globalization are complex and multi-faceted, with the poor often in a weak position to take advantage of the opportunities offered by economic growth and trade. Persistent gender inequalities, including limited access to and control over productive resources, insufficient market knowledge, lack of skills, and access to technology, as well as other constraints that limit employment options and participation in decision-making, all serve to seriously constrain the ability of men and women to effectively participate in and benefit from economic development.

USAID is committed to helping developing countries benefit from global trade, implement trade reforms, and seize new opportunities. Funded by USAID’s Office of Women in Development (WID), the GATE project supported USAID missions to integrate the needs of the poor, particularly poor women, into their trade and economic growth activities. A five-year project, working in Albania, Bangladesh, the Dominican Republic, Kenya, Nigeria, Peru, and South Africa, GATE activities enhanced existing USAID trade and economic growth activities by helping missions to address gender considerations in their programming and implementation efforts. Designing programs that address the needs and priorities of both women and men better enables USAID to achieve economic growth and poverty reduction objectives.

GATE focus areas included:

✪ Gender Impacts of Trade Policies: GATE’s studies explored the impact of trade agreements, examining how trade liberalization and integration have affected the poor. These studies recommend how trade and economic integration can be harnessed to distribute gains more evenly throughout the society and achieve pro-poor economic growth. GATE analyzed the gender impacts of trade liberalization on households in South Africa; the impact of changes in the Free Trade Zone on men and women workers in the Dominican Republic; and, ongoing restructuring in Bangladesh’s ready-made garment industry.

✪ Gender and Value Chain Analyses: GATE developed a gender-oriented value chain analysis that documents where men and women are located within the chain, the terms and conditions of work for men and women in each stage of the chain, and the outcomes of employment and exchange. GATE’s value chain analyses of the shrimp sector in Bangladesh and the artichoke sector in Peru demonstrate where women participate and how they can further benefit from their participation in the chain. In addition, GATE designed a participatory methodology for value chain and gender practitioners. The GATE value chain implementation methodology considers how gender roles and relations constrain or support the ability of development programs to achieve their goals. GATE piloted its methodology in Kenya and Tanzania.

✪ Gender and Agriculture/Natural Resource Management: GATE conducted an assessment of the cowpea sector in Nigeria and provided recommendations on how to enhance the current strategy by incorporating pro-poor growth policies and activities. An assessment of sustainable conservation-oriented enterprises in Kenya recommended how to enhance program benefits for women and men. In Albania, GATE explored gender roles in agriculture and developed training materials on how to integrate gender into programs and activities.

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✪ Gender and Enterprise Development: GATE carried out a micro and small business (MSE) research study focusing on gender constraints and opportunities to improving market access through the use of information and communication technology (ICT) in the Peruvian handicraft and agribusiness sectors; conducted a review of the Bangladesh ICT sector to identify potential areas for integrating gender; and, developed a financial literacy training module to support men and women entrepreneurs in Albania.

✪ Gender and Economic Growth Training: GATE developed seven training modules to enhance development practitioners' and policy makers' knowledge, skills, and confidence in asking gender-related questions, identifying gender-based constraints, and developing appropriate program interventions to address those constraints. Trainings were conducted in Albania, Bangladesh, Kenya, and Peru.

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ANNEX C: GATEPUBLICATIONSThese reports are available for download on the USAID Women in Development website at www.usaid.gov. Enter WID in USAID keyword searchbox.

GLOBAL Rubin, Deborah, Cristina Manfre, and Kara Nichols

Barrett. “Promoting Gender Equitable Opportunities in Agricultural Value Chains: A Handbook.” USAID Greater Access to Trade Expansion Project, Arlington, VA: Development & Training Services, Inc. (dTS), September 2009.

Gammage, Sarah with Cristina Manfre and Kristy Cook. “Gender and Pro-Poor Value Chain Analysis: Insights from the GATE Project Methodology and Case Studies.” USAID Greater Access to Trade Expansion Project, Arlington, VA: Development & Training Services, Inc. (dTS), May 2009.

Marston, Ama with Kara Nichols Barrett. “Women in the Economy: A Review of Recent Literature.” USAID Greater Access to Trade Expansion Project, Arlington VA: Development & Training Services, Inc. (dTS), February 2006.

Gammage, Sarah, Nancy Diamond, and Melinda Packman. “Enhancing Women’s Access to Markets: An Overview of Donor Programs and Best Practices.” USAID Greater Access to Trade Expansion Project, Arlington, VA: Development & Training Services, Inc. (dTS), October 2005.

ALBANIA Nichols Barrett, Kara. “Albanian Women in Agriculture:

Case Studies.” USAID Greater Access to Trade Expansion Project, Arlington, VA: Development & Training Services, Inc. (dTS), December 2008.

Rubin, Deborah, Kara Nichols Barrett with Elona Dhembo. “Gender Training Materials: Addressing Gender Issues in Albanian Agriculture and Agribusiness.” USAID Greater Access to Trade Expansion Project, Arlington, VA: Development & Training Services, Inc. (dTS), April 2008.

Nichols Barrett, Kara. “Gender Dimensions of the Albanian Labor Market: A Study of Existing Information, Gaps, and Needs.” USAID Greater Access to Trade Expansion Project, Arlington, VA: Development & Training Services, Inc. (dTS), June 2007.

Nichols Barrett, Kara. “Albanian Entrepreneurs: Assessment of Financial Skills, Attitudes, and Behavior.” USAID Greater Access to Trade Expansion Project, Arlington, VA: Development & Training Services, Inc. (dTS), November 2006.

Nichols Barrett, Kara. “Albania: An Economic Snapshot.” USAID Greater Access to Trade Expansion Project, Arlington, VA: Development & Training Services, Inc. (dTS), December 2005.

BANGLADESH White, Marceline. “Gender, Migration, and Remittances:

Donor Strategies and Opportunities.” USAID Greater Access to Trade Expansion Project, Arlington, VA: Development & Training Services, Inc. (dTS), September 2007.

GATE. “Gender and Trade in Bangladesh: The Case of the Ready-Made Garments.” Research Brief, USAID Greater Access to Trade Expansion Project, Arlington, VA: Development & Training Services, Inc. (dTS), June 2007.

Khatun, Fahmida, Mustafizur Rahman, Debapriya Bhattacharya, Khondker Golam Moazzem, and Afifa Shahrin. “Gender and Trade Liberalization in Bangladesh: The Case of the Ready-Made Garments” USAID Greater Access to Trade Expansion Project, Arlington, VA: Development & Training Services, Inc. (dTS), April 2007.

Fontana, Marzia. “The Gender Effects of Trade in Bangladesh: A General Equilibrium Analysis.” USAID Greater Access to Trade Expansion Project, Arlington, VA: Development & Training Services, Inc. (dTS), March 2007.

McGill, Eugenia. “Trade and Gender in Bangladesh: A LegalandRegulatory Analysis.” USAIDGreaterAccess toTradeExpansionProject,Arlington,VA:Development & Training Services, Inc. (dTS), March 2007.

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GATE. “A Trade Impact Review for Bangladesh.” Research Brief, USAID Greater Access to Trade Expansion Project, Arlington, VA: Development & Training Services, Inc. (dTS), August 2006.

Gammage, Sarah. “A Trade Impact Review for Bangladesh” USAID Greater Access to Trade Expansion Project, Arlington, VA: Development & Training Services, Inc. (dTS), June 2006.

GATE. “A Pro Poor Analysis of the Shrimp Sector in Bangladesh.” Research Brief, USAID Greater Access to Trade Expansion Project, Arlington, VA: Development & Training Services, Inc. (dTS), March 2006.

Gammage, Sarah, Kenneth Swanberg, Mubina Khondkar, Md. Zahidul Hassan, Md. Zobair, and Abureza M. Muzareba. “A Pro-poor Analysis of the Shrimp Sector in Bangladesh.” USAID Greater Access to Trade Expansion Project, Arlington, VA: Development & Training Services, Inc. (dTS), February 2006.

Packman, Melinda with Nidhi Tandon, “Supporting Gender and ICTs: Opportunities for Women in Bangladesh,” USAID Greater Access to Trade Expansion Project, Arlington, VA: Development & Training Services, Inc. (dTS), November 2005.

Diamond, Nancy K. and Marceline White. “Gender Training Handbook: Integrating Gender into Trade and Economic Growth Programs and Analysis.” USAID Greater Access to Trade Expansion Project, Arlington, VA: Development & Training Services, Inc. (dTS), September 2005.

–––. “Gender Training Materials: Integrating Gender into Trade and Economic Growth Programs and Analysis.” USAID Greater Access to Trade Expansion Project, Arlington, VA: Development & Training Services, Inc. (dTS), September 2005.

Gammage, Sarah. “Bangladesh: An Economic Snapshot.” USAID Greater Access to Trade Expansion Project, Arlington, VA: Development & Training Services, Inc. (dTS), January 2005.

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC Capellan, Rafael, Consuelo Cruz Almanzar, and Cristina

Manfre. “The Human Dimension of Economic Competitiveness with Evidence from the Dominican Republic: Research Brief.” USAID Greater Access to Trade Expansion Project, Arlington, VA: Development & Training Services, Inc. (dTS), February 2008.

Cruz, Consuelo Almanzar, and Cristina Manfre. “The Impact of the Recent Dynamics in the Free Trade Zones on Dominican Women.” USAID Greater Access to Trade Expansion Project, Arlington, VA: Development & Training Services, Inc. (dTS), February 2008.

Isa Contreras, Pavel and Consuelo Cruz Almánzar. “Dinámicas recientes de la Producción, el Comercio y el Empleo en las Zonas Francas de Exportación de la República Domincana.” USAID Greater Access to Trade Expansion Project, Arlington, VA: Development & Training Services, Inc. (dTS), March 2007. (Executive Summary available in English.)

Nichols Barrett, Kara. “Dominican Republic: An Economic Snapshot.” USAID Greater Access to Trade Expansion Project, Arlington, VA: Development & Training Services, Inc. (dTS), December 2005.

Tejada Holguín and Associates. “Dinámicas del Desempleo en el Sector Textil de las Zonas Francas de la República Dominicana entre el 2003 y el 2005”. USAID Greater Access to Trade Expansion Project, Arlington, VA: Development & Training Services, Inc. (dTS), June 2007.


KENYA Cook, Kristy, Kara Nichols Barrett, Cristina Manfre, and

Peter Davis. “The Importance of Addressing Gender in Trade and Economic Growth Activities: GATE East Africa Workshop Materials.” USAID Greater Access to Trade Expansion Project, Arlington, VA: Development & Training Services, Inc. (dTS), December 2008.

Rubin, Deborah, Cristina Manfre, and Kara Nichols Barrett. “Gender Training Materials: Integrating Gender in Agricultural Value Chains (INGIA-VC) in Kenya.” USAID Greater Access to Trade Expansion Project, Arlington, VA: Development & Training Services, Inc. (dTS), September 2008.

GATE. “A Gender Assessment of Sustainable Conservation-Oriented Enterprises(SCOE).” Research Brief, USAID Greater Access to Trade Expansion Project, Arlington, VA: Development & Training Services, Inc. (dTS), August 2008.

Rubin, Deborah, Cristina Manfre, and Smita Malpani. “A Gender Assessment of Sustainable Conservation-Oriented Enterprises (SCOE): Final Report.” USAID Greater Access to Trade Expansion Project, Arlington, VA: Development & Training Services, Inc. (dTS), March 2008.

Diamond, Nancy with Mary McVay, Cristina Manfre, and Nduta Irene Gathinji. “Gender Training Materials: Integrating Gender into USAID/Kenya’s Programs for Agriculture, Business, and the Environment. USAID Greater Access to Trade Expansion Project, Arlington, VA: Development & Training Services, Inc. (dTS), September 2007.

Nichols Barrett, Kara. “Kenya: An Economic Snapshot.” USAID Greater Access to Trade Expansion Project, Arlington, VA: Development & Training Services, Inc. (dTS), January 2006.

NIGERIA GATE. “A Study of the Cowpea Value Chain in Kano

State, Nigeria, From a Pro-Poor and Gender Perspective.” USAID Greater Access to Trade Expansion Project, Arlington, VA: Development & Training Services, Inc. (dTS), July 2008.

Gammage, Sarah. “Nigeria: An Economic Snapshot.” USAID Greater Access to Trade Expansion Project, Arlington, VA: Development & Training Services, Inc. (dTS), July 2007.

PERU Cárdenas, Nora and Cristina Manfre. “The Different

Faces of Women in Productive Chains in Three Regions in Peru.” USAID Greater Access to Trade Expansion Project, Arlington, VA: Development & Training Services, Inc. (dTS), June 2009.

Cárdenas, Nora and Cristina Manfre. “Workshop on Identifying Gender-related Best Practices in PRA Project: Training Materials.” USAID Greater Access to Trade Expansion Project, Arlington, VA: Development & Training Services, Inc. (dTS), March 2008.

Gammage, Sarah and Cristina Manfre. “Peru: An Economic Snapshot.” USAID Greater Access to Trade Expansion Project, Arlington, VA: Development & Training Services, Inc. (dTS), July 2007.

GATE. “Las TICs, las MYPES y el Género en el Perú: Una Primera Aproximación.” Research Brief. USAID Greater Access to Trade Expansion Project, Arlington, VA: Development & Training Services, Inc. (dTS), May 2007.

GATE. “A Pro-poor Analysis of the Artichoke Sector in Peru.” Research Brief, USAID Greater Access to Trade Expansion Project, Arlington, VA: Development & Training Services, Inc. (dTS), March 2007.

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Rebosio, Guillermo, Sarah Gammage and Cristina Manfre. “La Cadena del Valor de Alcachofas en el Perú: Un Análisis a Favor de los Pobres.” USAID Greater Access to Trade Expansion Project, Arlington, VA: Development & Training Services, Inc. (dTS), March 2007.

White, Marceline, Rosa Mendoza and Cristina Manfre. “Gender Training Materials: Integrating Gender into Economic Growth and Environment Programs and Analysis.” USAID Greater Access to Trade Expansion Project, Arlington, VA: Development & Training Services, Inc. (dTS), March 2007. (Available in Spanish)

Kuramoto, Juana, Néstor Valdivia and Juan José Díaz. “TICS, MIPYMES y Género en el Perú: Una Primera Aproximación”. USAID Greater Access to Trade Expansion Project, Arlington, VA: Development & Training Services, Inc. (dTS), January 2007.

GATE. “Pro-Poor Growth, Gender, and Markets: Creating Opportunities and Measuring Results.” USAID Greater Access to Trade Expansion Project, Arlington, VA: Development & Training Services, Inc. (dTS), April 2006.

SOUTH AFRICA GATE. “Gender Impacts of Trade in South Africa

Post-1994: An Exploration Based On Female Employment and Firm Ownership.” USAID Greater Access to Trade Expansion Project, Arlington, VA: Development & Training Services, Inc. (dTS), December 2008.

Gammage, Sarah. “South Africa: An Economic Snapshot.” USAID Greater Access to Trade Expansion Project, Arlington, VA: Development & Training Services, Inc. (dTS), July 2007.

GATE. “Has Trade Liberalization in South Africa Affected Men and Women Differently?” Research Brief, USAID Greater Access to Trade Expansion Project, Arlington, VA: Development & Training Services, Inc. (dTS), May 2006.

Thurlow, James. “Has Trade Liberalization in South Africa Affected Men and Women Differently?” USAID Greater Access to Trade Expansion Project, Arlington, VA: Development & Training Services, Inc. (dTS), March 2006.

GATE. “Gender Dimensions of the Incidence of Tariff Liberalization.” Research Brief, USAID Greater Access to Trade Expansion Project, Arlington, VA: Development & Training Services, Inc. (dTS), February 2006.

Daniels, Reza C. “Gender Dimensions of the Incidence of Tariff Liberalization.” USAID Greater Access to Trade Expansion Project, Arlington, VA: Development & Training Services, Inc. (dTS), December 2005.

TANzANIA Rubin, Deborah, Kara Nichols Barrett, and Cristina Manfre.

“Gender Training Materials: Integrating Gender in Agricultural Value Chains (INGIA-VC) in Tanzania.” USAID Greater Access to Trade Expansion Project, Arlington, VA: Development & Training Services, Inc. (dTS), May 2009.


ANNEX D: GATE/USAID COUNTRY ACTION PLAN FOR KENYA The purpose of the Country Action Plan (CAP) is to establish a set of mutually agreed upon activities to better integrate gender concerns into the Mission’s economic growth and trade portfolio in order to improve the ability of the program to meet its objective. The CAP is collaboratively developed by the Mission, the Office of Women in Development (WID), and the Greater Access to Trade Expansion (GATE) Project. The CAP has two (2) elements:

1. an agreed upon set of activities; and,

2. an implementation timeline for each Task and related Sub-Tasks.

Implementation of these activities is subject to the availability of funding for the GATE Project.

These support activities were developed as a result of a GATE Team visit to USAID/Kenya from October 11 to November 2, 2006, and subsequent discussions with the Mission. The analysis and background for these activities are contained in the GATE Kenya Trip Report for that same period. Several recommendations within that report suggest GATE’s initial thoughts on CAP activities; some of those recommendations are reflected in detail within this CAP.

The background and rationale for these activities will not be repeated here, but are incorporated by reference. GATE’s initial ideas have been further developed and refined in this CAP for Kenya, which will be mutually approved by the WID Office and USAID/Kenya. The CAP lays out a set of tasks that GATE will undertake to support the Mission’s Economic Growth and Trade objective to increase incomes of rural households over a proposed 18-month period. Tasks are designed to impact ongoing and potential future USAID/Kenya Economic Growth and Trade activities. GATE will be responsible for initiating all implementation actions in the CAP, coordinating these efforts with the Mission, and monitoring and evaluating CAP activities. To maximize the benefits the Mission derives from GATE’s assistance, the Mission has appointed Beatrice Wamalwa, to liaise between the GATE program and the Mission.

The CAP has three (3) basic Technical tasks and one (1) Support/Administrative task. The objective of the CAP is to support USAID/Kenya’s Agriculture, Business & Environment Office (ABEO)’s efforts to identify opportunities to increase program benefits to and enhance equity in the participation of men and women. Specifically, the technical focus of the activities is on strengthening the Mission’s gender analysis of the economic growth sector; strengthening the Mission’s gender analysis of the natural resource management sector; and, assisting USAID/Kenya in integrating gender concerns throughout their projects. For the Support/Administrative task, GATE designated Cristina Manfre, a core staff member, as its Program Manager for Kenya. These tasks are described in more detail below.

TASK 1. STRENGTHEN MISSION’S GENDER ANALYSIS OF THE ECONOMIC GROWTH SECTOR. SUB-TASK 1.1. CONDUCT VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS OF ONE (1) EMERGING SECTOR IN AGRICULTURE. Using quantitative analysis, including labor force, firm, and household survey data; qualitative analysis, including interviews and focus groups; as well as other methods which may be useful, GATE will conduct a value chain analysis to examine where men and women are located within the value chain of an emerging export-oriented agribusiness sector (to be determined). GATE will analyze the terms and conditions of work for men and women in each stage of the chain, the gender differences in productivity, the outcomes (financial, consumption, welfare, empowerment, etc.) of

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employment and exchange, and provide policy recommendations on how to improve productivity by moving women to higher links within the chain if the research indicates they are segmented in predominantly lower-value activities within the value chain.

Alternatively, another task mutually agreed upon among GATE, USAID/Kenya and the WID Office may be undertaken.

TASK 2. STRENGTHEN MISSIONS’ GENDER ANALYSIS OF THE NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (NRM) SECTOR. SUB-TASK 2.1. EXAMINE BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT CONSTRAINTS FACING MALE AND FEMALE MICRO AND SMALL ENTREPRENEURS, AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR ENHANCING LOCAL AND REGIONAL MARKET LINKAGES IN NATURED-BASED ENTERPRISES. GATE will analyze gender differentiated constraints facing nature-based enterprises (NBEs) in two (2) targeted landscapes where USAID/Kenya’s NRM programs are active. Using quantitative and qualitative analysis, as well as other methods, GATE will examine the nature and extent of women’s participation in the sector, compare indicators of feminization, and detail the gender specific constraints in access to business development services, productive resources and inputs, and local and regional markets. GATE will also highlight the importance of gender in achieving goals for biodiversity conservation drawing on current projects. Finally, GATE will recommend program and activity modifications or strategies to create equal opportunities and improve livelihoods for men and women engaging in NBEs through the strengthening of business services and market linkages.

TASK 3. ASSIST USAID/KENYA TO OPERATIONALIZE GENDER WITHIN THEIR STRATEGIES AND PROGRAMS. SUB-TASK 3.1. SUPPORT THE ECONOMIC GROWTH TEAM IMPLEMENT GENDER WITHIN THEIR STRATEGY AND PROGRAMS. GATE will support the Economic Growth Team by providing targeted technical assistance (approximately three days per activity) on where and how to include gender in the upcoming maize and horticulture procurements.

SUB-TASK 3.2. ADAPT GATE GENDER TRAINING MATERIALS AND HANDBOOK FOR USAID/KENYA. GATE has developed a set of training materials and a handbook which address how to integrate gender concerns into trade and economic growth analysis, program planning, and indicators. The training materials provide guidance to USAID Mission staff and partners on how to conduct gender analysis of trade policies and economic growth and trade-related projects. The handbook includes suggested project design options, indicators, and exercises. GATE will adapt the training materials and handbook for the Kenya context.

SUB-TASK 3.3. DELIVER TRAINING TO USAID/KENYA STAFF AND OTHER PARTNERS AS DIRECTED BY THE MISSION. In addition to adapting the training materials (Sub-Task 4.3), GATE will deliver a training session to USAID/Kenya staff as well as implementing partners (if desired by the Mission). GATE envisions the training to be held in two segments: a) an intense, two (2) day off-site workshop with a few staff/partners who need to apply the training to their everyday work; and, b) a more general one (1) day training session for other Mission staff and partners who need to understand the issues and potential impact of applying gender analysis to Mission activities. Additional training sessions may be provided to the WID Officer upon request by the Mission.

TASK 4. MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING. SUB-TASK 4.1. GATE HOME OFFICE MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING. Cristina Manfre will devote up to a third of her LOE to oversee the implementation of the Kenya CAP and will make the necessary decisions to achieve the CAP objectives. She will liaise with Mission staff, recruit consultants, manage the associated budget, and monitor the implementation timeline (Annex A).

SUB-TASK 4.2. ESTABLISH A MONITORING AND EVALUATION (M&E) PLAN. GATE will monitor the impact of its recommendations and the results achieved will be incorporated into the overall GATE M&E reporting mechanism.

GATE/KENYA PROJECT TIMELINE

YEAR 3 YEAR 4

QTR 3 QTR 4 QTR 1 QTR 2 QTR 3 QTR 4

A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

TASK 1 STRENGTHEN GENDER ANALYSIS OF EG SECTOR

Task 1.1 Value Chain Analysis

TASK 2 STRENGTHEN GENDER ANALYSIS OF NRM SECTOR

Task 2.1 NRM Analysis

TASK 3 OPERATIONALIzE GENDER

Task 3.1 Review and comment

Task 3.2 Training Materials

Task 3.3 USAID/Kenya training

TASk 4 MGT AND MONITORING

Task 4.1 Management

Task 4.2 M&E

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Washington, DC 20523

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the greater access to trade expansion (gate) project: final report

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