THE GREAT WAR(WORLD WAR I)

“DESCENT INTO THE ABYSS: WWI AND THE CRISIS OF THE EUROPEAN GLOBAL ORDER”

Chapter 28

Big Picture - 1914-Present The great Western empires declined and were replaced by

regional groups and multinational corporations There are several triggers for this dramatic shift.

Collapse of European imperial dominance and subsequent decolonization.

Massive technological innovation in military capacity and communications.

Explosion in population growth. These triggers created political innovation and a renewed

globalization. Many societies resisted changes to traditional worldviews. These developments effected people’s emotions and

behaviors by decreasing birth rates and increasing consumerism.

World War I Timeline

THE CAUSES OF WWIMilitarism

Alliances

Imperialism

Nationalism

Militarism Germany was competing

with Britain to build Dreadnought battleships.

The British feared an attack on their Empire

Militarism Germany was competing with

Russia and France to expand their armies

1880 1914 Germany 1.3mil. 5.0 mil. France 0.73mil. 4.0 mil. Russia 0.40mil. 1.2 mil.

Compare total U.S. forces today 1.082 million

Militarism Kaiser Wilhelm IIBuilt up German army and

navy Aggressive foreign policy

after 1910 Wanted to equal British

navy -- arms race Determined to make

Germany a top nation. Distrusted by other

powers

Alliances By 1914 all the major powers were linked by a system of alliances. Triple Alliance

Germany Austria-Hungary Italy (but…1915)

Central Powers (add...) Ottomans Oct. 1914 Bulgaria Oct. 1915

Triple Entente Great Britain France Russia

Allied Powers (add...) Italy (May 1915, defence only) Japan USA (1917)

The alliances made it more likely that a war would start. Once started, the alliances made it more likely to spread.

First World WarComparing and Contrasting Sides

Germany (#1 Army)

Austria-HungaryOttoman EmpireBulgaria

Great Britain (#1 Navy)RussiaFranceItalyJapanUnited States (1917)+26 other countries

Central Powers: (rapid communications and movement, better Army)

Allies: (more soldiers, better industry, and navy)

Imperialism All the great powers were competing for colonies &

territory. The British feared Germany in Africa & in their sea

lanes. The Austrians feared Serbia/Russia in the Balkans

Nationalism This was an age when all nations wanted to assert

their power and independence. In Europe Slavs, aided by Serbia and Russia, wanted

to be free of Austrian rule. (Pan-Slavism) Austria Annexed Bosnia Herzegovina (1908)

“The Balkan Powder Keg”

Balkans site of many conflicts

Serbia’s national flag

The Spark that ignited War 28 June 1914 Heir to Austrian

throne Archduke Franz Ferdinand visits Sarajevo.

Capital of Bosnia, recently grabbed by Austria (1908)

Hotbed of Slavic nationalism

Seal of the Black Hand group

13 Basic Steps to World War…..

1. 6/28/1914, Gavriel Princip assassinates Austrian archduke in Sarajevo. 2. 1st afraid of what Russia would do, they secured support from Germany

7/5/1914, Germany gives “blank cheque”to Austria before the Kaiser went on a cruise on his yacht until 27 Aug!

3. 7/23-7/28/1914, “July Crisis” Austria-Hungary sends a very tough “July Ultimatum” for Serbia (Threatened harmful action if demands not met)

4. 7/24/1914, Serbia agrees to all but one(2) term of the ultimatum (Police in Serbia)

5. 7/28/1914, Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia (quick victory?) 6. 7/29/1914, Russia mobilizes troops to Austria-Hungary & German Borders7. 7/30/1914, Germany demands that Russia stands its armies down8. 7/31/1914, German ultimatum to Russia, stop its mobilization, or Germany

would attack France. Germany begins mobilizing9. 8/1/1914, Germany declares war on Russia10. 8/3/1914, Germany declares war on France, Russia’s allies11. 8/3-4/1914, Germany invades Belgium on their way to France (Schlieffen Plan)12. 8/4/1914, Britain declares war because of its alliance with France & Russia, and

Germany breaking Belgium's neutrality treaty (1839 “Scrap of Paper”) 13. 8/23/1914, Japan allies with Britain, declares war on Germany, interested in

securing German territories in China & the Pacific.

A World at WarThe War in Europe Stalemate on Western Front

Trench warfare Massive losses

War of attrition The War in the East Russians

Offensives against Germany Huge losses, Battle of Tannenberg

78,000 casualties, 90,000 capturedThe War and in Italy Italians

1915, switch sides, promised “Share of the Spoils” including territories of Dalmatia & Fiume (or Rijeka)

War with Austrians stalemated

---City of Rijeka

World War I Fronts in Europe and the Middle East

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Battle of Jutland

Battle of Jutland

Innovations in Warfare Most devastating war in

history up to that point; because of these new innovations & old tactics. Chivalry was done…

U-Boats German Submarines

Torpedoes Mines 2 hulls

Innovations in WarfareMachine Guns

Firepower of many rifles

Rapid fire Very Heavy Devastating to infantry

attacks

Innovations in WarfareLong-Range

Artillery Fires large projectile Long range Trenches built for

protection Psychological Effects “Paris Gun” 81 miles

Innovations in WarfareAirplane

New invention Turned into weapon Dogfights Drop bombs Baron von Ricthofen “The

Red Baron” Shot down 80 aircraft

Innovations in WarfareTank

British Invention Heavily armored Various types of guns Ran on Treads

Able to get through barbed wire and get into enemy defenses.

Innovations in Warfare Zeppelin

First flew 1900 Poison gas

Disabling Tear gas Mustard gas

Deadly Chlorine Phosgene

(carbon monoxide and chlorine)

Flamethrower Trench Warfare Barbed Wire

A World at WarThe Home Fronts in Europe Each of the powers was able to mobilize large numbers of soldiers

Despite food shortages Privations at home

Little sympathy at home Growth in governments increased in power

Many industrial sectors of these nations were co-opted by the state

Propaganda encouraged their citizens to keep the war effort going and drummed up support from neutral nations (Especially USA) Suppression of criticism

Labor groups dissatisfied Weakens Germany Russia falls

Both monarchs would fall to revolution

A World at WarThe War Outside Europe British block supplies to Central Powers

Uses imperial resources, manpower Indians deployed in many areas

French Use African troops

Japan Fights Germans in Shandong peninsula China, the Pacific

Ottomans Side with Germany Armenian genocide

United States Begins neutral 1914-1915 (Wilson elected to 2nd term 1916 on isolation stance) Material help 1915-1916, Sinking of Lusitania not main reason to enter war,

however with the propaganda attached swayed people 1917, Germany’s Unrestricted Submarine warfare- war zone around Britain Zimmerman Telegram (Mexico) Russians March Revolution (Tsar Nicolas II abdicated on 13 March) April 6, 1917, enters war

Wilson, “The world must be safe for democracy.”

Propaganda & Women Working Used information both true and

false to get people to back to was effort

Women were used in factories, the men were drafted to fight. Women in work force replaced men in

the workplace, calls for political and social equality

increased. As a result, in Britain, Germany, and

the United States, women gained the vote after the war.

Sinking of the Lusitania Britain blockaded the North Sea Germany had their blockade of U-Boats, sinking British

shipping, Lusitania sank in 20 minutes – 1,198 deaths (128 Americans)

Most famous and deadliest torpedoed ship of war Germany temporally backed off with warning from U.S.

Gallipoli Ottomans stop

the British Navy & ANZ troops

Churchill’s Fiasco

A World at War

Total Killed: 7,940,000 soldiers (over 10 million including civilians)

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

March 3, 1918

Failed PeaceArmistice day 11th month, 11th day, 11th hour – Fighting stopped The Treaty of Versailles left its signers dissatisfied. The English & French pushed the Americans into an agreement

The punishment of the Germans War guilt/Reparations

Japan and Italy’s hoped-for gains were largely ignored Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire collapsed as political

entities The new communist government in Russia was not allowed to

participate in the peace conference Woodrow Wilson’s 14 points

U.S. would not join League of Nations League of Nations ended up weak and unable to stop WWII

Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Poland independent Mandates – Carving up the Middle East

Ultimately, the Treaty of Versailles failed to bring a lasting peace, for it angered the people of a defeated and humiliated Germany felt & rallied, “Stabbed in the back!” Treaty of Versailles (Peace of Paris) led to WWII

The Middle East After World War I

Mandates Impact

future

The Nationalist Assault on the European Colonial Order

Subjugated peoples of colonies question status Europeans fighting each other Industrialized to help out war effort – India becomes industrialized

because of Britain’s need for war resources First time Europeans ordered Africans/Asians to kill other

Europeans Colonial leaders went to battlefield – left void

Gave administrative responsibility to the indigenous peoples Initially made promises from British/French – then reneged Questioned racial superiority theory Social/economic problems make it easier to motivate mass protests

Burma, Indonesia, and the Philippines were also looking for independence…..

European Colonial OrderIndia: The Makings of the Nationalist Challenge to the British Raj (rule)

Nationalist movements By the beginning of the 20th century, resistance to over a

hundred years of British rule mounted in India. Charges of British racism and detrimental economic policy

grew steadily.Worldwide patternsLeadership of Western-educated eliteCharismatic leadersNonviolence India National Congress Party, 1885Initially loyal to BritishSpurred by racismBuilds Indian identity

European Colonial OrderSocial Foundations of a Mass Movement Critique of British rule

Economic privilege for British Indian army used for British interests

High-paid British officials - Cash crops push out food production

The Rise of Militant NationalismHindu/Muslim split & B.G. Tilak

Indian Independence Movement leader demanded full and immediate independence and threatened

violence. His rhetoric appealed to many Hindus, but frightened others, especially moderate Hindus and Muslims.

Nationalism above religious concerns Boycotts of British goods, Bombay regions

Hindu communalists Secret societies sprang up that promoted and carried out violence, but British crackdowns limited

their effectiveness i.e. Terrorism in Bengal Morley-Minto reforms, (Indian Councils Act of 1909)

More opportunity for Indians – vote serve on legislative councils

European Colonial OrderThe Emergence of Gandhi and the Spread of the Nationalist Struggle Loyal to British at start of war

But war casualties and costs mount Inflation, famine Promises broken

Montagu-Chelmsford reforms, 1919 Greater Indian participation in government

Rowlatt Act, 1919 Civil rights restricted (freedom of press), revolutionist rounded up Gandhi protests

Mohandas K. Ghandi Nonviolence

Satyagraha, or truth force, Unlike Tilak, appealed to both the masses and the Western-educated nationalist

politicians. emphasis on nonviolent but persistent protest weakened British

control of India. Under his leadership, nationalist protest surged in India during the

1920s and 1930s.

European Colonial OrderEgypt and the Rise of Nationalism in the Middle East Egyptian nationalism

mutiny of Ahmad Orabi 1882 British occupation aimed at liberation Egyptian

from Turks Lord Cromer

Economic reforms, public works projects Reforms benefited upper classes Journalists led the way

1890s Political parties form

Harsh repression Focuses Egyptian nationalism

By the early 20th century, decades of ill will between the British and the population led to violence on both sides.

Dinshawi Incident, 1906 British officers shooting pigeons for sport shot and wounded the

wife of the iman (religious leader) by accidentBritish grant constitution, 1913 The outbreak of World War I saw a temporary decrease of hostilities

in Egypt, but then….

European Colonial Order

Revolt in Egypt, 1919 Egypt a British protectorate, 1914

Martial law to protect Suez Canal War drains Egyptian resources Egyptians refused to present at Versailles

By the end of the World War I, Egypt was ripe for revolt. Students and, significantly, women, led large demonstrations against colonial rule. British withdrawal began in 1922.

To withdrawal from Canal zone, 1936

European Colonial OrderWar and Nationalist Movements in the Middle EastMustafa Kemal (Ataturk, father of the Turks) 1923 A Turkish republic was formed on the basis of a

Western model. England and France divided the defeated Ottoman

Empire’s Arab holdings into mandates Promises to former Ottoman subjects Reneged

World Zionist Organization Zionism Theodore Herzl

Balfour Declaration of 1917 “establishment in Palestine of a national home for

the Jewish people” Approved by the League of Nations on July 24, 1922. These conflicting movements led to great tension in

the Middle East We still see today

European Colonial OrderThe Beginnings of the Liberation Struggle in Africa WWI

supported their British and French occupiers in World War I, promises of nationhood after the war. those promises went unfulfilled, protests ensued

Drained resources Western-educated Africans gain authority

alarmed the European powers and encouraged anti-colonial sentiments.

Pan-African movement (Americans) Marcus Garvey W.E.B. Du Bois

Paris By the 1920s, pan-Africanism faded, replaced by the brand of

nationalism seen in other colonies. Négritude (literary movement)

Sédar Senghor Aimé Césaire Léon Damas

The great age of African independence came after World War II

World War I, Its Impact… Set many templates for the 20th century. The decline of European hegemony, The emergence of the United States and

Japan on the global stage Communist rule in Russia were results of

the war Nationalist surges in European colonies Increased political power of labor

organizations and women.

Ch.28 in Review What started World War I? How did militarism grow out of the

conflicts among European nations? Why did European nations form alliances? Why were the Balkans at the center of

the conflict between European powers? What event led to Great Britain’s entering

the war against Germany? Why did Italy switch sides?

Ch.28 in Review What started World War I?

(M.A.I.N.) Militarism-Alliances-Imperialism-Nationalism How did militarism grow out of the conflicts among

European nations? Thought that their goals could only be achieved by

threat or use of force. Why did European nations form alliances?

To maintain the balance of power. Why were the Balkans at the center of the conflict

between European powers? An outlet to the sea, its own nationalism, & Pan-

Slavism What event led to Great Britain’s entering the war

against Germany? Germany’s disregard for Belgian neutrality

Why did Italy switch sides? Share of the Spoils, problem with Triple Alliance