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다섯째 수준The GOMS Family of User Interface Analysis Techniques

: Comparison and ContrastBonnie E. John

David E. Kieras

Young-joo Jeon

Division of Information Management Engineering _User Interface Lab.

Korea University. since 1905 Contents

Abstract

Introduction

Comparison (1.2.3.4.)

Summary and Comparison (1.2.3.)

Conclusion

Division of Information Management Engineering _User Interface Lab.

Korea University. since 1905 Abstact

The GOMS model has been one of the most widely known theoretical concepts in HCI.

(Since the publication of The Psychology of HCI’)

This article compares and contrasts GOMS’s 4 family. (KLM, CMN-GOMS, NGOMSL, CPM-GOMS)

Division of Information Management Engineering _User Interface Lab.

Korea University. since 1905 Introduction

1.1. The Example Task

Division of Information Management Engineering _User Interface Lab.

Korea University. since 1905 Introduction

Goals - what the user intends to accomplish

Operators - actions that are performed to get to the goal

Methods - sequences of operators that accomplish a goal

Selection Rules - used to describe when a user would select a certain

method over the others. Selection rules are often ignored in typical GOMS analyses.

Goals vs. Operators

1.2. Definitions of 4-GOMS

Division of Information Management Engineering _User Interface Lab.

Korea University. since 1905 Introduction

Program Form (e.g., mark-and-delete method)

1.3. Form of a GOMS Model

Sequence Form (e.g., delete-characters method)

Advantage All procedural knowledge is visible to the analyst

Disadvantage The only way to determine… Quite time consuming

Division of Information Management Engineering _User Interface Lab.

Korea University. since 1905 Comparison

GOMS 중 가장 간단한 기술 .Execution time 예측 . ( 미리 정의된 행동양식의 예상시간을 비교하여 분석하는 방법 .)

e.g.)K- press a key or buttonP- point with a mouse to a target on a displayH- home hands on the keyboard or other deviceD- draw a line segment on a gridM- mentally prepare to do an action or a closely related series of primitive actionsR- the system response time (user waiting time for the system)

2.1. The Keystroke-Level Model

Architectural Basis and Constraints.Simple cognitive architecture:HIP (Human Information Processing) 의 Serial stage model 에 기반 .

Division of Information Management Engineering _User Interface Lab.

Korea University. since 1905 Comparison

Example KLM.

2.1. The Keystroke-Level Model

Division of Information Management Engineering _User Interface Lab.

Korea University. since 1905 Comparison

Card, Moran, and Newell GOMS.

Methods - Program form 로 표현 . (submethods, conditionals 포함 ) Operator sequence, execution time 예측

2.2. CMN-GOMS

Architectural Basis and Constraints.MHP (Model Human Processor) – parallel-stage architecture 와 HIP (Human Information Processing) 의 Simple conventional model 기반 .

Division of Information Management Engineering _User Interface Lab.

Korea University. since 1905 Comparison

Example CMN-GOMS

2.1. The Keystroke-Level Model

Division of Information Management Engineering _User Interface Lab.

Korea University. since 1905 Comparison

Comparison to the KLM.

2.2. CMN-GOMS

CMN-GOMS KLM

Program form (general, executable)Explicit hierarchy and goal

One-to-one mapping

Implicit hierarchyNo explicit goal

Ks and Ps mapping

Division of Information Management Engineering _User Interface Lab.

Korea University. since 1905 Comparison

Natural GOMS Language

Program form 로 표현 . operator sequence, execution time, learning time 예측

2.3. NGOMSL

Architectural Basis and Constraints.CCT (Cognitive Complexity Theory)- simple serial-stage architecture working memory 에서 production rules 를 활성화 .

Division of Information Management Engineering _User Interface Lab.

Korea University. since 1905 Comparison

Example NGOMSL

- Learning Time Predictions

- Execution Time Predictions

2.3. NGOMSL

Division of Information Management Engineering _User Interface Lab.

Korea University. since 1905 Comparison

Comparison with KLM and CMN-GOMS

2.3. NGOMSL

NGOMS KLM and CMN-GOMS

Execution time

How time is assigned to cognitive and perceptual operators.

More M-like operator(Determine-position, verify)

Unobservable

operator

각 단계마다Cognition execution time 필요

(CCT 기초 )

KLM: single crude M operator

CMN-GOMS: no time (overhead)

Division of Information Management Engineering _User Interface Lab.

Korea University. since 1905 Comparison

Cognitive-Perceptual-Motor GOMSCritical-Path-Method: (provide the prediction of total task time)

execution time 예측 - component activities 분석에 기초 - requirement of analysis level (primitive operator) : simple perceptual, cognitive, motor acts.

2.4. CPM-GOMS

Division of Information Management Engineering _User Interface Lab.

Korea University. since 1905 Comparison

Architectural Basis and Constraints.

MHP (Model Human Processor) 에 기반 . (parallel)

Human

2.4. CPM-GOMS

Extreme expert user

Perceptual Processors Cognitive Processors

Sensory information 1st acquired recognized Physical action

Each processor : internal - serially operation, external - parallel running

deposited

Division of Information Management Engineering _User Interface Lab.

Korea University. since 1905 Comparison

Example CPM-GOMS - Begins with CMN-GOMS model

2.4. CPM-GOMS

Division of Information Management Engineering _User Interface Lab.

Korea University. since 1905 Comparison

2.4. CPM-GOMS

Example CPM-GOMS

- Execution Time Predictions

Division of Information Management Engineering _User Interface Lab.

Korea University. since 1905 Comparison

Comparison with KLM, CMN-GOMS, and NGOMSL

2.4. CPM-GOMS

CPM-GOMS KLM, CMN-GOMS, NGOMSL

Directing mapping (CMN-GOMS)No selection rule (sequence rule)

ReasonableShorten prediction (MHP_ Expert

user)

selection rule

Division of Information Management Engineering _User Interface Lab.

Korea University. since 1905 Summary and Comparison

3.1. Predictions

Division of Information Management Engineering _User Interface Lab.

Korea University. since 1905 Summary and Comparison

3.2. Operator Time

Division of Information Management Engineering _User Interface Lab.

Korea University. since 1905 Summary and Comparison

3.3. Architecture Assumptions

KLM

CNM-GOMS

NGOMSL

CPM-GOMS

Easy to apply, Predicts only execution time

Predicts execution time for all subsumed task instances

Working memory and specified procedure knowledgeExplicit representation of procedural knowledgePredict Learning time

Predicts subtle execution time, overlapping patterns of activities

Simplest cognitive architecture

More complicated cognitive architecture

Powerful, unspecified multiple parallel processor architecture

Elaborated sequential architecture

Division of Information Management Engineering _User Interface Lab.

Korea University. since 1905 Conclusions

Importance of the procedures for accomplishing goals (user must learn and follow system) -quantitative predictions of procedure learning and execution time. qualitative insights into the implications of design features.

Useful tools for HCI and practical design

Expect to improved HCI models (more comprehensive, accurate, and useful)