the grand tour of exoplanets the new worlds around other stars the grand tour of exoplanets the new...
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The Grand Tour of ExoplanetsThe New Worlds around Other Stars
The Grand Tour of ExoplanetsThe New Worlds around Other Stars
Dániel ApaiSpace Telescope Science Institute
Dániel ApaiSpace Telescope Science Institute
Grand Tour of ExoplanetsGrand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science InstituteHubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science InstituteHubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
Grand Tour of ExoplanetsGrand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science InstituteHubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science InstituteHubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
Fictional Planets
Tatooine / Star Wars
B612, Dune, Terminus, Tatooine
Hundreds more listed on Wikipedia page
Grand Tour of ExoplanetsGrand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science InstituteHubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science InstituteHubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
Age of Planets
Grand Tour of ExoplanetsGrand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science InstituteHubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science InstituteHubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
RJup ≈ 11 REarth Rsun ≈ 10 Rjup
Msun ≈ 1000 Mjup
MJup ≈ 320 MEarth
Grand Tour of ExoplanetsGrand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science InstituteHubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science InstituteHubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
The Planet Zoo
No Fancy Names - just plain old lowercase alphabet, excluding a
What is a planet anyway?
HR8799d - 3rd planet discovered around the star HR8799
Poor Pluto isn’t.
Grand Tour of ExoplanetsGrand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science InstituteHubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science InstituteHubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
1942 - Kaj Strand: Nearby triple star system 61 Cygni has a companion 16 MJup
Indirect detection is a possibility; tiny signals are easily misinterpreted.
The First “Detections”
1963 - Peter van de Kamp, Sproul Observatory, Perturbations in Barnard’s Star track ⇒ 1.6 MJup planet
Never confirmed... many other claims followed
Grand Tour of ExoplanetsGrand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science InstituteHubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science InstituteHubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
PSR 1257+12bcd
Alex Wolszczan
PSR 1620-26 (Becker et al. 1992)
Rocky planets can be at odd places and may form easily.
Wolszczan et al. 1992
b: 0.02 Mearth at 0.19 AU with P=25dc: 4.1 Mearth at 0.36 AU with P=67d d: 3.8 Mearth at 0.46 AU with P=98d
Pulsar, timing variations
Grand Tour of ExoplanetsGrand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science InstituteHubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science InstituteHubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
Grand Tour of ExoplanetsGrand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science InstituteHubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science InstituteHubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
51 Peg
Mayor & Queloz 1995 Nature
Sun-like star + Jupiter-mass Planet!
4.2 day orbital period!
Lessons: 1) Planets can be very close to their host stars2) Planets migrate3) Expect the Unexpected
G2 sun-like star, V=5.5 mag - Radial Velocity
Grand Tour of ExoplanetsGrand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science InstituteHubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science InstituteHubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
GJ 876 System
Delfosse et al. 1998Marcy et al. 1998Correia et al. 2010
GJ876b: 2.6 MJ planet at 0.2 AU with 61 day period (1998)
GJ876c: 0.83 MJ planet at 0.13 AU with 30 day period (1998)
GJ876d: 0.02 MJ=6.3 ME planet at 0.021 AU with 1.9 day period (2005)
M4 red dwarf, V=10.2 mag - Radial Velocity
Grand Tour of ExoplanetsGrand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science InstituteHubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science InstituteHubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
Grand Tour of ExoplanetsGrand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science InstituteHubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science InstituteHubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
GJ 876 System
What we learned:1) Planets can form around cool red dwarfs2) Giant planets in resonant orbit (2:1)2) Multiple planets with very different masses
Jupiter-sized planets are rare around low-mass stars
Delfosse et al. 1998Marcy et al. 1998Correia et al. 2010
GJ876b: 2.6 MJ planet at 0.2 AU with 61 day period (1998)
GJ876c: 0.83 MJ planet at 0.13 AU with 30 day period (1998)
GJ876d: 0.02 MJ=6.3 ME planet at 0.021 AU with 1.9 day period (2005)
M4 red dwarf, V=10.2 mag - Radial Velocity
Grand Tour of ExoplanetsGrand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science InstituteHubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science InstituteHubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
Gl581 - The Second Habitable world?
GJ581b: 16 ME planet at 0.04 AU with 5.4 day period Bonfils et al. (2005)
GJ581c: 5 ME planet at 0.07 AU with 13 day period Udry et al. (2007)
GJ581d: 8 ME planet at 0.22 AU with 67 day period Udry et al. (2007)
GJ581e: 2 ME planet at 0.03 AU with 3.1 day period Mayor et al. (2009)
M3 red dwarf, V=10.6 mag - Radial Velocity
Grand Tour of ExoplanetsGrand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science InstituteHubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science InstituteHubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
Gl581 - The Second Habitable world?M3 red dwarf, V=10.6 mag - Radial
Velocity
Grand Tour of ExoplanetsGrand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science InstituteHubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science InstituteHubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
Gl581 - The Second Habitable world?
GJ581b: 16 ME planet at 0.04 AU with 5.4 day period Bonfils et al. (2005)
GJ581c: 5 ME planet at 0.07 AU with 13 day period Udry et al. (2007)
GJ581d: 8 ME planet at 0.22 AU with 67 day period Udry et al. (2007)
GJ581e: 2 ME planet at 0.03 AU with 3.1 day period Mayor et al. (2009)
M3 red dwarf, V=10.6 mag - Radial Velocity
Grand Tour of ExoplanetsGrand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science InstituteHubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science InstituteHubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
Gl581 - The Second Habitable world?
Habitable planets around cool red dwarfs?
GJ581b: 16 ME planet at 0.04 AU with 5.4 day period Bonfils et al. (2005)
GJ581c: 5 ME planet at 0.07 AU with 13 day period Udry et al. (2007)
GJ581d: 8 ME planet at 0.22 AU with 67 day period Udry et al. (2007)
GJ581e: 2 ME planet at 0.03 AU with 3.1 day period Mayor et al. (2009)
M3 red dwarf, V=10.6 mag - Radial Velocity
The habitability of the GJ581 system remains debated.
Grand Tour of ExoplanetsGrand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science InstituteHubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science InstituteHubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
HD189733b
HD209458b
K1 star, V=7.7 mag - Radial Velocity
G0 sun-like star, V=7.7 mag - Radial Velocity
HD 209458b: 0.6 MJ planet at 0.047 AU with 3.5 day period (1999)
HD 189733b: 1.1 MJ at 0.03 AU with 2.2 day period
Planetary Transits and Eclipses provide Information on Atmospheric Composition!
Grand Tour of ExoplanetsGrand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science InstituteHubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science InstituteHubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
HD189733b
HD209458b
CO Swain et al. (2009)
CH4, Water Swain et al. (2009)
Water Tinetti et al. (2007)
Spitzer Space Telescope
HST
Water, methane, CO
Multiple teams, HST, Spitzer
Grand Tour of ExoplanetsGrand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science InstituteHubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science InstituteHubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
Corot-1bG0 star, V=14 mag -
Transit
Rogers et al. 2009
Too bright!
1 MJup planet at 0.025 AU with 1.5 day period
Grand Tour of ExoplanetsGrand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science InstituteHubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science InstituteHubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
Grand Tour of ExoplanetsGrand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science InstituteHubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science InstituteHubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
WASP-18
F9 sun-like star, V=9.3 mag - Transit Survey
WASP-18b: 10.4 MJ at 0.02 AU with 0.94 day period
Hellier et al. 2009
Tidal interactions - planets swallowedin less than a million year?
Grand Tour of ExoplanetsGrand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science InstituteHubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science InstituteHubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
GJ 1214b
GJ1214b: 6.55 ME planet at 0.014 AU with 1.6 day period
Red dwarf, 13 pc, 0.16M⊙ - Transit Survey
Charbonneau et al. 2009
Transit Depth: 1.3%
Grand Tour of ExoplanetsGrand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science InstituteHubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science InstituteHubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
Charbonneau et al. 2009
Grand Tour of ExoplanetsGrand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science InstituteHubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science InstituteHubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
GJ 1214b
GJ1214b: 6.55 ME planet at 0.014 AU with 1.6 day period
Charbonneau et al. 2009
Transit Depth: 1.3%
Planet Radius = 12% of Rstar
(Rpl / Rstar)2 =1.3%
Rstar = 0.2 Rsun = 0.2 Rsun × 109 Rearth
[Rsun = 109 Rearth]
RGJ1214b = 12% of 20% of 109 Rearth = 2.6 Rearth
Volume? (2.6)3 = 17.6 Earth Volume
Density: 6.55 Mearth / 17.8 VEarth =
37% of Earth’s Density!
Red dwarf, 13 pc, 0.16M⊙ - Transit Survey
Grand Tour of ExoplanetsGrand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science InstituteHubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science InstituteHubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
GJ 1214b - The Ocean World
GJ1214b: 5.7 ME planet at 0.014 AU with 1.6 day period
Nature
Mass: 6.55 Earth MassDensity: 37% of Earth Density
Stellar Luminosity: 0.3% of Sun
Semi-major axis: 0.014 AU
Insolation: 15× that of Earth
Equilibrium Temperature:AB = 0 Teq = 555 K = 539 F AB = 0.75 Teq = 393 K = 247 F
Red dwarf, 13 pc, 0.16M⊙ - Transit Survey
Grand Tour of ExoplanetsGrand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science InstituteHubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science InstituteHubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
Chauvin et al. 2004
2MASS1207b - The Little Brown Dwarf and the Big Planet
2MASS1207b ~8 MJup
Brown dwarf, 62 pc, 0.025M⊙ - Direct Imaging
Planetary-mass Objects may formin Different Ways
Temperature - Brightness - Radius Inconsistency
Grand Tour of ExoplanetsGrand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science InstituteHubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science InstituteHubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
FomalhautA3 star, 7 pc, 2.1 M⊙ - Direct Imaging
Mass < 3 MJup
Proj. separation: 115
AU
Kalas et al. 2008
Contribution from Scattered Light
Unknown nature
Grand Tour of ExoplanetsGrand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science InstituteHubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science InstituteHubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
Golimowski et al.
Kalas & Jewitt
Grand Tour of ExoplanetsGrand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science InstituteHubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science InstituteHubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
Beta Pic Lagrange et al. 2009
Beta PictorisA6 star, 19 pc, 1.8 M⊙ - Direct Imaging
Mass ~ 8 MJup
Proj. separation: 8 AU
To be confirmed
Grand Tour of ExoplanetsGrand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science InstituteHubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science InstituteHubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
HR 8799 bcd
Marois et al. 2008
VLT/NACO
A5 star, 39 pc, 1.5M⊙ - Direct Imaging
Marois et al. 2008HR8799b: 5-11 MJ planet 68 AU (P~460yr)
HR8799c: 7-13 MJ planet at 38 AU (P~190yr)
HR8799d: 7-13 MJ planet at 24 AU (P~100yr)
Perplexing System - Very High Relative Planet mass at
very large separations!
Chauvin et al. 2004 Marois et al. 2008
2MASS1207
Beta Pic Lagrange et al. 2009
Kalas et al. 2008
Grand Tour of ExoplanetsGrand Tour of Exoplanets Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science InstituteHubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
Daniel Apai / Space Telescope Science InstituteHubble Science Briefings - March 11, 2010
The Grand Tour of ExoplanetsThe Grand Tour of Exoplanets
- Vast Diversity Observed
Dániel ApaiSpace Telescope Science Institute
Dániel ApaiSpace Telescope Science Institute
Summary
- Super-Jupiters, Neptunes, Super-Earths Earths,- Planets close to the Habitable Zone
- Earth-sized Planets
- Atmospheric Properties and Composition
Exciting Times for Planets!
- Keep an Eye on NASA’s Kepler Mission!