the global water cycle accounting, cycling, and controls (1) accounting: locationamount (km 3 x 10 6...
Post on 21-Dec-2015
215 views
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: The Global Water Cycle Accounting, Cycling, and Controls (1) Accounting: LocationAmount (km 3 x 10 6 ) Location Amount (km 3 x 10 6 ) Rocks (unavailable)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d615503460f94a431b1/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Global Water CycleAccounting, Cycling, and Controls
(1) Accounting:
LocationLocation AmountAmount (km (km33 x 10 x 1066)) Rocks (unavailable) 150
Oceans 1,350
Ice 27.5
Groundwater 15.3
Lakes and Rivers 0.025
Atmosphere (vapor) 0.013
![Page 2: The Global Water Cycle Accounting, Cycling, and Controls (1) Accounting: LocationAmount (km 3 x 10 6 ) Location Amount (km 3 x 10 6 ) Rocks (unavailable)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d615503460f94a431b1/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
The Laurentian Great Lakes contain ~20% of all the world’s freshwater
![Page 3: The Global Water Cycle Accounting, Cycling, and Controls (1) Accounting: LocationAmount (km 3 x 10 6 ) Location Amount (km 3 x 10 6 ) Rocks (unavailable)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d615503460f94a431b1/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Freshwater is SCARCE!
Salt water
Freshwater
![Page 4: The Global Water Cycle Accounting, Cycling, and Controls (1) Accounting: LocationAmount (km 3 x 10 6 ) Location Amount (km 3 x 10 6 ) Rocks (unavailable)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d615503460f94a431b1/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
The Global Water Cycle
![Page 5: The Global Water Cycle Accounting, Cycling, and Controls (1) Accounting: LocationAmount (km 3 x 10 6 ) Location Amount (km 3 x 10 6 ) Rocks (unavailable)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d615503460f94a431b1/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
(2) Cycling:
PathwaysPathways: :
Precipitation, Evaporation, Vapor transport, Runoff
Residence TimesResidence Times::
(A) Ocean RT = (total in ocean) / (evaporation)
= (1,350 x 106 km3) / (0.425 x 106 km3/yr)
= 3,176 years
(B) Calculate the atmospheric residence time = ?
![Page 6: The Global Water Cycle Accounting, Cycling, and Controls (1) Accounting: LocationAmount (km 3 x 10 6 ) Location Amount (km 3 x 10 6 ) Rocks (unavailable)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d615503460f94a431b1/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
(3) Controls:
(A) Human Consumption
(B) Temperature
1. Glacier melting
2. Sea level rise
3. Changes in deep-water formation
(C) Land-use changes
![Page 7: The Global Water Cycle Accounting, Cycling, and Controls (1) Accounting: LocationAmount (km 3 x 10 6 ) Location Amount (km 3 x 10 6 ) Rocks (unavailable)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d615503460f94a431b1/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
A. Human Consumption of Freshwater Local problems, soon to become regional problems
![Page 8: The Global Water Cycle Accounting, Cycling, and Controls (1) Accounting: LocationAmount (km 3 x 10 6 ) Location Amount (km 3 x 10 6 ) Rocks (unavailable)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d615503460f94a431b1/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
B. Increasing Temperature is Melting Glaciers
1848
1965
1928
2004
Switzerland Andes
1859 2001
![Page 9: The Global Water Cycle Accounting, Cycling, and Controls (1) Accounting: LocationAmount (km 3 x 10 6 ) Location Amount (km 3 x 10 6 ) Rocks (unavailable)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d615503460f94a431b1/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Mountain and coastal glaciers in Alaska have melted substantially in the last 50 years
Mountain glacier
Coastal glacier
![Page 10: The Global Water Cycle Accounting, Cycling, and Controls (1) Accounting: LocationAmount (km 3 x 10 6 ) Location Amount (km 3 x 10 6 ) Rocks (unavailable)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d615503460f94a431b1/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Increasing temperatures are raising the mean sea
level
![Page 11: The Global Water Cycle Accounting, Cycling, and Controls (1) Accounting: LocationAmount (km 3 x 10 6 ) Location Amount (km 3 x 10 6 ) Rocks (unavailable)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d615503460f94a431b1/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
A rise in sea level of ~4.7 m
would flood almost half of
southern Florida
1999
2004
![Page 12: The Global Water Cycle Accounting, Cycling, and Controls (1) Accounting: LocationAmount (km 3 x 10 6 ) Location Amount (km 3 x 10 6 ) Rocks (unavailable)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d615503460f94a431b1/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
The flow of freshwater in
rivers to the Arctic Ocean will likely increase as the
temperature warms and
glaciers melt.
This could place a “cap” on the sea
and prevent deep-water from
forming.
![Page 13: The Global Water Cycle Accounting, Cycling, and Controls (1) Accounting: LocationAmount (km 3 x 10 6 ) Location Amount (km 3 x 10 6 ) Rocks (unavailable)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d615503460f94a431b1/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Increased freshwater input to the Arctic Ocean may prevent “deep-water
formation”
![Page 14: The Global Water Cycle Accounting, Cycling, and Controls (1) Accounting: LocationAmount (km 3 x 10 6 ) Location Amount (km 3 x 10 6 ) Rocks (unavailable)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d615503460f94a431b1/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Interactions in the Hydrological CycleLow water levels on Lake Michigan in 2000
![Page 15: The Global Water Cycle Accounting, Cycling, and Controls (1) Accounting: LocationAmount (km 3 x 10 6 ) Location Amount (km 3 x 10 6 ) Rocks (unavailable)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d615503460f94a431b1/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Why were lake levels so low in
2000?
Precipitation was normal for that year!
![Page 16: The Global Water Cycle Accounting, Cycling, and Controls (1) Accounting: LocationAmount (km 3 x 10 6 ) Location Amount (km 3 x 10 6 ) Rocks (unavailable)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d615503460f94a431b1/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Reduced ice cover increased the amount of time for evaporation to lower the lake
levels.
![Page 17: The Global Water Cycle Accounting, Cycling, and Controls (1) Accounting: LocationAmount (km 3 x 10 6 ) Location Amount (km 3 x 10 6 ) Rocks (unavailable)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d615503460f94a431b1/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
The Global Nitrogen Cycle
Accounting, Cycling, and Controls
(1) Accounting:
LocationLocation AmountAmount (10 (101515 g) g) Rocks & Sediments 190,400,120
(unavailable)
Atmosphere 3,900,000 Ocean 23,348 Soils 460 Land Plants 14 Land Animals 0.2
In the atmosphere, N2 = 3,900,000
N2O = 1.4
NOx = 0.0006
![Page 18: The Global Water Cycle Accounting, Cycling, and Controls (1) Accounting: LocationAmount (km 3 x 10 6 ) Location Amount (km 3 x 10 6 ) Rocks (unavailable)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d615503460f94a431b1/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
The Global Nitrogen Cycle – Pathways and Fluxes
Fluxes in 1012 g/yr
![Page 19: The Global Water Cycle Accounting, Cycling, and Controls (1) Accounting: LocationAmount (km 3 x 10 6 ) Location Amount (km 3 x 10 6 ) Rocks (unavailable)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d615503460f94a431b1/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
(2) Cycling
Pathways and Reactions:
• N2 Organic N “N-fixation”
• Organic N NH4+ “Mineralization”
• NH4+ NO3
- + NO + N2O “Nitrification”
• NO3- N2 + N2O “Denitrification”
• NO3- or NH4
+ Organic N “Plant Assimilation”
![Page 20: The Global Water Cycle Accounting, Cycling, and Controls (1) Accounting: LocationAmount (km 3 x 10 6 ) Location Amount (km 3 x 10 6 ) Rocks (unavailable)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d615503460f94a431b1/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: The Global Water Cycle Accounting, Cycling, and Controls (1) Accounting: LocationAmount (km 3 x 10 6 ) Location Amount (km 3 x 10 6 ) Rocks (unavailable)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d615503460f94a431b1/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
(2) Cycling
Fluxes and Residence TimesFluxes and Residence Times::
• RT of N2 in the atmosphere =
= (total in atm, 1015g) / (output, 1015g/yr)
= (3,900,000) / (0.158)
= 24.68 Million years
• RT of NOX (NO + NO2) in the atmosphere =
(0.6) / (60) = 0.01 year = 3.6 days
![Page 22: The Global Water Cycle Accounting, Cycling, and Controls (1) Accounting: LocationAmount (km 3 x 10 6 ) Location Amount (km 3 x 10 6 ) Rocks (unavailable)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d615503460f94a431b1/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
(3) Controls -- examine the case of Acid Rain
(A) NO(A) NOxx and Acid Rain and Acid Rain
NO + O3 (ozone) NO2
NO2 + OH HNO3 (nitric acid)
HNO3 dissociates in water to form H+ and NO3-
(B) Sulfuric acid formation(B) Sulfuric acid formation
H2SO4 2 H+ + SO4-
• The H+ product in both reactions provides the “acidity”
• Acid RainAcid Rain is caused by a is caused by a combination of element cyclescombination of element cycles
![Page 23: The Global Water Cycle Accounting, Cycling, and Controls (1) Accounting: LocationAmount (km 3 x 10 6 ) Location Amount (km 3 x 10 6 ) Rocks (unavailable)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d615503460f94a431b1/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Atmospheric chemical reactions that produce acid rain
![Page 24: The Global Water Cycle Accounting, Cycling, and Controls (1) Accounting: LocationAmount (km 3 x 10 6 ) Location Amount (km 3 x 10 6 ) Rocks (unavailable)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d615503460f94a431b1/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Chemical reactions with H+ in the soil lead to loss of buffering capacity
![Page 25: The Global Water Cycle Accounting, Cycling, and Controls (1) Accounting: LocationAmount (km 3 x 10 6 ) Location Amount (km 3 x 10 6 ) Rocks (unavailable)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d615503460f94a431b1/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
H+ input increases the output of cations like Aluminum
![Page 26: The Global Water Cycle Accounting, Cycling, and Controls (1) Accounting: LocationAmount (km 3 x 10 6 ) Location Amount (km 3 x 10 6 ) Rocks (unavailable)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d615503460f94a431b1/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: The Global Water Cycle Accounting, Cycling, and Controls (1) Accounting: LocationAmount (km 3 x 10 6 ) Location Amount (km 3 x 10 6 ) Rocks (unavailable)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d615503460f94a431b1/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: The Global Water Cycle Accounting, Cycling, and Controls (1) Accounting: LocationAmount (km 3 x 10 6 ) Location Amount (km 3 x 10 6 ) Rocks (unavailable)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d615503460f94a431b1/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
![Page 29: The Global Water Cycle Accounting, Cycling, and Controls (1) Accounting: LocationAmount (km 3 x 10 6 ) Location Amount (km 3 x 10 6 ) Rocks (unavailable)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d615503460f94a431b1/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Many areas of the U.S. are sensitive to acid rainMany areas of the U.S. are sensitive to acid rain
![Page 30: The Global Water Cycle Accounting, Cycling, and Controls (1) Accounting: LocationAmount (km 3 x 10 6 ) Location Amount (km 3 x 10 6 ) Rocks (unavailable)](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042821/56649d615503460f94a431b1/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Summary
• The hydrological cycle is influenced or controlled by temperature, land-use changes, and human consumption. • Acid Rain is an important consequence of the nitrogen and sulfur cycles interacting. Acid rain is produced by the interactions of these and other elements in the atmosphere, and the impacts of acid rain are controlled by other element cycles on land and in the water.
• The main take-home message for today's lecture is:
"ELEMENT CYCLES INTERACT, and they cannot be studied in
isolation”