THE GRAND THEORY OF PERSONALITY

Some 17 Theories of Personality1- Freud 2- Jung3- Adler 4- Karen Horney5- Erickson 6- Maslow7- Rogers 8- Murray9- Sheldon 10- Sullivan11- Allport 12- Cattle13- Dollard and Miller 14- Bandura15- Skinner 16- Ellis17- Kelly

There are three forces in Psychology.1- The first force is Psychoanalysis or Psychodynamic or intra-psychic- it reduces humans to levels of animals2- The second force is Behaviorism - it reduces humans to stimulus-response level3- The third force is Phenomenology or Humanistic Psychology- it restores human beings to their actual level

There are a number of theories of personality that come under each banner.1- The first force is Psychoanalysis or Psychodynamic it includes:• Freud’s theory• Jung’s theory• Adler’s theory• Karen Horney’s theory• Erikson’s theory

2- The second force is Behaviorism. It includes:• Dollard and Miller’s theory• Skinner’s theory• Bandura’s theory• Pavlov, Watson, Thorndike work

3- The third force is Phenomenology or Humanistic Psychology. It includes:• Adler’s theory• Kelly’s theory• Murray’s theory• Maslow’s theory• Roger’s theory• Allport’s theory• Cattle’s theory• Sullivan’s theory

Freud’s TheoryFreud’s theory includes the following:• Levels of Consciousness• Analysis of Mental Structures• Psychosexual Stages of Development.

• Defense Mechanisms• Means of Tapping the Unconscious• Instinct is an Inherited Condition that gives our Behavior Direction

Two kinds of Instincts:1. Life instinct or Eros: bodily needs, survival, pleasure (libido)2. Death instinct or Thanatos: aggression, self-destructiveness (Mortido)

Basis of Character TypesMajor event is Oedipal ComplexAnxiety = threatReality: danger in external worldNeurotic: fear of id out of controlMoral: fear of conscienceEgo defends against anxiety--often unconscious, more and less mature/primitive

Jung’s TheoryThe Personal Un-conscious consists of repressed or forgotten or not very vivid or clear memories. It consists of clusters of emotionally loaded thoughts which Jung labeled as complexes.A complex is a cluster of ideas connected together by a common feelings or emotions.

The Collective Un-conscious It refers to our ancestral experiences, memories from untold millions of years,so it is fragments of all human history that we inherit from our forefathers. Jung labeled these ancestral experiences as archetypes.• Persona• Anima• Animus• Shadow• SelfThe Psychological TypesPsychological Types refer to orientation or the way an individual interacts with other people. IntrovertsExtrovertsStages of Development• Childhood• Young Adulthood• Middle Ages• Life after RetirementIndividual PsychologyAdler’s theoryThe term individual psychology refers to the fact that individuals are unique, they are characterized by inner harmony and a striving force to cooperate with fellow humans. It does not mean that human beings are selfish, aggressive and motivated to satisfy their own biological motives.1-Adler proposed feelings of inferiority as the driving force behind personality2-and he developed birth order theory.

Karen Horney’s theoryHorney developed a theory based on two concepts1- Basic Anxiety2- Neurotic PersonalityIn 1937, Karen Horney wrote a book called “The Neurotic Personality of our Time” in this book, Karen Horney tried to discuss that a child has two basic needs, which are safety and satisfaction.In 1945, Karen Horney in her book “Our Inner Conflicts” classified ten neurotic needs in three categories.1- Moving Towards People2- Moving Against People3- Moving Away from People

Relationship between Real Self and Ideal SelfThe real self represents all those things that are true about an individual, the ideal self reflects what one would like to become.

Erikson’s theory1- According to Erickson biology or genetics is one strong determinant of personality but culture is another important determinant.2- Thus biologically determined differences between the two sexes can be explained as result of social expectations or cultural expectations.

Ego PsychologyIt is Ego’s job to organize one’s life and to assure continuous harmony with one’s physical and social environment.Erikson stressed the autonomy and role of ego, we call his theory as Ego psychology.

Psychosocial Stages of DevelopmentAccording to Erikson, every individual passes through eight stages of development and sequence of the eight stages is genetically determined and it is unchangeable.Each stage of development is characterized by crisis which can have a positive or a negative resolution.

The Stimulus Response Theory Of Dollard and Miller1-Habit is the key concept in the theory by Dollard and Miller.2-A habit is a link or association between a stimulus (cue) and a response.For learning (desired behavior) to take place within the subject:1- One must want something (Drive)2- Notice something (Cue-Stimulus)3- Do something (Response)4- Get something (Reward)

Skinner’s Theory of PersonalitySkinner’s Radical Behaviorism

He rejected the use of inner states such as anxiety as the explanation of our overt / observable behavior.

Skinners Use of the Term "Operant."An operant is a response that operates on the environment and changes it. The change in the environment affects the occurrence of the response.When an operant response is conditioned, it is essential that the reinforcement be presented after the occurrence of the response. Only in this way does the frequency of the response increase.

Bandura’s Theory1- Bandura suggests most human behavior is learned by observation. In Modeling we observe the behavior of others and use this information as a guide for our own behavior.2- Bandura and his colleagues have demonstrated that subjects allowed to observe a set of responses performed by another individual (the model) tend to exhibit these same responses (observed model) when placed in a similar setting.

Albert Ellis He is of the view that irrational beliefs are basis of all of our maladjustments.These irrational beliefs are learned through socialization from Parents, teachers, peers, friends, religious, political leaders,Books, films, media etc.1- The Rational Emotive Behavior A-B-C Theory Personality“A” refers to an activating event.“B” refers to the belief system of the individual.“C” refers to the consequence.Now in this A-B-C model of Personality quite later Ellis’s added D and the E component as well so it is A-B-C-D-E.Where “D” refers to Disputing or debating or challenging the irrational beliefs “E” refers to the Effect or impact of the debate on minimizing irrationality in one’s attitude.

There are three forces in Psychology3- The third force is Phenomenology or Humanistic Psychology.

Maslow’s theoryAbraham Maslow (1908-1970) postulated a hierarchy of needs beginning with physiological needs at the bottom and self actualization at the top. An individual must meet the basic needs before trying to meet the higher needs.

Roger’s theory1- Phenomenological theory of personality is that a person’s behavior is obtained through observation of his internal frame of reference. why an individual thinks, feels, and behaves in a given way, it is necessary to know how that person perceives and interprets the world.2. He puts the emphasis on positive aspects of life, free choices and personal growth experiences.

3. Actualizing Tendency : An innate need to survive, grow and enhance one’s self.4. Fully Functioning Person :It is a term used by Rogers to designate individuals who are using their capacities and talents, realizing their potentials.

Kelly’s theoryKelly argued that personality is by its very nature embedded in a person’s interpersonal relationships.For Kelly’s an individual’s personality is nothing more or less than his or her construct system.

Sullivan’s theoryFor Sullivan personality is embedded in a person’s interpersonal relationships.The personality develops as result of interpersonal situations and events.

Cattle’s theoryFor Cattell factor analysis is a method used to discover traits which he considers the building blocks of personality. An ability discovered in such a cluster is called a factor and in Cattell’s theory, the term factor is equated with the term trait.

Murray’s theoryPersonality reflects novel, unique, recurrent and enduring patterns of behaviors.

Personality functions are to reduce conflicts, satisfy individual needs and to make plans for attainment of future goals.