The Glory of the Reading

An Introduction to theCantillation of Torah

and Haftarot

prepared byHazzan Devin Goldenberg

Introduction

From ancient days, biblical texts were taught orally by singing them with their ownunique melodies. These melodies helped clarify meaning and punctuation of the texts,and helped the student more readily learn and remember them. A system of handsignals for telling a reader what melody to use for particular passages was usedthrough the Middle Ages. The melodic symbols that appear in modern biblical textsare based on these hand signals, and are known asTropes or oh¦ng§y.

Take a look at this Hebrew text: rF ¦F ©v h¥rg §C c ©JhThe text has the letters and vowels that you are familiar with. In addition to the vowels,many biblical texts include the oh¦ng§y (Trope symbols) that tell the reader how to sing

the words. Here is the same text with the trope symbols added: Æc ©Jh r ºF ¦F ©v h¥rg §C

The trope symbols have names, and they have melodies. In the lessons thatfollow, you will learn to recognize the trope symbols and the melodies that theyrepresent.

Trope SymbolsEvery word in the Torah and Haftarot has one or more trope symbols or islinked by a ;¥e©n (Î), a symbol resembling a hyphen, to a word that does have atrope symbol.

Trope symbols tell you: - what melody to use for every word - where to stop singing (like a period in English) - when to pause (like a comma in English) - which syllable to accent or stress

It is important for you to know that there are three types of tropes:

- the ones colored red tell you to stop singing for a moment, just as a period tellsyou to stop speaking for a moment - the ones colored orange tell you to pause for a moment, like a comma. - the rest (colored green) are connectors that just tell you the melody -- you don'tstop singing when you get to the end of the word with these tropes.

Remember: Red means stop. Orange means pause. Green means continue or goon.

Introduction to Torah Reading - 1

mi ¦nr §H ©d zFn §WFirst Level Disjunctives STOP oh ¦fk §nqoh ¦eh ¦x §p ©n

Second Level Disjunctives PAUSE oh ¦fk §nqoh ¦eh ¦x §p ©n

Conjunctives/Servants CONTINUE - NO PAUSE oh ¦, §rJ §nqoh ¦r §C ©j §n

The following drill sheet follows the presentationon the tape/cd of the same name - mi ¦nr §H ©d zFn §W

.`K³©R §d ©n ` ¸n §c ©w Æ h §W ©R o ½ŸhwÎs ¥wf lF ¾cbÎs ¥wf

.a ¬k §x ¥n −g §R ¦h g©P ªn ®Y §g©p §z ¤ ¬k §x ¥n −g §R ¦h :wE «qRÎsFq

.b` ¸n §c ©w ` ¹l§f © §e g©P ªn (Di´¥n §x©b §l)| g©P ªn i À¦ri ¦a §x `B §x ©C xi²¦a §z ¬k §x ¥n xi²¦a §z

.c−g §R ¦h ®Y §g©p §z ¤ −g §R ¦h ¬k §x ¥n :wE «qRÎsFq

.d g©P ªn ` ¸n §c ©w ‹ w §x©f g©P ªn ¼lFB ¤q K³©R §d ©n Æ h §W ©R g©P ªn o ½ŸhwÎs ¥wf

.e ai ¦zµ§i o ½ŸhwÎs ¥wf ¬k §x ¥n −g §R ¦h :wE «qRÎsFq

.fx¿¥fR ÁdP ©h §wÎ`«Wi ¦l §Y d ÂlFc §bÎ`«Wi ¦l §Y

.gW ¥x ¹¥bÎ`l§f © miº¦i ©W §x¥B

.h g©P ªn `B §x ©C i À¦ri ¦a §x Æ h §W ©R g©P ªn o ½ŸhwÎs ¥wf

.i¬k §x ¥n −g §R ¦h :d«i ¦l ©rÎsFq

Introduction to Torah Reading - 2

First Level Disjunctives STOP oh ¦fk §nqoh ¦eh ¦x §p ©n

Second Level Disjunctives PAUSE oh ¦fk §nqoh ¦eh ¦x §p ©n

Conjunctives/Servants CONTINUE - NO PAUSE oh ¦, §rJ §nqoh ¦r §C ©j §n

Fill in the appropriate color for each of these ta’amei mikra:

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Introduction to Torah Reading - 3

SyllablesHow do you sing the the notes of a trope's melody with Hebrew words?

The answer to this question depends on

-- how many syllables are in the Hebrew word -- whether the Hebrew word has its accent on its last syllable or its next-to-last syllable.

Here's a quick review of syllables: First, we have speech sounds. In Hebrew and in English, speechsounds match up with letters. Syllables are made up of one or more speech sounds. In Hebrew and inEnglish, all syllables have exactly one vowel sound. Syllables can be built of speech sounds in threeways:

-- A vowel sound: a -- A vowel sound followed by a consonant sound: at -- A consonant sound followed by a vowel sound: ba -- A consonant sound followed by a vowel sound followed by a consonant sound: bat

Take the English word batting. It has two syllables: bat-ting. The first syllable bat is said more loudlythan the second syllable ting. This is called the accented syllable. (Note also that the letters ng makeup just one consonant sound even though there are two letters involved.)

The word to-mor-row has three syllables with the middle syllable accented.

Most Hebrew words have more than one syllable. -- Most Hebrew words are accented on their last syllable. -- Almost all other Hebrew words are accented on their next-to-last syllable.

Hebrew words accented on their last syllable oI ·v §, is an example of a Hebrew word accented on its last syllable. It has two syllables. Thefirst is not accented, the second is accented. You read this word "te hom", saying the "hom" syllablelouder than the "te" syllable.

The trope symbol marks the accented syllableNotice in the word oI ·v §, that the ETNACHTA is found under the second syllable -- the accentedsyllable. The trope symbol always marks the accented syllable in a Hebrew word!

The notes of trope melodies

Most trope melodies have more than one note.

-- The first note of a trope is called the upbeat note. -- The rest of the notes are the melody of the trope

The upbeat note is sung on all syllables before the accented syllable. In this case, the §, is the only syllable before the accented syllable. The upbeat note is sung on the §,syllable.

The melody of the trope is sung on the accented syllable, the syllable with the trope: oI ·v.

Introduction to Torah Reading - 4

Words Accented on their Next-to-last Syllable

When a word is accented on its next-to-last syllable here's what happens:

- The upbeat note is sung on all syllables (if any) before the syllable with the trope.

- All of the notes of the trope's main melody except the last note are sung on the accentedsyllable. (If there is only one note in the trope's melody, it is sung on the accented syllable.)

- The last note of the trope's melody is sung on the last syllable. (If there is only one note in thetrope's melody, it is sung on the last syllable also.)

This word g©r·¤z has two syllables with the accent on the first syllable. Since there are no syllablesbefore the one with the ETNACHTA, we don't sing any upbeat notes. All but the last note of the

ETNACHTA melody is sung on the syllable ·¤z. The last note is sung on the g ©r.

Introduction to Torah Reading - 5