the government of the russian federation · 9/6/2016 · challenges associated with legal...

THE GOVERNMENT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution for Higher Learning

THE NATIONAL RESEARCH UNIVERSITY HIGHER SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS

Faculty of Law

Public and Private International Law Department

Master Degree Curriculum Year 2

Field of Education 40.04.01/ Jurisprudence

Detailed Field Private International Law

Level Master Degree

LEGAL TRANSLATION: A PRACTICAL APPROACH

Course Syllabus

Author of the Course / Course Instructor Svetlana V. Vlasenko, Ph.D.

(Institute of Linguistics, Russian Academy of Sciences) Associate Professor, HSE

[email protected] Approved at the Public and Private International Department session

Natalya Y. Erpyleva Department Head ______________________________ September 6, 2016 (Protocol N 13)

Approved at the Academic Council of Master Program “Private International Law” session

Natalya Y. Erpyleva Academic Supervisor of Master Program ______________________________ September 8, 2016 (Protocol N 8)

Moscow, 2016

NATIONAL RESEARCH UNIVERSITY HIGHER SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS Faculty of Law – Public and Private International Law Department

L E G A L TR A N S L A T I O N : A P R A C T I C A L A P P R O A C H Master Course – Year 2

Svetlana V. Vlasenko. L E G A L TR A N S L A T I O N : A PR A C T I C AL A P P R O A C H Master Course Syllabus

COURSE DESCRIPTION

The Course is intended for master students of law and other social sciences and aims to train essentials of legal translation in its practical application formats. The Course is elective and is set to enhance the knowledge and advance the skills acquired by students during preceding years of their academic training. This is achieved through the study of the best translation practices via case-studies and improvement of a set of abilities, specifically, critical reading and critical reviewing of authentic legal texts extensively used across multiple legal fields and lawyering practices.

The Course aims to explore key concepts and categories available to-date and fundamental for the general translation studies framework, as well as in legal/forensic linguistics and elaborate practical approaches ensuring the application of legal translation skills. The text production capabilities largely determined by translators’ foreign language proficiency appear to be basic and crucial for the communicative competence underlying legal translation skills. Such skills are recognized as technical due to abundant technicalities in legal language due to inherently complex and distant national legal systems and legal cultures.

This Course ensures the development of master students’ language and communicative competences to advance their knowledge across the following range of legal disciplines, such as private international law, international banking law, international investment law, international commercial arbitration, international civil procedure, corporate law, and the EU contract law. This is believed to warrant an integrated approach, comprehensive coverage and the interdisciplinary nature of legal translation as the resultant of complex issues associated with the law-and-language interaction.

REQUIRED BACKGROUND FOR THE COURSE

The Course draws on postgraduates’ background knowledge acquired

during their prior years of their university bachelor degree training in law, linguistics, other humanities or social sciences. Along with that, the Course welcomes the availability of skills developed at preceding stages of learning as necessitated by academic curricula including, specifically, academic skills of critical thinking, critical reading, critical writing, and analytic reviewing. Proficiency in general English at the mid or upper intermediate level and general proficiency in legal English are desirable.

This syllabus complies with the comprehensive curricula designed for training university master students at the NRU HSE Faculty of Law pursuant to




the Russian Federation National Educational Standard for Higher Learning Establishments (FGOS VPO) “Jurisprudence” endorsed by the RF Education and Science Ministry Ordinance No.1763 as of 14 December 2010, rev. as of 31 May 2011; Educational Curricular 030900 “Jurisprudence” for master degree in law, LL.M; NRU HSE Curriculum 030900.68 “Jurisprudence” for masters’ degree in Private International Law endorsed in 2014.

The Course includes the following theoretical and practical dimensions.

Theoretical dimensions:

legal translation status, social role and significance in the globalization contexts;

major concepts of legal translation;

legal translation as a special type of professional communication; main properties of legal discourse mediated by translation;

types and varieties of legal translation;

discrepancies within legal translation practices, traditions, and usage in different countries;

theoretical approaches to legal translation fidelity, its attainability with the view of providing equivalent target texts;

linguistic and extra-linguistic complexities to be overcome in legal translation; pragmatic restrictions in legal translation.

Practical dimensions:

legal translation problems and available solutions in domestic and international practices;

application of online tools by students with a view to master legal translation skills from Russian into English and vice versa;

lexicographic sources for legal translation; legal monolingual, bilingual and multilingual lexicography; electronic dictionaries and web-tools;

challenges associated with legal translation; contextualization and localization, and other adaptation techniques;

critical reading and an in-depth analysis of authentic English legal texts at the pre-translation stage; phasing-in and phasing-out approaches;

communicating legal rationale by identifying relevant linguistic devices to be applied in legal translation;




detailed reviewing and analysing of specific issues associated with legal translation applying a case studies approach.

COURSE LEARNING OBJECTIVES

The Course features several frameworks currently employed for the classification of legal translation in terms of types, varieties of settings, and communicative purposes or functions. A comprehensive coverage of legal translation domains is explored based on approaches suggested across English-speaking jurisdictions. Other legal translation phenomena are studied in their correlation with purely linguistic translational problems described in general translation studies’ findings. The Course major objectives comprise:

enhancing master students’ knowledge of academic writing conventions and legal research in specific fields of law and related areas requiring legal translation capabilities;

increasing master students’ capabilities for communicating legal substance across the English-speaking professional legal community, legal scholarly communities, and/or legal practitioners;

ensuring proficiency in legal English within a wide range of legally relevant academic and professional issues for legal translation purposes;

extending the skills required for legal translation in certain subject-specific fields of law and related fields;

producing a review (essay) outlining research findings in legal translation based on the academic writing conventions.

LEARNING OUTCOMES

A. Competences

At the end of this Course students should gain the following competences:

comprehensive communicative competence, which ensures the Course graduates’ professional performance both in national and international settings;

extended language competence, which ensures wider applicability of findings in legal translation studies for practical purposes, lawyering, or




research by graduates both in bilingual and multilingual settings;

wide-ranging intertercultural competence, which ensures the broadening of the Course graduates’ professional worldview due to their continuous exposure to legal instruments and legal texts of different genres generated in several variants of English.

The Course delivers the following knowledge to master students and develops their competences for ensuring that by the end of the Course master students will have gained:

the knowledge of:

essentials of legal translation in its practical application formats; key concepts and categories known to-date in translation studies and

legal/forensic linguistics, which is sufficient for elaborating an integrated framework of legal translation in the practical application perspective;

set of communicative strategies employed for legal translating;

the skills of:

critical reading, critical thinking and critical assessing of authentic English legal texts in several variants of legal English;

identifying basic features of legal instruments, including international legal instruments, and legal texts with the view to enhance underlying legal translation skills

delivering quality legal translation products;

formulating communicative strategies and norms relevant for the implementation of legal translation assignments in national and/or international settings;

the abilities of:

applying linguistic tools and analyses for substantiating legal reasoning for purposes of legal drafting / translating;

identifying the level of formality and applying formal rules and canons relevant for making a linguistic analysis of legally-relevant content for legal translation purposes;

ensuring fidelity in legal translation for decision-making in lawyering practices.

DISTRIBUTION OF WORKLOAD

Table:




Total hours against the self-study (extramural) hours broken down by subject

Item

Subject Headings

Total Hours

In-Class Hours,

of which

Self-

Study Hours

Lectures Seminars

1. SUBJECT 1. Legal Translation as Professional Communication and its Social Role in the Globalization Context. Legal Translation Studies. The EU Translating Practices

24 8 2 14

2. SUBJECT 2. Legal Lexicography for Legal Translation Purposes. Web-tools and IT-methods Applicable for Legal Translation. Legal Translation Analysis and Assessment

24 8 2 14

3. SUBJECT 3. Interdisciplinary Nature of Legal Translation. Lexical Cannons Specific of Legal Instruments. Inconsistencies in Legal Terminologies. Legal Translation Quality Grading

26 4 4 18

4. SUBJECT 4. Grammatical Issues in Legal Translation. Grammatical Cannons Specific of Legal Instruments and Their Relevance for Legal Translators

20 4 2 14

5. SUBJECT 5. Legal Syntax and Legal Style Issues in Legal Translation. Legal Syntactical and Stylistic Cannons Specific of Legal Instruments. Challenges for Legal Translators.

20 4 2 14

TOTAL

114 28 12 74




TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE CONTROL Current control:

o Review on a selected topic as agreed upon with the Course Instructor;

o Essay on a selected topic as agreed upon with the Course Instructor;

o In-betweener forms: regular quizzes during seminar classes lasting 10–15 minutes for checking the level of memorizing key translation concepts underlying expected skills proficiency.

Intermediate control:

o Exam – graded assessment of the level of acquired knowledge and developed skills during the Course; includes asking questions covering syllabus material, i.e. theoretical and practical dimensions, as well as discussion with the Course Instructor of selected problematic issues relevant for the Course acquisition assessment.

Control type Control Form Modules Parameters 1 2 3 4

Current

Review 4 12–15 printed pages (Times New Roman, 14 pt.); 2-week assessment

Essay 2 12–15 printed pages (Times New Roman, 14 pt.); 2-week assessment

In-betweener forms

6 regular quizzes during seminar classes lasting 10–15 minutes

Intermediate

Exam * 120-minute exam

METHODS OF INSTRUCTION




Classes are split into lectures and seminars. Lectures are conducted in the interactive mode with the focus on the responsiveness and feedback from master students. Class work – both lectures and seminars – is based on interactive tutoring built on both the prepared and spontaneous modes of in-class interaction. Students’ willingness and awareness of the topics to be raised during the upcoming lectures and seminars are encouraged. Proactive methods are believed to ensure better comprehension by master students of the subject matter to be delivered by the lecturer and discussed in the group.

Seminars are conducted based on multitasking, which is built on the didactic routine combining interactive methods and spontaneous individual or group debates as the best prerequisite of efficient, collaborative teamwork. Such debates are centred around legal translation problems analysed. This type of instructing helps engaging students during seminar classwork more efficiently.

Home tasking is focused on the review and cross-analysis of landmark translation precedents and legal translation cases available thus far in different fields of legal translation. Along with this, home tasks are set to prepare students to the multitasking format of exercising during in-class teamwork.

COURSE PLAN

SUBJECT 1. Legal Translation as Professional Communication and

Its Social Role in the Globalization Context. Legal Translation Studies as a Constituent of Translation Studies

framework. The EU Translating Practices

Legal translation as professional communication and its social role in the globalization context. Legal translation studies; major categories, notions, and the subject-matter. Legal translation types and varieties. Current trends in and approaches to legal translation. The EU translating practices: approaches and case studies. Other countries’ practices. Legal translation: case studies.

Essential Reading:

1. The Ashgate Handbook of Legal Translation / L. Cheng, K.K. Sin and A. Wagner (eds.). Farnham, UK: Ashgate Publishing Ltd., 2014. (Law, Language and Communication Series)




2. Šarčević, S. Creating a Pan-European Legal Language, in: Legal Discourse Across Languages and Cultures, in: M. Gotti and C. Williams (eds). Peter Lang, 2010. P. 23–50.

3. Vlasenko, S. V. Where ‘fiscal’ Cannot Mean ‘financial’: A Case Study at the Crossroads of Legal and Public Service Translation Taxonomies, in: New Voices in Translation Studies. May 2016 (4). P. 46–73. Available at: http://www.iatis.org/index.php/publications/new-voices-in-translation-studies/item/1336-issue14-2016 (accessed 22 August 2016).

Further Reading:

Masters students are encouraged to read some of the below listed books or excerpts from them:

1. Galdia, M. Legal Translation, in: Legal Linguistics. Frankfurt am Main, Berlin

[et al.] : Peter Lang, 2009. P. 224–238. 2. Translation Issues in Language and Law / Olsen, F., Lorz, A.R. and D. Stein

(eds.). London and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. 3. Vlasenko, S.V. Translation. Translation Case Studies. Translation Studies, in:

S.V. Vlasenko. Contract Law: Professional Translation Practices in the English–Russian Language Pair: Sourcebook for students of law & linguistics. Moscow: Wolters Kluwer, 2006. P. 73–81.

Questions for self-checking:

1. Describe legal translation as a type of professional communication.

2. What are the major types of legal translation? Enumerate varieties and types or subtypes, if any, of legal translation.

3. What is the social role of legal translation? Substantiate your point of view by providing cases and examples illustrating legal translation status.

4. What are the major distinct features of legal translation in the global interaction of professional legal communities?

5. Formulate major categories, notions, and the subject-matter of the legal translation studies.

6. Describe the EU translating practices and the approaches to legal translation. Provide instances and/or references to relevant case studies.

7. What other countries’ practices in legal translation can you describe? Provide instances and/or references to relevant case studies.

Research Tasks




Given that research tasks are largely knowledge-intensive and time-consuming, they are designed as home assignment and formulated either for the entire group or for mini-groups, or students’ teams; individual tasks are also given for students willing to work on their own.

SUBJECT 2. Legal Lexicography for Legal Translation Purposes.

Web-tools and IT-methods Applicable for Legal Translation. Legal Translation Analysis and Assessment

Web-tools and IT-methods applicable for legal translation; electronic processing of legal documents for translation purposes. Online reference sources. Legal lexicography; legal dictionaries dependability. Legal translation analysis and assessment; country-specific practices in assessing legal translation. Legal translation: case studies

Essential Reading:

1. Ramos, F.P. Parameters for problem-solving in legal translation: implications for legal lexicography and institutional terminology management. In: The Ashgate Handbook of Legal Translation / Cheng, Le, King Kui Sin and Anne Wagner (eds). Farnham, UK : Ashgate Publishing Ltd., 2014. P. 121–134.

2. Šarčević, S. Challenges to the Legal Translators, in: P.М. Tiersma and L.М. Solan (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Language and Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. P. 187–199.

3. Research Models and Methods in Legal Translation / L. Biel and J. Engberg. (eds.), in: Linguistica Antverpiensia. New Series – Themes in Translation Studies. 2013. No. 12. [https://lans-tts.uantwerpen.be/index.php/LANS-TTS/issue].

Further Reading:



[et al.] : Peter Lang, 2009. P. 224–238. 2. Šarčević, S. Challenges to the Legal Translators, in: P.М. Tiersma and L.М.

Solan (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Language and Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. P. 187–199.




3. Vlasenko, S.V. Contract Law: Professional Translation Practices in the English–Russian Language Pair: Sourcebook for students of law & linguistics. Moscow: Wolters Kluwer, 2006


1. Which web-tools and IT-methods are applicable for processing legal documents for legal translation purposes?

2. What are the advantages and/or disadvantages of applying IT-methods for electronic processing of legal text for translation purposes?

3. Define main restrictions of electronic devices and machine translation tools for achieving quality in legal translation.

4. How can legal translation be analysed for assessing its quality?

5. What are the main criteria used of assessing legal translation?

6. Describe country-specific practices in legal translating which you can be aware of. Provide instances and/or references to relevant case studies.

Research Tasks


SUBJECT 3. Interdisciplinary Nature of Legal Translation.

Lexical Cannons Specific of Legal Instruments. Inconsistencies in Legal Terminologies. Legal Translation Quality Grading

An interdisciplinary nature of legal translation. Lexical cannons specific of legal instruments. Inconsistencies in legal terminologies. Legal terminology in its country-specific dimensions. Plain meaning and the ‘legalese’. Legal translation quality grading. Problems of attaining an appropriate quality in legal translation. Legal translation: case studies

Essential Reading:

1. Ainsworth, Janet. Lost in translation? Linguistic diversity and the elusive quest for plain meaning in the law. In: The Ashgate Handbook of Legal




Translation / Cheng, Le, King Kui Sin and Anne Wagner (eds). Farnham, UK: Ashgate Publishing Ltd., 2014. P. 43–56.

2. González-Ruiz, V. Trying to See the Wood Despite the Trees: a Plain Approach to Legal Translation. In: The Ashgate Handbook of Legal Translation / L. Cheng, K.K. Sin and A. Wagner (eds.). Farnham, UK: Ashgate Publishing Ltd., 2014. P. 71–88.

3. Vlasenko, S. V. Where ‘fiscal’ Cannot Mean ‘financial’: A Case Study at the Crossroads of Legal and Public Service Translation Taxonomies, in: New Voices in Translation Studies. May 2016 (4). P. 46–73. Available at: http://www.iatis.org/index.php/publications/new-voices-in-translation-studies/item/1336-issue14-2016 (accessed 22 August 2016).

Further Reading:



[et al.] : Peter Lang, 2009. P. 224–238. 2. Šarčević, Susan. Challenges to the Legal Translators, in: P.М. Tiersma and

L.М. Solan (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Language and Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. P. 187–199.

3. Translation Issues in Language and Law / Olsen, F., Lorz, A.R. and D. Stein (eds.). London and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.

4. Vlasenko, S. V. Contract Law: Professional Translation Practices in the English–Russian Language Pair: Sourcebook for students of law & linguistics. Moscow: Wolters Kluwer, 2006.


1. How can an interdisciplinary nature of legal translation be illustrated?

2. Define the ‘legalese’ in the context of legal translation. Substantiate your viewpoint by providing arguments and giving examples.

3. Explain the need for plain legal meaning for purposes of legal translation by indicating your arguments in favour of the approach or against it.

4. How can legal translation quality be graded? Substantiate your viewpoint on legal translation quality by providing arguments and giving examples.

5. What criteria are applied for grading legal translation quality? Substantiate your viewpoint on legal translation quality by providing arguments and giving examples.




6. Does the availability of several varieties of English affect the quality of legal translation? Substantiate your viewpoint by providing arguments and giving examples.

Research Tasks


SUBJECT 4. Grammatical Issues in Legal Translation.

Grammatical Cannons Specific of Legal Instruments and Their Relevance for Legal Translators

Grammatical issues and complexities in legal translation; grammatical inconsistencies; grammatical meaning. Grammatical cannons specific of legal instruments; their relevance for legal translators. Grammatical exceptions: practicability of practical translating solutions. Legal translation and practical solutions: case studies

Essential Reading:

1. Chromá, M. The New Czech Civil Code – Lessons from Legal Translation: A Case-Study Analysis / L. Cheng, K.K. Sin and A. Wagner (eds). Farnham, UK: Ashgate Publishing Ltd., 2014. P. 263–298.

2. Lamalle, S. Multilevel Translation Analysis of a Key Legal Concept: Persona Juris and Legal Pluralism / L. Cheng, K.K. Sin and A. Wagner (eds). Farnham, UK: Ashgate Publishing Ltd., 2014. P. 299–312.

3. Vlasenko, S.V. Minimal Unit of Legal Translation vs. Minimal Unit of Thought, in Le Cheng, King Kui Sin, and Anne Wagner (Eds.), in: The Ashgate Handbook on Legal Translation. Farnham, UK: Ashgate Publishing Ltd., 2014. P. 89–120.

Further Reading:


1. Galdia, M. Legal Translation, in: Legal Linguistics. Frankfurt am Main,

Berlin [et al.] : Peter Lang, 2009. – P. 224–238.




2. Šarčević, Susan. Challenges to the Legal Translators, in: P.М. Tiersma and L.М. Solan (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Language and Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. P. 187–199.


4. Vlasenko, Svetlana. Contract Law: Professional Translation Practices in the English–Russian Language Pair: Sourcebook for students of law & linguistics. Moscow: Wolters Kluwer, 2006.


1. How can you define “grammatical meaning”? Does the grammatical structure of the language matter in comprehending the source text and transposing its substance?

2. What grammatical inconsistencies can you identify when doing legal translation from English into Russian?

3. Itemize grammatical cannons which can be found in legal instruments.

4. Detail grammatical cannons and the associated complexities in handling them when doing legal translation. Provide examples and/or case studies.

5. How can translation complexities associated with grammatical cannons used in legal documents be overcome in legal translation?

Research Tasks


SUBJECT 5. Legal Syntax and Legal Style Issues in Legal Translation.

Legal Syntactical and Stylistic Cannons Specific of Legal Instruments. Challenges for Legal Translators

Legal syntactical cannons and legal stylistic cannons as complex features of legal instruments to be translated for legal communication purposes. Challenging issues associated with legal syntax and legal style relevant for legal translators. Practical solutions in overcoming challenges caused by legal syntax and style. Legal translation: case studies

Essential Reading:




1. Ainsworth, J. Lost in translation? Linguistic diversity and the elusive quest

for plain meaning in the law. In: The Ashgate Handbook of Legal Translation / Cheng, Le, King Kui Sin and Anne Wagner (eds). Farnham, UK: Ashgate Publishing Ltd., 2014. P. 43–56. (Law, Language and Communication Series)

2. Munday, J. Introducing Translation Studies. London; New York Routledge, 2012.

3. Research Models and Methods in Legal Translation / L. Biel and J. Engberg. (eds), in: Linguistica Antverpiensia. New Series – Themes in Translation Studies. 2013. No. 12. [https://lans-tts.uantwerpen.be/index.php/LANS-TTS/issue]

Further Reading:


1. Galdia, M. Legal Translation, in: Legal Linguistics. Frankfurt am Main, Berlin [et al.] : Peter Lang, 2009. P. 224–238.

2. Šarčević, S. Challenges to the Legal Translators, in: P.М. Tiersma and L.М. Solan (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Language and Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. P. 187–199.


4. Vlasenko, S.V. Contract Law: Professional Translation Practices in the English–Russian Language Pair: Sourcebook for students of law & linguistics. Moscow: Wolters Kluwer, 2006.


1. Describe the most typical features of legal syntax, which can limit the attainability of adequate quality in legal translation.

2. Define legal syntax and legal style using available opinions by both linguists and lawyers; provide relevant citations and references.

3. How can translation-related complexities associated with legal syntax and style be overcome when rendering legal instruments?

4. What solutions can be suggested for handling legal syntax and legal style to improve legal translation quality?

Research Tasks





REVIEW (ESSAY) WRITING AS CURRENT CONTROL TOPICS FOR WRITING A REVIEW (ESSAY)

A topic chosen by each student is subject to individual approval by the Course Instructor. 1. Legal translation as a type of professional communication. 2. Main distinction between legal translation and other types of professional

translation. 3. Legal translation and its target audience and/or end-users. 4. The role of legal translation in the global interaction of professional

communities. 5. The social role of legal translation in globalized settings. 6. Major categories, notions and the subject-matter of legal translation studies. 7. Legal translation: its main goal(s) and function(s). 8. Legal translation: varieties, types and subtypes, if any. 9. An interdisciplinary nature of legal translation. 10. Criteria and methods used for differentiating the varieties of legal

translation. 11. Legal translation under international attempts of harmonizing and

unifying international legal rules and principles of law?

12. Advantages and/or disadvantages of applying IT-methods for electronic processing of legal text for translation purposes.

13. Web-tools and IT-methods applicable for legal translation. 14. Legal translation: quality analysis and assessment. 15. Key principles and/or criteria used for assessing legal translation quality. 16. EU translating practices: instances and/or references to relevant case

studies. 17. The main distinction between the EU translating practices and non-EU

countries’ practices. 18. Legal translation from the ‘legalese’: approaches, arguments, and

examples. 19. Plain legal meaning for purposes of legal translation: pros and cons.




20. Compliance with the plain legal English approach: its impacts on legal translation?

21. Terminological problems and complexities in legal translation. 22. Grammatical meaning in legal translation: definition, complexities and

solutions. 23. Legal syntax and legal style: opinions by linguists and lawyers. Questions for checking the quality of knowledge acquired during the Course A tentative list of issues to be regularly checked prior to the exam is provided to each individual subject presented in this Course Overview.

QUESTIONS FOR THE EXAM AS INTERMEDIARY CONTROL 1. Does legal translation constitute a type of professional communication?

Substantiate your viewpoint by providing arguments and giving examples. 2. What is the main distinction between legal translation and other types of

professional translation? 3. Whom is legal translation delivered to? Itemize most probable end-users of

legal translation. 4. Does the legal community consist of legal practitioners and legal scholars? If

not, itemize members of the legal community. 5. What role does legal translation play in the global interaction of

professional communities? 6. What is the social role of legal translation? Substantiate your point of view

by providing arguments and giving examples. 7. What are the major categories, notions, and the subject-matter of

translation studies for professional communities? 8. What are the major categories, notions and the subject-matter of legal

translation studies? 9. How can the main goal(s) and function(s) of legal translation can be

defined? 10. What are the major types of legal translation? Enumerate varieties, types

and subtypes, if any. 11. Enumerate the main principles used for differentiating varieties of legal

translation. 12. What specificity does legal translation acquire in the globalization

context?




13. How do attempts for harmonization and unification of international legal rules and principles of law impact legal translation?

14. Does the availability of several varieties of English affect the quality of legal translation? Substantiate your viewpoint on legal translation quality by providing arguments and giving examples.

15. What are the advantages and/or disadvantages of applying IT-methods for electronic processing of legal text for translation purposes?

16. Enumerate and describe web-tools and IT-methods applicable for legal translation.

17. Describe commonalities and dissimilarities in various types of legal translation.

18. How can an interdisciplinary nature of legal translation be illustrated? 19. What are the key principles used for assessing and/or grading legal

translation quality? 20. Describe the EU translating practices. Provide instances and references

to relevant case studies. 21. What is the main difference between the EU translating practices and

those exercised in the non-EU countries? 22. Define the ‘legalese’ in the context of legal translation. Illustrate your

viewpoint by providing arguments and giving examples of translating from the ‘legalese’.

23. Explain the need for plain legal meaning and give your arguments in favour or against it for purposes of legal translation.

24. Is there any benefit for legal translation from applying the plain legal English approach?

25. How can “grammatical meaning” be identified and handled in legal translation?

26. What terminological complexities can you identify when doing legal translation from English into Russian?

27. Are there many differences in confronting terminological complexities when legal translation is done from Russian into English?

28. Define legal syntax and legal style using opinions by both linguists and lawyers; provide relevant citations and available references.

SAMPLE TEST AS CURRENT CONTROL




SUBJECT: INTRALANGUAGE LEGAL TRANSLATION: FROM LEGAL ENGLISH INTO PLAIN LEGAL ENGLISH

AIMS:

1. Probing the practicability of plain legal English

2. Training and developing writing skills in plain legal English

TASK 1. ESTABLISHING EQUIVALENCE RELATIONS IN INTRALINGUAL TRANSLATION BETWEEN LARGER TEXT UNITS IN LEGAL ENGLISH V. PLAIN LEGAL ENGLISH: WORD-LEVEL ANALYSIS

1. Study a sample of the SLT-passages in legal English (see the table below, left column) and compare it with its ‘plain English’ counterparts (right columns).

2. Comment on the degree of convenience and the ease of perception associated with plain legal English as practiced by professional legal communities globally (‘Plain English for Lawyers’ movement);

3. Establish the degree of equivalence between the original SLT-passage and their plain legal English version (counterpart). Analyze equivalence relations on the word-level and/or at higher levels, as appropriate.

PLAIN LEGAL ENGLISH : SIMPLIFICATION SAMPLE Original passage Plain legal English version

When entering into an agreement regarding the settlement of a claim made by a client, a lawyer must not offer or agree to a provision that imposes a restriction of the right of the lawyer to practice law, including the right to undertake representation of or take particular actions on behalf of other clients or potential clients, with similar or different claims.

In settling a client’s claim, a lawyer must not offer or make an agreement that restricts the lawyer’s right to practice law, including the right to represent or act for other persons.

[Wydick, Richard C. Plain English for Lawyers. 5th ed. Durham, North Carolina: Carolina Academic Press, 2005. – P. 110.]

TASK 2. TRANSLATING THE ORIGINAL ICJ JUDGMENT (1970) INTO PLAIN LEGAL ENGLISH




1. By analogy with the previous Task 1, suggest your own version in ‘plain legal English’ for the sample passage in the table below (a passage from the original ICJ Judgment is cited in the left column). In doing so, follow the steps (a) and (b):

(a) simplify the wording of the ICJ ruling by cutting out complicated elements discussed in class, if and where so feasible;

(b) comment on the legal English and plain legal English counterparts by defining complexities of simplifying the given passage and assess the practicability of the simplification effort;

2. Translate into Russian the passage you simplified.

3. Comment on the relations of equivalence between the plain legal English version and its Russian counterpart.

4. Elaborate on the relations of equivalence between the original message, its plain legal English version and the latter’s Russian counterpart.

Original passage in legal English

Original ICJ Judgment on the Barcelona Traction Case (1970)

Plain legal English version (counterpart)

[to be rendered in class]

Notwithstanding the separate corporate personality, a wrong done to the company frequently causes prejudice to its shareholders. But the mere fact that damage is sustained by both company and shareholder does not imply that both are entitled to claim compensation. Thus no legal conclusion can be drawn from the fact that the same event caused damage simultaneously affecting several natural or juristic persons. Creditors do not have any right to claim compensation from a person who, by wronging their debtor, causes them loss. In such cases, no doubt, the interests of the aggrieved are affected, but not their rights. Thus whenever a shareholder's interests are harmed by an act done to the company, it is to the latter that he must look to institute appropriate action; for although two separate entities may have suffered from the same wrong, it is only one entity

[to be rendered in class to be further

assessed by class mates (peer reviewed)

and by the Course Instructor]




whose rights have been infringed.” [Case Concerning ‘The Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, Limited’ (Second Phase) Judgment of 5 February 1970 (Available online at: http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/50/5387.pdf (accessed: 15.08.2015)].

TASK 3. TRANSLATION OF LEGAL TERMINOLOGIES FROM ENGLISH INTO RUSSIAN

Translate into Russian the following legal terminologies from different legal branches. Comment on any difficulties, if any, in transposing the meaning of these terminologies.

1. judicially enforced rights; judicially enforced instruments;

2. judicial scrutiny; distributive, procedural and corrective justice;

3. action for damages; action for forfeiture; action in rem; action in tort;

4. deed of cession; deed of arrangement; deed of assignment;

5. constitutional rule-making in the digital age;

6. life peerage; hereditary peerage;

7. statutory list of departments; autonomous agencies;

8. right of diplomatic protection of a corporate entity;

9. forms of incorporation and their legal personality;

10. leasehold; freehold; tenurial ownership.

TASK 4. TRANSLATION OF LEGAL TERMINOLOGIES FROM RUSSIAN INTO ENGLISH

Translate into English the following legal terminologies from different legal branches. Comment on any difficulties, if any, in transposing the meaning of these terminologies.

1. специальные коллизионные привязки;

2. коллизионные принципы;

3. коллизионные нормы соответствующей страны;

4. правоприменительная практика государств;

5. отсылочный характер правовых норм; установление надлежащей иерархии применимых норм;

6. национальное законодательство / внутригосударственное право;

7. национально-правовые предписания;




8. нормы международно-правового происхождения / действие норм международно-правового происхождения;

9. федеральные законы, регламентирующие международные отношения, в том числе и отношения с участием иностранных лиц;

10. срок давности; законодательное положение о сроке давности; норма права, предписывающая срок давности.

TASK 5. ANALYZING LEGAL TRANSLATION PRECEDENTS: SENTENCE-LEVEL AND PARAGRAPH-LEVEL ANALYSIS

LEGAL TRANSLATION SUBJECT DOMAIN: The Labour Code of the Russian Federation

1. Review the available precedent of the English-Russian legal translation on the sentence-level (SL-sentence v TL-sentence) and paragraph level (SL-paragraph v TL- paragraph).

2. Qualify faithfulness of the translation precedent according to the grading system elaborated jointly in class.

3. Follow the grades carefully and substantiate your standpoint. In so doing, put questions to aid you in assessing and grading, for instance:

(a) What is the exact meaning of ‘material liability’ in legal Russian?

(b) How should the exact meaning of the technical term ‘виновное противоправное поведение’ be rendered so that the original meaning in the entire SL-passage be transposed faithfully?

SLT-passage TLT-passage

Статья 233. Условия наступления материальной ответственности стороны трудового договора

Материальная ответственность стороны трудового договора наступает за ущерб, причиненный ею другой стороне этого договора в результате ее виновного противоправного поведения (действий или бездействия), если иное не предусмотрено настоящим Кодексом или иными

Article 233. Conditions of Ensuing of Material Responsibility of Parties to Labour Contract

Material responsibility of the parties to a labour contract shall ensue for damage caused by it to the other party of this contract as a result of the guilty unlawful behaviour thereof (actions or failure to act) unless provided otherwise by the present Code or other federal laws.




федеральными законами.

Каждая из сторон трудового договора обязана доказать размер причиненного ей ущерба. [ТК РФ 2003, гл. 37, ст. 233. C. 269].

Each of the parties to a labour contract shall be obliged to prove the amount of damage caused to it.

[RF Labour Code 2003, Chapter 37, Article 233. P. 269].

[Labour Code of the Russian Federation : Parallel Russian and English Texts status juris: 15 October 2003 / Translated into English and edited by W.E. Buttler. Moscow: Educational and Consulting Center “YurInfoR”, 2004.]

SAMPLE EXAMINATION

AS INTERMEDIARY CONTROL

SAMPLE EXAMINATION PAPER

An exam duration is timed and set for 120 minutes. No use of online sources is allowed.

TASK 1. LEGAL TRANSLATION FROM ENGLISH INTO RUSSIAN

Translate into Russian the following two English passages from the texts representing different legal genres.

A. Underline challenging terminologies and/or constructions, if any, in the source text.

B. Explain your translation decisions for the textual sequences you have underlined (in writing).

C. Answer the question of whether the genre of the source text impacts translator’s decision-making and, if yes, if what way (in writing).

1. “In constitutional and legal terms, the main interest of the Scottish episode may lie in the steps taken to reach agreement between Edinburgh and London, and the sequence of measures by which a legal foundation was created for the referendum itself. As a result, the passionate arguments of the referendum campaign could be conducted within an accepted framework of UK political pluralism, and actual violence was absent or minimal. The UK has reason to congratulate itself on the example that it




thereby set, even if the precise modalities may not be applicable to other countries with written constitutions and different forms of power-sharing. What is – up to now – less clear is whether the steps consequential on a ‘No’ vote can be completed in an equally orderly and consensual way, and what the dynamics of separatism may hold in store for Scotland in the longer term.”

[Bailes, Alyson J.K. The Scottish Independence Referendum, in: Kutafin University Law Review. Vol. 1. September 2014. Issue 1. P. 38. Available online at: www.kulawr.ru (accessed 10.09.2015)]

2. “A term under which the seller is to retain the bills of lading until payment is, of course, common in both CIF and FOB contracts. Since the bill of lading is the symbol of the goods, under such an arrangement the seller or his agent not only retains possession of the bill of lading but also, thereby, retains the right to possession of the goods until the price is paid. Often, the property in the goods will also be intended to pass only on payment. In such a case, even though the seller ships the goods on board a vessel nominated by the buyer, by doing so, he does not intend to transfer possession of the goods to the buyer. On the contrary, the intention of the parties is that the buyer is not to obtain possession of the bill of lading – and hence of the means to take delivery of the goods from the carrier – unless and until he has paid the price. In that situation it seems to me at least arguable that the prima facie rule in section 32(1) of the Sale of Goods Act would be displaced by the terms of the contract between the parties. So, under the English law of sale, the goods would not have been "delivered" to the buyer by being shipped on the carrier's vessel.”

[Judgments – Scottish & Newcastle International Limited (Respondents) v Othon Ghalanos Limited (a company incorporated in Cyprus) (Appellants) / HOUSE OF LORDS. SESSION 2007-08 [2008] UKHL 11. On appeal from: [2006] EWCA Civ 1750 -- Opinions of The Lords of Appeal for Judgment in The Cause / Scottish & Newcastle International Limited (Respondents) v Othon Ghalanos Limited (a company incorporated in Cyprus) (Appellants). Para 20. Available online at: http://www.nadr.co.uk/articles/published/Arbitration/S&N%20 v%20 Othon%202008.pdf (accessed 10.09.2015)].

TASK 2. TRANSLATION OF LEGAL TERMINOLOGIES FROM ENGLISH INTO RUSSIAN




Translate into Russian the following legal terminologies from different legal branches. Comment on any difficulties, if any, in transposing the meaning of these terminologies.

1. natural or juristic persons; corporate entities; individuals; shareholders; stockholders; office-holders; creditors and debtors; principals and agents;

2. insolvency practitioner; trustees and statutory supervisors;

3. parties to a cross-border contract; parties domiciled in different states;

4. unified rules applicable to cases with a relationship to a foreign jurisdiction and foreign law;

5. proprietary firm; proprietary information; proprietary company;

6. extrajudicial remedies; extrajudicial admission by litigants; legal redress;

7. current legal protections for individual privacy;

8. cases of fraud or malfeasance, perjury or molestation;

9. precedence in line of succession; succession process; succession-rules change;

10. normative and political benchmarks for constitutional reform;

11. ministerial responsibility; administrative responsibility; ministerial control; ministerial procedure;

12. absolute liability; civil liability; criminal liability; joint and several liability; exemption from liability;

13. responsibility for issuing licences and monitoring compliance;

14. preventing the evasion of legal requirements or of obligations;

15. private civil suits to be brought seeking money damages;

TASK 3. LEGAL TRANSLATION FROM RUSSIAN INTO ENGLISH

Translate into English the following two Russian passages from different types of legal texts. Once the translation is done, answer the following questions:

A. How can challenges confronted in translating the given legal texts be classified?

B. What types of linguistic constructions or terminologies found in these passages hamper translation decision-making and in what way?

C. Does the implied context exert any influence on the translator’s decision-making?




1. Основная задача сравнительного правоведения заключается в аналитическом изучении путём сопоставительного сравнения отдельных отраслей, подотраслей или институтов правовых систем двух или нескольких стран с целью выявления их общих и/или отличительных свойств. Комплексное интеллектуальное мероприятие, именуемое сравнительное правоведение, делится на три последовательные стадии – изолированное изучение права зарубежных стран (например, изучение гражданского и торгового права зарубежных стран), трансплантацию понятий и концепций с одного юридического языка на другой юридический язык (данная конверсионная работа называется юридический перевод) и творческую обработку переведённых понятий и концепций из разных правовых систем, применяя сравнительно-правовой научный метод (то есть аналитическую обработку собранных полуфабрикатов из сравниваемых правовых систем). Именно сочетание этих трёх компонентов – зарубежного права, юридического перевода и аналитической обработки собранных материалов – завершается в системную тройку, именуемую сравнительное правоведение.

[Осакве К. Каноны грамотного юридического перевода: Размышления компаративиста-цивилиста на примере сравнительной цивилистики // Право и управление. ХХI век / МГИМО, Международный институт управления. 2011. № 2(19). С. 61]

2. «Определением судьи Верховного Суда Российской Федерации от 14 октября 2014 г. кассационная жалоба с делом передана для рассмотрения в судебном заседании Судебной коллегии по гражданским делам Верховного Суда Российской Федерации. От Управления муниципального имущества администрации г. Пензы поступили письменные возражения на кассационную жалобу. Проверив материалы дела, обсудив доводы, изложенные в жалобе и возражениях на неё, Судебная коллегия по гражданским делам Верховного Суда Российской Федерации находит, что имеются предусмотренные статьёй 387 Гражданского процессуального кодекса Российской Федерации основания для отмены в кассационном порядке апелляционного определения судебной коллегии по гражданским делам Пензенского областного суда от 17 декабря 2013 г. В соответствии со статьёй 387 Гражданского процессуального кодекса Российской Федерации основаниями для отмены или изменения судебных постановлений в кассационном порядке являются существенные нарушения норм материального или




процессуального права, которые повлияли на исход дела и без устранения которых невозможны восстановление и защита нарушенных прав, свобод и законных интересов, а также защита охраняемых законом публичных интересов. Такие нарушения норм материального права допущены судом апелляционной инстанции». [Определение ВСРФ № 29-КГ14-3 от 18 ноября 2014. C. 2–3].

[Определение Верховного Суда Российской Федерации № 29-КГ14-3 от 18 ноября 2014 г. по иску Управления муниципального имущества администрации г. Пензы]

TASK 4. ESTABLISHING EQUIVALENCE RELATIONS BETWEEN SMALLER TEXT UNITS: WODS DENOTING PARTIES IN LEGAL RELATIONSHIP

1. Find words in the text below which denote parties in legal relations (actors, performers, staffers, and/or their occupational titles) and suggest English counterparts for them.

2. Comment on the degree of equivalence between/among those counterparts and its feasibility.

«Юридические лица (организации) осуществляют правоспособность через свои органы управления, действующие в соответствии с законами, иными нормативными правовыми актами и учредительными документами. В трудовых правоотношениях органом юридического лица (работодателя) является, как правило, руководитель организации (генеральный директор, директор, управляющий и др.).

Если работодатель – физическое лицо, он одновременно может быть и руководителем, осуществляя организацию и управление трудом работников. Данные положения закреплены в той же 20 статье ТК РФ, где устанавливается, что права и обязанности работодателя в трудовых отношениях осуществляются физическим лицом, являющимся работодателем, либо органами управления юридического лица (организации) или уполномоченными лицами в порядке, установленным законами, иными нормативными правовыми актами, учредительными документами юридического лица (организации) и локальными нормативными актами.

Право заключения трудового договора с работниками может быть передано органом юридического лица своему представителю по доверенности (например, в филиале, представительстве). Работодателю (собственнику имущества) либо уполномоченному им органу принадлежит право назначать,




избирать или иным образом осуществлять подбор руководителя организации. Так, у руководителя государственного унитарного предприятия возникает трудовое правоотношение в порядке, установленном нормативными правовыми актами. Порядок подбора руководителя, иных исполнительных органов акционерного общества определяется Федеральным законом от 26 декабря 1995 г. № 208 «Об акционерных обществах (с изм. От 13 июня 1996 г., 24 мая 1999 г., 7 августа 2001 г., 21 марта 2002 г., 31 октября 2002 г.). Образование указанных органов и досрочное прекращение их полномочий осуществляется по решению общего собрания акционеров, если уставом общества решение этих вопросов не отнесено к компетенции совета директоров (наблюдательного совета) общества (п. 8 т. 48, п. 9 ст. 65, ч. 1 п. 3 ст. 69 Закона). На основании трудового договора, заключаемого между акционерным обществом (работодателем), от имени которого выступает совет директоров (наблюдательный совет), и директором (генеральным директором), а также членами правления (дирекцией, если с ними заключен трудовой договор, то возникает трудовое правоотношение с некоторыми особенностями, устанавливаемыми законом)»» [Гейхман,, Дмитриева 2002: 60–61].

[Гейхман В.Л., Дмитриева И.К. Трудовое право : уч. для вузов. – М.: РПА Минюста РФ, 2002. – 340 с.]

TASK 5. ESTABLISHING EQUIVALENCE RELATIONS BETWEEN the ST-PASSAGE (ENGLISH) AND the TT-PASSAGE (RUSSIAN): PARAGRAPH-LEVEL ANALYSIS

LEGAL TRANSLATION SUBJECT DOMAIN: European Union model rules in private international law – The Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR 2009)

1. Review the available precedent of the English-Russian legal translation on the sentence-level (SL-sentence v TL-sentence) and paragraph level (SL-paragraph v TL- paragraph).

2. Qualify faithfulness of this translation precedent according to the grading system elaborated jointly in class.

3. Follow the grades carefully and substantiate your standpoint. Substantiate your standpoint by giving examples from the table below.

SLT-passage TLT-passage




Non-contractual obligations. The DCFR also covers other private law rights and obligations within its scope even if they do not arise from a contract. It covers, for example, those arising as the result of an unjustified enrichment, of damage caused to another and of benevolent intervention in another's affairs. It also covers obligations which a person might have, for example, by virtue of being in possession of assets subject to proprietary security or by virtue of being a trustee. It thus embraces non-contractual obligations to a far greater extent than the PECL. Book III contains some general rules which are applicable to all obligation within the scope of the DCFR, 28 whether contractual or not. [DCFR 2009. Introduction for the RF. Para 11.]

Внедоговорные обязательства. Нормы DCFR регулируют иные частные права и обязанности в сфере своего применения, даже если они возникли не из договора. Например, они охватывают права и обязанности, возникающие в результате неосновательного обогащения, причинения вреда иному лицу или действия в чужом интересе без поручения. Также они распространяются на обязанности, которые могут быть возложены на лицо, например, в силу того, что оно владеет активами, обремененными реальным обеспечением, либо является доверительным собственником. Таким образом, DCFR охватывает внедоговорные обязательства в большей степени, чем PECL. Книга III содержит несколько общих правил, регулирующих все обязательства, входящие в сферу действия DCFR, как договорные, так и внедоговорные. [Модельные правила 2013. Предисловие к российскому изданию, п. 11]

[DCFR 2009: Principles, Definitions and Model Rules of European Private Law. Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR). Full Edition. Prepared by the Study Group on a European Civil Code and the Research Group on EC Private Law (Acquis Group) / Ed. by Christian von Bar and Eric Clive. Munich, 2009. Available onlie at: http://ec.europa.eu/justice/contract/files/european-private-law_en.pdf (accessed 14.08.2015)].

[Модельные правила 2013: Модельные правила Европейского частного права: пер. с англ. / Санкт-Петербургский гос. ун-т; науч. ред. Н.Ю. Рассказова; пер. с англ. М. А. Александрова и др. М.: Статут, 2013. 987 с. [Электронный ресурс; СПС «Консультант Плюс»: http://base.consultant.ru/ (Дата обращения: 11.04.2015)].




TASK 6. TRANSLATION OF LEGAL TERMINOLOGIES FROM RUSSIAN INTO ENGLISH

Translate into English the following legal terminologies from different legal branches. Comment on any difficulties, if any, in transposing the meaning of these terminologies.

1. разграничение территориальной юрисдикции;

2. эффективность правового регулирования договорных отношений;

3. правила проверки правосудности судебных актов;

4. состав новых норм, регламентирующих отношения в сфере налогообложения;

5. регулировать вопросы посредством унификации материальных норм международных конвенций;

6. установить соотношение между коллизионными и материальными нормами;

7. определение приоритетов в применении собственно материально-правовых норм;

8. вопросы, урегулированные материально-правовыми нормами, содержащимися в международном договоре;

9. компетенция государственных арбитражных судов или судов общей юрисдикции;

10. рассмотрение международного коммерческого спора;

11. признание и приведение в исполнение иностранного арбитражного решения;

12. конституционные задачи по обеспечению, соблюдению и защите прав, свобод и законных интересов каждого;

13. отсутствие в законодательстве единого нормативного правового акта, включающего все нормы, устанавливающие ответственность за нарушение обязательств;

14. спорные в применении положения различных законодательных актов находят свое толкование в постановлениях судебных инстанций;

15. специальные нормы национального права, возникшие на основании международно-правовых договоров, сохраняют автономное положение по отношению к общим гражданско-правовым нормам.




TASK 7. CHARACTERIZING THE NATURE OF LEGAL TRANSLATION

Answer the following 5 questions regarding the nature and specificity of legal translation. Substantiate your answers by giving examples, as appropriate.

1. Which of the general translation principles are applicable to legal translation?

2. Which principles of legal translation can you name as primary?

3. Can translating practices be said to depend on the jurisdiction they are rendered in or delivered for?

4. In what way do attempts currently made on the international legal community to harmonize and unify international legal rules and principles of law impact legal translation?

5. Is there any benefit for legal translation from applying the plain legal English approach?

GRADING SYSTEM

GUIDELINES FOR KNOWLEDGE ASSESSMENT

A. ASSESSMENT

1) Lecture and seminar attendance / participation – 10%

2) Self-study – 10%

3) Review – 20%

4) Essay – 20%

5) In-betweener forms – 10%

6) Examination (test) – 30%

The form of current control is a review (or an essay). Intermediate control is exercised through an exam, which has a form of a test; the grade being a sum total equalling 80%.

An overall assessment formula comprises a sum total of the following variables:

(lecture / seminar attendance / participation)* 0.1 + (self-study)* 0.1 +




+ (review)* 0.2 + (essay)* 0.2 + (in-betweener forms)* 0.1 + (exam)* 0.3 = final grade

B. GRADING

Grading rates for the review:

Outstanding 9–10 points

Very good 7–8 points

Good 6 points

Satisfactory 4–5 points

Poor 1–3 points

Assessment and Grading System for a Written Review / Essay

Criteria Applied for Assessing and Grading

Grades for the review:

Outstanding – 9–10 points

Criteria: the provision of translation cases, i.e. passages of bilingual legal instruments, whose subject matter falls under the scope of a certain field within private international law; a thorough analysis of these translation cases presented in the tabulated form or otherwise graphically formatted and backed up by numerous corpora of references to relevant multi-, mono-, and/or bilingual lexicographic sources (dictionaries, encyclopedias, etc.) and legal sources used while preparing the review.

Very good – 7–8 points

Criteria: the provision of translation cases, i.e. passages of bilingual legal instruments, whose subject matter falls under the scope of a certain field within private international law; a detailed analysis of these translation cases presented in the tabulated form and backed up by a representative number of references to relevant mono- or bilingual lexicographic sources (dictionaries, encyclopaedias, etc.) and legal sources used while preparing the review.

Good – 6 points

Criteria: the provision of translation cases, i.e. passages of bilingual legal instruments, whose subject matter falls under the scope of a certain field within private international law; an analysis of these translation cases backed up by a reasonable number of references to relevant lexicographic




sources (dictionaries, encyclopedias, etc.) and legal sources used while preparing the review.

Satisfactory – 4–5 points

Criteria: an analysis of translation cases, i.e. passages of bilingual legal instruments, whose subject matter falls under the scope of a certain field within private international law, backed up by references to relevant lexicographic sources (dictionaries, encyclopaedias, etc.) and legal sources.

Poor – 1–3 points

Criteria: wrongly chosen translation cases, i.e. passages of bilingual legal instruments, whose subject matter falls under the scope of a certain field within private international law, or their inadequate presentation and the unavailability of references to relevant lexicographic sources (dictionaries, encyclopedias, etc.) and legal sources.

READING LIST

Below enlisted are basic, essential and optional sources, dictionaries and encyclopedias, as well as web tools and online reference sources.

Basic Sourcebook

The Ashgate Handbook of Legal Translation / L. Cheng, K.K. Sin and A. Wagner (eds). Farnham, UK: Ashgate Publishing Ltd., 2014. (Law, Language and Communication Series).

Essential Reading

1. Galdia, M. Legal Translation, in: Legal Linguistics. Frankfurt am Main, Berlin [et al.] : Peter Lang, 2009. P. 224–238.

2. Munday, J. Introducing Translation Studies. London; New York Routledge, 2012.

3. Research Models and Methods in Legal Translation / L. Biel and J. Engberg. (eds), in: Linguistica Antverpiensia. New Series – Themes in Translation Studies. 2013. No. 12. [Available at: https://lans-tts.uantwerpen.be/index.php/LANS-TTS/issue].

4. Šarčević, S. Creating a Pan-European Legal Language, in: Legal Discourse Across Languages and Cultures, in: M. Gotti and C. Williams (eds). Peter Lang, 2010. P. 23–50.





6. Vlasenko, S. V. Where ‘fiscal’ Cannot Mean ‘financial’: A Case Study at the Crossroads of Legal and Public Service Translation Taxonomies, in: New Voices in Translation Studies. May 2016 (4). P. 46–73. Available at: http://www.iatis.org/index.php/publications/new-voices-in-translation-studies/item/1336-issue14-2016 (accessed 22 August 2016). Optional Reading

1. Andrews, E. and Maksimova, E.A. Russian Translation: Theory & Practice.

London and New York : Routledge, 2010. 2. Baker, M. In Other Words. London; New York Routledge, 2011.

3. Šarčević, S. New Approach to Legal Translation. – The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2000.

4. Šarčević, Susan. Challenges to the Legal Translators, in: P.М. Tiersma and L.М. Solan (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Language and Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. P. 187–199.

5. Scalia, A. and B.A. Garner. Reading Law. The Interpretation of Legal Texts. St. Paul, MN: Thomson-West, 2012.

6. Tiersma, P.М. and L.М. Solan (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Language and Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.

7. Vlasenko, Svetlana. Contract Law: Professional Translation Practices in the English–Russian Language Pair: Sourcebook for students of law & linguistics. –Moscow: Wolters Kluwer, 2006.

Reference Books, Dictionaries and Encyclopedias 1. Baskakova, M.A. Legal Glossary: Law and Business (Russian–English,

English–Russian). 8-th ed., rev. & amend. Moscow: Finansy i statistika, 2009.

2. Black’s Law Dictionary / Ed. Garner B.A. et al. 9th ed. St. Paul, MN: Thomson–West, 2009.

3. The Cambridge Companion to European Union Private Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.

4. The Cambridge Companion to Comparative Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.

5. Dictionary of Law. Oxford; New York : Oxford University Press, 2009.

6. Mamulyan, A.S., Kashkin, S.Y. English–Russian Comprehensive Law Dictionary. Мoscow: Eksmo, 2008.




7. Fjedorov, B.G. English–Russian Banking and Economic Dictionary. St.-Petersburg: Limbus Press, 2000.

8. Legal Dictionary of Civil and International Private Law / Renkvist T. et al. Moscow: Mir, pravo, informacija, 2002.

9. Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary of Law. Merriam-Webster, USA, 1996.

10. The Routledge Companion to Translation Studies. London; New York: Routledge, 2009.

11. The Routledge Handbook of Translation Studies. London; New York: Routledge, 2013.

12. Vlasenko, S.V. Professional Translation Theory and Practice Glossary: Terms and Definitions, in: S.V. Vlasenko. Contract Law: Professional Translation Practices in the English–Russian Language Pair: Sourcebook for students of law & linguistics. M.: Wolters Kluwer, 2006. P. 16–90.

Online Reference Sources:

13. ABBYY 2011: ABBYY LINGVOx5: Electronic Multilingual Dictionary, ABBYY Software Ltd., 2011. [URL: www.Lingvo.ru].

14. HSE Academic Writing Skills Portal [URL: http://academics.hse.ru/writing].

15. HSE Electronic Library Sources [URL: http://library.hse.ru/e-resources/e-resources.htm].

16. Latin Phrases on Freebase.com [URL: http://www.freebase.com/view/language/views/latin_phrases].

17. Law Dictionary [URL: http://dictionary.lp.findlaw.com/].

18. Legal Texts [URL: http://icame.uib.no/brown/bcm-los.html#j

19. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English [URL: http://www.ldoceonline.com/ ].

20. Online Russian Dictionaries [URL: http://slovari.yandex.ru/].

21. Oxford: Oxford online dictionaries [URL: oxforddictionaries.com].

22. Latin Phrases on Freebase.com [URL: http://www.freebase.com/view/language/views/latin_phrases]

23. Merriam-Webster Dictionary and Thesaurus [URL: http://www.merriam-webster.com/ ].

24. EuroVoc (EU's multilingual and multidisciplinary thesaurus) [URL: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/browse/eurovoc.html].

25. US Law Dictionary [URL: http://dictionary.lp.findlaw.com/].

http://www.freebase.com/view/language/views/latin_phrases

http://dictionary.lp.findlaw.com/

http://icame.uib.no/brown/bcm-los.html#j

http://www.ldoceonline.com/

http://slovari.yandex.ru/

http://www.freebase.com/view/language/views/latin_phrases

http://www.merriam-webster.com/

http://dictionary.lp.findlaw.com/




Special Equipment and Software Support

An overhead projector, a notebook, and a screen are used at both lectures and seminars. Students make use of their personal laptops (ultrabooks or notebooks), android tablets, and/or ipads.

Author of the Course / Course Instructor

S.V. Vlasenko, Ph.D. (Institute of Linguistics, Russian Academy of Sciences) is Associate Professor at the Faculty of Law, Public and Private International Law Department at the National Research University – Higher School of Economics, Moscow Campus

[email protected]

the government of the russian federation · 9/6/2016 · challenges associated with legal...

Documents