The Great MAP Review

The main ideas, terms, and concepts you can expect to see on the MAP Science test and the EOG.

These are just the highlights. The MAP test will include much, much more detail so you still need to review your notes and

the other class materials.

Scientific Inquiry

• Cycles change one part and are continual; Systems are multiple parts working together.

• Open system allows things to come and go; Closed system does not.

• Energy leaves systems as heat.• Hypothesis = possible answer that must be testable; Prediction =

if-then statement• Qualitative uses descriptions; Quantitative uses numbers• Use graduated cylinders to measure volumns• Variable = anything that can affect experiment results; Only 1!• Manipulated/Independent variable = what you change• Responding/Dependent variable = what you measure• Control = gets nothing done to it• Extrapolate is using graphs or data to predict

Scientific Inquiry (cont)

• Know what Charts/Tables, Models, Bar/Line/Circle/Scatter Plot graphs show, and flowcharts.

• Bias = predisposition to a specific outcome• Theory = widely accepted, explains a process, lots of evidence• Technology = solves problems

Basic Chemistry

• Everything is made of atoms.• Atomic Number = protons; Atomic mass = protons + neutrons• Elements are pure substances that cannot be broken down into

simpler substances.• Elements are made of one kind of atom.• Isotopes are variations of an element.• Octet Rule = limit 8 electrons per shell 1st several shells.• Valence electrons = e-’s in outermost shell• Ions have gained for lost an electron and are + or -• Compounds are made of two or more kinds of atoms.• Mixtures are two or more substances that can be separated into

their different parts.• Heterogenous mixtures can be separated by filtration,

sifting, and evaporation.• Homogenous mixtures cannot easily be separated.

Chemistry (cont.)

• Reactants go in, products come out.• Endothermic reaction absorbs energy; exothermic releases

energy.• Know the Exothermic graph: activation energy, etc.• Catalyst/Enzyme lowers activation energy and helps reaction

to occur.• Acids have more H+, bases have more OH-• pH scale 0-14; 0 = acid, 14 = base, 7 = neutral

Periodic Table

• Mendeleev made the first periodic table based on similarities in certain elements.

• Periodic table includes:• highly reactive metals (left side)• less reactive metals (middle)• highly reactive nonmetals (chlorine, fluorine, oxygen, etc.)• almost nonreactive gases (Noble gases)

• Columns are Groups; Rows are Periods.• Nonmetals – poor conductors• Metals – good conductors• Metalloids – medium conductors• Atomic mass gets bigger from left to right; Atomic number

gets bigger from top to bottom (just like you read).

Physical and Chemical Properties

• Physical properties do not change the substance into another substance.

• Physical properties: appearance, texture, color, odor, melting point, boiling point, density, solubility, and polarity.

• Physical properties include solid, liquid, gas states.• Density is a physical property; get it using volume and mass• Chemical properties change the substance into a different

substance.• Chemical properties: reactivity (breaking and making bonds)• How you know you have a chemical reaction: • gas production (bubbles)• precipitation (solid falls to bottom)• turns hot or cold• has a change in energy

Conservation of Matter

• Number of atoms stays the same no matter what happens to them (rearrangement)

• Number of atoms on one side of a chemical reaction must equal the number on the other side.

• Law of Conservation of Mass = total mass of products must equal total mass of reactants.

• Energy escapes as heat.• Ionic bond = swap electrons• Covalent bond = share electrons• Hydrogen bond = link to hydrogen• Polar molecule = positive and negative at two ends like poles• Solvent = does the dissolving; solute = gets dissolved• Oxidation = loose electrons; reduction = gain electrons• Oxidation number = number of electrons gained or lost• Be able to balance a chemical equation

Energy

• Solar Energy• photovoltaic cells turn solar energy into electricity.• solar reflectors concentrate solar rays.• solar batteries store energy in batteries.• solar heat – heats water to use during daylight

• Energy from sun is more than Earth needs.• Renewable resources can be recreated in a reasonable

amount of time. (solar, wind, water)• Nonrenewable resources cannot be recreated in a reaonable

amount of time. (fossil fuels)• Sublimation = from solid to gas; deposition = from gas to solid

Physical Science - Motion

• Motion = change in position• Frame of Reference = point from which object moves• Distance = length; Displacement = direction• Vector = magnitude and direction amounts; add to get total• Speed = distance / time • Velocity is same as speed but with a direction added• Acceleration = change in speed / change in time• Free fall = movement due to gravity; 9.8 m/s/s

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Physical Science - Forces

• Force = push or pull• Newton = unit for force; 1 Newton = kg . m/s/s• Newton 1st Law = object at rest will stay at rest, object in motion

will stay in motion.• Newton 2nd Law = F=ma (force = mass . acceleration)• Newton 3rd Law = every action has an opposite reaction• Gravity = force of one object pulling another to it• Weight = gravity’s pull• Friction = force of one surface on another when they move

against each other• Momentum = mass . velocity (p = mv)• Pressure = force/area ; measured in Pascals• Pascal’s Law = pressure change is distributed throughout a liquid• Buoyancy = push of water against pull of gravity (why ships float)

Physical Science - Work

• Work = use of force to move an object in same direction• Work = force x distance (Joules)• Power = work/time; unit is Watts

Physical Science – Magnetism

• Poles (north/south) line up with Earth’s axis• Repulsion = pushing; Attraction = pulling• Magnetic field = area exerting force• Magnetism is due to electron movement• Electromagnetism = produced by electricity; magnetic field

surrounds the wire and increases current• Solenoid = coil of wire with electricity flowing• Electromagnet = solenoid wrapped around a bar of iron

Physical Science – Heat & Electricity

• Conductors transfer heat/Insulators stop heat• Cation = positive charged atom; Anion = negative charged atom.• Van de Graaff Generator = dome that is negatively charged.• Static electricity – not moving• Electric current – moving (measured in Amps)• Direct current – one way flow of electrons; Alternating current –

switches directions • Chemical/solar cells = change chem/solar energy into electricity• Electrodes = rods that conduct currents in fluids• Batteries: dry cell = paste inside; wet cell = liquid inside• Resistance = opposition to flow of electrons• Resistance affected by wire length, width and temperature

Physical Science – Light and Sound

• Mechanical wave = can NOT travel in space• Sounds start with vibrations• Sound travels faster in water than in air• Intensity = energy; pitch = high and low; frequency = how often• Unit for frequency = Hertz• Doppler effect = change in frequency as sounds approach and

leave• Electromagnetic waves = can travel through space• Reflection = bouncing back; refraction = bending through;

diffraction = bending around• Electromag. waves can be waves or particles; particles called

photons• Wavelength = crest to crest• Electromagnetic spectrum (visible light is only one we can see)

Physical Science – Light and Sound (cont)

• Types of Electromag. Waves: Radio (lowest); Microwaves (highest); light waves (know the spectrum order)

• Prism = glass triangle that can separate white light into colors• Infrared (heat); visible (can see); UV kills bacteria; X-rays (go

through tissues; Gamma (dangerous)

Disease

• Microbiology – study of microorganisms• Microorganisms: viruses, bacteria, protists, fungi, parasites,

algae.• unicellular

• Viruses are not alive• must have a host cell• AIDS, flu, cold, polio, chicken pox, small pox, yellow fever,

viral meningitis, West Nile, Ebola• Bacteria are prokaryotes• no nucleus• found everywhere• multiply rapidly• spherical, rodlike, spiral, corkscrew• antibiotics

Disease (cont)

• Vectors carry disease (ticks, mosquitoes, rats, soil)• Infectious disease can be transferred to someone else• Pathogens are disease causing agents• Biomedical techniques:• computer modeling• cell culture• animal models• clinical trials in humans

• How to prevent disease: hygiene, safe handling, antimicrobial chemicals

• Epidemic is outbreak of a disease that affects more than normal numbers of individuals – typhoid

• Pandemic is disease that spreads over large region, continent or worldwide – small pox, TB, flu

Technology

• Social forces, Economic forces• Scientists provide knowledge; Engineers use knowledge to solve

problems• Limits on Tech = cost, environmental impact, materials, time, safety,

laws• Prototype = sample of the product; pilot plant = made the

prototype• Genetic engineering = using organisms to help humans• Modern uses:• large production of medications (penicillin, insulin)• DNA testing / forensic testing• Bioremediation (pollution clean up)• Improved crops and livestock• Genetic modification and cloning still controversial

Life Choices

• Smoking causes lung cancer• Alcohol causes Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)• High cholesterol causes heart attacks

Cell

• Meiosis – makes egg and sperm• Mitosis – makes more cells• Selectively permeable membrane allows some things to pass

through and not others• Prokaryotes have NO membrane bound organelles• Eukaryotes have membrane bound organelles• Mitochondria – makes ATP• Nucleus – holds DNA• Nucleolus – makes ribosomes• Ribosomes – make proteins• Golgi Apparatus – packages proteins• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum – transports proteins• Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum – makes membranes

Photosynthesis

• Photosynthesis turns sunlight into sugar inside chloroplasts.• Animals and plants do respiration, only plants do

photosynthesis.• Pigment for photosynthesis is chlorophyll.• Plants appear green because of chloroplasts that reflect green

light.• Photosynthesis only uses visible light spectrum.• Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide and water and makes

oxygen and sugar

Cellular Respiration

• Cellular respiration turns sugar into energy inside mitochondria.

• Animals and plants do respiration, only plants do photosynthesis.

• Uses glucose to make ATP• Requires oxygen• Makes carbon dioxide

Genetics

• Asexual = makes copies (clones); Mitosis• Sexual = makes gametes; Meiosis• Cell cycle = Mitosis growthDNA copyinggrowth• Phenotype = what you see; Genotype = genes inside• DNA = double helix has cell information• Mutation = when DNA is changed; can be passed on• Alleles = difference forms of a gene• Dominant= shows up if there (A); recessive = can be hidden (a)• Homozygous dominant (AA); homozygous recessive (aa);

heterozygous (Aa)• Punnett squares = used to predict genes (know how)• Males = XY; Females = XX• Dihybrid cross = more than one trait at a time; often 9:3:3:1• Gene pool = all genes together• Allele frequency = how often an allele shows up• Variation comes from crossing over (mixing genes) and meiosis

Solar System

• Heliocentric model = planets orbit sun• Big Bang = moment when universe began; then expanding over

time• Nebular Hypothesis = making of our solar system• spinning cloud collapsed making sunlighter pieces made

outer planetsheavier pieces made inner planets • Rotation = spinning; revolution = orbiting• Plane of eliptic = tilted 23.5o; causes seasons• Precession = wobble; nutation = wobble in wobble• Barycenter = balance point of solar system• Moon = perigee (close); apogee (far); know the phases; formed

from impact on earth• Solar eclipse = moon between sun and earth; Lunar eclipse = earth

between sun and moon• Craters: impact, compression, ejecta, uplift• Mare = old beds of lava; regolith = soil-like layer

Evolution

• Earth formed 4.6 billion years ago• Early atmosphere = methane, CO2, water, nitrogen, hydrogen, NO

OXYGEN?• Miller and Urey experiment (organic compounds)• Ice cores = ancient environments• Wegener = continental drift; Pangaea• Evidence of continental drift: continents fit like puzzle, continuous

species, continuous climates, continuous mountains, earthquake patterns, hot spot islands,

• Paleomagnetism = rocks line up with magnetic poles;magnetic reversals

• Plate tectonics = plates move due to convection currents in mantle• Seafloor Spreading = young rocks near mid-atlantic shift, older as

move away from center; Deep Sea Drilling project; upwarping

Evolution (cont)

• Divergent boundary = plates parting; convergent boundary = plates colliding; transform boundary = plates sliding past each other

• Subduction zone = convergent oceanic plate goes under continental plate; volcanoes

• Convection current = slab pull (plate pulled down into mantle); ridge push (plate pushed apart as mantle erupts)

• Relative dating = comparing layers; Law of Superposition (layer on bottom is oldest); Law of Horizontally (layers laid down flat)

• Cross-cutting: faults, intrusions, etc. are younger than the earth they cut through

Evolution (cont)

• Divergent boundary = plates parting; convergent boundary = plates colliding; transform boundary = plates sliding past each other

• Subduction zone = convergent oceanic plate goes under continental plate; volcanoes

• Convection current = slab pull (plate pulled down into mantle); ridge push (plate pushed apart as mantle erupts)

• Relative dating = comparing layers; Law of Superposition (layer on bottom is oldest); Law of Horizontally (layers laid down flat)

• Cross-cutting: faults, intrusions, etc. are younger than the earth they cut through

Evolutionary Changes

• Evolution = change over time• Geologic Time Scale = Eons (Phanerozoic)-Eras (Cenozoic)-Periods

(Quaternary)-Epochs (Holocene)• Fossils: must be buried fast and have hard parts; Trace fossils

(footprints, etc); • Index fossil = used to id other fossils; must be found only in one

layer, widespread, short geologic time, lots of them• Stromatolites = oldest fossils in world• Absolute dating = using radioactive decay to determine more exact

dates of rocks; half-life (time it takes for ½ of the carbon to decay to nitrogen)

• Carbon-14 used for rocks 75,000 or less; Uranium-238 used for rocks older than 75,000

• Homologous structures = same shapes different functions• Vestigial organs = parts that are still present but no longer used• Darwin = Galapagos; natural selection

Evolutionary Changes

• Darwin = Galapagos; natural selection• Adaptations = traits that help individuals survive• Theory of Natural Selection: over production, competition,

variation, adaptation• Survival of the fittest = best fit for that environment• Classification = grouping, Linneaus (binomial nomenclature = two

name naming); Domain (Eukarya), Kingdom (Animalia), Phylum (Chordata), Class (Mammals), Order (Primates), Family (Hominidae), Genus (Homo), sapiens (species)

• Dichotomous key = questions with 2 answers leading to next set of questions with 2 answers

Atmosphere

• Layers of atmosphere: Troposphere, stratosphere (has ozone layer), mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere

• Atmosphere mostly nitrogen• Oxygen cycle = O2 released by plants-goes to animals-converted to

CO2 and released-goes back to plants• Nitrogen cycle = N in airinto ground by nitrogen-fixing bacteria

and plants (legumes)absorbed by plantseaten by animalsreleased from animals in fecesdecomposedreturned to air by denitrifying bacteria

• Temperature inversion = warm layer above cool layer• Global winds = Hadley cell, Ferrel cell, Polar cell; moved by

temperature differences• Coriolis effect = distortion of flight path due to earth rotation• Relative humidity = amount of water in air compared to amount air

can hold; cooler air holds more water

Atmosphere

• Dewpoint = temperature and relatively humidity at which dew forms

• Sleet (through inversion layer) vs. Frozen rain (freezes when hits ground)

• Coelescence = droplets add to each other then fall as rain• Cold front pushes warm air up; warm front slide over cold air;

occluded front collides cold and warm air (storms)• Hurricane = forms over warm water, light winds push it along;

creates storm surge (ridge of water)• Tornado = starts spinning horizontally then moves vertical; wall

cloud drops and tornado form out of it• Lightening = due to polarization and static discharge; Thunder is

sound of air moving away from lightening

Lithosphere

• Inner core (solid), outer core (liquid), mantle (liquid), crust• Lithosphere = crust and upper mantle• Isostacy = balance between buoyancy and gravity• Rock cycle = igneous-sedimentary-metamorphic• Anticline (curved up); Syncline (curved down); Monocline (one side

drops)• Latitude (horizontal lines); longitude (vertical lines)• Topographic maps = show elevations; contour intervals; index

contours• Faults: normal, reverse, thrust, strike-slip• Earthquake: focus (point of earthquake inside earth); epicenter

(point of earthquake directly above focus); surface waves (slowest, most destructive); P waves (fastest); S waves (medium fast)

• Elastic rebound = earth bends under pressure, then snaps back when earthquake releases pressure

Lithosphere (cont)

• Seismogram = shows waves of earthquake (be able to read one)• Know how to find epicenter of earthquake• Ring of Fire = pacific rim where earthquakes and volcanoes occur• Richter Scale (earthquakes); Fujita Scale (tornadoes)• Tsunami (huge wave caused by earthquake)• Volcano = magma chamber, pyroclastic materials, pyroclastic cloud,

ash cloud; viscosity (thickness of lava)• Types of volcanoes = fissure, shield, dome, ash-cinder, composite,

caldera

Freshwater

• Water covers ¾ of Earth• Water = polar (positive on one end negative on the other); held

together by hydrogen bonds; surface tension/adhesion (does like to separate—water bug); most dense at 4oC; ice makes honeycomb shape; ice floats due to density

• 97% of Earth water is saltwater; 3% is freshwater (of that, most is frozen)

• We drink groundwater.• Artesian well (natural spring); geyser (underground cavern fills and

heats to almost boilingbubbles out releasing pressureflashes to steam and erupts)

• Water Cycle (condensation-precipitation-runoff-evaporation)• Water Storage (ice and snow, freshwater lakes, groundwater, ocean,

atmosphere)

Freshwater (cont)

• Stream = any moving water; stream flow = how the stream flows• Water transports stuff: velocity = speed of flow (fast carries more

stuff); gradient (steeper carries more stuff); discharge (how much water – more carries more stuff)

• Stream profile: headwaters (beginning); mouth (end); tributaries (add water to bigger stream); temporary base level (lake); ultimate base level (ocean)

• Meanders (curves); oxbow (when meander meets at base and leaves a u-shape)

• Pollution: point source (exact spot of pollution – broken pipe); nonpoint source (many spots of pollution – fields and roads)

• Water Quality: Physical indicators (cool temperature, high oxygen, neutral pH, low turbidity); Chemical indicators (low nitrates); Biological indicators (healthy trout, low chlorophyll a)

Freshwater (cont)

• Erosion: abrasion (scraping), grinding (sandpaper), dissolving (example: glacial milk)

• Sediment transport: dissolved load (dissolved into water), suspended load (carried up in water), bed load (rolls along bottom); capacity (how much sediment); deposition (stuff deposited at base level); Alluvium (deposited sediment at meanders or mouths); alluvial fan (fan-shaped deposit); delta (deposit at mouth)

• Valleys: Narrow (downward cutting); Wide (side to side cutting)• Watershed (area where all rain flows into one small stream); River

Basin (all watersheds flow into one river)• Levee (built up side of river); flood control dam (catches rain and

releases slowly); wetlands (catch overflow allow slow sinking in)• Zone of Aeration (top layer of soil w/air pockets); Water Table (top

of water layer); Zone of Saturation (layer of soil filled with water)• porosity (amount of air spaces); permeability (measure of how

much allows flow); aquifer (permeable); aquatard (stops flow)

Oceans

• One world ocean made of Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern, Arctic• Ocean origins: outgassing (water from volcanoes); comets • Oceanography: submersibles = bathysphere (connected to ship),

bathyscaph (not connected); Alvin (discovered hydrothermal vents), Argo (titanic remains); SONAR (sound hits floor and bounces back for mapping)

• Continental Shelf (ocean covers edge of continent); Continental slope (drop-off); Abyss (deep flat plain); Trench (deep canyon)

• Salinity (amount of salt); more salt more dense, sinks but pushed up more for buoyancy; melting glaciers change salinity

• Thermohaline Circulation (global conveyor belt); controls climates, based on water temperatures and salinity; density currents based on sinking and rising water

Oceans (cont)

• Surface currents caused by wind and earth rotation; Gulf Stream = warm water flows up along eastern seaboard of North America; Humboldt Current = cold water flows up along western seaboard of S. America (involved in El Nino)

• El Nino = warm Pacific affects weather• Upwelling = water from ocean floor brought up with nutrients in it• Ocean waves are created from wind (speed, duration, distance);

land pushes waves up as they reach shore• Tides = rise and fall of bodies of water caused by gravity of Moon• Ocean zones: based on temperature, pressure, light; Intertidal

(beach, under water then exposed); Neritic (coral reefs, nutritious); Open ocean (deep); benthic (bottom); thermocline (between photic and aphotic – quick temperature change)

Oceans Systems and Resources

• Microscopic algae = base of food web, photosynthetic• Wetlands: Estuary (partially enclosed, salt and freshwater mix);

Marsh (frequently covered in water, grasses); Swamps (have trees)• Tidal pool = water pools left when tide goes out• Coral Reef = limestone structure, biodiverse, 5000-10000 years old,

25% dead worldwide (pollution, disease, over-fishing, damaging fishing, sedimentation, bleaching (white due to rising temps)).

• Plankton = float with currents, animal base of food web, majority of organisms in ocean; Nekton = swim

• Hydrothermal vents (gas volcanoes, organisms use chemosynthesis)• Desalination (removing salt); Distillation (boiling and catching

steam); Evaporation (getting salt)• Energy from Ocean: wave action, tidal action, thermal action• Aquaculture = farming in ocean• Oil spills: Exxon Valdese in Alaska; BP in Gulf

Ecology

• Ecology = organisms and their environment• Primary succession = growth from scratch; secondary succession =

regrowth• Species (group of individuals that can reproduce fertile offspring);

population (group of one species); community (group of populations); ecosystem (group of communities)

• Abiotic (never living); biotic (living or was alive); habitat (location); niche (role)

• Symbiosis (relationship with two different species); mutualism (both benefit – ant and acacia tree); commensalism (one benefits; other not affected – egrets and cows); parasitism (parasite benefits, host harmed – flea on dog)

Ecology (cont)

• Exponential growth = rapid growth of population; makes J curve• Carrying capacity = number of organisms an ecosystem can support• Predator/Prey = direct relationship (prey increases, predator

increases)• Sun (main energy); producers/autotrophs (do photosynthesis);

consumers/heterotrophs (herbivores eat plants, carnivores eat animals, omnivores eat both); scavengers eat leftovers, decomposers breakdown dead stuff

• Food chain (one direction Sun-producer-primary consumer-secondary consumer-tertiary consumer)

• Food web = network of food chains all together• Energy pyramid (kcals); Biomass pyramid (kgs); producers on

bottom; loose one digit from right side with each step upward

Climate Changes

• Ice age/Glacial Period = long period of cold, ice covers large areas; 5o drop in temp; low sea levels

• Cause of Ice ages: Milankovitch Theory (orbit change, tilt change, precession)

• Climate Changes: Temp increase 1.53oF; pH drop 0.01; sea level rise 0.14 inches

• Greenhouse effect (burning fossil fuels/hydrocarbons, gases can’t escape); Acid rain (burning fossil fuels lowers pH of rain); Ozone depletion (CFCs); Air pollution (burning fossil fuels and wood); Water pollution (waste, heat, chemicals); Soil Misuse (erosion, overuse, pesticides); Habitat Destruction (logging, nitrogen in lakes – cause of extinctions)

Climate Changes (cont)

• IPCC = UN group of 772 cimate scientists from around world• Signs of Global Warming: more severe storms, droughts, warming

trend in winters worldwide, melting ice caps/glaciers, rising sea levels, melting permafrost

Energy and Human Impacts

No review on this unit since we just finished it and had a test.

Released Online EOG Test from previous years.

Click on the link above to go to the testor copy and paste the address into your browser.

You do not have to register to use released tests.Select the EOG Grade 8 Science test.

Click through to start the test.

(You may have to allow popups.)

http://www.ncpublicschools.org/accountability/testing/releasedforms