THE GREAT MUGHAt^OF INDIA

A Select Annotated Bibliography

SibiiiittN in Partial Fatfilmaat far tha Award af tha Dairaa af

Mnittx of Hibrarp & information S^titntt 1itVS2

BY

MISS SHAHNAZ ZOHRA ZAIDI Roll No. 91 L8M-12

Enrolment No. X - 1 9 9 2

Under the Supervision of

Mr. Almuzaffar A. G. Khan 'Readwr)

DEPARTMENT OF LIBRARY B INPOR«ilATION SCIENCE ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY

AUGABH <(NQ4A)

1992

t;

-fv-

DS2396

DEDICATED TO MY

DEAREST DADA Late Col. B.H. Zaidi

Former Vice Chancellor

Aligarh Muslim University ALIGARH

C O N T E N T S

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY '* ( i - iii )

INTRODUCTION .. 1-23

BIBLIOGRAPHY '* 24-115

INDEXES!

AUTHOR INDEX .. 116-123

TITLE INDEX .. 124-137

LIST OF PERIODICALS .. 138

**************

*****

A G K N O I ; L E D G E M E K T

I t i s i n d e e d a g r e a t p l e a s u r e t o e x p r e s s my g r a t i t u d e

t o ur, rtlftiuzzaffar ^ . G , Khan, R e a d e r , f o r h i s v a l u a b l e

s u g g e s t i o n s / k i n d g u i d a n c e / s t i m u l a t i n g d i s c u s s i o n s / d e e p

i n t e r e s t / c o n t i n u o u s e n c o u r a g e m e n t and i n s p i r a t i o n , which

maae t h e s e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s a r e w a r d i n g e x p e r i e n c e .

I am v e r y t h a n k f u l t o P r o f . Mohammad S a b i r H u s s a i n ,

Cha i rman/ D e p a r t m e n t of L i b r a r y and I n f o r m a t i o n S c i e n c e *

A.M.U./ A l i g a r h / S. M u s t a f a Z a i d i / R e a d e r , and Hasan Zamarrud/

R e a d e r , f o r s p a r i n g some t i m e and e n e r g y t o g i v e v a l u a b l e

s u g g e s t i o n s .

My s p e c i a l t h a n k s m u s t go t o my b r o t h e r Mr, A l e y r lehdi

r iasan ^ a i d i , S y e d B i l a l Hasan Z a i d i i U n c l e ) and y o u n g e r s i s t e r

iMaaz Z a i d i f o r t h e i r a s s i s t a n c e and c o n t i n o u s e n c o u r a g e m e n t

t h r o u g h o u t t h e c o u r s e of t h i s work .

I am a l s o g r a t e f u l t o P r o f . N i i r u l Hasan Khan, L i b r a r i a n /

Maulana Azad L i b r a r y , A , M , U , , A l i g a r h , S a r t a j A b i d i , A s s i s t a n t

L i b r a r i a n of Nehru Memor ia l Muse\im &. L i b r a r y , Teen M u r t i ,

New D e l h i and S . P . Das , A s s i s t a n t L i b r a r i a n of I n d i a n C o u n c i l

H i s t o r i c a l R e s e a r c h (ICHR), B a r a Khamba Roaf , New D e l h i f o r

p r o v i a i n g l i b r a r y f a c i l i t i e s .

I am v e r y t h a n k f u l t o Mr. Muj a h i d A l i Khan who i s my

c l a s s m a t e and Mr, M . H . S i d d i q i who t y p e d t h e d i s s e r t a t i o n i n

a v e r y s h o r t t i m e .

SHAHNAZ ZOHRA ZAIDI

C i )

SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY

The study includes 267 selected abbotated articles

on the subject collected frcan Maulana Azad Library, Aligarh

Muslim University* Aligarh, Seminar Library of Department

o£ History, Indian Council of Historical Research, Bara

Khamba Road, New Delhi, Mehru Memorial Museum & Library,

Teen Murti, Wew Delhi.

STANDASD FOLLOWED

As far as possible the international standard has been

followed, after searching the literature, entries were

recorded on 20 x 12 cms cards the entries in the bibliography

contain abstract giving essential information about the

articles, each entry has been given a subject headings. The

subject headings are derived on the basis of indexable terms

and with the help of sxibj ect headings.

ARRANGEMENT

The bibliography is in three parts, part one deals

with the historical background of Mughals.

( ii )

Part two deals with bibliography, entries in

bibliographical part have been arranged alphabetically

according to their subject heading. Almost letter by

letter method ±§ followed under the specific subject

neadings the entries are serially numbered to facili­

tate location of an item through index given in part

tnree. Each bibliographical entry contains the follow­

ing items of information:

a) S e r i a l number

b) Name of a u t h o r / a u t h o r s l a semi colon (;) i n

between t h e a u t h o r s )

c) r» f u l l s t op ( . )

d) Title of tlie article including sxib title and

alternative title, if any,

e) Colon (;)

f) rt full stop (.)

g) Title of the periodical in abbreviated or in full forn

h) ^ full stop ( , )

i) Year of periodicals in abbreviated or in full form.

j) r canaC)

k) volume nurriber

1) I s s u e nxmiber i n b r a c k e t ( )

m) A coma (,)

n) Inclusive page of article.

( iii )

A specimen of the entry is given below:

Sharma, Dasharatha. Akbar Cavalry: the Jat and Sewar

ranks. Journal of Indian History. 5(3); Dec. 1926:359-66.

Third part deals with the Title Index & Author Index.

My dissertation is in partial fulfilment of Master

of Library and Information Science Degree, the Department

of Library and Information Science/ Aligarh Muslim

University/ Aligarh. It. Scope is strictly from 1526-

1707 A.D.

This dissertation I have left the books i.e. Macro

thought on Mughal period and I have taken into accovint

the Micro thought and article on Mughal History. The

eminent historians of the present day punlished in various

journals like Journal of Indian History, Kerala University,

Msdern Review, Historical Abstracts extra, A list which is

being appended. The main bibliography is arranged in

alphabetical. The entries are fully annotarated and

serially numbered for the sake of convenient location.

PART - ONE

INTRODUCTION

I N T R O D U C T I O N

Medieval History of India inccmpasses a large

per iod frcan conquest of Sind by Mohd, kjasim to the u l t i ­

mate f a l l of the Great Mughal Empire i . e . Bahadur Shah

Zafar and taking over of the re ign of India by the Br i t i sh

but these are vague d i s t i n c t i o n s made by Great h i s t o r i a n s

on the bases of scxne h i s t o r i c a l importance. For the con­

venience medieval per iod i s divided i n t o two broad groups

namely e a r l y medieval per iod which dea ls with the h i s t o r y

of Khi l j i s* Tuglaks/ Slaves Lodies and Syeds and l a t e r

medieval which deals with the establ ishment of the Great

i-iughal empire by Babar in the f i r s t dec is ive b a t t l e of

panipat which was between Babar and Ibrahim Lodi and f i n a l l y

with Rana Sangha. After the defeat of the two grea t

warr iors a t the hand of Babar the foundation of Mughal

Empire as l a i d in India .

The most au thent ic sources of Mughal h i s t o r y are sup­

posed t o be the accovmts of o f f i c i a l cour t -h is tor ians of

Mughal r u l e r s and the autobiographies of the emperors l i ke

i'uzzuki Bababri,Tuzzuki J a h a n g i r i , the Royal Farmans Ahkams,

Irshadats/ administrative notes# official letters and

private letters written by rulers and the books like

Akbarnama,The-.f^kbari/ Ruqqat a-i-Alamgiri/ all these

together form the sources of Mughal history.

The official coxirt historians were not properly

grounded in historical writings* they were not impartial

as historians should be, they were paid servants of the

kings and some element of flattery exagerations is likely

to creep in the historical accounts but intelligent his­

torian of the present can very well eliminate tne flattery

part while reading their books. Another major draw-back

in the writing is their ignorance of economic and social

forces working behind all the events of the Mughal period,

^ focus of historians were tne kings* the princes and

nobles/ the description is mainly concerned with war and

conquests but the study of history in Modern time is a

complex affair* the modern Historians are using various

tools from economics* sociology and other disciplies.

This has given new dimentions to the study of history.

We have a niomber of historians of Mughal history who

have tried to bring out new aspects of Mughal period. These

historian to mention a few are Qanoongo * Jadxinath -

3

stxucture proves disastrous also for one pre colonical

economy. The Mughal system left little with the pea­

santry to invest in improvement of agriculture and to

provide a market for the tool techniques and good of

other.

In 1966,also from Aligarh appeared yet another

major study of tne sxobject in M. Athar All's excellent

work on the nobility and their politics in the late

seventeenth century. Athar Ali provided quantitative

support to satish Chandra's study in these two studies,

the problems attending the annexation of the Deccan

State; the absorption of the Marathas and the Decanis

into the i-iughal nobility, and the subsequent shortage of

Jagir's home the pride of place.

Irfan Habib,Potentialities of capitalistic development

in the economy of Mughal India,Enquiry New series 1113,

writer 1971, PP. 1-56. »

M. /ithar rtli the i^iughal Mobil i ty under Aurangzeb, Bcxnbay,

1966, r e p r i n t , 1970.

The s o c i a l , econcsnic and p o l i t i c a l development of

India in the centxary and a ha l f t h a t l i e s between the

accession of /^kbar and the death of Aurangzeb shows some

remarkable c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . The Mughal cour t with i t s

pe r s ian i sed r u l e r s was a cen t re of c u l t u r a l a c t i v i t y such

't

Sarkar* Sri Ram Sharma. Beni Prasad ..Ishwari

Prasad, R.C, Majximdar/ Butta Mahajan and Dr. Tarachand

and among the younger historian in Mughal India Irfan

Habeeb is Towering personolity he used economic tools

towering personality he used economic tool to study .

agarians form in Mughal India and Dr. Sateesh Chandra

who dealt with the nobility. In 1963/ Irfan Habeeb from

Aligar^ attempted on in depth analysis of the Collapse

of the empire in his seminal work/ the ^granian system of

Mughal India. .riccording to habib/ the mechanism of

collection of revenues that the Hughals ev ved was

inherently flawed . If on the one hand the imperial

policy was to set the revenue at the highest rate possible

so as to secure the greatest military strength of the

empire. The nobler on the other, tended to squeeze the

maximuro from their jagir-? even it ruined the peasantry

and destroyed the revenue-paying capacity of the area for

all time. The noble, whose jagirs were liable to be

transferred frequently, could never follow a far sighted

policy of agricultural development. In some areas the

peasants were even deprived of their means of survival.

By the late 1700 s the burden on the peasants thus/ became

unbearable. In many areas* they took flight or teo refused

to pay the revenue and were up in arms.'Ehe Mughal authority

;i

as no North Indian court had been since the time of

Bhoja/ the Parraara emperor of Dhar. Not only the

emperors/ but the ladies of the royal household from

ri\imayun's mother to Zebunissa* the famous daughter of

rturangzeb, were patrons of art and letters* cultivated

people interested in beautiful things* gardens* pain­

tings* carpets* fine buildings and in the encouragement

of poets* scholars and thinkers. Akbar's generosity to

scholars and his deep interest in religious and philo-

sopical matters brought scholars from all parts of Asia

to his court. The interest of the Mughals in matters

of the spirit was reflected in the higher officialdom

and aristocracy, Abdur Rahman Khan-i-Khanan* the premier

noble and the son of the regent Bairam Khan, was a

scholar and poet not only in Persian but in Hindi and

is counted even now among the masters of Hindi litera-

tvire. The two brothers Abul Fazal and faizi were noted

writers and while both were interested in religious

thought* as became the sons of Mubarak, Abdul Fazal's

contributions were more of a descriptive and political

character while Faizi* his more learned brother* was a

poet of distinction and earned fame as the translator of

Hindu classics into Persian, Of the Hindu grandees at

the court* Todar Mai* the revenue minister was himself

r,

the author or at least the active patron of Todarananda/

a comprehensive work on Hindu Dharma Sastras. Prithvi

dingh iiathore, the author of Veli Krishna Rugminire/ was

also one of the Rajput princes attached to Akbar's court.

In fact Persian, Sanskrit and Hindi seem to have received

equal patronage at the hands of the emperor and his nobles.

History;

Special attention was paid during this period to

Historiography, r\ mere enumeration of all the historical

works produced during the period will occupy a lot of space

and serve no useful purpose. The most outstanding works

therefore, alone are described. In the reign of Akbar,

i^ul Fazl wrote Akbarnama and Ain-i->ikbari which are unique

in their character. The language of akbarnama is so ornate

and grandiloquent that it gets on the nerves of western

readers v^o fail to appreciate that the author has tried

to couch the glories of his great patron in terms ccttnmen-

sxirace with them. r^in-i-^kbari ^resents such a detailed

account of the organisation of government, philsophy and

literature of the people as is nowhere met with in medieval

historiography. Badaoni's Muntakhab-ut-tawarikh which

passes stringent strictures against the religious policy

of the Eknperor. It contains much other useful and interes­

ting material too but as a piece of literature it is very

mediocre. Other notable works of this period are Tabqat-i-

i-ikbari by Nizamuddin Ahmad and Tarikh-i-Alfi-a joint work

-7 t

In the re ign of Janangir Iqbalnama was composed by

Hutxnid Khan, Maas i r - i - Jahang i r i by Khwaja Kanigar, Makhzan-

i-Afghani by Niamatullah, Ta r ikh - i -Fa r i sh t a by Mxihainmad

wasim Fer i sh ta and Maasir-i-Rahimi by Mulla Nahawandi.

The most important work of the re ign of Shanjahan's

Padshahnama by Abdul Hamid Lahori although Shahj ahannama

by Inayat Khan, Padshahnama by wazwini and Amal Saleh by

iiuhammad Saleh are a l so use fu l . In the re ign of Aurangzeb,

Khafi Khan wrote M\intakhab-ul-lubab, Sujan i^ay Khatri wrote

Khulasat-ut- tawarikh and Ishwar Das Fatuhat- i -Alamgir i ,

The successors of aurangzeb had t h e i r own h i s t o r i a n s but

the most not able work deal ing with the h i s t o r y of the Later

Mughals i s Siyar-ul-Mutakhir in , Many p rov inc ia l h i s t o r i e s

were a l so compiled, the most notable among which i s M i r a t - i -

rthmadi.

Hindi L i t e r a t u r e ;

In the Brajbhasa and Awadhi d i a l e c t s of Hindi many

exce l l en t works were composed about a l l of whom i t i s

impossible to speak here even in the most concise manner.

The poets of t h i s per iod may be divided i n t o 5 groups:

(1) Premmargi Sufis , (2) Nirguna Panthi san t s , (3) Rama Bhakti

Shakha, (4) Krishna Bhakti Shakha and (5) R i t i k a l i n Shakha,

p a i n t i n g ;

The pictures executed by Hindu artists, Abul Fazal

declarres,"surpass our conception of things; few indeed in

the whole world are foxind to equal them". Of the masters in

akbar•s court Abdus Samad the Persian was the doyen: the

great Basawan and Daswanth soon established the technique

of the new scnool which ousted the popularity of Persian

paintings. Akbar himself sat for the artists and the

nobles of his court were commanded to have their portraits

painted for the imperial collection.

Just as the Mughals made a special contribution to

the art oi book-making although they overlooked the advan-

taiges of printing to promotion of learning among the masses^

similarly, they made a special contribution in the field of

painting as well.

Babar's appreciation of the art of Bihzad and the

manner of his portrayal of nat\iral scenes suggests that he

was gifted with tne talent of a painter. But he did not

have adequate leisure to develop his potentialities in this

regard, riumayun was also interested in painting and when

he went into Persia he contacted local talent and induced

Mir Sayyad Ali and Khwaja Abdus Samad to enter his service

when better times returned. He was still at Kabul when

they joined him. He took lessons in painting himself aind

put Akbar also under their charge.

On Humayun's restoration to India, these two painters

accompanied him. Thus Akbar got the services of these

master painters from the very outset and he employed them

in building up an Indian School of painting, ^kbar showed

9

great respect to foreign painters but he was averse to

depending on mere imported talent. He therefore collected

local people with artistic potentialities and placed them

Tinder the guidance of Mir Sayyad Ali and Abdus Samad who

trained them in the intricacies of the art.

Under Jahangir, painting reached its highest water­

mark. No attempt was made to portray the prophet of scenes

connected with his life. This was done to respect the

religious susceptibilities of orthodox Muslims. The Timu-

rids were interested in painting but they had no intention

of provoking needless opposition. The Hindus had no such

inhibitions. Hence* there was no bar to illustrating

Kamayana and Mahabharata, Similarly, saints and philosophers

who were not averse to portraiture were chosen as motifs

for painting. It may, therefore, be braodly asserted that

i'luyhal jjainters scrupulously avoided religious motifs, such

as i'iUhammad, the temple at f-iecca, Kaaba, or a congregation

engaged in prayer,

Arctt±tect\ire;

The Indo-Islamic architecture is not therefore the

special gift of the wughals, but the greater luxury and

the unexampled wealth of the emperors enabled them to erect

buildings of supreme beauty, lay out gardens wh±ch still

give pleasure to millions, and even erect whole new cities.

jn

Under Akbar;

The most famous bu i ld ings of the re ign of Akbar

are loca ted a t Fatehpur S i k r i , Here he b u i l t palaces and

res idences for himself and h i s consor ts / o f f i ces for the

s taff and a mosque whose gateway occupies an important

place in the Mughal moniiments. The most remarkable c i v i l

s t r u c t u r e s a t 5 ik r i are Jodhba i ' s Palace* B i r b a l ' s Palace/

the Golden palace of Karyam-uz-zamani/ and the T\irkish

o u l t a n a ' s Palace, The decora t ive elements in these palaces

are of a high order and the Golden palace:.has obvious

Hindu f e a t u r e s .

Under Jahang i r ;

The successor of Akbar was more i n t e r e s t e d in pa in ­

t i n g . Hence/ during h i s r e ign , a r c h i t e c t u r e did not make

much headway. Among the bu i ld ings of h i s re ign the more

remarkable are the Tcanb of Etmad-ud-daula a t Agra and the

Khusrau Bagh a t Allahabad, In Etmad-ud-daula*s tomb p i e t r a

dura work wc-s for the f i r s t time used on wn extensive sca l e .

Under a iahlahan;

Under Shahjahan/architectvire reached i t s h ighes t

development. He was fond of e rec t ing bu i ld ings and he had

given evidence of h i s re f ined t a s t e when s t i l l a p r ince .

Most of n i s bu i ld ings are found in Delhi or Agra, He planned

a new c i t y i n s ide the f o r t and ca l l ed i t Shahjahanabad.

Within the fo r t the Diwan-i-Am and the Diwan-i-Khas have

r

been adorned with finest pietra dura work. It appears

as if the art of the painter and the jeweller has been

rendered in stone. Outside the fort, he built a Jama

Mosque which is the largest and the most remarkable mosque

of this period.

Equally important from the general point of view

was the building activity of the great princes in this

periid. The domestic architecture of the Hindus underwent

a very notable change. The great palaces that the Hindu

grandees built in their capitals imitated the Diwan-i-khas/

jjiwan-i—Am, Shish Mahal and the Baradari of the imperial

palaces and the resultant architecture differed both from

the earlier. Hindu mansions and frcxn the Mughal palaces.

The great palace of Bir Singh Bundela, the old fort at

Bikaner, the palaces at Udaipur, Jodhpur and Amber are

among surviving examples of this great period of architecture.

presses;

The manner of clothing also changed greatly. Early

in the sixteenth century Nanak had bewailed the fact that

the Hindus had adopted^.ithe dress and manners of the Muslims.

The Alb\im of Jehangir preserved in the Berlin Museum shows

that even the rulers of distant kutch and Nawanagar had

in that emperor's time begun to put on the Mughal dress

and the portraits of xiajput nobles from the time of Man Singh

1 X >4

show that apart from the caste mark which distinguished

the Hindu/ the dress of both Hindu and Muslim nobles was

practically identical. Of coiarse the ordinary Hindu still

wore his dhoti, as he does now, but the higher classes

accepted the pyjamas and the chapkan as the ceremonial

custume befitting their position. Every one of the Rajput

princes whose painting has come down to us, except Maharana

Pratap, is portrayed in his court dress and that is in itself

sufficient evidence of the general acceptance of Mughal

habits and manners by the higher nobility.

Libraries;

The Mughal emperors were great collectors of books.

The imperial library was a trasure hOBse of every kind of

literature. In Akbar's time it consisted of 24,000 manus­

cript volumes many of his choice, he declared his language

to be an earthern vessel which contained amrit while

oanskrit was a jewelled and rare cup of extreme beauty which

held poison.

Music;

Music a l so made grea t progress during t h i s per iod.

Both Babar and Humayun v/ere i n t e r e s t e d in music and poetry .

Akbar had a la rge troupe of exce l l en t musicians a t h i s cour t .

When he neard of the fame of Tansen, a court-musician of

Rama-chandra ., the Raja of Bhata, he sent a reques t to the

l a t t e r to send tne rnaster-niusician to h i s coxirt. The Raja

had no means t o refuse and was forced t o comply. When

i;i

Tansen came to Agra/ he became he head of the royal

musicians and earned wide fame and popularity.

The chief new musicians under Jahangir were Jahangir-

dad/ Chatr Khan, Parwizdad/ Khurramdad, Makhu and Hamza,

Shahjahan evinced greater interest in music and had a

number of excellent dancing girls. Shahjahan was parti­

cularly fond of Dhrupad,

In the reign of ^urangzeb music was ceremoniously

buried amid loud lamentations of its votaries and curses

of the Emperor not to show itself again.

Position of women;

The position of women in society, Jijabai* the mother

of Sivaji,however is more typical. She is the type of the

devoted dindu mother, strong-willed and autocratic in the

nome, but wholly subordinating herself to the interests of

her children. On the whole Hindu womanhood maintained its

tradition, receiving its strength from religion and usage,

but in proportion to the general advancement which the

period shows, there is no evidence of progress.

Mixed marriages;

During this period there was a large floating popu­

lation of bastards as a result of illicit love and disregard

of social regulations about marriage. Where women were

numerically inferior, men did not always bother about the

caste of. tne woman and congratulated themselves on securing

14

a woman of any class or community. This led to mixed

marriages which were very common among the Jats and the

Punjabis. They accepted even Muslim wives after a rough

and ready method of purification. Many people owned

slave-girls and concubines. This too swelled up the

ranks of illegal children. In the coastal regions/

Persians, Arabs, Portuguese and other Europeans often

inter-married among tne local people and thus created

ozher groups ol hall-castes whicn led to the emergence

or new castes althougn tnere were many sects which dis­

couraged caste as a social institution,

Sconomic and Industrial Conditions;

Of the economic and industrial conditions of India

the Kughdl times, we have ample evidence from a variety

of sources. They have also been the subjects of detailed

study by competent scholars so that Wie picture of the

time can be filled up with a fair measure of accuracy.

The main centres of the empire were connected by a rea­

sonable road system. Sher Shah had ccxnpleted the Grand

Trunk Koad whicn follows practically the same alignment

today from Peshawar to Bengal, Bengal was one of tne main

provinces of the empire and communication with it nad at

all times to be in an efficient State, Another important

road connected ^gra with ^hmedabad and from there to

Sujat, the gateway to i ecca and to the cominerce of the

world. This road passed tnrough Bayana and Gwalior and

was the main commercial route of the empire.

i:i

Caravanserais* dharmashalas at convenient distances*

long avenues of trees over large stretches piaus or

places,for providing wa-feer and other conveniences

existed on these roads, Along tne Ganges the waterways

were very popular and fleets of river-boats sailed down

this great highway at frequent intervals from Allahabad

to Bengal, The boats were of considerable size and bottoms

of two hundred tons carrying goods were not unfamiliar

sights on the river.

The i3eccan campaigns which were* as we have seen,

a regular feature of imperial policy kept the road to the

south in a state of reasonable repair. Reinforcements

had constantly to be sent* changes in ccxnmand were fre­

quent and the generals being men of the highest positiogj

had to keep up a regular communication not of the national

State, he did fighting for it. But the empire which only

his personality held together fell to pieces with svir-

prising rapidity. The usual wars of succession, and the

rapid change of emperors gave the State no chance to recover

or to exert its authority over the provinces. The one State-

man of ability whicn the Delhi coxort produced at the time,

rtsaf Jah Nizara-ul-mulk, after vainly attempting to stem

the tide retired to the viceroyalty of the Deccan, which

he governed in a State of semi-independence. The Marathas

It;

xinder the guiding genius of Raj aram and Tara Bai had

resisted successfully Aurangzeb's last and vain effort

to put down Maratha nationalism/ and vmder the Peshwas*

the first of whom/ Balaji Viswanath/ assumed authority

on delegation from King Sahu at Satara, were ready to

move forward and bring \ander their control areas which

had till then been xinder the occupation of the Mughals.

Finance and Revenue;

Organisation of the Finance Department; The fiscal policy

of the Mughal Empire was entrusted to a separate depart­

ment headed by the Jiwan-i-Ala or Wazir, But before Akbar's

relorms/ conditiibns were different. Under Humayun, this

was distributed over three departments called Daulat/Murad

and Saadat,

The head of the department was called Diwan-i-Ala.

But for reasons of administrative convenience he appointed

a number of officers to assist him and clearly defined

tneir respective duties. Perhaps the most important among

them w§s the Mustaufi who acted as the accountant general

of the empire. Diwan-i-Jagir who exercised administrative

control over jagirs. Fourth was Diwan-i-Buyutat who was

to look after State factories called the Karkhanas and

heirless ^coyerty, /\ fifth man, called Tauj ih look into

the accounts of the military department. Then there ; ere

Mushrifs for auditing account? of different departments/

sections or individual karkhanas.

17

Revenues of the State:

The revenue of the State was constantly fluctuating.

This was mainly due to three reasons;

(1) Changes in the territorial limits of the empire,

C2) Changes in .the rate of taxes and

(3) Changes in taxes raised.

Sources of revenue;

(1) Zakat: It was realized only from the Muslims at

the rate of 1/40 of their property. It was not

to be demanded froom the poor,

(2) Customs duties: The duty on imports and exports

was 2V2 Z" °d valorem for Muslims and 5% for Hindus.

This had been the usual rate \inder the Sultanate

of Delhi.

(3) Salt tax; The Emperor had monopoly rights over the

Salt Range in the Punjab and Sambhar Lake in Rajpu-

tana. The revenue derived from salt of these two

places went into the central coffers.

(4) Khums: The state had exclusive right over certain

mines while tnose worked by private enterprise paid

a tax amounting to V5 of their total annual income.

The state received a similar share in treas\ire-troves

and war-body, All these sources of income were collec

tively known as the Khums.

IS

(5) State Trading; The state owned more than 100

karkhanas. Most of them were locatedrin the

capital while the rest were scattered all over

the empire.

(6) Jizya; Jizya had been uniformly imposed on the

in the early medieval age although one author

suggests that Alauadin probably wrote it off when

he increased the land-tax. It continued to be

levied under Babar and Humayjin.

(7) Escheats; Jahangir had made the state heir to the

property of all the nobles.

(8) Land Revenue; The Emperor was regarded as the legal

master of all land within tlie empire but in practice

no farmer was deprived of land under his cultivation.

It would therefore not be improper to hold that

real and practical ownership of land vested in the

peasant. The peasants in Jagirdari lands paid taxes

to the j agirdar in accordance with the state regula­

tions.

Local staff of the Land Revenue Department:

Each village had a Patwari who maintained a record

of rvillage lands. In Guj erat he was called Talati and

in riaharashtra Kulkarni,

Another unsalaried officer of tne village was the

Mukhiya or the local headman. He was called riuqaddam.

i:

Patel or Deshmukh, He was the leader and the

mouthpiece of the local population. He acted as

the link between the peasant and the government

and nelped in collection of revenue.

In the pargana there was an important hereditary

officer called the uanungo who got no regular salary.

He maintained a record of the produce and assessment

of the whole pargana on the basis of Patwari's

papers.

Changes under Janangir;

In the reign of Jahangir, tiie authority of the

government §rew lax and there was a general deterioration

which particularly affected the land-revenue system. He

tried to extend the Zabti system to Gujrat and Bengal

but we have no details about the nature and extent of his

suGcess.

Changes unaer ;3hahjahan;

adequate details about the land-revenue policy of

6hah Jahan are not available. According to Dr, Saksena,

the ^abti system did not prosper under him either,for 70%

of the land was given away in jagir,

Aurangzeb's Policy;

I'he Eajcmans of urangzeb now extant suggest that

2.)

he had ordered the assessment to range between

Y3 and 2 of 'the produce. During his reign

farming of revenue and assignments continued and

there was no imj^rovement in the lot of the peasant.

AQministration of Justice;

In Hindu and t iuslim society/ the »"uler had

no unfetttjreQ riyht of legislation at will. They

both attached great im'-'ortance to princinles or their

faiths and their h^ly books were accepted as tfye guide

in socia"" relations ana political organisation.

In the history of Islam, Law has been divided

into oharai and Urfi.

ll) Sharai Law - Tne real sovereign of the universe

is .- llcih. His cofTL-nanas tlius constitute imiversa"' law.

i'hese commands were revealed to men through God's

propnetS/ the iast among whom was Muhammad, the founder

of historical Islam, Matters which a'"e regarded as

an essential element of reliaion e.g. marriane, succes­

sion, inheritance etc. fall under the Sharai law,

Tne principal component elements of the iiharai law are

the QTTRAN, HADIS, IJMA and gAYAS.

(2) Urfi Law - Rulers of different Muslim states

have from time to time issued rules and regulations.

21.

based on just.ice and fair play, bearing on matters

like trade, property, war, taxation, etc. These are

collectively known as the Urfi law. In interpreting and

applying the Urfi law a judge was allowed considerable

discretion. But in resi-ect of Sharai law, he had no such

freedom and had to abide strictly by the views of approved

jurists.

Religious Policy;

The religious policy of a state depends on contem­

porary conditions, past traditions and religious beliefs

of its people on the one hand and individual predilections

of the rulers on the other. There are some rulers who

are more generous and enlightened try to harmonise their

thoughts with the aspirations of the people

Religious policy of nkbar;

Akbar based his policy on his own experiences, the

condition of the people and political exigencies of the

hour, and once formulated enforced it with vigour and con­

fidence. He gave full freedom of religious worship and

propagation of views to all creeds and communities and

abolished all religious restrictions and taxes which inter­

fered with it. iie followed the same policy in regard to

the Jizya. Everycody was permitted to erect new places of

worship for his co-religionists.

z?.

Religious policy of Jahanqir;

Jahangir's pxxblic policy was also liberal. He did

not seek to revive the Jizya or the Pilgrim tax and the

Hindus still occupied high office and enjoyed the freedom

to erect new temples. Consequently in Mathura, Gokul and

Bindaban many new temples were built ana maintain places

of worship for'themselves. His action affected only an

individual or a particular locality and each instance of

alleged religious persecution had some non-religious motive

at its base. He gradually helped in building up a background

for later religious persecution and he seems to have been

more anxious to keep the Muslims satisfied than the members

of other communities. It is therefore difficult to say that

he had adopted a policy of religious intolerance or prese-

cution.

Religious policy of Shahjahan;

Orthodox Muslims did not like the views of Akbar and

Jahangir and there was some resentment among them, Shahjahan

was V 4 Rajput by parentage. But from the very outset/ he

was more staunchly attached to the tenets of Islam. He was

regular in roza and namaz and as long as he was in the

capital he never neglected the roza. He also assumed the

role of a defender and propagator of Islam. He spent

ks. 30/000/- every year in public charities in the month of

Ramzan and sent forty to fifty thousand rupees every for

cnarities at Mecca.

2,1

Aurangzieb:

He was a staunch law-afc>iding Muslim. He observed

the Roza and Namaz/ led a life without blemish and spent

a large part of his time in meditation and prayer. He had

faith and trust in GOD and his desire was to strengthen

Islam as a means of converting the Timurid Empire in his

country into a predominantly Islamic government. But he

failed in the attempt. Forced by circumstances/ he had still

to assign about 25/4 of the higher mansabs to Hindus. His

regulations regarding wine and music were disregarded even

by Muslims and his policy of discrimination made the Hindus

determined enemies of Islamic government but failed to win

for him the confidence of iiuslims. He ^ays that GOD was

the witness that he had taken up arms only in the defence

of Islam.

Many important developments took place in the religious

domain as well. A man has both vices and virtues but most

of the religious leaders led exemplary moral life.

Akbar's talent for harmony and synthesis*Tulsi's regard

for the social norms,^ivaji and Rana Pratap's love of liberty

Axorangzeb's trust in God's mercy and protection to inspire

people to progress even to this day. Judged from modern stan­

dards, tne medieval age may nave had its short-comings but

it was not devoid of ennobling and elevating forces. For a

proper evaluation and solution of modern problems,for their

successes and faiixires, therefore* an intelligent study of medie­

val India history may prove very enlightening.

PART - TWO

BIBLIOGRAPHY

2f

1, ADMIiMlSTRATION, BABAR, MUGHAL INDIA

Keene, Henry George, Turks io India: Critical chapt. on the

Administration of that country by the Chugtai, Babar and his

decendants. London Allen, 1879 ( V) XVI, 255 P. Map.

Intends to show monographs characters, epoch and incidents

from Babar's invasions upto 1761, Reasons for fall of Mughal

empire are also described,

2. ADMIIMISTRAIIUN, DUTCH SOURCES

Morel and. W.H, A dutch account of Mughal administrative methods.

Journal of Indian history 4U) ; Apr 1925: 69-83.

"General administration as gleaned fron Dutch sources and

archives",

3 . ADMII^ISTRATION, PARMAN, AKBAR, MUGHAL INDIA

A n s a r i , Mohammad R a z a . A v e r y e a r l y farman of A k b a r . I n d i a n

h i s t o r y c o n g r e s s p r o t h i r t y s i x t h s e s s i o n g 1 9 7 8 : P . 3 5 8 - 5 7 .

A number of d o c u m e n t s r e l a t i n g t o t h e g r a n t s i n c l u d i n g

Farcaans p a r w a a a h a s b - u l hukms e t c , a n e s t i l l p r e s e r v e d i n t h e

h a n d s of t h e f a m i l y . Among t h e s e docvunent i s a v e r y e a r l y

Farman of Akbar which was i s s u e d i n f a v o u r of M u l l a H a f i z , t h e

g r e a t g r e e d g r a n d - f a t h e r of M u l l a Qu tbudd in t h e h i s t o r i c a l

i m p o r t a n c e of t h i s Farman i s t h a t i t was i s s u e d on 1 s t Dec^nber

1559 Ad, when Akbar ^ti3is 17 y e a r s and n o e a r l i e r f a rman of Akbar

h a s y e t b e e n p u b l i s h e d i n Fd C s i m i l e .

2;i

4 . AiJMINISTRATlON , FARMANS, SHAH JAHAN, MUGHAL INDIA

Verraa 3R , Some i unpx in l i shed) Mughal Farraans of t h e y e a r

1068 rt. I n d i a n H i s t o r y C o n g r e s s , V o l . I / 1970 .

The S i x Fa rmans / which h a v e b e e n t a k e n up h e r e f o r d i s ­

c u s s i o n a r e t h e e a r l i e s t among t h e document which a r e i n t h e

p o s s e s s i o n of t h e f a m i l y and s n e d seme l i g h t on i m p o r t a n t

e v e n t s r e l a t i n g t o t h e war o r s u c c e s s i o n . A s t u d y of t h e s e

f a r r aans snows t h a t t h e news of d e f e a t a t Dharmat i s r e c e i v e d

by S n a h j a h a n on 2 4 t h of S h a a b a n . When he i s on h i s way from

Agra t o D e l h i ,

5 . AnivilNTSTRATION^FARMANS, SHAH JAHAN, GUJRAT, MUGHAL INDIA

J h a u e r i / K r i s h a n l a l / M , Sc«ne f a r m a n s of Shah Jahan> _Mad.Rev.

4 8 ( 1 ) ; J u l y 1 9 3 0 : 2 7 - 3 0 .

T h e r e was many Farmans f o u n d e d i n G u j r a t t h e S h a n t i d a s

J h a v e r i was w e l l known a l l o v e r G u j r a t h e was known a s N a g a r -

s h e t h of Ahmedabad and t h e i s i agarshe th f a m i l y of t h a t p l a c e

s t i l l , c o n s i e s on t h e n o b l e t r a d i t i o n s founded by h im.

The E m p e r o r s a d d r e s s e d him a s Zubda t u l - A k r a n , t h e c h o s e n

(one) of t h e a g e and i n a l l r o y a l f a r m a n s h e b u i l d many t e m p l e .

S h a h t i d a s h a d g r e a t i n f l u e n c e a t t h e Moghal C o u r t .

6 . ADi^ilNISTRATIOW, FAUJDARS MDGHAL INDIA

S i d d i q i * Noman, P u l l s and p r e s s u r e s on t h e F a u j d a r u n d e r t h e

M u g h a l s . I n d i a n H i s t o r y C o n g r e s s P r o c of t h e 2 9 t h S e s s i o n

1967-68 P a r t I ; P . 2 5 0 - 6 2 .

2 i i

There is given in this article that Faujdar was

direct representative of tne imperial government at the

level of local administration namely the aujdari.

Here, has mentioned the limitations which arose frcxn;

1. The relationship between the Faujdar and uari

2. The relationship between the Faujdar and the news

reporters.

3. The presence of a vocal public opinion within the Faujdar,

7 . ADMINISTRATION, FIWrtKClAf, (HIiSiDUd)

Irfan Habib- The System of Bills of Exchange (Hindis)

in the Mughal Empire,Indian History Congress/1973,190-303

Two separate "exchange rates" existed one for merchant,

tne other for Sarrafs; that the Sarrafs, when they drew

hundis always gained a premium, while merchants had always

to pay discounts.

8 . ADMIWISTRATI01%=, F I K A I M C I A L , S H E R SHAH

M i s r a , S a t i s h C , R e v e n u e s y s t e m o f S h a h J a h a n 3 7 ( 1 ) ;

f A p r , 1 9 5 9 i 5 7 - 6 6 . J o u x ' n a l o f I n d i a n H i s t o r y .

F i n a n c i a l a d m i n i s t r a t i o n o f S n e r Shah n a s b e e n d i s c u s s e d "

9 . AiJinlisilSTR^^TIOiN, FINANCIAL, SHAH J A H A K

Tripathi, Ram Prasaa, Tne administration of Sher Snah

Journal of Indian History, 1 (l); 1921/22; 126-46.

2 '

" A d m i n i s t r a t i o n i n g e n e r a l h a s b e e n d e s c r i b e d i n c l u d i n g

f i n a n c i a l and M i l i t a r y a d m i n i s t r a t i v e s y s t e m s .

10 . ADr.Ix\ISTRAriON^-GOVEKilERS^CONFLICTS MUGH^O. IMDIA

P a y , B .C . t-iughal G o v e r n o r s a n d t h e R a j a of Knura I n d i a n

H i s t o r y C o n g r e s s p r o c e e d i n g of t h e 2 1 s t S e s s i o n 1958

I r i v a n d r x i m ; P . 3 9 8 .

O r i s s a u n d e r J a h a n g i r e n t e r e d i n t o a p e r i o d of c o n f l i c t

b e t w e e n t h e Mughal G o v e r n o r s and t h e R a j a of Khurda , t h e

o b j e c t of t h e Mughal G o v e r n o r s was t o r e d u c e t h e R a j a of

Khurda t o s u b m i s s i o n b e c a u s e t h e R a j a , a s a d e s c e n d a n t of

t n e riindu r o y a l f a m i l y of O r i s s a , was p r o u d of h i s p o s i t i o n .

i j u r iny t h e g o v e r n o r s h i p of riashim Khan P a s h , P u r u s h o t t a m

Deva t h e R a j a of Khurda t o u g h t a g a i n s t hira b u t h e was f o r c e d

t o a h u m i l i a t i n g t r e a t y .

A f t e r t h e d e p a r t u r e of S h a h j a h a n from O r i s s a Ahmad Beg

a g a i n a c t e d a s G o v e r n o r . B u t t h e R a j a r e m a i n e d f i r m i n h i s

p o s i t i o n and r e f u s e d t o s u r r e n d e r t o t h e Mughal a u t h o r i t y ,

1 1 , ADMIMISTRATIOM, « GOVERNBR ORISSA MUGHAL INDIA

rtCharya, P . Two f o r g o t t e n Mughal s u b e d a r s of O r i s s a . I n d i a n

H i s t o r y C o n g r e s s P r o c - o f t h e 1 3 t h S e s s i o n , N a g p u r ; i y 5 0 s P . 2 1 9 .

" L i s t of Mughal G o v e r n o r s of ffirissa" F u r n i s h e s such i n f o r ­

m a t i o n a s i s r e c o r d e d i n t h e P e r s i a n So \ i r ce s R .D, B a n e r j i

w i s h e s t h a t "we do n o t know a s y e t who was g o v e r n i n g t h e p r o ­

v i n c e from 1678 t i l l a b o u t t h e end of t h e 1 7 t h C e n t u r y h e

m e n t i o n s Abu Noor Khan 11682) ,Akram Khan (1697) .

28

1 2 . HiJi^-ilx.ISrRi^TIOlNl* GOVLi-iKUKS / SH.AH JAtiAri

A t h a r A l l , M P r o v i n c i a l G o v e r n o r s u n d e r Shah J a h a n : An a n a l y s i s

I n d i a n H i s t o r y C o n g r e s s , V o l , 1 ; 1970i P . 2 8 8 - 3 1 4 .

T h e r e i s g i v e n t h a t Shah J a h a n ' s r e i g n ( i . e . 30 y e a r s )

l u n n a r a r e c o v e r e d by t h e d e t a i l e d o f f i c i a l c h r o n i c l e / t h e

Badshah IJaraa, w r i t t e n by L a h a u r i and W a r i s ' ( t h e t h i r d decade )

Fo r t h e r e m a i n i n g p e r i o d of two y e a r s we h a v e t o depend upon

t h e A m a l i - S a l i h .

The main t a b l e s e e k s t o g i v e f o r each p r o v i n c e a l i s t

of i t s G o v e r n o r s * w i t h t h e f u l l d u r a t i o n of t h e i r t e r m s of

o f f i c e i n t e r r a s of t h e r e g h a l y e a r s of Shah J a h a n .

1 3 . AuHlUISTxiA^lUh GENiuRi^ , JAriAhGlK MUonAL INDIA

Beni Prasad • The Mughal government with special reference

to the reign of Jahangir, Journal of Indian History 1 ll) ;

1921/22: 92-125.

nughal general administration during Jahangir's rule

has been described".

14. ADMINISTRATION GENERAL/- JAHANGIR MUGHAL INDIA

Mughal government with specia l reference to the re ign of

uahangir 1 (2) ; 1921/22: 265-75. Journal of Indian History.

General adminis t ra t ion of Hughals in J a h a n g i r ' s re ign" .

2)

15. ADMINISxRATIQN r~ JAHANGIR MUGHAL INDIA

Moreland, w'illiam Harrison tr. Jahangir India: Remons-

trantic ' of trancoys pelsaent Cambridge Heffer, 1925,

^VII , 88P Originally written in 1626.

Is tne English translation of the book by Palsdert who

served Dutch East India Co. He reached Sxirat in December

1620. He remained at Agra for 7 years. His experiences

at Agra in the Mughal Court are described. India, yield

of the Land/ administration of the co\antry, manners, marriage

superstitions and Hindu religion are also described.

1 6 . ADMIxaSTRATIOiM # JAHAMGIiK, M - I

Ma'asiri - Jahangiri 8 (2); Aug. 1929: 173-81 Journal of

Indian History.

"Contemporary affairs of Jahangir's reign have been

dealt here".

]L7 ADMINISTRATION * JURISPRUDENCE & JUSTICE SHAHJAHAN

Sell, A - Shahjahan, Gustice and Punishment: Some inte­

resting ancedotes jqod Rev. 111(6); July 1962: 455-59.

"Interesting incidents of administering justice and

crime punishment from the rule of Shah Jahan have been

dealt with".

18. >iDMINISTRATION, MILITARY CAVALARY / AKBAR

Sharma, Pasharatha: Akbar, cavalry: the Jat and Sawar

ranks 5(3); Dec.1926: 359-66, Journal of Indian History.

"Military administration of Akbar in general and his

C a v a l a r v i n a a r t l C U l « r f o r m -t-h** eiTihlfa<--h ma+-'»-ar- n,i= - l - h i e aT-*--ir.l

:'ii)

1 9 . .^iDKIi>lISTR/i^ION, MONOTHBISM , AKBAR

Lai/ K.S, Akbar's devine monotheism Indian History Congress

1st tr. session 1951: P. 193,

All works o£ Akbar had a correct planning a beginning

and an end. His work of art and administration had a definite

plan. Similarly his study of comparative religions which

began in the discussions of the Ibadat Khana had a happy

culmination in the Din I lahi. Din Illahi was not new

religion he only snowed the people the way to fraternity and

peace,

2 0 , ^iDi-iI .JlorKi^riOiSl , MUGHAliS H Y D E ^ ^ H B A D

Ahmad, M,B, The Mughal Emperors were whole time public servants

I, 189 -197.

The ruznamchas collected in the Datgri - Diwani in Hyderabad

Deccan India Throw a good deal of light on the actual working

of the machinery of the administration vmder the Mughals,

2 1, ADMIlsiISTRATION , POLITICAL*, AKBAR

Mujeeb, M. Akbar 40(3); Dec. 1962; 125-45 Journal of Indian

History,

"Analysis of Akbar as successful ruler, his political

ability, his administrative skill have been described at some

length",

22 . ADiilNISTRATIOK,PUBLIC AFPAIRS , • MUGHALS

inayat Ullah, Comp, Kalima-i- tayylbat,, 1711 A,D,

Contains notes of Auranzeb about public affairs Aspects of

3'

Mughal a d m i n i s t r a t i o n a r e a l s o d e a l t w i t h .

Has good h i s t o r i c a l i n t o r m a t i o n .

2 3 . ADi'iIi4IS'IRAiI0iN, QANUNGCV AKBAR MUGHAL INDIA

J a f r i 3,2 H u s s a i n - The S a r k a r j a n u n g o i 1 6 t h 1 7 t h Centxiry

document I n d i a n H i s t o r y C o n g r e s s 1 9 8 5 ,

The f i r s t docvunent i s a Farraan of Akbar i s s u e d i n t h e 1597

makes i t c l e a r . P r i n c e Murad who was G o v e r n o r of Malwa/had

s e n t h i s own P e s h k a s h ( g i f t ) w i t h M a t h u r a Das# who was

t h e r e a s qanungo a a r k a r . Duty of ganungos was r e l a t e d

t o t h e s e n d i n g of d e t a i l s of t h e c o n d i t i o n of t h e r i a y a / t h e

m u z a r i a n an and o t h e r r e s i d e n t s of t h e S a r k a r t o t h e C o u r t ,

2 4 , t^i-ilUldx^-iAriOl^i , u^NUNGO , AURAINGZEB i4UGHAL INDIA

B h a t t / S,K, f i v e p e r s i a n document of A u r a n g z e b ' s R e g i o n

from Malwa. I n d i a n H i s t o r y C o n g r e s s , V o l , 1 : 1 9 7 8 ; P . 398-401

Most of t h e document a r e r e l a t e d t o t h e o f f i c e of t h e

wanungo/ S a r k a r B i j a g a r h i n t h e Subah of Malwa. T h e r e a r e

Yad d a s h t a , pu rwanah H u n d i , Pu rwancha - purwanah .

2 5 . A D i a i N X d r j ^ r t l l O N , R£GUI/Ax^I01^iSrAUKHi;GZEB MUGHAL I N D I A

Laiq Ahmad Prime Minister of Aurangzeb, Allahabad, Chugh

•Publ ica t ions , 1976, VII, 160 P.

Deals with i n s t i t u t i o n of Wizarat and r u l e s of Wariss

under the l a s t g rea t Mughal emperor Aurangzeb. I s based on

pers ian and non-persian sources;

32

2 6 . ADMINlSTRATIONo,REVEl>JUES,BABAR MUGHAL INDIA

Miibarak /ili, Lahribandari a historical port of Sind

Journal of that Fakistan historical society(Pakistan);1985;

33(3) :151-162.

Lahribandar was the main port of Sind between the 14th

and 17 centuries though its exact location is unknown Revenue

increased with arrival of the European, first the portuguese

and then the English in the 16th and early 17th centxiries an

English factory being established in 1635, and the main exports

being textiles and luxury goods it importance was reduced

after the all of in 1635; by the mid 17th century

the port began to deteriorate due to sitting and its appears

to have been abandoned during the 18th century,

27. ADMINISTRATIONS, REGULATIONS, HUMAYUN,- MUGHAL INDIA

Khwandmir, Hvunayun-name or Kanun-i-Hc«nayuni,

a u t h o r was accompanying Hximayun i n t h e compaigns of

G u j r a t t h e t i t l e of Amir-i-Akbar ( nob le h i s t o r i a n ) was con­

f e r ed upon him by Hximayun. Gives accoun t s of Huraayun e a r l y

r e g u l a t i o n s .

2 8 . ADiMIi^^ISi'RATlUN, REVEIMUE ,-i4ANAGEMENTr'GUJRAT JAGIRDARS MUGHAL

INDIA

MAHHUD,-iiASAN, Revenue documents of a pargana in Gujrat under

the Mughal Indian History Congress,vol. 33; 1969.

The docviments relating to the mughal pargana of Sarnol.

The perpose of this paper is mearly to introduce the

information contained in these document s about the hundred

3:i

and f i f t y , c o n s i s t of the F e h r i s t i -dena t t ashkhis Jama

dami t a shkh is i-sewaidah se la and Mawazana i -dahsa la .

Jama was i - i -bag i and the das tu ru l amal-al l r e l a t i n g to

pargana sa rna l . ^ de t a i l ed ana lys i s of these documents i s

l i k e l y t o y i e l d va luable .

29. ADMINISIRATION, REVENUES, SHAHJAHAN, MUGHAL INDIA

Inayat Khan, Shah Jahan Nama , 87 folios.

Manuscript in Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain

and Ireland, Author held administrative post and was on good

terms with Emperor Shah Jahan written in simple and clear

style; plain language and condensed form. Deals with Shah

Janans reign upto 1688, Accounts of revenues, princes and

nobles etc, are given.

30. AjJi-ilNISrRiiTIOlNl, S/^AIo, MUGHAL INDI^

Kumar, Rav indera , A d m i n i s t r a t i o n of t h e S a r a i s i n Mughal

I n d i a I n d i a n H i s t o r y of Congress , V o l . 1 ; 1 9 7 8 : P . 464-72,

The i n s t i t u t i o n of s a r a i p l a y e d an i m p o r t a n t r o l e i n

t h e iiconctfnic l i f e of Mughal I n d i a . According t o R izqu l l ah

i ' lushtaqi , ciher Shah had b u i l t s a ran i n every d i r e c t i o n through­

o u t h i s rea lm,

31. ADMINISTRATION, TEMPLE, URINDAVAN JAHANGIR

Mukherjee, Garapada, the Mughal administration and the

temple of Vrindavan, During the Reigns of Jahangir and Shah

Jahan, Indian history congress/ 1988, p, 287.

There is not only relationship between the Mughal

administration and the Vrindavan and this devotees, but

also on the functioning of that administration.

32. AGRARIAN., CRISIS,NORTHERN INDIA

Moosvi, Shireen.

Scarcities prices and exploitation; the agrarian crisis,

1658-70 Studies in history llndia) 1985;1(1): 45-55. The

agrarian crisis in northern India in the 1660 St was probably

the result of the ravages of the war of succession and attempts

by the raughal administration to increase its revenues.

3 3 . AGRARIALM, RELATIONS, POLICIES U . P . 1 6 t h CENTURY

Irfan Habib: Aspects Agrarian relations and economy in a

reign of Uttar Pradesh during 16th century Inaian History Congres

vol. 33; 1969 - p. 205 - 32

The Shara' it -i-Usmans reproduces a large nvimber of

documents concerned with the affaire or bearing the scale or

sign time of the qazis of Bilgram,

Most of these are deals of Sale Private superiar rights

in Land; some deals with dispute over possession of Shah rights;

and some are orders issued to officials in connection with

revenue grants and other matters broad aspects following as-

Revenue, assignment, Kevenue Grants Superior Right in Land.

34. AGRICULTURAL, GuMi-iUKIT AURANG2EB

Sangar, S.P. The lot of the agriculturists in Aurangzeb's time.

Based on a study of the Jaipur Akhbarat. Journal of Indian Histor

45 (1); April 1967: 245- 54 .

ST)

Materials from Jaipur Archives have been gleaned

to reconstruct the lot of agricultviral commxinity in

Aurangzeb's period.

33. rtiMGEOQTES , AURANGZEB

i'ew anccedote ot Aurangzeb, Mad Rev . 11(4) j April 1912:

268-69,

Tit-bits and stories about the great emperor form the

subject of this article the incident which generally do not

form the part of political and administrative history".

36, ANGEDOTES, AURANGZEB ,KUGHAL INDIA

Sarka r , Jadxinath- Ancedotes of Aurangzeb : Tr . from p e r s i a n

Mss Mod Rev. 7 ( 3 ) ; Sep 1909: 201 - 0 8 .

6(4) ; Oct 190 9 : 311 -20

6 ( 5 ) ; Nov. 1909; 421-38

6 ( 6 ) ; Dec. 1909; 515-17

"Famous Mughal h i s t o r i a n Sarkar g i v e s some s t o r i e s and

i n c i d e n t s of Auranzeb ' s r u l e which g e n e r a l l y a r e n o t i nc luded

i n formal h i s t o r i c a l a c c o u n t s " .

3 7 . ^ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING, COLOUR, DECORATION

/iRCHEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA, Delhi Fort. 1932. Central

Publication Branch, Government of India,Calcutta,P. 57

Report of Archaeological survey of India on the Delhi

fort. It describes the architectural plan of the buildings

in the fort,their colour decoration, inlay work on panesl.

3H

marble screen, ^ sketch plan of the fort is also given

which illustrates different buildings in the fort. Gardens

and their design, water supply systems, Hanans are also discussed,

38. ARCHITECTURE, COLOUR, DEC uR AT I ON, MUGHAL INDIA

Nath, R, Coloured decoration in Mughal architecture 1972 P B

Taraporewala, Bombay, P. 82

Deal with architecture of the Mughal period. It gives

the idea of colour tiles mosaic, in lay markle and coloured

Stueco motives which are found in plasty in the historical

monuments of the Maghal period very few examples have been

illustrated.

39. rtRCHITECTURE-BUILDING FATEriPUR SIKRI

Sanial, SC Some legends of Fatehpur Sikri Islamic cult 2,2;

1928; 287-90.

Discusses the origin of the square in mosaie which

measures about seven cubils each way and situated on the

North-eastern side of Shaikh Salim Chishti's cc»nb in its outer

court.

4 0 . ^ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING, EXPENDITURE, S H A H J A H A K MUGHAL INDIA

Moosvi, S. Expenditure on buildings under Shah Jahan: 9 Chapter

of Imperial Financial History- Indian History Congress 1985,

Lahori the official historian of Shahjahan 1528-58)gives

the expected net revenue income (Jama) of Shahjahan empire in

1948 as 880 crore dame , In other words about 11% of the total

revenue was left for the Emperor establishment Khalisa after

3'

the salary payments of the mansabdars.

Construction on a large scale was under taken in the

very first year ox ohah Jahan reign.

41. ^^CHirECTURE BUILDlt.G,- INDUSTRIE^, KUGHAL IKDIA 15bl-1751

Maha patra, R.P. The ship building and boat building Indus­

tries of medieval Orissa t 1551-1751) Indian History Congress

541; 1980 : P. 306 - 16.

During the period tinder review two place were asso­

ciated in one way or the other with the building of ships and

boats and their repair viz. Balas ore and Horispur Balasore

were built both for trade ahd war,

42. ARCHITECTURE, CONSTRUCTION, TOMB MUGHAL INDIA

Chatterji, Nandlal wnen was Akbar tomb begtin Procedxore

Indian History Congress 5; 1941; 253-4,

Discuss the date of construction of ^kbars tcxnb at

Sikandra and also describes the design of the Mansdeum .

43. ARCHITECTURE-, GENERAL , DELHI MUGHAL INDIA

Sharma, Y.D, Delhi and its neighbourhood 1974, Director

General/ Hrchcological durvey of India, New Delhi/ p. 161

Brief descriptions of the history and architecture of Delhi

has been given. It also provides a brief sketch of the Indo-

Islaraic architecture.

44. ARCHITECIURE * LIBRARIES , I'iUGHnL INDIA

Asghar i xoharamad , Mughaliyab Hindustan Kay kutubkhane

3S

^ Libraries in Mughal India) Pakistani Library Butteler

(Pakistan) 1984-15 ( 3-4) ; 1-22.

The building furnishings holding and utilization of

the three types of Mughal period libraries royal private

and those affiliated with religious academies.

45. AKCHITSUCTURE HoogUiio,- D^CCA U G H AL INDIA

Abdul rt'aduel. Historic mosques of i-acca Islamic Gait 1,2;

J24-b4.

nosques in which hand of one Mughal can be undoiibtedly

perceived/ are: Mosque of Islam Khan, Mosque of Hayat the

Merchant; i-iosque of riaj i ohah Baz/ Mosque of Churihatta,

Mosque of Nawab Shaista Khan Mosque of Khan Muhammad Murdha;

Mosque at Lai Bagh, Mosque at the Ghowk; Mosque at the begum-

Bazar; Mosque of Khwajah Ambar and the mosque with seven

domes. The author discusses the historical background,

architecture and the persian inscriptions on them.

46. ARCHITECTURE MOSiJUES, MUGHAL INDIA

oharma, Ramesh Chandra, the crown of the Taj Journal of

Indian History 50(3); Dec. 1972; 771-72. The crowning of

the Taj-the Kalas the actual plan of which is laid down in

black stone in front of the dummy mosque.

The significance of this feature of the Taj is very

great as depicting tne national character or the architec­

ture and conception. But feature like 1^1s one should not

beused to make out of it a hindu palace or temple, for the

3 J

Taj/ as a joint product of muslim taste and Hindu

spirit, muslim sup- vision and largly Hindu execution,

describes our genuine pride and our full attention.

4 7 . riKCHITECTURE* PL-t CES SHAH J^Habi, MUGH iL liiDIA

Srivastava, Salig Ram. Note on two historical places in

Allanabad district. JUP Historical SQC 12 1; 1939; 95-8.

Describes the location and map of the region from

where Shah Jahan had passed the names of the places the

buildings made by the Mugnals in these places are described

with the incriptions engraved,

4 8 . PaLrtCKS, TOMB , biU5jUES ARCHITECTURE FATEHPUR SIKRI

a r a i t h , Edrauna, W, Mughal a r c h i t e c t x i r e of F a t e h p u r S i k r i ,

rtllahabad.

- -v rcheo log ica l S u r v e y of I n d i a 1 8 9 4 - 9 8 , 4 v o l s .

P t . - 1 - 38 p . 119 p l a t e s

P t . - 2 - ;34 P . 103 p l a t e s

P t . - 3 51 P . 91 p l a t e s

P t . - 4 47 P . 88 p l a t e s

I 'iughal a r c h i t e c t u r e of F a t e n p u r S i k r i h a s b e e n d e s c r i b e d

g i v i n g o r i g i n and i m p o r t a n c e . A v e r y a u t h e n t i c sov i rces

book g i v i n g d e t a i l of p a l a c e t o m b s . Mosques , B u l a n d Darwaza

a l o n g w i t h t h e c i t y l o c a t i o n e t c .

4 9 . ARCHITECTURE,POLICY/ AKBAR,3HAHJAHAN, MUGHAL INDIA

C h a t t e r j i , Nand L a i . A r c h i t e c t u r e of Akbar and S h a h j a h a n -

4U

a ccMnparative study, Indian cult- 4, 1; 1973; 123-6,

A comparative study has been made on the architectural

policy and ideals of / kbar and Shah Jahan.

50. ARCHITECTURE, REDFORT, SHAH JAHAN^ MUGHAL INDIA

Anand Mulk Raj, Delhi, under Shah Jehan Marg 20,4;1967;

58-60,

Discusses the architectural featiares of the monuments

built by Shah Jehan the Red Fort, Delhi and its building

are discussed,

51, M^CHITECTURE, SHAHJAHANBAD, SHAH JAHAN, MUGHAL INDIA

Page, JA list of Muhammadan and Hindu monuments of Shah

Jahanbad (Delhi) VI 1915, Suprintendent Printing, Calcutta;

plates 13,

Give the illustrations of the monuments of Shahja^anabad

showing architectural detail. These includes Khirki fort;

Bridge in front of Lahori Gate, Water Gate, Sonehri Masjid.

5 2 , ARCHITECTURE' TOMBS ITiSAiBUDDAULAH

I t m a d u d d a u l a h ' s Tomb a t Agra 32 1 2 ) ; Aug. 1 9 5 4 ; 191 - 9 5 .

J o u r n a l of I n d i a n H i s t o r y .

" A r c h i t e c t x i r a l g r a n d e \ i r of M i r z a Ghyas Beg* Nxir J a h a n ' s

f a t h e r and J a h a n g i r ' s f a t h e r - i n - l a w h a s b e e n d e s c r i b e d , "

41

5 3 . rtiiCHIIECTURi:./ lU^Bb HUMAYUi>i , 1 5 6 5 CENTURY MUGHAL INDIA

rinand, Mulk R a j . Under t h e M u g h a l s s D e l h i Marg 2 0 , 4 ; i y 6 7 ; 3 1 - 4 .

D i s c u s s e s t h e s y n t h e s i s of I n d i a n and P e r s i a n c r a f t -

raanship which b e g i n s w i t h Humayun' s tornb 11565) . S e c t i o a a l

d r a w i n g of t h e main tomb i s g i v e n t o i l l u s t r a t e s t r u c t u r e

of d<xae , b r a c k e t s , t h e p l a n of t h e g a r d e n i s a l s o d i s c u s s e d ,

5 4 . ARCHITECTURE,TOi>iBS,DEVELOPMENT, MUGHAL INDIA

Tap 100, Rita, Origin and development of Islamic tombs in

India tl), wuart.Rev. Historical Studies 15,1; 1975-76;20-30.

Describes the origin and development of octagonal torm

in the tombs in India. The structural analysis of Octagonal

and square tombs is discussed. Tombs under the Mughals .

are also studied with the architectural design. The style

of the dames, the persian influence on them. The Mughal

tombs one, Humayun's tomb Taj Mahal. Akbars tomb at Sikindra,

Itimadud-daula, and Chini ka Rauza.

5 5 . r\RCHIV£o, FARi-iANS, J-hiiAIviGIR,MUGHAL INDIA

J a n a n g i i . t a r m a n s i n Ja ipvu: A r c h i v e s 3 6 U ) ; Aug. 1 9 5 8 ; 259-72

J o u r n a l of I n d i a n H i s t o r y . II

Archives of Jaipur State hold important farmans of

Jahangir which have great historical importance. A glimpse

of these farmans may be seen in this article,"

42

56. Brti'Ii E UdUBiil 1612 - 1613 *i.u. MUGHAL Ih^l^

Kalita, B.C. the battle of Dhubri ( .D. 1612-1613) Mughal

Kssan willitary Confrontation Indian History Congress

proceeding of the forty fifties Session Annamalacnagar 1984

P.312-19 - Raja Parikshifs forces was sighted by the Mughal

Khans who were keeping guard of the Kiubri fort.

The Mughal enjoyed the unexpected victory of Dhubri;

But Raja tried his best to raise a powerful force but was

not successful finally he surrounded to Mughal and was

taken to Dhaka prisoner.

57. BATTLE , DODDBfti,, MUGHAL INDIA

Dikohit, 3ri-G.o. the battle of Dodderi from Kannada sources.

Indian History Congress pro of the 17th Session 1954 P.296-97.

This battle took place in 1698 A.D. between the Mughal

forces led by Qasira Khan the able governor of Sirya in

Mysore and Khanazad Khan,

58. BATTL2 , HALDIGHATI, MUGHAL INDIA

rtgarwala, R»C, The battle field of Haldighati and "two

unnoticed monuments at Khamnor Journal of Indian History

37(2); Aug. 1959^ 157-60.

"Account of Famous battle between Akbar, the great

and Rana Pratap as reconstructed with the help of hitherto

hidden monuments".

59 BATTLES/ KuiiiATHAS AND i UR GZEB , MUGHAL INDIA

Madhava Rao, p . Se thu .

4.i

Inshae i'iadhoraras a pers ian sources of Mughal-Maratha

Conr l ic t , 1690-1700. Journal of Indian H i s to ry , ' 44 (1) ;

Apr. 1966i 269-88.

"In Aurangzeb's time Harathas saw t h e i r r i s e under

tne leadersh ip of oh iva j i - the a r t i c l e dea ls with the

b a t t l e s and s t r a ined r e l a t i o n s of Harathas and Aurangzeb".

60. BIOGRAPIES/ ABUL FAZI r ALLAMI » - AKBAR MUGHAL INDIA

Dey, Shambhoo Chander, Abul Fazi/ Allami Indian Review 7(6);

uun 1906; 421-27.

"Akbar collected v;isest persons in his court and

patronised them. They were jewels in various fields* popu­

larly known as Nav-ratans. Abul Fazal was one ot them, an

eminent man of literature, language and history".

61. BIOGRAPHIES, ABULFAZI, AKBAR, MUGHAL INDIA

Sharma, S,R. Abul Fazi as a p o l i t i c a l th inker Indian Review

49 (6); Jun. 1 9 4 9 J 297-300.

"One of Akbar's nine j ewe l s , Abul Fazal was towering

p e r s o n a l i t y , a g rea t statesman, man of l e t t e r s and p o l i t i e s .

His p o l i t i c a l wisdom i s the subject of t h i s a r t i c l e , "

62. BIOGRAPHIES, ALI MARDAt KHAN, MUGHAL INDIA

Muhammad Afzal Ali Khan Mardan Khan, a great Iranian noble

of Shahjahan, Indian History Congress 1983s p, 198 -

Ali Mardan Khan was a kxird of the zig tribe and belonged to

a well reputed antistocratic family, Shahjahan appointed

4>

subedar of Kashmir and he conquer Balkh and Badakhshan

with prime Murad Bakhsh,

63. BIOGRAPHIES/ AURANGZEB, MUGHAL INDIA

SARKAR, Jadunath, Aurangzeb, Mad.Review 6(1);July 1909;55-62

6(2); Aug. 1909 : 120 -22.

Aurangzeb surnamed Alamgir Shah, the last of the great

nughals. He would have made successful general minister,

theologian or school master and an iueal departmental head.

Art music dance were his version and he took interest

in all pursuits.

64. BIOGRAPHY, AURANGZEB, MUGHAL INDIA

Sarkar, Jadunath. History of Axirangzeb based on o r ig ina l

sources; Ca lcu t t a , Sarkar, 1912-24 5v. ^Various Pagings)

I s a monumental work: an abridged e d i t i o n , e n t i t l e d short

h i s t o r y of Aurangzeb i s a l so ava i l ab l e . Thrones l i g h t on vari­

ous events and aspec ts of iiurangzeb and h i s r u l e r i g h t from h i s

ascendence on throne upto h i s death .

6 5 . BIOGAAPHIES , AU^Ai GZIIB

.i?atts, E. In the foot steps of Aurangzeb in the Decan

ivlodern Review 13 (2); Feb. 1913 s 143-49.

He was denounced as a hypocrite who tried to hide his evil

deeds xinder a clock of religion, but a view of his whole

career reveal many noble elements in his character. He never

drank and as far as records show his whole life.

4;i

He chose Aurangabad as capital in the Decan, There are

many banking made by him on the Mecca Gate >\urangabad

Pan Cnakki# aurangabad Tomb of Asat Jaha Roza.

6 6 . BIOGRAPHIES, BABAR, iyiUGHAL INDIA

Caldecott/ R.M, Life of Babar; emperor of Hindustan

London, Parling 1844 xxii, 339 p map.

Given historical and biographical internation of Babar

which ranges frc«n Babars capture of Kabul, his poetry

description of India, firman against wine, his famous

speech and authors observations on the life and time of

Babar.

67. BIOGRAPHIES, BIRBAL, AKBAR, MUGHAL INDIA

Kukharjee, Jatindara Nath

* kbar the great and Raj a Birbal Modern Review 124) ;

(1) ; Jan 1969: 73-42.

"Birbal was a learned counter of Akbar Many anecdotes

of Birbal are famous. His wisdom, wit and repartee are

described here".

68. BIOGRAPHIES, BIRBAL, AKBAR, MUGHAL INDIA

Sinha, P.P. Some Biographical details of Raja Birbal:

Controversies and conclusion Indian History Congress proce-

of the thirty first session, Varanasi, 1969; P. 171-72.

The paper deals with Birbal. No name in medieval

Indian History can rival that of Birbal in its popularity

4fi

as well as its obscurity. Being a notable noble and one

of the Nine Gems" of Akbar Court, He has fast been be­

coming a legendary figxire. This biographical details/

is here in this paper,

69. BIOGRAPHIES, GENERAL, GURUNANAK

Procedures in analysing the Soiorces for the life of Guru

Nanak. Journal of Indian Hist?orv 45 (i) 1 Apr. 1964 J207-27.

The birth of Guru Nanak is now drawing hear and it

is fitting that the event should provide an accasion for

renewed study of his life and teachings the life of Guru Nanak

is the one provided by ixi.A. Macantiffe in the first

volume of his celebrated work. The Sikh Religion Khushwant

Singh also wrote about nim, H history of the Sikhs

All that has been covered in this paper concerns the events

of the life of Guru Nanak and some record did in the Janam

Sakhis will stand the test of rigorous analysis the majority

will not the Adi Granth does not provide us with detail

7 0 . BIOGRAPHIES, HUrLfiYUN, MUGHAL INDIA

B a n e r j i , S . K .

Hxamayxin, the prince 1508-30 Journal of Indian History 14(3);

Dec. 1935; 350-62.

"Early life of the great prince form the theme of this arti­

cle before his accession."

47

71. BIOGRAPHIES / HUMAYUN

Beveridge/ .roinette Susannah t r . His tory of Huxnayun

(Humayun nama) London, Royal -asiat ic Society/ 190 2.

^or ienta l t r a n s l a t i o n fund se r i e s / no. 1) xiv/ 331; 96P p l a t e s .

Gulbadan Begam was the daughter of the Mughal Emperor Babar

she described the l i f e a t the Moghul cour t in these days.

iU.so r e l a t e s to the p l i g h t of h i s b ro the r Hxamayun, due to

dated a t the hand of Sher shah/ Akbar 's b i r t h and the r e j o i ­

cing e t c .

72. , , BIOGRAPHIES/ IIMAD ALI KHAN, MUGHAL INDIA

Rezavi/ Syed Ali Nadeem,Tthe biography of Mughal official-

Itmad Ali Khan of Surat/ Indian History Congress pro - of

the 46th Session Amritsar; 1985; P. 40 3.

The paper attempts to delineate the Mughal bureaucratic-

cum-military system by going ever to low medium bureaucrates.

There is bibliography of Itimad Ali Khan wi?o held around

twenty administrative posts spanning over a period of thirty

years. Itiraad Ali Khan was made the diwan of Suba Gujrat in

1696-7/ By 1704 his Mansab had risen to 800/240.

7 3 . BIOOR^vPrilES/ J^HAIMGIR, MUGHAL IliDlA

Borah M, Islam , Jahangir as a man Indian Review 36(1);

Jan 1935: 25-32.

"Humane qualities of the great emperor have been

described here".

48

7 4 . BIOGfiAPHIES^ JQDHA BAI/ MUGHAL IHDIA

Bhargava, V,3., Princess Jodha Bai, Journal of Indian

History 42(3); Pec 1964: 931-33.

"Biographical sketch of Jodha Bai and her influence

on Akbar".

75. BIOGRAPHIES, JODHA BAI, MUGHAL INDIA

uanungo, 3.N. Jodha Bais The Rajput consar t ot Jahangir

Indian Review. 112(2); *\ug. 1962 s 116-19.

"Li te sketch of Akbar's Rajput queen".

76. BIOGRAPHIES, KHWAJA ABDUS SAi'iAD, 16 CENTURY, MUGHAL INDIA

Verma,S.P. Khwaja, Abdus Samad J a Court Pa in te r of the

Sixteenth Century, Indian His tory Congress, 1985sp. 25

Khwaja Abdus Sainad was the founder of the Mughal school.

Abdu's Samad has l e f t an i n t e r e s t i n g p i c t o r i a l record of

the per iod of h i s service with Humayun.

Abdus Sainad was a l so teacher of the Art ,

77. BIOGRAPHIiiS, MUGHAL i-iULK, MUGHAL INDIA

Gokhale, Balkrishna Govind, Muizul Mulk { Governor of

Surat, 1929, 1636; 1637? 1649. JoTornal of Indian History,

44(1); Apr. 1966: 55 - 64

"Biographical profile of Muizul Mulk, a high i'lughal

admini strator".

49

78. BIOGRAPHIES/ SriAH JAHAN/ MUGHAL INDIA

N. Pseud Passing ot Shah Jahan, Modern Review

1(5); May 1907; 492 - 93.

"Details of the sad demise of the great emperor

Shah Janan and nis lost days have been described".

7 9 . B I O G K A P H I L S / S i l i ^ u.rtniiiM, MUGHAL IUul±^

Sarkar, Jadunath passing of Snan Jahan^ Modern Review

18 C4); Oct. 1915: 361-68

"Death and last days of the life of Shah Janan

have been described".

8 0 . B IOGR>^pHIES , SrlER SriAH , MUGHAL I K i J l ^ .

Nayak, Hari Prasad The birth date of Sher Shah

ixMadras Review 123(12), Dec. 1968: 887 - 93.

Various historical sources like eontemporary

Dutch Vhronicle" have been studied to fix Sher

Shah's birth date as 1473 A.D,"

81. BIOGRAPHIES/ SHER SHAH/ MUGH/^ INDIA

Shrinivastavsa Chai / C.S, New Study of Sher Shah

Indian Review 24 (9); Sep. 1923: 561 - 65.

Sher Shah character/ talents and personality;

and the concluding portions of his chronicle

containing an account of Sher Shah as a man.

o;<

The main Mughal sources of Information about Sher

Shah are partially prejudiced and a little vitu-

perature tone; but their value is certainly great,

dher Shah Institutions and States manship are almost

the same in all persian stories. Sher Shah's capacity

as a civil administrator are of more value.

82. BUILDINGS/ riDKIN I STRATI VE FATEHPUR SIKRI, AKBAR,

MUGHAL INDIA

Banerji, S,K, The administrative building of

Akbar's Fatehpur Sikri, 23(1); Apr. 1944; 1-148.

Journal of Indian History .

"/ hen seat of administration was shifted from Agra

to Fatehpxir Sikri, it became virtually the capital

of i-ikbar's kingdom and placed wherefrom the orders

and royal firemans were issued".

8 3 . C / ^ V ^ ^ L A R Y , AKbrt.</ nUGK«.L Ii>iDlA

Sharma, Pasharatha. The nxamerical strength of

^kbar's Gavalary 6(2); Aug. 1927, 143-48.

"Akbar built a powerful army and the pride of his

army were his artillery and cavalary. The article

deals with the strength of his cavalary."

84. CAVALARY, ZAT, HUGHAL li DI

Moreland, . ,H. Zat rank in the Mughal empire, Journal

of Indian History empire, 1^ jt|| ;Dec, 1936:410-13.

51

"Zat denotes the rank which decided the number of

horses to be kept and keep ready at the time of

battle to j oin Mughal Cavalary,

85, CAVALARY, ZAT, MUGHAL INDI-A

Rao, C.S.K, ^ note on the Mughal Military term: Zat

and Sawar, Journal of Indian History , 14{2);Aug.

1935: 205 -21.

"Zat denotes the rank which decided the member

of houses to be kept and keep ready at the time of

battle to j oin Mughal cavalary,

86, CITIES, HIOTOKICAL ACCOUIJTS, FATEHPUR SIKRI, MUGHAL IWDIA

Shrivastava, A.L, Agra and Fatehpur Sikri in the 16th

Centuries, Journal of Indian History, 48 (1) ;Apr, 1970 i

43-49.

"Historical account of the two great cities, which

served as seats of Mughal Empire",

8 7 , POSTAL COMtuUNICATION, MUGHAL INDIA

Irfan Habib, Postal Conomunications in Mughal India,

Indian History Congress, proceeding of the Forty Sixth

Session, nmritsar:P,236,

It is iinnecessary to stress the importance of a

safe and speedy system of communication for any society.

The Mughal needed to organise a system where by news and

orders could be conveyed rapidly over great distances,The

organisation was essential based on the twin methods

52

of r e l a y r u n n e r s and r e l a y - h o r s e s . At t h e head of

t h e i m p e r i a l o r g a n i s a t i o n was an o f f i c e r who i n t h e

I 7 t n Century a r e t n e d e s i g n a t i o n of Parogha i - p a k - i -

kul M\imalik-i-mahrusa/ t h e s u p e r i a t e n d e n t of t h e p o s t

(Pak) of t h e e n t i r e JBmpire.

8 8 . CITIES, HISTORICAL ACC0Ut.T3, AGRA-DELHI, SIKRI,MUGHAL INDIA

Ter ry , John , Charm of I ndo ; I s l a m i c a r c h i t e c t u r e , Bonba

Ta rapo reva l a , 1955 - 40 p . map 61 p l a t e s .

G i v e S / d a t e s , p o l i t i c a l moveraeht^. a r c h i t e o t v i r a l . c h a r a c t e r

h i s t o r i c a l s e t t i n g of v a r i o u s bui ldincjS a t oaxinpxir,Delhi

rt,gra, Fatehpior S i k r i , Lucknow e t c . B i b l i o g r a p h y , g lassony

a r e a l s o p r o v i d e d .

8 9 . CONQUEST, AKBAR, R^WASTHAN, MUGHAL lUDlA

Shrivastava, A.L,

A k b a r ' s Conquest of R a j a s t h a n , J o u r n a l of Xndian H i s t o r y

38(2) ; 1960 385-400.

"Rajasthan or the then Rajputana was a conglomerate

of prove but small kingdoms. All yielded to him except

Rana Pratap, Tnis article give the final conquest of

Rajputana.

90. CONQUEST, ORISSA, RAJA MANSINGH, MUGHAL INDIA

Roy, B.C. Raja Man Singh first conquest of Orissa

Indian Economic Social History Review, Vol. No.1

Quarterly Journal; 1963; P 1-23.

5;]

The paper deals with only Man Singh's first conquest

of Orissa the treaty is certainly indicative of the sym­

pathetic and helpful attitude of Akbar towards Jagannath,

Although Man Singh first conquest of Orissa neither

brought an end to the Afghan rule there nor conclusively

solved the prcJalein of religious prosecution of Orissa

people by the Afghans it was rather temporary arrangement

to extract to be sincere to keep his premises a loyal

vassal of the Mughal Emperor/ as a result of which, Mansingh

was forced to start his second ccwnpaign in Orissa for

ending the Afghan rule and final annexation of the Terttory

to the Mughal empire.

91. CORONATION, AURaNGZEB, MUGHAL INDIA

Coronation of Aurangzeb, Indian Review, 12(11-12): Nov-

Dec. 1911; 837-42.

"riow rturangzeb manipulated to be the emperor of India and

his he outwitted his brothers especially Dara Shikoh who

being the primogenitor had the first claim on the throne",

92. VORNOATION, JAHANGIR, MUGHAL INDIA

Hayavapana Rao,

C, Coronation of Jahangir, Indian Review, 12(11-12);Nov.

Dec. 1911: 842-44

"How Jahangir asconded the throne and the pomp and

show and fan fare witn which he was enthroned have been

dealt with".

54

93. CORONATION/ SHAH JAHAN, MUGHAL INDIA

Abdul Haraid Khan F i r s t Durbar of Shah Jahan: The

magnifleant, Indian Review 25(12): Dec,1934; 830,

"When Shah Jahan succeeded h i s fa ther Jahangir ,

the re was a magnificant coronation ceremony with

g rea t d isp lay of luxury and ga i ty in i t s fold. This

has been d e a l t with he re ,

9 4 , CUKOJSiAIIOlw S n i ^ J^riAi^i, iWGHrtx^ I N D I ^

Beni Prasad, The accession of Shah Jahan, Journal

of Indian History, 2(1); 1922/23: 1-19.

"Description of the enthrowing of great Mughal

emperor Shah Jahan",

95. COURT, AKBAR, MUGHi L INDIA

Sardesai , G.S. iMine gems of /^kbars Court, Modern

Review,74 (2); Aug. 1943: 129-33.

"rtkbar loved l ea rn ing , a r t and s k i l l s . He

pa t ron ised learneds and gathered in h i s cour t nine

jewels from var ious f i e l d s as Nav-ratans, v/^ich

from the content of t h i s a r t i c l e " ,

96 , COW PROTECTION , MUGH/iL INDIA

Moses , A n g e l o . C o w - p r o t e c t i o n i n i ' lughal I n d i a ,

J o u r n a l of I n d i a n H i s t o r y , 2 1 ; 1 9 4 2 : 2 1 6 - 2 0 .

55

"Hughals respected the sentiments of Hindu siobjects

and nobles and gave p ro tec t ion t o cows sacred to

Hindus".

9 7 . CRIMINALS/ MUGHAL INDIA

Tritton/ A S Muslim Thugs# Journal of Indian

history , 8(1); npr. Ib291 41-44.

"Description of an organised gangs of criminals who

practised extortion of money and did not hesitate

to kill even".

9 8 . COURTLY/ CULTUxiE, BABAR/ MUGHAL INDIA

Blake, Stephen P. Courtly culture under Babar and

the early muqhals/J<mcnal of ^sian History (West

Germany) 1986 20 (2) : 193-214,

In Mughal India, the undisputed center of the empires

culture was found at Court. The great amirs fastered

. uyhcil Culture. Court culture reached its Zenith

under ohah Jahan/ 1928-58, but its origins can be

traced to the first Mughal emperor,Zahiruddin Muhammad

(Babar). The Mughal Leaders exhibited their culture

both a court and on the battle field. The ideal Mughal

leaaers combined the talents of two professional

groups: The ohi-i-galam(even of the pen) ana the ahli

saif ( men ot tne sword) their behaviour set the

standards both professional groups sought to emulate.

5n

99. DANCES/ ANHRKALI/ AKBAR, MUGHAL INDIA

Gupta, Samarendranath, Anarkali, Modern Review

18(2); Aug. 1915, 142-49. "Anarkali, the famous

dancer o± Akbar's court has been a legend for

historians and fiction writers. Jahangir as prince

Saleera was infatuated with her love, this flows the

sxobject of this article".

1 0 0 . DrtNCES, ^ - J - A R K A L I , AKBAR, KiUGH^L I ^ D I A

w a n u n g o , b,hi, A n a r k a l i , M o d e r n R e v i e w , I I I 3 ( 2 ) ;

/ i u g . 1 9 6 3 : 1 1 6 - 1 8 .

"Description of thelife and activities of Anarkali,

the famous court dancer of Akbar have been described

here",

1 0 1 . DiipEI^iDKNGILi,, riUGn«.^ I N D I A

I'iorelands, »V.Ii. The Kingdoms and provinces subject

to the great x iughal. Journal of Indian History,

Aug. 1927 J 149-62.

"The vastness of Mughal Empire including its

dependencies has been described".

10 2. DIPLOMACY, I-IE'IHODOLOGY, MUGHAL INDIA

Khilnani, iM.M., Diplomacy in iedieval India,

Indian History Congress, Vol, 1; 1970, P. 441

Given in this paper that the methodology of diplo­

macy as practised in medieval India. Under the guise lu:

57

f l o w e r y l a n g u a g e ( much of i t would a p p e a r o u t d a t e d

i n t h e c o n t e m p o r a r y c o n t e x t ) t h e r u l i n g e l i t e p u r s u e d

t h e d e f e n c e and a d v a n c e m e n t of N a t i o n a l i n t e r e n c e w i t h

r u t h l e s s c o n s i s t e n c y ,

Mugha l s n e v e r b o t h e r e d a b o u t t h e r e l i g i o u s t i e s b u t

were consistently p r o o c o u p i e d w i t h p r o m o t i n g t h e i n t e ­

g r i t y and s e c x i r i t y of t h e i r t e r r i t o r i e s ,

10 3 , EDUCATION , -fiKrsAR, HVG'tUiL INDIA

Ujha/ 5cxne a s p e c t s of E d u c a t i o n i n I n d i a u n d e r t h e g r e a t

Mugha l s I n d i a n H i s t o r y C o n g r e s s , P r o c - o f t h e 1 3 t h S e s s i o n

1950 iMagpiir: P . 2 3 4 - 4 3 .

Muslim e d u c a t i o n was d i f f u s e d i n t h i s c o u n t r y u n d e r t h e

g r e a t i- lughals by t h e t h r e e f o l d means of Ca) Maktab and

Madar sas* Mosques and m o n a s t e r i e s and p r i v a t e h o u s e s

when r e s e m b l e d t h e u n i v e r s i t y o r h i g h e r e d u c a t i o n , tJie

s e c o n d a r y e d u c a t i o n and t n e p r i m a r y e d u c a t i o n i m p a r t i n g

e l e m e n t a r y k n o w l e d g e .

Akbar was v e r y mucn i n t e r e s t e d t o g i v e e d u c a t i o n t o female

10 4 . ELEPHANTS/ J i^ANGIu , HUGHALS INDIA

Z u t s h i , C x>i / The E l e p h a n t i n I n d i a n H i s t o r y ,

I n d i a n - - R e v i e w /• 42 (3) : 1 9 4 1 , 157 - 60 : .

1 5 7 - 6 0 .

The e l e p h a n t i s more c l o s e l y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h h i s t o r y of

I n d i a . E l e p h a n t s were a l s o u s e d i n t h e Mughal Empire

f o r d r a g g i n g t h e h e a v y a r t i t t e r l y ,

J a h a n g i r s e n t i n 1608 u n d e r t h e command of Mahaba t Khan

58

Elephants were employed as tools of forture and

instrument of appression in ancient India as well as

by scxne of the Mughal emperors.

108. EVS NTo, BaBA i, MUGHAL lUul^

Grenard, ternand/ Babar first of the Mughals

translated by Homer White Richard Gilgenzer K.Y,

McBride 1930. 253 P. illus.

Is an standard book translated from original french

about the events of Babar's life starting from Samar­

kand won and lost/ Kabul and gateway to India,Battles

of panipat with Ibrahim Lodi in lb26 and Ranasanga ,

and his tragic death.

10 6. EVIDENCES , MAHARAJA JAISINGH, AMBAH, MUGHAL INDIA

Code / P.K.

Some contemporary evidence regarding the Asvimedha

sacrifice performed by Sewi Jayasingh of Amber

Journal of IndianHistory , 15 (3); Dec. 1936s 364-67.

"Accoxint of Ashwamedh yagya by Maharaja Jayasingh

of Amber".

107. F^4lLIEa,HUiiAYUN/ MUGHAL INDIA

l a l i y a r Haft Anjaman

Completed by h i s son Hamayat T a l i y a r was S e c r e t a r y

of Rustam Khan and Raja J a i S ingh. Raja J a i S i n g h ' s

P e r s u i t of Dara Shikoh, Diplomacy of Aurangzeb t o ­

wards Rajput r u l e r s and S h i v a j i .

5;)

l08. F^llLlES, JUR JAHAN, MUGHAL INDIA

Ir£an Habib The family of Nur Jahan during Jahangir's

Reign - a Political History Indian History Congress

irroc - of the 27th Session iy65/ /^llahabad: P. 168

The article contains a reconstruction of the family of

Nur Jahan attention being particularly directed to

members who became politically prominent and to their

commexions through marriages with other important families.

10 9. FAI lILIEd/ AKBAR/ MUGHAL INDIA

Heras/ H.

Ihe story of ^kbars Christian wife. Journal of Indian

History, 3; 1924: 218-35.

"Mughal history during the reign of /ikbar has been des­

cribed in detail",

110. FAMILIES/ AURANGZEB, MUGHAL INDIA

^urangzeb's favourite son , Modern Review, 35(i);Jan.

1924: 69-72.

Kam Bakhsh, the youngest son of / .xirangzeb, was the spoilt

child of his fathers old age. At the time of his birth

(24 Feb.,1667).

Kam Bakhsh proved boast that he had a better right to

the throne of Delhi than any of the other sons of

Aurangzeb. Mughal Emperors used to send their son to

away from home to learn.

60

1 1 1 . F-rti-lILIEd, K*iYASTHA,MUGHAL OFFICIALS,AURANGZEB,MUGHAL INDIA

Majida Khan A Kayastha family of Mughal Officials in

the reign of Aurangzeb, Indian History Congress Session 41,

1980 : P. 386-94.

The term Kayastha meant the past office of a scribe,

open to member of any caste. Bhim Sen who was Kayastha

both by cast and profession. Bhim Sen's family came

into prominence with the accession of Aurangzeb and

remained on scene more or less till his death,

Bhim Sen's brother was Hamir Sen who v;as given mansab

and some office.

112. FAMILIES, SALIM CHISTI, JAHANGIR, MUGHAL INDIA

Afzal Hussain, The Family of Shaikh Salim Chisti during

the reign of Jahangir. Indian Economic Social History

Review , Vol. 1 No.1 Quarterly Journal;1963, p. 173.

rtn attempt has been made in this paper to present material

relevant to the circxamstances leading to the emergence

of this family its influence if in Mughal polities, and

later on its decline,

113. FINANCIAL PROBLEMS,AKBAR J? CENTURY, MUGHAL INDIA

i-ioreland, kVilliam, Harrison, India at the death of Akbar

an economic study, London, Macmillan, 1920,XII 328 P.maps.

Sketches the economic conditions of inaia under the

Mughals in the early 17th century.

61

114 . FIi.Hl>jCl/iL PKOBL£j>iS, FARRUKH SIYAiiS, MUGHAL INDIA

M a l i k / Z a h i r u d d i n , F i n a n c i a l p r o b l e m s o± t h e Mughal

Government d u r i n g F a r r u k h S i y a r s R e i g n . The I n d i a n

Economic and S o c i a l H i s t o r y Review/ V o l , 4 No,2 P .265

The Mughal Government f a c e d maj o r p r o b l e m a f t e r t h e

d e a t h of Aurangzeb i n 1707 ,

l i b , GARDEiSIS/ KASHi>lIR/ LAHORE, AGRA, DELHI, MUGHAL IX>IDIA

B a i g , T a r a A l i

Mughal Garden, Indian Review 39^3); 1938: 169-71.

Mughul gardens came to Indian from Persia and were

evolved from the garded terraces of Ispahan and Shirazw

Babar love gardens Mughal emperor made many garden in

Kashmir Lahore,Agra Extra Jahangir made l>Jishat garden

in Kashmirs.

116, GARDEig, SHriLIMAR, LAHORE SHAH JAHAN,MUGHAL INDIA

Wadiem, Ihsan H,

The Hydraulics of Shalimar Garden, Journal of the Pakistan

Historical Society, 1986;3(l)i 1-33.

The hydraulic engineering of the Shalimar garden in

Lahore Pakistan build by Architect and horticulturist

Shah Jahan 1592-1666) fifth of the Mughal emperors,

beginning in 1618 water to drive the 410 fountains and

irrigate the greenery of the terraced garden was brought

6:J

from t h e Rav i r i v e r by a s p e c i a l C a n a l , a r c h a e o ­

l o g i s t s came t o a more t h o r o u g h i i n d e r s t a n d i n g o t

t h e s y s t e m when c a l l e d upon i n . 1 9 8 0 t o r a d v i c e i n

r e p a i r i n g a l e a k i n g p i p e embedded i n raasonary on

P a k i s t a n i s e r v i c e s .

1 1 7 . GARDEK, atu^hlViHR, LAHORE, SHAri J/^HAN, MUGH/iL INDIA

S h a f i Mohammad, D e s i g n and P l a n s S h a l i m a r , L a h o r e

S h a l i m a r g a r d e n s of L a h o r e , I s l a m i c C u l t u r e 1, 1 ; i y 2 7 ;

5 8 - 6 6 , D e s c r i b e s w i t h p l a n of t h e S h a l i m a r g a r d e n s

a t L a h o r e , D e t a i l s of t h e f o u n t a i n s , t a n k s and

riammams a r e a l s o d i s c u s s e d ,

118.GARDENS, MUGHAL IWDIA

M i s r a , Rekha , B u i l d i n g and Garden of t h e r o y a l l a d i e s

d u r i n g t h e Mughal p e r i o d , w u a r t . Rev , H i s t o r i c a l

S t u d . 6, ( i ) 1 9 6 6 - 6 / ; 2 2 4 - 5 .

D e s c r i b e s t n e naraes of t h e r o y a l j :e:nale b u i l d e r s

w i t h t h e name of t h e b u i l d i n g s and g a r d e n l a i d o u t

by them, t h e i n f l u e n c e , on t h e s t y l e of A r c h i t e c t u r e

u s e d , i s a l s o d i s c u s s e d .

1 1 9 . GARH.VAL, MUGH iL RELAnOWS 1500-170 7 CEINITURY MUG.i^L INDIi

N e g i , S . S . i l u g h a l - G a r h w a l r e l a t i o n s : a h i s t o r i c a l

s t u d y (frcan A . D . 1500 t o 1 7 0 7 ) / I n d i a n H i s t o r y C o n g r e s s

P r o c o r t h e s e s s i o n 4 6 t h S e s s i o n A m r i t s a r ; 1985 :P ,900

The p r e s e n t d i s c u s s i o n on t h e Garwal -Mughal r e l a t i o n s

d u r i n g 1500 t o 1707 ^ . P . t r a c e s i t b e g i n n i n g from t h e

63

time of Islam Shah of Sur dynasty. These relations

during the period of Jahangir were improved for them

but strangely enough the attempts on the part of

Janangir could not yield much rather they became more

strained. Even Shah Jahan and his successor Aiirangzeb

failed to maintain the good relation and used force

against Garwal,

120 . GOVExilNiORS, HKBAR, I'iUGHAL INDIA

i fzal Husain, Provincial Governors under Akbar (1580-1605)

Indian History Congress Proceeding of the thiry second

session (Jabalpur) Vol.l; 1970: P. 269-77.

Akbar was the first Mughal Emperor who introduced uniform

system of provincial administration in his Empire. He

appointed a Sifa -salar, a Diwan, a Bakshi a Sadr etc.

An attempt has been made in this paper to study the

nature and tenure of appointment and the kind of persons

appointed frcsn a study of the actual appointment in all

the provinces ,

1 2 1 . HIi;DU,HISTORIANS,BHIMSEi'J, AURAIMG2EB^MUGHAL INDIA

Old H indu h i s t o r i a n of A u r a n g z e b , Modern Review 18 (2) ;

Aug. 1 9 1 5 : 1 3 7 - 3 9 .

" N a s e h a - i - D i l k u s h a was t h e h i s t o r i c a l a c c o u n t of Aurangzeb

by Bhimsen , a K a y a s t h . I t n a s i t s i m p o r t a n c e b e i n g

w r i t t e n b y a H i n d u " ,

I't

122. HIiNliJU,MUSLIM,RELATION, 1 5 2 6 - 1 7 0 7 CEl^iTURY, MUGHAL INDIA

Choudhviry/ M.L.Roy, Hinau-Muslira relation during the

Mughal period 1526-1707 A.D., Indian f istory Congress

proceeding of the 13th Session 1950 i P. 282-96.

Mughals in India were central Asian by birth, Arabian

by religious association, Iranian by culture and Hindustan

by adoption. iMaturally the currents and cross cxirrents

of their social ana religious association, made them

scxnething more than mere Muslims as is understood by

the connotation of that term. Mostly Mughals emperors

are not good with non musliras except Akbar.

123. I I N D U S I R I E S / SHAVJL,KASHMIR , MUGHAL INDIA

Matloo, A.M. Shawl Industry in Kashmir in the Mughal

period. Indian History Congress Pro-thirty sixth session:

1978; P. 267.

Under the Mughals it hadbecame a xraze with every noble

to have a fine Kashmiri Shawl, which was considered a

symbol of prestige. Mughals emperors purchased Kashmiri

shawl and they got as a gift also.

This the Mughal period is remarkable for the organisa­

tional and technical development iof this Industry.

124. KINGDOM,AKBAR,FATEHPUR S IKRI , MUGHAL INDIA

B a n e r j i , S.K.

rt h i s t o r i c a l o u t l i n e of A k b a r ' s D a r - u l - K h i l a f a , f a t e h p u r

s i k r i , J o u r n a l of I n d i a n H i s t o r y , 2 1 ; 1 9 4 2 : 1 9 8 - 2 1 5 .

" i j e t a i l e d accoxint of fa t ehp \ i r S i k r i which a c t e d a s s e a t

G5

125. KINGDOM, AKBAR, FATEHPUR SIKRI, MUGHAL INDIA

Heras, H, The place of Akbar a t Fatehpur s i k r i 4 (1 ) ; Apr,

1925; 53-68. j ou rna l of Indian His to ry .

"Description of Fatehpur S i k r i which served as s e a t of

government of Akbar's kingdom.

126. KINGSHIP, AKBAR, MUGHAL INDIA

SHRIVASTAYA, A.L. Akbar's Theory of Kingship 40(3) ; Dec.1962j

713-24.

"Akbar had his own ideas about k ingship . He t r e a t e d King

next only to God. He b u i l t a Jharoka for darshan to his

s u b j e c t s . This i s the sub jec t mat ter of t h i s a r t i c l e " .

127. KINGSHIP, AKBAR, MUGHAL INDIA

Yakub Hasan, Ideal Indian King, Indian Review 19(3);

Mar. 1918; 179-83.

"Good liberal qualities of Akbar have been described".

128 . LABOURERS, WAGES, ANALYSIS, 17 CENTURY, MUGHAL INDIA

N i s h a t Manzar, Wages of Labourers and A r t i s a n s in

some Urban c e n t r e s d u r i n g t h e 17th Cen tu ry , p . 2 6 6 - 2 7 2 .

In t h i s p a p e r has been made t o a n a l y s i s t h e e a r n i n g s

of l a b o u r e r s and a r t i s a n s wor id ing i n t h e town and

c i t i e s of t h e Mughal empire d u r i n g t h e 17 th c e n t u r y .

68

12 9 , JuEiTi^ii^/ rtUitrtiSiGZEB, i-AJGcU\L IKuIrt

Letters of ^urangzeb. Modern Review 33 (3); March 1923:

368-72.

The official letters of the mughal empire fall into

several classes as- Farman/ Shukha, ahkam plural noun

wrongly used for the singular and in the case of only one

later collection of i\urangzeb letters rasm wa ishara.

130 . LETTERS, HWLaYUJSl, MUGHAL INDIA

Roy, Sakiomar , letter of the Mughal emperor Hxamayun

to his brother Kamran, Indian History Congress Proceeding

of the 21st Session 1958 Trivandrvim, P. 318-319.

This letter of Humayxin was written to his brother Mirza

Kamran he sends his brother the Sadnews of Babars death

and the report of accession. He expresses his brotherly

feeling towards Mirza Kamran and emphasizes the need of

unity and concord, particularly in the difficult circum­

stances which the Mughal State had to face after Babar

death, the letters does not appear in any of the standard

histories and collections of letter of the Mughal period

Tne letter occurs in the Tariki illahi-i-Nizam Shah

131. LETTERS, SHAH JAHAN, MUGHAL INDIA

SHAH JAHAti,AHKAM-i-SHaH-JaH/\I>iI Avai lable in Al l gar h

X4uslim U n i v e r s i t y conta ins l e t t e r s of Shah Jahan t o

variSus person, and a l e t t e r of Aurangzeb before the

b a t t l e od Samugarh,

67

132. lilFi. AL.D viOtiK, BABAR, MUGHAL INDIA

Edwards Stephen,M. Babar, diarist and despot,London

philpot 1926 138 P. plates, an estimate based on

Babars Life and work an estimate based on Babarnama

Members of Babar translated by A.5. Beveridge it gives

chronology of Babar's life. This character address to

chiefs before fight with Rana Sanga, methods of

warfare/ wine, women and song, his love for art and

nature, and last phase are described in it.

133. LIBRARIEii, HUMAYUN, MUGHAL INDIA

Bharat, Dha£raa, Banu, the Mughal libraries/ Journal of

the Pakistan nistorical oociety, vol.II,Part I;1954:

P.287-301.

All Mughals Emperors love of books and has good collec­

tion and libraries Huraayun has a passion for the study

of geography astronomy and astrology Jahangir, in Tuzuk

is a clear proof of his extra ordinary ability and love

for reading.

1 3 4 . LIBRi^RIES/ MANAGEX4ENT/ MUGHAL INDIA

Dharma Bhanu

Libraries and their management in Mughal India. Journal

of Indian History ,31(2); Aug. 1953: 157-73.

"Royal librarian and description of Libraries of great

liughals".

b •^

135. RELIGIONS, AKBAR, MUGHAL INDIA

The Hughal marriages: a politico Religious and

legal study. Journal of the Pakistan Historical

society, 1986; 3412J : 8b-132.

Explores the policy of winning supporters and conso­

lidating alliances through marriage dvuring the reign

of iAkbar U542-1605) , third emperor of the Mughal

dynasty in Northern India through royal marriages

iand multiple wives) , >ikbar was able to secure alliances

even witn his dynasty's ancient enemies; the Rajput

in the 1560 s .kbar's son and successor Jahangir (1569-

1627) continued his fathers practice of diplomatic

marriages, contracting 25 marriages during his reign,

1 3 6 , i-4Aili<IrtGES, M U G H A L i^JOBLES, HUGri-tU^ I N D I A

Afzal Hussain

Marriages among Mughal nobles as an index of status

and rtristocratic integration, Indian History of Congress

1972, 304-312,

Tiie study of all the marriages noted may now be dealt

with, for the understanding of the general trend of

marriage, and its impact of the Mughal ruling classes.

Three given references about two hundred thirty two(232)

marriages. The reign-wise break up is as follows, Akbar II

Jahangir 47, Shahjahan 41, .urangzeb, 37,

G : J

137. MARATHA HISTORY/ MUGHAL INDIA

Morrison, Barrie M.

A history of Snivaji: an 18th Century french account.

Journal or Indian History, 42(1); Apr. 1964:49-76.

"French sources of Maratha history have been tapped

to reconstruct i-iaratha history visa-vis Mughals".

1 3 8 . RtiRKKT, TAJGANJ/ MUGHAL INDIA

Javed Hasan, Humtazabad: a market in the Tajganj

area under the Wugnais. Indian History Congress, Pro

of the Forty Seventh Session, vol. 1 1986: P. 327

Humtazabad whicn svibsequently came to be popularly

known as Tajganj - a name which continues even to

the present day.

A part from this main market of Mumtazabad reference

are also foxind about ccxnmercial establishment and

shops in the surrounding areas,

1 3 9 . MERCHiii>JTS, POLITICAL PARTICIPATION, MUGHAL INDIA

C h a k r a b a r t i , p h a n i n o t r a , N a t h , Some a s p e c t s of

p o l i t i c a l p a r t i c i p a t i o n of I n d i a n M e r c h a n t s i n

Mughal I n d i a . I n d i a n ^ " ^ i s t o r i c a l C o n g r e s s P r o c e e d i n g

of t h e 4 3 r d S e s s i o n Kruk S h e t r a U n i v e r s i t y , 1 9 8 2 :

P . 2 9 6 - 3 0 3 .

H i s t o r i c a l e v i d e n c e a u n d a n t l y shows t h a t t h e y p l a y

no l e s s s i g n i f i c a n t r o l e i n f l u e n c i n g t h e S t a t e P o l i c y

I a

in i'iughcil Ina ia .

This paper i s basea preaommantly on published

engl ish records . i-iughals brought about a sudden

cnange in the age old s t r uc tu r e or India economy

140. MINIATURES, 17th CENTURY, MUGHA . INDIA

Hajek Tabor, Indian Miniatures of the Mughal school

by Txibor Hajek and W.B. Farman Prargne article

1960, 8b P 51 Colour plates.

Describes Indian Miniatures of 17th Century which

were produced xinder tne patronage of Mughal emperors.

1 4 1 . MIGRATIUX i, HUi'iAYUN, MUGHAL INDIA

Roy, N . B ,

Humayun in Iran, Modern Review 90(5); Nov.1951;

3883-85.

"when Sher Shah ousted Humayun and usurped his

throne, he sought the military assistance of Shah

Tahmasp which was responded positively.

142. MUGHAL INDIA, ABDUR RAHIM KHANI KHANAI>i, SCHOLAR,MUGHAL INDIA

O j h a , PN S c h o l a r s h i p and p a t r o n a g e of l e a r n i n g

of t h e g r e a t Mugha l s i 15 56-1707 Ap ) , I n d i a n H i s t o r y

C o n g r e s s p r o c e e d i n g of t h e 2 4 t h S e s s i o n D e l h i , 1 9 6 1 :

P . 1 9 0 .

7*

Abdur Rahim Khani Khanam,Ganga/ Brahma Etc. All of

tnese scholars and intellectuals enjoyed the en­

lightened patronage of the emp!?;ror.

Besides some important works writer in other

language were also rendered into persian under the

beneficient patronage of the Emperors e.g. the

memories of Babar i, in turki) came to translated

into persian by Abdul Rahim Khani Khanam khana.

Akbar Jahangir shah Jahan were very much interested

historical studies. We find that all great Mughals

Sovereigns* during the period \inder review were

accomplished scholars.

143. MUGHAL INDIA, POLICIEo, AKBAK, FORM TIOl'

Iqtidar Alam Khan. The formation of the Mughal

rulling class: a study of Akbar policies.

Here, the process of the mughal nobility-especially

its evolution into a homogeneous body of mult -

racial and religiously hetrogenous element brought

together by Akbar and the accompanying snifts in

iAkbar administrative and religious policies.

1 4 4 . i ' lUGr t^^S , Srirtri Ortri-AlSi / H U G H A L IiMx>I/i

.rvbaul --wziz

rt history of the reign of Shah Jahan 6(3); Dec.1927;

235-57, Journal of Indian History.

"The details of the period of rule of Shah Jahan

have been described."

7 )

145 . HUGHALS/ SHAH JaHAisl, MUGHAL INDIA

rtbdul A z i z / A h i s t o r y of t h e r e i g n of Shah Jahar i /

J o u r n a l of I n d i a n H i s t o r y ^ 8 ( 2 ) ; A u g . 1 9 2 9 : 1 2 7 - 4 7 .

" A n o t h e r i n s t a l m e n t of t h e h i s t o r y of Shah J a h a n ' s

p e r i o d of r u l e " .

146 . MUGHALo, SHAH JAtlAlM , MUGHAL IKDIA

Abdul Aziz, ^ history of the reign of Shah Jahan,

Journal of Indian History,8(3} ;Dec. 1929:327-44.

"Affairs of historical importance of Shah Jahan's

rule".

147. MUGH^LS, SHAH JaHAN, MUGHAL Ii Dl .

Abdul Aziz, History of the reign of Shah Jahan,

Journal of Indian History, 9(2) :/iug. 1930: 132-72.

Affairs of historical importance of Shah Jahan rule"

1 4 8 . MUGHrtLS, SxUiH J/ix-iAM, MUGHAL Ii>ioIA

Abdul rtziz, A His tory of the re ign of Shah Jeihan,

Journal or Indian His tory , 9(3) ; Dec. 1930: 279-305

"/affairs of h i s t o r i c a l importance of Shah Jahan ' s

r u l e " .

7.^)

149. MUGHAL/ SHAH J LHAI.'/ MUGHAL INDIA

ganungo, K.R, Some side/ l i g h t s on the charac ter

and cour t l i f e Oi Shah Janan, Journal of Indian History

8 ( 1 ) ; Apr. 1929; 45-52.

"Court of Shah Jahan was the sub of r i v a l a r y among

the nobles of the Co\irt-whicn has been ciscussed here" ,

150. MUGHAL, SHAH JAH vN, MUGH- L INDIA

rtbdul Aziz History of the reign ot Shah Jahan

Journal of Indian His tory, 11(3); Dec. 1932: 47-78.

Affair of h i s t o r i c a l importance of Shah Jahan ' s r u l e .

1 5 1 , MUGHAL, SHAH JAiiAi,i, MUGHAL li\uli\

Fyldes/ Burford Sketch ot the life and reign of

the emperor Shah Jahan, Journal of Indian History

4(2) ; Aug. 1925: 71-84.

"Details of the life and times of Shah Jahan".

152 , MYSORE, MUGaAL R E L A I I U N , MUGHAL IliDIA

M u d d a c h a r i a , B. The Mysore , Mughal r e l a t i o n s

U 6 8 6 - 8 7 ) I n d i a n H i s t o r y C o n g r e s s , P r o c e e d i n g of

t h e 2 9 t h S e s s i o n 1967-68 P a r t I P . 1 6 8 - 1 7 3 .

H e r e an a t t e m p t i s made t o d i s c u s s t h e Mysore , Mughal

c o n t a c t of t h e l 7 t h C e n t u r y a s r e v e a l e d i n Kannada source

7v

The Mysore r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h t h e Mughal ccxnraenced

i n 1666 when / ixirangzeb d e c i d e d t o s e i z e B i j a p u r and

GoIkonda ,

l53.NHTIOi,ALI3i^i/ AKBAR, MUGHAL INOIA

S r i v a s t a v a , A . L , ^ k b a r and N a t i o n a l I n t e g r a t i o n ,

J o u r n a l of I n d i a n H i s t o r y , 4 0 ( 1 ) ; Apr . 1 9 6 2 : 1-8 .

"Akbar was a b l e t o b u i l d a c o h e r e n t s o c i e t y i n s p i t e

of m u l t i p l i c i t y of r e l i g i o n s i n I n d i a . T h i s h a s b e e n

d e a l t w i t h h e r e " .

154 . IN 031 LI TY/ BABAR, MUGHAL Ii>JjJIA

A.R, Khan The n o t e on t h e o r g a n i s a t i o n of t h e N o b i l i t y

u n d e r B a b a r . I n d i a n H i s t o r y C o n g r e s s , 844 S e s s i o n

1 9 8 3 J P . 2 6 2

The person often started his military career xinder

Babar as Beqit and after some time was promoted to

the position of an ^ichki and next promotion was Begs,

155.NOBILITY, MUGHriL INDIA

Ansar zahid Khan Introduction to Tadhkarat al Umara

of Kewal Ram. Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society

(Pakistan) 1984 32 (2) :

Introduction to the publication by the Pakistan his­

torical society of the first part of Kewal Ram's Tadhkarat

al-Umara an account of the nobility of the Mughal empire

empire completed in 170-71. CcMnpanison with

similar, slightly earlier works shows how Kewal Ram

corrected informatia)n from previous authorities and

wishing to include a wider nuiriber of nobles than

other writters# made his own classification accord­

ing to religion, rank, and geographical origin.

156. NUBILITY/ MUGHAL INDIA

Athar Ali M. Mansab and imperial policy under - hah

oahan, Indian History Congress, BOC Thirty Sixth

Session; 1975; P. 257 -

It is new a by word in studies of the Mughal nobility

that at least from 15 75, and to at least 1707 the

mansab, granted and held are the most reliable index

of tne size and composition of the ruling class of

the aughal empire,

157. NUH/iNI, BIHAR, MUGHAL INDIA

Siddiq i , I q t i d a r Hussain, Nuhani r u l e s in Bihar

Indian History Congress , Vol. li?70 : P. 282-87.

Masnad i - a l i Darya Knan isiuhani whom Sultan Skinder

Lodi appoifcnted as the Huata of Bihar in 142 9-6 was

the second son of Musnad. There i s given in t h i s

paper the r i s e and f a l l of the iMxihani ru l e in Bihar

from 1495 to 1530 when Bihar was usuraped by Sher

Shah Khan Sur .

Sher Khan was thus able t o lay sieg^ to the fo r t of

Bihar. Being pressed, the Nuhanis f led away t o

H)

Bengal as the possibility of Mughal help was

eliminated with tne death of Babar and the rebellions

attitude of iiohd. zaman Mirza towards Humayun

So Bihar was evaluated by the Nxohani in 1530,

158. OFFICERS/ AKBAR, MUGHAL INDIA

BosBf Kamal Krishna

>ikbar*s Hindu Officers/ Indian Review/ 29 (12);

Dec. 1928: 825-31.

"Akbar made friends in all communities including

Hindus. He appointed Rajputs on important jobs

and developed family relations which forms the

subject of this article.

159. OFFICES/ 17th CENTURY/ MUGHAL INDIA

Khan, Shafaat Ahmed Khan, Sources for the History

of Seventeenth centxiry British India in the Indian

Office and the public record office/ Journal of

Indian History/1127/ 1921/22: 276-311.

"Research pfi)tential and utility of archival

material in the India Office/ London".

160. ORNAMENTS, MUGHAL INDIA

Sangar, S.P, Ornaments of Hindu Women in Mughal

India; as reflected in the contemporary hindi

literature. Journal of Indian History,44 (i);Apr,1966

181-204 .

(., ACC No

"An account of Ornaments and other decoration

materials used by Hindu women in Mughal period".

1 6 1 . PAINTIi^GS, DEoCRlPTION, MUGHAL INDIA

BKOWiJ/ P e r c y / I n d i a n p a i n t i n g u n d e r t h e Mugha lS /^ . i J .

15 5 0 - i i .D . 1750 London C l a n d a r p r e s s 1924/ 2 0 4 , P . 92

p l a t e s .

Description of Mughal paintings along with historical,

religious back ground and lists of painters and their

principal works, collections of Indian pictures and

bibliography.

162. PAINTINGS, JAHANGIR, MUGHAL INDIA

Solomon W.E.G. Essays on Mughal Art. London, Oxford

University press, 1932, 96 P. 18 Illis.

Essays deal with different phases of the Mughal

Paintings which include colour ana Mughals,«Jahangir

and his artists iinp_ssions of the Taj. Modern Art acid

Mughals and tae Indian Art and Modern criticism.

1 6 3 . PAINTING, AKB>IR , MUGHAL I N D I A

Wellesz Emmy Akbar religious thought reflected in

Mughal Paintings, London,Allen and Unwin 19b2 XI, 47 p. 40

plates Ethical and religious classics of Fast and

West no.77.

Reflects Akbar's olderancce of religions in the form

of paintings. /\kbars youth and development of his

religious ideas . Abdul Fazal ^kbars Din Ilahi of

78

Cul tura l back ground and nature of iMughal pa in t ings

are d e a l t with in t h i s book.

164, PAINTING, AKBARI SCHOOL, MUGHAL INDIA

Tasneenuihmad, Scxne thoughts on Akbari School of

Painting (summary) ICHR, P. 284.

The birth of Indo Muslim Culture, which was guided by

the doctrine of Sulh-i-kul,practised by Akbar.

The development of different branches of painting,

that is miniatures book illustration and portraiture,

are tne wide reflections of it. The execution of the paii

ting in Karkhana brought the painters closer and closer

and whatever imaginary fears existed on either side the

foundation of karkhana where painters were recruited

irrespective of their caste colour, birth region and

proceedings of the thirty seventh session, Calicut,1976.

1 6 5 . PAINTERS, FAkRUrUi BEG, ^KBAR,MUGHAL INDIA

Verma, S.P. Farrukh Beg- The Mughal Court Painter

Indian History Congress, vol. 1, iy78: P. 360-67,

Farrukh Beg "Musavvir ' belong to after Kabul and he

j oined Akbar court . Mohd. Hakim- He was very

good artist.In this paper has given about his painting.

166. POINTINGS, MINIATURE, SHAH JAHAI-J, MUGHAL INDIA

Lawrence George

i'iugnal miniatures, Indian Art, London. Methue 1963

11 P. 15 plates < ri pocket book froiu the little Library of Art.

79

Short survey of Hiniarure paintings done under Akbar.

Jahangir, Shah Jahan and i^urangzeb,

157, PAINTERS, MANDU FI&ANGI ,MUGHAL IIMDIA

Kazmi, Nuzhat Fatima, i-iandu Firangi: a case study

of an Akbari Painter, Indian History of Congress,Pro

of the 47th Session, vol. 1; 1986: P. 441-44.

/Akbari Period (1589) in the Maharaja Sewai Man Singh

i'iuseum, Jaipur. There are few painted folios ascribed

to two artists, Mandu, Firangi and Mandu, are not

mentioned in Ain-e-Akbari,

1 6 8 . P i i lNTERS, MUGH/ L INDIA

Welch, Stuart Gary. Art of the Mughal India, painting

and precious object, Newyork,^sia House Gallery,1963

179 p. 88 plates.

A Catalogue of exhibits shown in galleries of /isia

House, New York in the winter of 1964 introduction

and notes have been added by the author, which provide

valuable sources material to the researcher,

1 6 9 . PAINTIHGS, SCROLL, KaSHf-lIR, MUGHAL INDIA

Sharma, Shiv Kumar, Kashmir Scroll painting,Indian

History Congress Pro of the 47th Session 1986 :P,446

Scroll painting t both the rolled and the hanging

variety) was popular in Kashmir is proved by the exis­

tence of the Hamza Nama group of cloth painting which

produced during the days of the Mughal Emperor Akbar.

Another we can designate as miniature scrolls.

170. PAWTlUG^f TEXTILE/ ORNAMENT DECORAT101^/MUGHAL INDIA

Roy-/ ^rchana. Data on mixed Modes in Indian printed

Textiles: Indian History Congress Proc thirty sixth

session: 1975; p. 206 -

There is given about Indian printed Textile the orna­

mented fabrics will come under the heading mixed modes

in whicn group, the decoration was done both by dying

and weaving Indian Oriented Textiles were heavily

decorated with those two methods. Such fabrics were

known as patola or Ikat Mashru /Sangi and Gulbadan etc,

1 7 1 . PAINTINGS/ EUROPEAI' J , MUGH/iL INDIA

Havell/ E.B, EiiTopean art at the Mughal court.

Journal of Indian History/ 2(1); 1922/23/ 117-18.

"Tradition of Western Art introduced in the Mughal Court",

1 7 2 . PAIiNJTINGS/ TESHNIwUES/ MUGHAL COURT/ MUGHAL INDIA

Moti Chandra . Technique of Mughal painting,Lucknow, U.P.

Indian-Historical Society/ 1949/ 108 P. 50 Fig.

Describes the theory and practice ot painting as

prevalent d\iring Mughal times.

O i

173. PAINTINGS/ TECHNIQUES, UP MUGHAL INDIA

Moti Chandra. Technique of Mughal Painting,Lucknow/U.P.

Historical Society, 1949, 106 P. 50 Fig.

Describes the theory and practice of painting as preva­

lent during Mughal times.

174. PICTORIAL CARPETS , MUGHAL INDIH

onarma, Ramesh Chandra, A pictorial carpet from the

Mughal period. Indian History Congress Pro of the 47th

Session, Vol. 1; 1986: P. 333 -

In this paper author wants to mentioned that

pictorial carpet from the Mughal period which constitutes

a fine specimen of the Indian Carpet weaver's craft of

the age,

175. POLICY GUJARAT HAMAYUN, MUGK-AL INDIA

Hasan, K.N, Fresh l i g h t on Humayun's Gujrat Pol icy.

Indian ^listory Congress j:'ro. of the 28th Session,Mysore;

1966: P. 158-

/^though a la rge number of works wr i t t en during the

re ign of ^kbar provide d e t a i l s of Humayun r e l a t i o n s h i p

with Gujrat , the information ava i l ab le so far leaves

many gaps in our knowledge, Scxne of these gaps may be

f i l l e d with tne help of the newly pioblished Tarikhi-uutbi

on the b a s i s of t h i s add i t iona l information; an attempt

has-been made t o re-examine the main aspect of Humayun's

Gujarat po l icy .

1 7 6 . POLICY, MUGri/U. INDIA, G^RO-TRIBEi, MUGHAL INDIA

Bhattacharya/ Jayanta Bhusan. A note on the Mughal

policy towards the Garos / Indian History Congress/

Vol. 1970 : P. 436

Discusses is Mughal policy towards the Garo tribes driv­

ing his information mainly from the British writtrs of the

post Mughal period and record of the East Indian Com­

pany's administration.

A similar policy was in itially followed by the East

India company.

177. PULICY, NuKTH-jESr FKONTIEK, AKBAR,MUGHAL INDIA

x nsari, rvrif Ali. North-West frontier policy of the

Mughal s under fikbar Journal of the Pakistan/Historical

Society, Vol. IV Part.1; 1956; P. 36-63.

The rise of the power of Vzbegs in mov-ward-al-nahr,

and the growtn of their ambitiers; whicn was marked by

the occupation of Ballen , Bad Khshan and Khurasan

these development were a potential threat to the north­

west frontiers of the empire of Akbar. No attention

could have been paid to this problem earlier of his reign

because he had to concentrate his entire attention on

internal affairs and the consolidation of the government.

1 7 8 . POLICY NORTH V>iESTERN, SHAH JAHAN, MUGHAL INDIA

rtnsar, A . ^ . Shah J a h a n s N o r t h - W e s t e r n P o l i c y ( 1 ) J o u r n a l

of Indian History, p. 113-123.

Shah J a h a n was attftble and c o u r a g e o u s l e a d e r , of showed

8.1

diplomat and a very good administrator. The policy

was started by Akbar was carried to a successful

conclusion by Shah Jahan.

179 . POLITICAL, AFGHAl-i, MUGriaLS K E L A T I O N , MUGIiAL IWDIA

Rahim, ^,, t h e p o s i t i o n of t h e Afghan u n d e r t h e

M u g h a l , J o u r n a l of t n e P a k i s t a n , H h i s t o r i c a l S o c i e t y ,

v o l . VI p a r t 1, 1958 . P . 1 2 6 — 1 4 3 .

I n t h e r e i g n o± / ikbar ( 1556-160 5) t h e r e l a t i o n s

b e t w e e n t h e Afghans and Mughal may b e svunmed up a s

one of h o s t i l i t y and d i s t r u s t .

Under Baba r (1526-30) and Hximayion ( 1530-40) t h e

Mughal w a n t e d t h e A f g h a n s t o a c c e p t t h i s r u l e i n

N o r t h e r n I n d i a ,

180, POLITICAL, AFGHAN, MUGHAL RELATION, MUGHAL INDIA

Tej Ram, Babur's Relations with the Nohani and

formula > fghans, A study of his nobility (1526-30)

Indian History Congress,1980 : P, 227,

iMohani and tormuli clans of Afghans were very powerful

in Hindustan. The Nohani clan was very powerful in

Bihar, The Jama of Babars empire in Hindustan being

52 crore 28.7/i was shared by the Afghans.

84

181. political policies/ mughal india

Shrivastava, A.L. Some misbonceptions about Kana

Pratap. Journal of Indian History, 48(2);Aug.1970:211-16.

"Clear delineation of tne personality and policies

of x ana Pratap".

1 8 2 . POLITICi^L RELATIuNo,IiMiJO,PERSIAN

Sana ^skari, cti, Indo Persian political relations in

the age of the great mughals. Indian History Congress

Proceeding of the seventeenth session, Ahmaaaoad; 19:34:

P. 2y7,

The papa represents an attempt to throw ligh^ on the

Indo Persian relation by utilizing the Material some of

which have been made available to the writer by a

colleague when returned fran Persia.

1 8 3 . Jr-uLiriC«.L, i\<«u\S^-iCTIOi., Jrth.ri.jGIU, MUGHaL I N J I ^

Venkateswaran, s.V. Janangir, Indian Kev. 25 (5);May 1924

30 4 University of Mysore. The book gives a continoous

narrative of all the important political and military

transactions, Jahangir's reign.

The really intatesting chapter in the book are those

dealing with the wughal Government and Noorjanan. The

autnor was attempted to show in the word: S.^.Khan

that the Mughal Government was essentially a national

govex'nment.

85

The Mughal Empire knew nothing of elective assemblies

and constitutional rights but it had this much of

the deraocratic element in it that its general policy

was in accord with the wishes and sentiment of the

people,

184, POLITICAL, CARRIER, BABAR,MUGHAL liJDiA

William, L.F, Rushbrook. Empire builder to the 16th

Century, London, Longmans, Green 1918- xvi, 187 P. illus

map ( Kept of Modern Indian History,Allahabad Univer­

sity, no. 3) .

Summary account of the Political career of Zahiruddin

Muhammad, Surnaraed Babar, based on Allahabad University

lecture for 1915-16, provides list of authorities on

Babar whose boyhood training as a warriar, days of

adversity conquest of Samarkand and Hindustan are

given in detail,

185, POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY DECCAi-J MUGHAL INDIA

Alvi, R,/ ., The political Geography of the Mughal

Deccan. Indian History Congress, vol.: 1970:P. 440

In this paper has been mentioned that political geo­

graphy of three Deccan provinces of the Mughal Empire,

namely, Khandesh, Berar and Ahmednagar usually referred

to in historical literature as the Hughal Deccan,

86

l d 6 . FOir-Ux^AflOlM / rtKBrtK, i4UL.rir»L liSiUlri

iMoosvi, dhireen, production consximption and population

in Akbar 's time, Indian History Congress/1972t P. 260

Gonsiomption was s u b s t a n t i a l l y higher about 1595, and

the y i e ld in a l l crops were 25 to 300 percent higher

than in 1961. On the b a s i s of these cons idera t ion t h a t

populat ion of i^kbar's Empire was about 67 c ro res ,

187 . CITIES AGRA,DELnI, SIKRI , MUGH U:, INDl/i

Anand, Mulat Kaj Delni, ngra, Sikri,1968 Marg, PxibT

Bombay, p. 67, illus.

Illustrates the three Mughal cities with their historical

back grounds. The monximents and their architectural

details are also provided the ornamental decorations,

inlaid work, design of the dame etc. are also describes.

188. POLICIES, AURAKGZEB, MUGaAL INDIA

Tripathi, riam Prasad, Vindication of Aurangzeb, Indian

Rev. 19(10); Oct. 1918: 708-11

"Rigid and fanatic policies of Aurangzeb have been

dealt with, when he was in the clutches of old rigid

Muslim fxindaraentalists".

1 8 9 . PRECIOUb, MElAi^S, MUGHAL INDIA

Ktfarty, K.G. I n d i a i n t h e 1 7 t h C e n t u r y , I n d i a n Review

2 9 ( 1 1 ) ; Nov. 19 8 : 7 6 5 - 6 8 . The p r o b l e m n a t u r a l l y i n v o l v e s

HH

the consiaeration of the standard of life at the end

of tne centxiry. We find to o\ir regret nothing that

can indicate any rise in the standard , wr. Moreland

says that the life of Peasants was harder the price

level - the importation of gold and silver and large

quantity of precious metals had been imported into

India in exchange for India manufactured good and raw

material.

190 . REBEILIOM/ KHO^ RO SHAH JAH/^ / MUGH* L INDIrt

D ' o i l v a / J o h n a . The r e b e l l i o n of p r i n c e Khusru

a c c o r d i n g t o J e s u i t s o u r c e s . J o u r n a l of I n d i a n H i s t o r y , 5

(2) -Hug, 1 9 2 6 ; 2 6 7 - 8 1 .

" K h u s r o / t h e son of Shah J a h a n r e v o l t e d a g a i n s t h i s

f a t h e r - C h r i s t i a n m i s s i o n e r y s o u r c e s h a v e b e e n u s e d

i n w r i t i n g t h i s a r t i c l e " .

191. REBEILION3 , AURANGZEB/ MUGHAL INDIA

Sharma, Shri Ram, aurangzeb 's r e b e l l i o n agains t

Shah Jahan, Journal of Indian History, 44(1) ; Apr,1966:

10 9-24.

"Aurangzeb was very ambitious and wanted t o ascend

the throne i n s p i t e of not being the e l d e s t son of

Shah Jahan wno favoured Dara ohikoh. So he rebe l led

aga ins t h i s f a the r" .

88

192. RELIGIONd, /UCbAR, KUGH^L INDIA

KKlSHN.i MURTHI, R. The inaugural meeting of the

divine faith of Akbar, 24(1-2)/ Journal of Indian

History^ Apr.- Aug. 1945: 17-21.

"/*kbar founded Din-e-Ilahi taking good tenets of

different religions and it was formally inaugurated

which forms the contents of this article".

193. RELIGIOiv-o, AURaNGZEB, MUGHAL INDIA

History of iiurangzeb. Mad Review :

7

8

8

8

10

10

10

11

11

11

11

11

(4);

C5);

(2);

(3);

C3);

(4);

(5);

(6);

(2);

(2);

(3);

(4);

C5);

i^pr.

May

Aug.

Sept.

oept.

Sept.

Oct.

Dec,

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

1910

1910

1910

191Q

1911

1911

1911

1911

1912

1912

1912

April 1912

May 1912

w 354

431

131

243

250

333

424

524

61

165

250

371

467

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

—

62

38

37

51

53

40

29

37

72

73

57

81

85

"Almost all aspects of Aurangzeb's rule have been

dealt with including his religions beliefs/ his political

cicumen / his battles and alliances etc,"

8 J

194.RELIGIONS/ AUi AKGZEB,MUGHaL liviDlA

H i s t o r y of Axirangzeb/ Modern R e v i e w / 8 (3) ; S e p t . i g u t

2 5 0 - 5 3 .

"xilmost all aspects of Aurangzeb' s rule have been

dealt with incl-ading his religions beliefs / his

political acumen, his battles and alliances etc."

195.RELIGIONS/ AURANGZEB/ MUGHAL INi IA

History of i urangzeb. Modern Review (4) ;8 (2) Aug. ;1911i

431-38.

"Almost all aspects of Aurangzeb's rule have been

dealt with including his religions belief/ his

political acumen; his battles and alliances etc."

196.Ri:.LIGIQiN,S/ AURANGZEB/ MUGHAL INDIA

History of aurangzeb/ Modern Review / 11(1); Jan.1912

P 61 - 72.

"Almost all aspects of Aurangzeb*s rule have been

dealt with including his religions belief/ his

political acumen, his battles and alliances etc."

197.RELIGIONo/ riURrtNGZEB, MUGHAL INDIA

H i s t o r y of A u r a n g z e b , Modern Review 11 (2) ;March 1 9 1 2 :

P . 2 5 0 - 5 7 .

"rtlmost all aspects of /lurangzeb's rule have been

dealt with including his religions belief, his poli­

tical acumen/ his battles and alliances etc."

90

igS.RELlUIOKS/ rtURANGZEB/ MUGHAL INDI^

H i s t o r y of A u r a n g z e b , Modern Review 1 1 ( 4 ) ; A p r i l 1912;

3 7 1 - 8 1 .

"Almost all aspects of i urangzeb rule have been dealt

with including his religions beliefs, his political

acumen, his battles and alliances etc.

i99,i<i:LiijiuiNi , URA:>;GZEB, MUGHAL INDI^^

History of aurangzeb. Modern Review , 8(5); Sept,1911:

P. 424- 29.

"Almost all aspects of aurangzeb's rule have been

dealt with including his religions beliefs, his

political acumen, his battles and alliances etc,"

200.EELIGION, AURAIMGZEB, MUGHAL IWDIa

History of A\arangzeb, Modern Review, 8(4); Sept. 1911;

333 - 40,

"Almost all aspects of Aurangzeb's rule have been

dealt with including his religions beliefs, his poli­

tical acumen , his battles and alliances etc,"

201,RELIGIOMS, AURAl 'GZEB, MUGHAL INDIA

History of aurangzeb. Modern Review,11(5);Mav 1912:

467-85,

"almost all aspects of Aurangzeb's rule have been

dealt with including his religions beliefs his poli­

tical acumen his battles and alliances etc,"

9

202. KELIGIOUJ, rtUR-rtNGZEB, MUGHAL INDIA

History of Aurangzeb, Modern Review/8(3);1911;

243 - 51.

"Almost all aspects of Aurangzeb's rule have been

dealt with including his religions beliefs/ his

political acumen, his battles and alliances etc,"

20 3. RELIGIONS/ AURANGZEB/ MUGHAL IL-^DIH.

History of Axirangzeb/ Modern Review/ 10(6); Dec. 1911:

529-37

"Almost all aspects of Aurangzeb's rule have been

dealt with including his religions beliefs/ his

political acvunen/ his battles and alliances etc. "

204, RELIGIONS/ HUMAYUN, MUGHAL INDIA

Banerji/ S.K. Hvumayun & religion/ Journal of Indian

History/ 17 (2) ; Aug. 1938: 151-64.

"The religions faith of the pious thing has been dealt

with in detail including his liberalism in religious

affairs".

205. RELIGIONS POLICY/ AKBAR/ MUGHAL INDIA

Sinha/ h.N. The genesis ot the Din-i-Ilahi, 9 (3) /

Dec.1930: 306-29. Journal of Indian History.

"Akbar respected all religions and believed in the

unity of all religions. He founded a new faith Din-e-

9 >

Ilahi wnich included good tends of various religions.

20 6. RELIGIONS POLICIES, AKBAR, MUGHAL INDIA

Mohammad Yasin ,

Akbar and Indian nationalism. Journal of Indian

History, 38(2); Aug. 1960: 401-07.

"Akbar was not rigid in his religious ideas. He

believed in the goodness of all religions and in his

life time tried to unite all caranunities including

Hindus and Rajputs in particular, this has been des­

cribed here".

207. RELIGIONS, POLITICS, AKBAR, MUGHAL INDIA

Shrivastava, A,L,

SCKne misconceptions about Akbar the great 42 (2) ;Aug.

1964s 361-70.

Akbar's sincerity whether in religion or politics or

even in social matters was never questioned by his

contemporaries. There is no instance of his having

dis-regarded his plighted word. He had not really

promised freedom to king Bahadxir of Khandesh, What he

had agreed to was granting his life and hono\ir' and

he fulfilled the promise,

208, RELIGIONS, POLICIES, AKBAR, MUGHAL INDIA

ShrivastavajfA, L,

Akbar and national integration. Journal of Indian

History, 40(1); Apr, 1962: 1-8

9.]

"Liberal religions policies of Akbar knit a coherent

society inspite of multiple communities. This

speaks of his success in building a homogenious

society which gave hearty cooperation to his rule".

20 9, iiELIGIONS/ POLIGIEo, >iKBAR, MUGHAL INDIA

Wadia/ P.A.

iikbar and India today, Madrea Review 73(1); Jan, 1943:

26-27,

The enthusiasm with which we are celebrating the

Akbar wuater centenary is perhaps Symbolic(1) of the

demand for a unified India (2) of the growing self

consciousness on the part of our people and their

desire to live their own life. Akbar rules in India

is a myth of this kind. Akbar believes in all reli­

gion he does not have any difference between Hindu

and nuslim,

210. R^LIGIOIMS/ POLICY/ /iURAwGZxjB/ MUGHAL INDIA

Shariiia, Sri Ram Religions policy of the Mughal

Emperor ,2d ed, Bombay, Asia Pub,House,1962 x 206P

First published in 1940.

oystematic and sympathetic approach of the religions

policy or Fiughals, based on persian, ilarathi/ Sanskrit

and other original sources relating to this subject

Has list of Hindu mansabdars during Akbar and

Aurangzeb'p period.

9t

211. RELIGIOUS, PHILOSOPHY, MUGHAL INDIA

M, Amar Ali

Sulh- i and the r e l i g i o u s ideas of Akbar s tud ies in

His tory (India) 1982 4 (1) : 27-39. Believing himself

t o have a d i r e c t r e l a t i o n s h i p with God, independent

of any p a r t i c u l a r r e l i g i o n , the Mughal r u l e r Akbar

(1556-160 5 ) , developed a r e l i g i o u s philosophy much broader

than t r a d i t i o n a l Islam. His po l icy of Sulh- i -kul

attempted to i n t e g r a t e var ious cultxoral and r e l i g i o n s

t r a d i t i o n s .

2 1 2 . REVENUES, l ? t h CEixTURY, MUGHAL liaDIA

Sharma, Rajiv, Indian History of Congress,1989

Revenues and routes in the Mughal Empire- seven

century Documents in the pancholi Bhai.

The bahi entitled Pancholi Slukaran Lalchand ri Bahi

( henceforth Pancholi Bahi) contains a random collec­

tion of khyats vigats.

There are giving about revenues and rout in Mughal

time,

213. REVENUES, EXTRA NON MUGHAL INDIA

Moosvi, Shireen

The s i l v e r inflxix moneys supply, p r i c e s and revenue

ex t r ac t i on in Mughal Ind ia , Journal of Economic and

Social History of the Orient ( Netherkhals) , 1987;30 (1) ;

4794.

95

The variations in 16th and 17th century mint out

put in the Mughal Empire reflect the fluctuations

in the volume of silver imports from the new world

into India. Total coined silver stock also paralleled

the influx frcan abroad roughly do\j±)ting between 1600

170 5. Price and revenue increases in the 17th century

varied by region (passed on sketchy data) and were not

as related to silver import, which could not by them­

selves have led to major internal redistribution of

wealth within the Mughal empire,

214. REVEIMUES, ZMMIKDAR, MUGHaL IwDlH

Grover, B.K. Nature of Denat-i-Taa Luqa (Zamindari

village) and the Evolution of the Taaluqdani system

during the Mughal age , Indian Economic & Social

History Review, vol. 2; 1965: P. 166-

Revenues of both the Taaluq a (zamindari) and the

raiyati villages were assessed by the State the ulti­

mate responsibility for the collection rested with two

differents categories of official in the Taaluqa

villages where the Zamindars owned revenues on their

personal lands* the naya and the tenants would nor­

mally pay through the muqaddam of the village and the

Chandahani of the area who would deposite the revenue

in the treasury.

The rasxim known for a Chodnari in non Zamindari, villages

98

during Mughal age, was equally applicable age

was equally applicable to the Zamindarl rasum in

the Taaluqa village,

215. ROADS/ MUGHAL INDIA

Zahoor Ali Khan. The p u r s u i t of Mughal High V^aysia

study of road rt-lignments based on the Kospi l la rs /

Indian History Congress / proceeding of the for ty

f i f t h session Annamalas Nagar 1984: p . 312-19,

The f i r s t road t raced by these p i l l a r s j o i n s important

towns l i k e Mathura, iJelhi , Panipat , Karnal, Ambala,

oirhind/ Ludiana, Ja l lundhar and Lahore.

The Mughal route continued over an uneven p la in to

by the Covntour l i n e of 750 fee t as well as to the

meandering coursesiof the Gembhir-utangar r i ve r oxor

i i k e s k i l l avoided in laying out the alignment of the

Mughal high way.

216. ROYAL, FURNITURES/ MUGHAL IWDIA

Abdul Aziz. Thrones/ Chairs and Seats used by the

Indian Mughals. Journal of Indian History,17(2);

/iug. 1938: 181 - 228.

"Royal furniture used by the great Mughals has been

described".

97

217, SETTLEFiEWT i, MALWA, BIHHR/ BABAR, MUGHAL INDIA

Banerji S,K, Babar post-war settlements in the

UOBLD, X"ialwa and Bihar. Indian riistory Congress

proceeding of the 17th session; 1954; P. 296.

All the historians have spoken in glowing term of

Babar and his reign. He is represented as a great

ruler and an equally great entist biographer and war

Techtician. Babar tented to make lasting settlements

after his i4is Walwa and Bihar compaigns but he left

inane policy for his success or Humayun.

218, SOCIAL CONDITIONS/ MUGHAL INDIA

Iqtidar nlam Khan

socio-political implications of Hand guns in Mughal

India, Indian History of Congress/ 1989; p. 585.

In South Asia/ the earliest use of fire arms (repre­

sented by Hawai or Ban; the mughal/State, policy with

regard to fire arms remains to be fully worked out.

abul Nazals classification of artillery and bunduqchis

(same as tutangchis of Babars description/ the handgxin

wielding infantrymen) as part of the royal house hold

(Manzilabadi ) rather than as part of army organization,

219, SOLDIEKS/ BABAR, MUGHAL INDIA

Nigan/ S.B.P, The Jahandarnama of Nuruddin Hamdard

I s l a m i c (Pakis tan) 1986 9(1) i 3 5 - 5 8 .

98

Introduces and summarises the contents of the Jahandar-

nama by Nurul Din, a member of a family of professional

solaiers that came to India in the 15 20's in the

Mughal army of 2ahir al Din Muhammad Babar, probably

written under the guidners of Yusuf Khan, the official

court historian of Farrukhsiyar,

220 . SOLDIERS^ MUHAIXlT'lADAN/ MUGHAL INDIA

C h o p r a , P .K , Scffne Muhammadan r i t e s a s o b s e r v e d d u r i n g

Mughal t i m e s / I n d i a n H i s t o r y C o n g r e s s / P r o , of t h e 1 7 t h

S e s s i o n , ? . 300 .

In this article an attempt has been made to take brief

note of some of the important Muhammadan rites viz.

Aqiqah, Bismillah ( initiation), Sunnat (circumcision)

etc, as they were observed during Mughal times incidentally

some other interesting customs which followed a childs

birth have also been described, the account is based

on contemporary persian soxirces and foreign travellers.

2 2 1 . SOCI/iL CQNxJlTIONo, BABAR, MUGH/^ IKJ lA

K h a f i Khan. M u n t a k h a b u - l u b a b - i - k e - l x o b a b Monammad d h a h i

o r r a r i k h i Kaf i Khan, F o l i o s , : lo + 3 8 2 .

C o v e r s e t h e p e r i o d from Baba r up t o 1 7 3 3 , i t s s t y l e

i n d e s c r i b i n g i aoc ia l c o n d i t i o n s p r e v a l e n t and i t s

d e t a i l of i n f o r m a t i o n f o r Mughal E m i r o r s a d v e n t u r e s i n

J e c c a n make i t a v a l u a b l e s o u r c e s m a t e r i a l s p e c i a l l y f o r

rturangzeb's e n t i r e r e i g n , o c c u p i e s a u n i q u e p l a c e among

h i s t o r i a n s of l i ugha l I n d i a ,

9n

2 2 2 . SOLDIERS, RAJA JAISINGH

S a r k a r , J a g a d i s h N a r a y a n

New l i g h t on M i r z a R a j a J a i S ingh P o l i c y i n B i j a p u r ,

J o u r n a l of I n d i a H i s t o r y , 4 3 ( 3 ) ; D e c . 1 9 6 5 ; 7 4 7 - 6 1 ,

"Ra ja J a i S ingh was A u r a n g z e b ' s army commander h i s

c o m p a i g n s i n s e n t h a v e b e e n d e a l t h e r e " ,

2 2 3 . SOLDIERS, RAJi^ JAI SINGH, MUGHAL INDIA

S a r k a r , J a g a d i s h K a r a y a n

rlirza Raja Jai Singh and Shivaji, Journal of Indian

of Indian History 42 (1); Apr. 1964: 251-64.

"Mirza Raja Jai Singh was the commander of Axorangzebfe

army who bravely and faithfully fought in South on his

behalf. Aurangzeb conferred the litle of Mirza on

this great soldier".

224, SILVER CURREi JCY, 16th CENTURY, MUGHAL INDIA

Om prakash, Mughal Silver currency out put and prices

in India in the 16th and 17th centuries: a critique

the Indian Economic and Social History Review,vol.7

No. 1, 1970: P. 139

In this paper tne silver currency out put of the Mughal

Empire and price in India during the 16th and 17th

century, Mirza Hasan has constructed a silver currency

in circulation curve based on the number of Mughal

silver coins found relating to each year.

lOi)

225. SOCIAL, iiCUNOMIC CQNDITIOi-.S/ AKBAR, MUGHAL INDIA

orait , Vincent Arthur, ^kbar the great Mughal 1542-

1605. Delhi S. Chand 1958. XVI, 504 P. Originally

pxablished in 1917 by Oxford University Press.

Contains detailed account of Akbars reign including

his ancestry conquests, i in Ilahi, Jesuit Missions

oalims rebellion, social and economic conditions.

2 2 6 . S P O K T S , H U N T I N G , AiCBAR, ihUGH^iL I N D I «

Akbar's hunting excursions. Indian Review 25(12);

Dec. 1924: 768-66.

"Akbar was advanturous and daring ruler. He loved

sports and especially hunting which have been dealt

with here,

2 2 7 . SPORTd, HUNTING, AKBAR, MUGHAL I i JDIa

G u r t u , O.K.

/%kbar and elephant fights. Indian Review 27 (2), Feb,

1926: 107-08.

"Akbar was a great lover of sports and hunting. He

maintained a huge collection of elephants and capable

Mahontss He enj©yed elephant fights which have been

described here".

228. SUGHR, MANUf/^CTURING, I7th CENTURY, i-iUGH iL INDIA

Ahmad, Mohd. Reyaz: Manufacturing Process of Sagar in

India during the 17th century, Indian History of Congress

Pro. of the 47th Session 1986: P. 447-48.

101

During the 17th Century Indian Sugar was not pro­

duced for local consumption but it was also exported to

Europe, America/ Africa and some other countries.

Villages produced most of the raw material needed

for Urban manufacturing industries.

Three types of ougar viz/ powdered. Candy and un­

refined were produced in India.

229, oYSTEi'lS, MANo^E, «Hi-irtDABAu, MUGHAL INDIA

i-iukherjee Paresh Nath, Some light on the Mansabdari

system of the Mughals, Indian History Congress/Pro-of the

Seventeenth session Ahmadabad, 1954,P. 297.

There is considerable difference in Zat and Swar meaning

Historians has different opinion about Zat and Swar. The

Sawar was their military rank, whereas the Zat was their

civilian rank,

230. SYSTEi'.S, I dANSAB, AKBAR , 1595-1637 CEMTURY MUGHAL INDIA

Irfan Habib, the Mansab system 1595-1637. Indian History

Congress . Pro. of the 29th Session 1967-68 Part I:P.228

In this article consists essentially of two parts.

In the first an attempt is made to establish directly from

evidence the facts of cnange in the system of Mansab pay

and obligation during the last years of Akbar and the reign

of Jahangir. so at to discover what exactly was new in

the system as it was found existing under Shah Jahan. In

the second political and administrative development of the

time.

iU.

2 3 1 . oYSi'iili^io/ i"iHi>iortB/ ^iKB^<, WUCiH/iL INDIA

r r ived i / K.K.

Maintenance of war and t r a n s p o r t animals in luansab

system under Akbar. Indian History Congress/1986.

In t h i s paper an attempt has been made t o examine

afresh weather the horseS/ e lephants and t r anspor t

animals belonged to the imperial s t ab les but were main­

ta ined by the mansabdars out of the sa lary paid to

them.

2 3 2 . SYSTEMS/ BUREAUCRATIC

The A'erarchy of Cebtral places in i orth India during

the Mughal period of Indian Hisl^ory, South Asia

Uustralia) 1983. 6(1) : 1-32.

Gilbert Rozmans classification system for the hie­

rarchy of central places that it is cities with

bureaucratic system dominating their surrounding

region, distinguished seven levels ranging frcan

national administration centres to standard marketing

centres . In this system/ Mughal India won between

1550 and 1650/ at a low level of development having

only two regional centres and poorly developed inter­

mediate centers.

233 . SYSIEi^iS/ EoCHEAT MUGfUL Ii.\.iJlrt

Z a t a r u l I s l am, The Mughal System of Eschea t

An a n a l y t i c a l Study Tnfiian Hi.citory Gonaress Proc

of t h e 46th Sess ion i. / un t i t s a r ) ; 1988;P. 337

103

It was an established practice of the Mughal Govern­

ment to escheat the property of State Officials

after their death. Here, an attempt is being made

to discuss the issue of escheat in the light of

rules laid down by the Muhals and the actual cases

of escheat given in the contemporary sources.

In the light of the above analysis it,may be

concluded that the esche at of the property of the

deceased officials was a prevalent practice in Mughal

India.

2 3 4 . SYSTEHS/ MAtiS^B, JAi i^NSIR/ MUGHi^ I ^ D I A

•'•rfan Habib/ Islamic Culture; an english cfuarterly

H IIX No3 Hyderabad 1985.

In these article W.H. Woreland argued salaries

sanctioned for raasabs or ranks were radically scaled

down by Shah Jahan after 1628.

235. SYSIEM i/ MILIT/^Y, RAJPUTS, MUGHAL INDI^

Sharma, Ravindra Kumar.

The i iilitary system of the Bundi State ^rchiv orientalni

C zchoslovakia ) 1986 54(2); 146-157.

A study of Military system of the Hara clan of the

Rajputs . Rao Ratan Hara can be regarded as the most

successful imitator of the new school medieval tech­

nology and Warfare the superiority of this school

was proved by great success of the '.Vara rulers. From

lO'V

The agricultural policy of Mughals involved more than

the collection of land taxes. The Mughal brought

more land under cultivation and increased the produc­

tivity of older fields. They also protected peasants

from over zealous Tax collectors as well as provided

relief from natural disasters.

The i-iugnals sought increased agricultural production

to meet internal and external market devend, insiore

the well being of tne population, and increase Govt,

revenue from taxation,

2 3 9 . TEMPLES, AURANGZEB, MuGH-fiL I K J J I A

O'AN/iH gHANDfl:4, ^ u r a n g z e b and Hindu t e m p l e s / J o u r n a l

of t h e P a k i s t a n l i l s t o r i c a l 3oc±etv, v o l . V ; 1 9 5 7 : 2 4 7 - 5 4

I n t h i s p a p e r h a s w r i t t e n by Chandra t h a t H i s t o r i a n

h a v e w r i t t e n v o l . a f t e r v o l . a b o u t A u r a n g z e b he was

a n t i H i n d u and b a n n i n g t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of Hindu t e m p l e s .

The Farman was i s s u e d by Aurangzeb on 15 J a m a d i . T h i s

Farman c l e a r s on t h e p o i n t t h a t -fiurangzeb d i d n o t i s s u e

any new o r d e r a g a i n s t t h e bu i ld i i ; i g of t h e new t e m p l e .

2 4 0 . TR^PE, MiMED^h*^, MUGHAL INDIA

Mahmud 5, Hassan the Mughal and a Merchant-Jeweller

of rthmedabad Proceeding of the Forty xxth session;

1985: P. 300

Authar attempt is made here to introduce one such

collection of documents issued to a merchant-Jeweller

of the city of Ahmedabad by the Mughal emperors.

105

2 4 1 . TRADE BENGAL 1633-1712 CENTURY/ MUGHAL INDIA

M a l i k / Z a h e e r u d d i n Mughal o f f i c i a l dociunent c o n c e r n i n g

t h e E n g l i s h t r a a e i n B e n g a l (163 3-1712) s I n d i a n H i s to ry -

C o n g r e s s P r o c e e d i n g of t h e t h i r t y f i r s t s e s s i o n ,

V a r a n a s i , 1 9 6 9 s P . 2 4 6 - 5 4 .

242. TRADE/ BENGAL, AKBAR/ MUGHAL INDIA

Chakraberti Pnanidra Nath/ Pattern of Bengal Overseas-P.374-83

Akbar was very much interes in stimulating the

ccxnmercial position of his empire but during his own

time Akbar failed to establish law and order in Bengal

the frequent ravolts by Local Afghan Chiefs and Hindu

Zamindars left the coxontry into a deplorable condition

but under Jahangir and Shah Jahan comparative peace

was secured and ccxnmerce flourished in Bengal. The

products of Bengal began to be sent again by sea river

and land routs Bengal over seas trade which will indi­

cate the gradual process of decline of Bengal mercantile

community over seas trade. Different pnases of maritime

trade infringement of past uguese monopoly the age of

Bengal merchants. The English Cominercial Penetration

into Bengal.

In the last of Mughal captured by English.

243. TRADE/ CHINTZ 17 CENTURY/ MUGHAL INDIA

SEEMA , SINGH,. Go lconda C i n t z : M a n u f a c t u r e and t r a d e

i n t h e 17 Cen t ia ry . I n d i a n H i s t o r y C o n g r e s s / F o r t y n i n t h

S e s s i o n / 1 9 8 8 : P . 3 0 1 .

lOt)

Central ^sla. to Ueccan and Gujrat to Bihar, which

continued until tne arrival of the riuropean Mili­

tary powers in India after the liugnal i lilitary colla­

boration the Mughal system of war fare was introduced

by the rulers of Bundi State Mughal and British

influence intiltrated the whole system of military

administration.

2 3 6 . SYoTEI^iO, i-iANSrtB, MU JH-rtL, INDIA

RaO/ C . S . K , Scane n o t e s on M u g h a l M a n s a b s

J o u r n a l o f I n d i a n H i s t o r y 16 ( 1 ) ; A p r , 1 9 3 7 : 5 0 - 6 2 ,

" M u g h a l s i n t r o d u c e d i - i a n s a b d a r s y s t e m w h i c h h a s

b e e n d e s c r i b e d h e r e " ,

2 3 7 . TAX, AUx<Al>iGZEB, MUGH/\L IiMDIA

Satish ChancJ -a,,, Jizyah in the post ^urangzeb

period, Indian History Congress , Ninth Session,

Patna University; 1946: P, 320.

In this paper some new light has been thrown on

the vicissitudes of the tax in the confused period

following the death of Aurangzeb. The foregoing

account shows the rapidity with v iich Jizyah, conside­

red a religious duty by Aurangzeb,

238. TAXES, LAND, MUGHAL INDI- i

Kuppuswami, G R.

^ qrarian policy of the Mughals History of agricul-

ture (India) (1984) ; 2 (3) ; 93-106,

107

•chintz* was a term applied in 17th century

European sources to both painted and printed

calicoes.

The Chintz produced in the region of Golconda was

famous in the various parts of the world on the "Chilitz

2 4 4 . TRADE, GOA 17 CEINITURY/ MUGH/iL INDIA

Afzal Ahmad, Goa based portuguese Export Trade in

the early 17th centurys (1611-1625). Indian History

Congress Session 41; 1980: P. 349-53.

The whole 16th century has been known for the rise

of the Portuguese power on the western coast of

India in general and their monopoly in the overseas

trade in particular. In 17th century the portuguese

power and their trade in the Arabian and Indian

ocean declining considerably,

245. TRADE, GUJRAT 16 CENTURY / MUGHAL INDIA

Iftikhar ^mad Khan, Trade of medieval(Pre-16th

Century) Gujrat , Indian History Congress, S. 41 session

P. 282-88.

Gujrat since long had developed various industries

and number of cotton manufacturing centces.

The main item of Gujrat, import was horses which

had great demand not only in Gujrat but throughout

India,

108

2 4 6 . TRaDE/ HORSES/i-lUGIi-aL INDIA

IFTIKHAR Ahmad Khan The import of persian horses

in India 13-17th centuries, P. 346 - 51

The Mughal empire imported the persian horses over

land as well Bernier 1656-1668) recorded that a great

nximber of Persian horses through the Janahar- Multan

route were imported to India.

The persian horses thus remarked a very coveted breed/

that only Emperor or noble could offord.

247. TRADE,HORSES 15th CENTURY/ MUGHAL INDIA

Shukla/ S.K. Horse Trade in Medieval South its

political and Economic Implications, Indian History

Congress/ 1981/ P. 31-17.

In the fiteenth century, the horse trade had became

so incrative that the foreign merchants from the non-

Arab countries were also altrated towards it.

2 4 8 . TRADE HORSES/ MUGiI^L IWDI/\

i i a i d i , S . I n a y a t / C a v a l r y H o r s e s i n Mughal Army, I n d i a n

H i s t o r y C o n g r e s s , 1 9 8 1 ; V: 1 6 8 - 9 4 .

The Mughal army was e s s e n t i a l l y an army of C a v a l r y

t h e b e s t h o r s e s were i m p o r t e d from a b r o a d . Both t h e

s e a r o u t e and l a n d r o u t e t h e s e h o r s e s were s u p p l y

frcxn I r a q Arab JTurkey e t c . Babar e s t i m a t e t h a t from

s e v e n t o t e n t h o u s a n d h o r s e s were b r o u g h t f r a n Ch ina

and T u r k e y v i a Kabul e v e r y y e a r .

109

2 4 9 . TRADE INDO-PERSIiiN I 7 t h CEWTURY, MUGHAL INDIA

Sxirendra G o p a l , A s p e c t s of I n d o - P e r s i a n t r a d e i n

t h e s e v e n t e e n t h Centxiry/ I n d i a n H i s t o r y C o n g r e s s

P r o c - of t h e t h i r t y f i r s t s e s s i o n ( V a r a n a s i ) ; 1969 ;

P . 2 4 0 - 4 6 ,

S e v e r a l f a c t o r s c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e d e e p i n t e r e s t shown

b y I n d i a n t r a d e r s i n t h e p e r s i a n m a r k e t i n t h e s e v e n ­

t e e n t h c e n t u r y . I n d i a n s of S indh and t h e P u n j a b c o u l d

go t o p e r s i a t h r o u g h Kandhar and K a b u l .

Some of t h e s e I n d i a n t r a d e r s h a d t a k e n up p e r s i a n c i t i ­

z e n s h i p t h e I n d i a n t r a d e r s c o n t i n u e d t o t h e c a r r i e r s

of p e r s i a n good i n t o t h e R u s s i a n and a l s o e x p o r t s of

R u s s i a n and »i/estern E u r o p e a n a r t i c l e s t o p e r s i a even

i n t h e e i g h t e e n t h cen tvury .

250. TRADES* JAHANGIR, MUGHAL INDirt

Josh i , V.C. East India Company and the Mughal

a u t h o r i t i e s during J a h a n g i r ' s re ign , Jovurnal of

Indian His tory , 21 ; 1942: 2-22.

"East India CcMiipany, the general t rad ing company of

England sought some t r ade concessions from the great

Mughal Jahangi r" .

2 5 1 . TRADE, MALDA (WEST BENGAL) I 7 t h CENTURY, MUGHAL INDIA

Ghosh, Ananda Gopa l , Malda (West Benga l ) a s a t r a d i n g

c e n t r e i n t h e S e v e n t e e n t h c e n t u r y , I n d i a n H i s t o r y

C o n g r e s s P r o . o f t h e t h i r t y s i x t h s e s s i o n , 1918 : P . 2 7 6 - 8 3 ,

iin

The Akbarnama mentioned the name of Malda as Important

centre of trade and commerce.

Rennell described Malda as a pretty. "Pretty near city'.,

like Casis Bazar it was also a place of greed trade.

252. TRADE,NORTH INDIA, 17 CENTURY/ MUGHiiL INDIA

Sharma, Ramesh Chandra, aspects of Business in Northern

India in the Seventeenth century , Indian History Congress

1972 P. 276-80.

irdha Kathanak of Banarsidas written in 1641 he was

the business man. He has given reference about the

middle class business in north India during the 17th

century on Market, Jewellers trade. Centre trade.

Partnership, rich merchants. Businessmen and officials.

2 5 3 . Ti^ifwE, x<AJASTHAN, MUGHAL INDIA

D e v r a , Ghanshyam L a i . A S t u d y of t h e t r a d e R e l a t i o n s

b e t w e e n R a j a s t h a n and "^ indh/Mul tan (1650-1800 A.D.)

I n d i a n H i s t o r y C o n g r e s s , V o l , 1 ; 1 9 7 8 : P . 5 8 1 ^ 594 .

D i s c u s s e s t h e t r a d e r o u t e s be tv /een R a j a s t h a n on t h e

one s i d e and S indh and M u l t a n on t h e o t h e r s i d e i n I n d i a

from 1650 t o 1800 ^ . D . T r a d e r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e

v a r i o u s p a r t of t h e Thar d e s e r t and t h e t h i n g s b a s e d

on t h e r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n t h e t e r t i l e p l a i n and t h e a r e a s

d r y l a n d w i l l u n t o u i j ide r s t and t h e r e a l c h a r a c t e r of t h e

economic p r o b l e m of t h i s h o t r e i g n .

The t r a d e r o u t e s i n R a j a s t h a n and i n j o i n i n g a r e a s r e s ­

t r i c t e d w i t h t h e d e s c r i p t i o n of t r a d e r o u t e s from Agra

t o ahmedabad e t c .

I l l

25a. TRADE, ROUTES l7-i8 CENTURY, MUGHAL INDIA

Purber,Helden. Tne overland route to Indian in

the Seventeenth aPd eighteenth centuries. Journal

of Indian Historyr 29(2); Aug. 1951: 105-33.

2 5 5 . TREATIES/ J r t r i i^GI^/ MUGHAL IIMDIA

Ram S i n g h , t r . M a a . d i r - l - J a h a n a i r i / J o u r n a l of I n d i a n

^ l i s t o r y , 7 ( 2 ) ; ^ u g . 1928s 1 4 8 - 5 6 .

" C o n t e m p o r a r y a f f a i r s of J a h a n g i r ' s r e i g n h a v e been

d e s c r i b e d i n t h i s t r e a t i s e and t h e a r t i c l e a n a l y s e s

t h e s e a f f a i r s " .

2 5 6 . TREASURY, GREAT MUGil«.LS, nUGHAL INDIA

Abdul A z i z . The i m p e r i a l t r e a s u r y of t h e g r e a t e r

M u r a l s , J o u r n a l of I n d i a n H i s t o r y , 1 3 ( 1 ) ; A p r . 1 9 3 4 ;

5 9 - 7 3 .

" D e t a i l e d d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e g r e a t i m p e r i a l t r e a s u r y

of M u g h a l s " .

2 5 7 . TREi^SURY, GREAT MUGHALS, MUGHi L INDIA

Abdul Aziz. The imperial treasury of the greater

iiughals. Journal of Indian History, 14(1); Apr. 1935:

50-73.

"Detailed description of the great imperial treasury

of Mughals".

2 5 8 . TRr^ASURY, GREAT MUGHALS, MUGHAL INDIA

aBDUL AZIZ. The i m p e r i a l t r e a s x i r y of t h e g r e a t e r

M u g h a l s , J o u r n a l of I n d i a n H i s t o r y , ..14 (2) ;Aug. 1935 : 2 2 2 - 4 '

11 •>

"Detail description of the great imperial treasury

of i'lughals",

2 5 9 . TRE/^oUiiY/ G R E A T iJJLjdc^hS, MUGHi L I1,DI«.

A b d u l « z i z . £ne n i i p e r i a x t r e a s u r y of t n e g r e a t e r

M u g h a l s . J o u r n a l I n d i a n H i s t o r y , 1 6 ( 3 ) ; D e c . 1 9 3 7 1 2 7 6 - 3 0 3

" D e t a i l e d d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e g r e a t i m p e r i a l t r e a s u r y

o f M u g h a l s " .

2 6 0 . WAR, AURANGZEB, EAST INDIA COMPANY/ MUGHAL INDIA

S a f a h a t Ahmad K h a n . The c o s t I n d i a C o r a p a n ' s wa r w i t h

A u r a n g z e b / J o u r n a l o f I n d i a n H i s t o r y 1 ( 1 ) ; 1 9 2 1 / 2 2 : 7 0 - 9 1 .

" E a s t I n d i a Company w h i c h d e v e l o p e d d i f f e r e n c e s w i t h

t h e g r e a t M u g h a l h a d t o i n c u r h e a v y l o s s o f men a n d

m a t e r i a l i n t h e w a r w i t h A x i r a n g z e b " .

2 6 1 . / ^ A S I Y A T N/^^-iA, BABAK, MUGHAL INDIA

R a d h e y Shyara/ B a b u r • s W a s i y a t Nama, I n d i a n H i s t o r y C c ^ g r e s

1 9 7 2 - P . 4 1 0 .

W a s i y a t n a m a o f M a k h f i o f B a b a r i s r o u g h l y d r a f t e d d o c u ­

m e n t w i t h s p e c i a l f e a t u r e a n d c o n t e n t s .

2 6 2 . Z A I ^ I D A R S , AGRARlAi;,/ MUoHrtL INDIA

Grover, B.R. Nature of Land- Rights in Mughal India

Indian economic Social History Review/Vol.1 No.1

quarterly Journal; 1968: Pi -23.

The main controversy initially hinged on the question

as to whether during the Mughal age the ownership of

land was vested in the State or the Zamindars of various

categories and cc»npletely kept the right of the ryts

out of the pictiire.

113

The v i e w u p h e l d by t h e E u r o p e a n v i s i t o r s i n I n d i a

i n t h e 1 6 t h and 17 th c e n t u r i e s t h a t a l l l a n d was

owned by t h e S t a t e was b a s e d on t h e i r g r o s s i n i g n o r a n c e

of t h e w o r k i n g of t h e J a g i r s y s t e m . C o n c l u s i o n i s t h a t

i n t h e Mughal age t h e S t a t e n e v e r c l a i m e d t h e a b s o l u t e

and e x c l u s i v e o w n e r s h i p of t r ie a g r a r i a n l a n d and

d e f i n i t e l y r e c o g n i s e d t h e e x i s t e n c e of p r i v a t e p r o p e r t y

i n i t .

The o w n e r s h i p of t h e l a n d was v e s t e d i n t h e h e r e d i t a r y

n a y a which h a d t h e r i g h t of t r a n s f e r m o r t g a g e and s a l e

such r i g h t s were a l s o v e s t e d w i t h t h e Z a m i n d a r s i n

r e s p e c t of t h e i r p e r s o n a l l y d e v e l o p e d l a n d and v i l l a g e

and new c l a s s e s of c o l o n i e s named Z a m i n d a r s ,

2 6 3 . ZMl4Ii\D^iKii:ArtViiJri 1658-1750 CENTURY, MUGH/ L INDIA

Mohammad J i g a r , R e l a t i o n s of Maelad I Maash H o l d e r s

w i t h Z a m i n d a r s i n t h e Sxiba of Awadh u n d e r t h e Hugha l s

1 6 5 8 - 1 7 5 0 . I n d i a n H i s t o r y of C o n g r e s s F o r t y n i n t h

s e s s i o n s 1 9 8 8 : P . 3 0 6 - 1 0 .

The end of 1 7 t h c e n t u r y Madad- i -Maash h o l d e r s r e l a ­

t i o n s w i t h t h e Zara indars /Of /^wadh seem t o h a v e been

s t r a i n e d t h e a t t e m p t s of t h e g r a n t e e s t o a c q u i r e power

a t t h e l o c a l l e v e l a f f e c t e d t h e p o s i t i o n of t h e Zamin­

d a r s . I n t h e l a t e l 7 t h c e n t u r y Madad- i -Maash h o l d e r s

of t h e Suba b e g a n t o a c q u i r e Z a m i n d a r i r i g h t s .

1J4-

264. Z -ilND Uo/ JECCaN 1695-1707 (CENTURY/ MUGHAL INDIA

wural Hasan 6* Aspects of the Zamindari System in

tne Deccan (1695-170 7) Indian History Congress/

Vol.33,1969/ P. 262-66.

This documents starting frcxn the reign of Ayrangzeb

are of great value for the study of tne administrative

economic and social history of the L»eccan. Interesting

light is tnrown by there document on the customary

perqximites of the intermediary Zamindars.

In these paper only a small n\amber of documents and

there is a wealth of statical date containing the

revenue demand of each village over a period of year.

(Mawazana yak Hanifi) applications for the grant of

Jagir and order granting Jagir, grant hansab and

fixation of salary for various categories of salary for

various and the working of local administration.

2 6 5 . ZAi-'ilisiiJiAri.o/ GUJRAJ. ' / HUFiAYUN'S, MUGHAL I K I J I A

Afshah rtiisan Khan, a n o t e on t h e r o l e of Zamindar s i n

Humayun•s G u j a r a t E p i s o d e . I n d i a n n i s t o r y C o n g r e s s ,

A l i g a r h i-iuslitn U n i v e r s i t y , 1978 , P . 2 3 8 - 2 4 3 .

Hvimayun's f a i l u r e s i n H i n d u s t a n n a v e g e n e r a l l y been

e x p l a i n e d e i t h e r i n t e r m s of t h e n o n - c o o p e r a t i o n of n i s

b r o t h e r and t h e n o b i l i t y .

I n s h o r t t h e e x p l a n a t i o n s t n a t riumayun o r t h e s u s p i ­

c i o u s l i f e i n t h e Mughal camp. The p u r p o s e ^of t l a l s oo t e - i s

US'

not t o en te r i n t o controversy about the r e spons ib i ­

l i t y of Tordi Beg, ^ ska r i or Huinayun, nor t o dispute

the r o l e of the above f ac to r s in Hvunaytm's l o s s of

Guj r a t .

266. Zi 'lINjjAiTiS, MlrlZi^ RAJA RAY J^lSlhGH, SHAii JAH/iN,MUGHAL IKDIH

^.liaUL. ,HASAia S . F u r t h e r l i g h t on Zamindars under

t h e Mughal; a c a s e s tudy of Mirza Raj a J a i Singh londer

Shah Janan/ Ind i an H i s t o r y Congres s : V o l . 1 / 1 9 7 8 :

P. 497-502.

i i iny y e a r s ago w r i t t e r a t t empted a s tudy of t h e

p o s i t i o n of t h e Zarainaars vinder t h e Mughal: Akbar

had made many of t h e l e a d i n g Chief t a i n s i n t o t h e

Mughal h o b i l i t y a s Amirs.

Here, a number of Farman i s s u e d by Shah Jahan t o Raja

J a i Singh of Amber have been d i s c u s s e d ,

2 6 7 . ZAMINDARS, MUGHAL INDIA

Nurul, Hasan S. The position of the Zamindars in

the Mughal iimpire. Vol. 3; 1964: 1-25.

The Zamidar played a role in the political,economic

and cultural life of medieval. During the mughal

period its importance increased.

Zaraindaris in the Mughal empire may be classified

into three broad categories(a) one autonomous chief­

tains; (b) the intermediary Zarnidaras; and (c) the

primary zamidars.

PART - THREE

INDEXES

AUTHOR INDEX

I I R

rtUXHOR'S NAME ENTRY N"0.

Abdul A z i z

- i^dul Hamid Khaa

rtbdul .vadud

Adha rya , P . P .

Afsan Ahsan Khan

A f z a l Ahmad

A f z a l H u s a i n

A g a r w a l a , R . C ,

^thmad/ M.B.

i\,A, Khan

rtlvi, R.r t ,

An and , Mulk Raj

i ^ n s a r i , H . A , Shah J a h a n

^ i n s a r i , r^r i f i ^ l i

Ansar i ,Muhammad Raza

A n s a r z a h i d Khan

A s g h a r Mohammad

A s k a r i , S .H.

rtthar

1 4 4 - 8 , 2 1 6 , 2 5 6

93

45

11

265

244

1 1 2 , 1 2 0 , 1 3 6

58

20

154

185

178

5 0 , i 3 , 84

177

3

1 3 5 , 1 5 5

144

182

1 2 , 1 5 6 , 2 1 1

B a h a r a t , Dharma Banu

B a i g , T a r a A l i

B a n e r j i , s .K .

133

115

7 0 , 8 2 , 1 2 4 , 2 0 4 , 2 1 7

117

Beni Prasad 13,14,94

Bfeveridge, Annette 71

Bhargava, V.S. 74

Bhattacharya, Jayanta Bhusan 176

Bhatt, S.K. 24

Blake, Stephen ,P 98,232

Borah, M, Islam 73

Bose, Kamal Krishna 158

Brown, Percy 161

Galdecott, R,H, 66

Ghakraberti, Panindra Nath 139, 242

Chatte^ji, Kandlal 42,49,52

Chopra, P.N. 220

Choudhry; M.L. Roy 122

iJevra, Ghan Shyam Lai 253

j->ey, Shamphoo Chander 60

Dharnia Bhanu 134

jJikohit, ^ri G D 57

D'Silva, John ^ 190

Edwards, Stephen M 132

Furber, Holden 254

Fylder, Burford 150

118

Ghosh/ r^nanda Gopal

Gode, P K

Gokhale* Balkrishna Govind

Grenard/ Fernand

Grover, B.K,

G u p t a , S a m a r e n d r a n a t h

G u r t u , O.K.

251

10 6

77

10 5

2 1 4 , 2 6 2

99

227

r i a san , K.N

H a v e l l , E . B .

Hayavapana Rao

r i e r a s , H

175

171

92

1 0 9 , 1 2 5

I f t i k h a r Ahmad Khan

I n a y a t Khan

I n a y a t u l l a h

I q t i d a r i^lam Khan

I r f a n Hab ib

2 4 5 - 6

29

22

242 ,210

7 , 3 3 , 8 7 , 1 0 8 , 2 3 0 , 2 3 4

J a f r i , s Z H u s s a i n

J a n a n Chand ra

J a v e d Hasan

J h a u e r i ; K r i s h a n l a l M

J o s h i , V .C .

K a l i t a , B C

K a z m i , N u z h a t F a t i m a

23

239

138

5

250

56

167

119

Keene, Henry George 1

Khafi Khan 221

Khi lnani ,N M 10 2

Krishna Murth i / R 192

Kiimar, Ravindra 30

Kuppuswamy, G R 238

La iq Ahmad 25

La i , K 3 19

Lawerence/ George 166

Mcleod/ .V H 69

i-ladhava Rao, P Sethu 59

Mahapatra, R P 41

Mahmud S Hassan 240, 28

Majida Khan 111

Malik, zaheeruddin 114,241

Mathur, Mur ra r i Lai 55

Mat loo, A M 123

Misra , Rekha 263,118

Misra S a t i s h 8

Mohanimad J i g a r Hasan 28

Mohd. Reyaz Ahmad 228

Mohammad Yasin 20 6

Moosvi ,Shi reen 32 ,40 ,186 ,213

Moreland, W H 2 , 1 5 , 1 1 3 , 84

M o r r i s o n , B a r r i e M 137

Moses, rtngelo 96

1£0

Moti Chandra 172-3

Hubarak ^ l i 26

Muddacharia/ B, 152

inxohammad ^ f z a l 62

Mujeeb/I'i 21

Mukherjee, J a t i n d r a hath 67

Mukherjee/ Tara Pada 31

i'' l ukne r j ee , f^aresh I-^ath 230

N.^^Pseud 78

Nadieni/ Ihsan H 116

wath, R 38

l\ayak/ h a r i P ra sad 80

^legi, S S 119

Kigan; SEP 219

N i s h a t Manzar 128

Nurul ,Hasan S 264,266/267

Ojha, E N 142

Om Prakash 224

page , J x\ 51

Pay, B C 10

wanxingo, K tl 149

uan\ingo, S W 75, 100

1 2 1

Radhey ohyam 261

Rahim, A 179

Ram Singh . 1 6 , 2 5 5

Rao, C S K 8 5 , 237

R e z a v i , oyed A l i 72

Roy, A r c h a n a 170

Roy, B C 90

Roy, IN; B 141

Roy, Sukumar 130

d a f a h a t Ahmad Khan 260

S a n g a r , ^ P 34 ,160

i i a n i a l , S G 39

S a r d e s a i , G S 95

S a r k a r , J a d u n a t h 3 6 , 6 3 - 4 , 7 9

S a t i s h C h a n d r a 237

Seema S ingh 243

Sen, rt 17

S h a f a a t Ahmad Khan 159

S h a f i Mohammad 117

Shah jahan 131

Sharma, R a j i v 212

Sharma,Ramesh C h a n d r a 2 5 3 , 2 5 2

Sharma, P a s h a r a t h a 1 8 , 8 3

Sharma,Ramesh C h a n d r a 4 6 , 1 7 4

S h a r m a , R a v i n d r a Kumar 235

I2:i

Sharma, Shiv Kxomar

Sharma, Shr i Ram

Sharma/ Y D

o h r i v a s t a v a , AL

S h r i v a s t a v a c h a r i / G S

Shukla, S.K,

d i d d i q u i , I q t i d a r Hussain

d i d d i q u i , I joman

3inha/ ri i

oinha/ PP

Smith, Edmiind W

Smith, Vincent

Solomon, WEG

Srivastava, salig Kam

Surendra Gopal

169

61,191,210

43

86 ,89 ,126 ,181 ,143 , 207-8

81

247

157

6

20 5

6fa

48

225

162

47

549

T a l i y a r

Taploo, R i t a

Tasneem ^^mad

Tej Ram

Ter ry , John

T r i p a t h i , Ram Prasad

T r i t t o n , rt S

r r i v e d i , K K

10 7

54

164

180

88

9, 188

97

232

123

Ujha 10 3

Venkateswaran, S V 183

Verma, 3 P 76, 165

Verma/ S R 4

^ad i a , P A 20 9

Warty/ KG 189

Watts/ E 65

Wetch ,S tua r t Gary 168

Wellesz Emmy 163

Wil l iam, L F 184

Yaqub Hasan 127

Z a i d i , S. I n a y a t 248

ZaifiaEul -Islam 233

Zahoor Al i Khan 215

Z u t s h i , C.N. 104

12't

TITLE INDEX

Name of the Title Entry No.

Abul Fazi Allami 60

Abul Fazi as a p o l i t i c a l th inker 61 A d m i n i s t r a t i o n of t h e S a r a i s i n Mughal I n d i a 30

A Dutch /account of Mughal A d m i n i s t r a t i v e Methods 2

i^gra and F a t e h p u r S i k r i i n t h e 1 6 t h c e n t u r i e s

A g r a r i a n p o l i c y of t l i e Mugha ls

A H i s t o r i c a l O u t l i n e of A k b a r ' s D a r - v i K h u l a f a

F a t e h p u r S i k r i

A H i s t o r y of t h e R e i g n of Jhah J a h a n

A H i s t o r y of t r ie xieign of ohah J a h a n

^ H i s t o r y of t n e x<eign of Shah J a h a n

A H i s t o r y of S h i v a j i : an 18 th C e n t u r y F rench

A c c o u n t

a K a y a s t h a F a m i l y of Mughal O f f i c i a l s i n

t h e Re ign of Aurangzeb

«.kbar

M>kbar and E l e p h a n t F i g h t s

/ ikbar and I n d i a n N a t i o n a l i s m

Akbar and I n d i a Today

Akbar and N a t i o n a l I n t e g r a t i o n

Akbar and N a t i o n a l I n t e g r a t i o n

M,kbar c a v a l r y s The J a t and Sawar Ranks

Akbar t h e G r e a t and Raj a B i r b a l

a.kb a r c on q u e s t of Raj a s t h a n

A k b a r ' s Dev ine Monothe ism

86

233

124

144

145

146-148,150

137

111

21

20 6

20 7

20 8

153

18

67

89

19

12;'i

r^kbar 's Kelififions thought . r e f l e c t e d i n 163

Mughal P a i n t i n g s .

Akbar t h e Grea t Mughal 1542-1605 225

/^kbar ' s Hindu O f f i c e r s 158

A k b a r ' s Hunt ing Excur s ions 226

rtkbar's t h e o r y of Kingship 126

^^kam-i-3hah J a h a n i 131

r^ l e t t e r of t h e Mughal Emperor Humayxin

t o h i s b r o t n e r Kararan 130

Ana rka l i 99

/ ^ a r k a l i 100

^^ncedoles of ^^urangzeb : t r . from P e r s i a n 36

A no te on t h e Mughal M i l i t a r y Term: Zat

and Sewar 85

A note on the Mughal Policy Towards the

Garos 176

n no t e on t h e O r g a n i s a t i o n of t h e l i o b i l i t y

under Babar 154

^ no te on t h e r o l e of Zamidars i n Humayun's 265

G u j a r a t Episods

rt p i c t o r i a l c a r p e t from t h e Mughal p e r i o d . 174

rtrcheological survey of I n d i a 37

rtTcnitectTxre of ^kbar and Shahjahan a

compara t ive s tudy 49

^•irt of t h e Mughal I n d i a , P a i n t i n g and

p r e c i o u s o b j e c t 168

126

f spects agrarian Kelations and Economy

in a Reign of Uttar Pradesh

during the 16th century 33

Aspects of Business in Northern India in the

seventeenth century

aspects of Indo-persian trade in the seven­

teenth century

252

249

rt.spects of t h e Zamindari System in t h e Deccan

(1695-1707) 264

rt. s tudy of t h e t r a d e R e l a t i o n s between

Ra ja s than and Sind/Multan 25 3

(1650-1800 A.D.)

-^urangzeb 63

^•iurangzeb and Hindu temples

r^uranhzeb's f a v o u r i t e son 110

i^urangzeb 's r e b e l l i o n a g a i n s t Shahjahan 191

^ ve ry e a r l y farinan of ^kbar 3

oabar d i a r i s t and despo t 132

Babar f i r s t of t h e . lughals 10 5

Babars pos t -war s e t t l e m e n t s i n t h e Doad/

Halwd 2nd Bihar

Babars R e l a t i o n s with the i^ionani and forrauli

Afghans ISO

Babars . .asiyatnarna 261 B u i l d i n g s and garden of t a e r o y a l l a d i e s

du r ing t h e r^ughal p e r i o d 118

12

Cavalry Horses in Mughal army 248

Charm of Indo-Islamic architecture 88

Coloured decoration in iiughal architecture 38

Coronation of Jahanghir 92

Courtly culture under Babar and the early

i'lughals 98

Cow protection in Mughal India 96

Data on mined modes in Indian printed Textiles 170

i-*elhi, r^gra, Sikri 87

^elni and its neighbourhood 43

L»elhi under Shahjahan ixarg 50

i-iiplanacy in Medieval India 10 2

iiast India Company and the Mughal authorities 250

during uahangirs reign

Elephants in Indian History 10 4

Empire builder to the 16th century 184

Essays on Mughal /<rt 162

European art at the Mughal court 171

Expenditure on buildings under dhahjahan 40

farrukh Beg 165

Financial problems of the Mughal Govt, during

Farrukh Siyars Reign 114

First Darbar of Shanjahan 93

128

Five p e r s i a n docxaments of /^urangzebs t^eign

from Malwa 24

Fresh l i g h t on Humayun's Gu j r a t p o l i c y 17b

Furt±»er l i g h t on Zamindars under t h e Mughal 266

244

*joa based Po r tuguese Expor t t r a d e i n t h e

e a r l y I7 tn Century(1611-1626)

Golconda Ch in t z 243

Haft rtnjuinan 107

rlindu-Muslira r e l a t i o n du r ing t h e Mughal

p e r i o d 1526-1707 A.D. 122

riistoric mosques of Pacca 45

r i i s t o r y of Aurangzeb based on o r i g i n a l s o u r c e s 64

H i s t o r y of Aurangzeb 193/195,202, 194,200,199, 203,196,197, 198, 201

history of Humayun(Humayun nama) 71

246 Horse trade in medieval south its political

and economic implications

Humayun in Iran 141

dumayunnama or Kunun-i-Humayuni 27

numayun's religion 20 4

Humayun, the prince 70

Ideal Indian King 127

India at the death of Akbar 113

India in the l7th Centxiry 189

Indian /irt 166

12!1

Ind i an K i n i a t u r e s of t h e Mughal School 140

Ind i an painx^ing under the Mughals 1550.1750 161

Indo P e r s i a n p o l i t i c a l r e l a t i o n s i n t h e

t h e of t h e g r e a t Mughal 182

Inshae Madhorarr. 59

In t h e foo t s t e p s of ^urangzeb i n the Deccan 64

I n t r o d u c t i o n t o t adhkar a t a l Umara of

Kewal Ram 155

I t i m a d u a l a h ' s tomb a t Agra 52

J a h a n g i r 183

J a n a n g i r a s man 73

J a h a n g i r farmans i n J a i p u r Arch ives 55

J a h a n g i r I n d i a 15

J i z y a h i n t h e p o s t /iurangzeb p e r i o d

Jodha Bai 7b

K a l i m a - i - t a y y i b a t 22

Kashmir s c r o l l p a i n t i n g 169

Kliwaj a i:ibdus oainad 76

Lahr ibandar 26

L e t t e r s of ^^urangzeb 129

L i b r a r i e s and t h e i r mangement i n ^nughal

I n d i a 134

life of Babar 66

List of Muhammadan and aindu monuments of Snah Jahanbad 51

l.V.l

. _ 255

i ' i aas i r - i -u anang i r

i i a ' a s i r - i - J a n a n g i r i 16

i^iaintenance of war and t r a n s p o r t an imals i n

rlansab system under Akbar

i ia lda U'^est Bengal) a s a t r a d i n g c e n t r e i n ^ e 251

s e v e n t e e n t h cent \ i ry

nandu F i r a n g i 167

i^iansab and i m p e r i a l p o l i c y xander Shahjanan 156

HansaJD c3alar s c a l e s under J a h a n g i r and

iihah Janan 135

i-ianu±acturing p r o c e s s of >iugar i n I n d i a 228

du r ing t h e 17th Century

nardan .^l i Khan a g r e a t I r a n i a n noble of

Shah Jahan 62

Carriages among wughal nobles as an Index

of Status and aristocratic Integration 136

I'lirza Raja Jai Singh and Shivaji 223

inughal architecture of Fatehpur Sikri 48

Hughal garden lib

iiughal Garhwal relation 119

iiughal Governors and the Raja of Khxirda 10

I'iugnal official docxament concerning the 241

English trade in Bengal(1633-1712) Mughal silver cxorrency out put and prices in

India in the 16th and l7th centuries 224

13]

Mughaliyah Hindus tan Kaykutub-khae 44

Muizul Wulk; Governor of Su ra t 77

Mximtazabad 138

j . ' iuntaknabu-lubat)- i - lubab Mohammad 221

Shani or T a r i k h i - K a l e Knan

rmsliin Thug 99

iJa ture of u e h a t . Taa usa Zamindari v i l l a g e

and t h e e v o l u t i o n of t h e Taa luqan i 214

system d u r i n g the mughal age

iNdture of Land R i g h t s i n riughal I n d i a 262

iNiew anceedote of rturangzeb 35

New l i g h t on H i r z a Raja Oai oingh p o l i c y in 222

Bij apur

New Study of Sher Shah 81

iNiine gems of ^kbar c o u r t 95

N o r t h t - w e s t f r o n t i e r p o l i c y of t h e Akbar 177

iMOte on two H i s t o r i c a l p l a c e s i n Al lahabad

d i s t r i c t 47

iMionani rules in Bihar 157

Uld Hindu historians of Aurangzeb 121

Origin ana development of Islamic tombs in

India 54

Urnaments of Hindu women in Mughal India 160

13:

Passing ot Shah Jahan 78

Passing ot t)hah Janan 79

Pattern of Bengal Overseas 2 42

Postal communication in iMugnal India 87

prime minister or ^urangzeb 2b

Princes Jodha Bai 74

Procedures in analysing the sources tor the

life of Guru iJanak 69

production consumption and Population in

rtkbar's time 186

provincial Governors unaer ikbar (1580-160 5) 120

Provincial Governors under Shah Jahan 12

Pulls and Pressures on the Faujdar under the

Mughals 6

i<aja Man Singh F i r s t conques t of Or i s sa 90

R e l a t i o n s of Madad-i-Maash

Holders wi th ^amindars i h t h e Suba of 253

Awandhunder t h e Mughal-1658-1750

R e l i g i o u s p o l i c y of t h e Mughal Europe 210

Revenues and r o u t e s i n t h e ilughal Empire 212

Revenues docxirnents o t a pa rgana i n Guj ra t

under t h e Mughal 28

Revenue system of Sher Shah 8

S c a r c i t i e s p r i c e s and e x p l o i t a t i o n t h e

a g r a r i a n c r i s i s 1658-70 32

S c n o l a r s h i p and pa t ronage of l e a r n i n g ot 142 t h e g r e a t Mughal (15:36-1707 /^.i;,)

13;]

oliah Jai ian 's J u s t i c e and Punisnment 17

Shah Jahan Nama 29

Shah Jahans North-western po l i cy 178

ijhalimar garden 117

onawl Indust ry in Kashmir in the Mughal per iod 123

Sketcn of the l i f e and reign of the emperor

Shah aahan 151

Socio p o l i t i c a l impl ica t ions of hand guns 2 l o

i n Mughal I n d i a

Some a s p e c t s of ^ -duca t ion i n I n d i a u n d e r t h e

g r e a c Mugha l s 10 3

Some a s p e c t s of p o l i t i c a l p a r t i c i p a t i o n of

I n d i a H e r c n a n t s i n Mughal I n d i a 189

Some b i o g r a p h i c a l d e t a i l s of Ra j a B i r b a l 68

Some c o n t e m p o r a r y e v i d e n c e r e g a r d i n g t h e

ABvimedha S a c r i f i c e p e r f o r m e d by Sewi

J a i S ingh of ^raber 10 5

Some jj'anxtans of Shah J a h a n 5

Some l e g e n d s of F a t e h p u r S i k r i 39

Some l i g h t on t h e M a n s a b d a r i s y s t e m of t h e 229

Mughals

Some misconceptions about Akbar the great 20 7

Some misconceptions about rcana pratap 181

Some Wuhammadan rites as observed during 220

Mughal times

134

isorae n o t e s on Mughal Mansabs

Some s i a e l i g h t s on the c h a r a c t e r and Court

l i f e of onan Janan 14^

Jome t h o u g h t s on AJdoari Scnool of p a i n t i n g 164

Some (unpublisi^ew ntughal Farrnans of the

year 10 68 H 4

Sources fo r t h e h i s t o r y of s e v e n t e e n t h

c e n t u r y B r i t i s h I n d i a i n t n e I n d i a

o f f i c e and pxiblic r e c o r d o f f i c e 159

Sulxi- i-and t h e r e l i g i o u s i d e a s of ^kbar 211

Techniques of Mughal p a i n t i n g , Lucknow 172

The a c c e s s i o n of Shah Jahan 94

The i^dmin i s t r a t ion of Sher Shan t h e admin i s ­

t r a t i v e b u i l d i n g of ^ k b a r s Fa tehpur S i k r i 82

The b a t t l e f i e l d of H a l d i g h a t i and "two un­

n o t i c e d monuments a t Khannor" 58

The b a t t l e of Dhubri (ruJ 1612-1613) Mughal

/^ssam I ' i i l i t a r y C o n f r o n t a t i o n 56

The b a t t l e of Dod i r i f ran Kannada Sources 57

The b iography of Mugnal o f f i c i a l I t imad Al i

Klian of Su ra t 72

The b i r t h d a t e of Sher Shah 80

The c a s t I n d i a companys War wi th Aurangzeb 260

The crown of t h e Taj 46

135

The Mughal Libraries Joxirnal of the Pakistan 133

The Mughal marriages 135

The Mughal system of escheat 233

The I'iysore/Mughal relations 152

The nxomerical strength of kbari 83

The overland route to India in the seventeenth 254

. -^ t. and eighteenth centuries

The pursuit of Mughal High ways 116

The place of Akbar of Fathepur dikri 125

The political Geo^rapny or tne Kughal j -eccan 185

The position of the r figan under tne i-iugnal 179

The position of tne Zamin ars in the i iugnal

Empire 267

The rebellion of prince khusru 190

The Sarkar Qanungo 23

The ship building and boat building Industries

of medieval Orissa 41

The silver infl;ix morcy sup ly. Prices 213

and revenue extration in mughal India

The story of Akbar's Christian wife 109

The system of Bills of Exchange 7

Thrones/Chairs and Seats used by the Indian Mugnals 216

Trade of medieval (Pre-16th century) Guj rat 245

Turks in India 1

Two forgotten Mughal svibedars of Orissa 11

130

Ihe family of Nur Jahan du r ing J a h a n g i r ' s r e i g n 108

The family of Shaikh Salim C h i s t i durigig t n e

r e i g n of J a h a n g i r 112

The format ion of t h e Mughal r u l l i n g c l a s s 143

The g e n e s i s of t h e D i n - i - I l a h i 205

The r ierarchy of C e n t r a l p l a c e s i n i^Jorth I n d i a

dur ing t h e Mughal p e r i o d of I n d i a n H i s t o r y 232

The H y d r a u l i c s of 5hal imar Garden 116

The i m p e r i a l t r e a s u r y of t h e g r e a t e r Mughals 256/257, 258-59

The important of persian horses in India 13-17th

centuries 246

The inaugural meeting of tne divine faith of "kbar 192

The Jahandoor nama of uruddin Hamdard Islamics 219

The Kingdcxn and provinces subject of the great

I'lughal 101

£ne lot of tne agriculturists in -i urangzeb' s time 114

The Mansab system 1595-1637 -30

The military system of the Bundi State _ c

Tarapada 31

The Mughal and a merchant 240

Tne Mughal iwnperors were whole time public 20

Servants, p. 189-197

The Mugnal government with special 13

reference to the reign of Jahangir

The Mughal government with special reference to 14

the reign of Jahangir

137

Under the i-iughals 53

Vindication of Aurangies 188

Wages of labourers and Artisans in some

urban centres during the 17the

century 128

'When was /ikbar' s tomb begin 42

Zat rank in the Mughal empire 84

* * * * x *

1 3 >

LIST OF PERIODICAL DQCUi' iENTED

1. Indian History of Congress

2. Indian Review

3. Journal of Economic and Social History

4. Joxirnal of Indian History

5. Historical Abstracts

6. Modern Review

*****