the giant with the feets of clay - raul hilberg and his standard work on the holocaust - juergen...
TRANSCRIPT
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 1/129
5DXO+LO
DQGKLV6WDQG
RQWKH³+RO
5DXO+LO
DQGKLV6WDQG
RQWKH³+RO
5DXO+LO
DQGKLV6WDQGD
RQWKH³+RO
7KH*7KH*7KH*
³ ,WZDV3URIHVVRU$UWKXU%XW]LQKLV +RD[RIWKH7ZHQWLHWK&HQWXU\ZKRSURSRVHGWKHLPDJHRIWKHKRORFDXVWDVDJLDQWZLWKIHHWRIFOD\%\
GUDZLQJRQWKHDQDO\VHVRIUHYLVLRQLVWKLVWRULDQVDQGLQFLVLYHO\SRLQWLQJ
RXWLQFRQVLVWHQFLHVLQWKHGRFXPHQWDU\SK\VLFDODQGµH\HZLWQHVV¶WHVWLPRQ\-UJHQ*UDI ¿QGVLQWKHSUHVHQWVWXG\WKDWDOWKRXJKWKH
PDMRUSRUWLRQRI5DXO+LOEHUJ¶VEHQFKPDUNZRUN UHVWVRQ UHOLDEOH VRXUFHVLWV WLWOH VKRXOG KDYHEHHQ 7KH3HUVHFXWLRQRI WKH (XURSHDQ
-HZVUDWKHUWKDQ7KH'HVWUXFWLRQRIWKH(XURSHDQ-HZV +LOEHUJE\
VHOHFWLQJDQLQDFFXUDWHWLWOHKDVVXSSRUWHG3URIHVVRU%XW]¶QRWLRQWKDWWKH+RORFDXVWVWRU\KDVIHHWRIFOD\
3URI'U&RVWD=DYHUGLQRV8QLYHUVLW\RI1DWDO6RXWK$IULFDUWG
³ $VLJQLI i FDQWPRQRJUDSKIURPWKHLQGHIDWLJDEOH-UJHQ*UDI²DQG
\HWDQRWKHUFRQWULEXWLRQWRWKHERG\RIZRUNDWWKHFHQWHURIKRORFDXVWUHYLVi RQLVP7KDWKHZULWHVFKDUPLQJ ly WRRLVDQDGGLW i RQDOGLYLGHQG´
$QGUHZ*UD\&RS\(GLWRU7KH%DUQHV5HYLHZ
³7KLV ERRN KDV JUHDW HGXFDWLRQDOYDOXH SURYLGHGLW LVVWXGLHGUDWKHUWKDQPHUHO\UHDG
6RPHPD\ZRQGHUZK\5DXO+LOEHUJ¶V\HDUROGZRUN7KH'HVWUXFWLRQ
RIWKH(XURSHDQ-HZV WRGD\PHULWVDERRNOHQJWKFULWLTXH7KHPDLQUHDVRQVDUHWKDWWKHµ+RORFDXVW¶OHJHQGKDVQRWFKDQJHGYHU\PXFKLQ
WKHLQWHULPDQGWKDW+LOEHUJSUHVHQWVWKHVXEMHFWFRPSUHKHQVLYHO\LQD IRUPDODFDGHPLFVW\OHWKDWLQYLWHVFULWLFDOH[DPLQDWLRQ
*UDIGRHVOLNHZLVH,IWKHUHDGHUZLOOWDNHWKHHIIRUWWRH[DPLQHWKHVRXUFHVWKDW+LOEHUJDQG*UDIXVHKHZLOOGHULYH ¿UVWD UHOLDEOHSUHVHQWDWLRQ
RIKRZWKH µ+RORFDXVW¶DOOHJHGO\ WUDQVSLUHGDQGVHFRQGDSHUKDSV VKRFNLQJUHYHODWLRQRIWKHVKRGG\HYLGHQFHWKDWWKHOHJHQGLVEDVHG
RQDQGWKLUGDVSHFL ¿FLPSRUWDQWDSSOLFDWLRQRIDJRRGSDUWRIWKH
UHYLVLRQLVWVFKRODUVKLSRIWKHSDVWTXDUWHUFHQWXU\7KH UHDGHU ZLOO WKHQ XQGHUVWDQG WKH EDVLVIRUWKHWLWOHFKRVHQ IRU
WKLVERRN´
3URI'U$UWKXU5%XW]1RUWKZHVWHUQ8QLYHUVLW\(YDQVWRQ,OOLQRLV
- U J H Q * U D I 7 K H * L D Q W : L W K ) H H W R I & O D \
:LWK)HHW:LWK)HHW:LWK)HHW
-UJHQ-UJHQ-UJHQ
,661±
+2/2&$867+DQGERRNV6HULHV
9ROXPH7KUHH
7KHVHV'LVVHUWDWLRQV3UHVV
32%R[&DSVKDZ$/86$
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 2/129
-UJHQ*UDI BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB
7KH*LDQW:LWK)HHWRI&OD\
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 3/129
-UJHQ*UDI
7+(*,$17:,7+)((72)&/$<
5DXO+LOEHUJ
DQGKLV6WDQGDUG:RUN
RQWKHµ+RORFDXVWµ
7KHVHV'LVVHUWDWLRQV3UHVV
&DSVKDZ
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 4/129
+2/2&$867+DQGERRNV6HULHV9RO*UDI-UJHQ7KH*LDQW:LWK)HHWRI&OD\5DXO+LOEHUJDQGKLV6WDQGDUG:RUNRQWKHµ+RORFDXVW¶7UDQVODWHGE\0LFKDHO+XPSKUH\&RYHU*HUPDU5XGROI &DSVKDZ$ODEDPD7KHVHV'LVVHUWDWLRQV3UHVV0DUFK,6%1,661
2ULJLQDO*HUPDQHGLWLRQ*UDI-UJHQ5LHVHDXIW|QHUQHQ)HQ5DXO+LOEHUJXQGVHLQ6WDQGDUGZHUNEHUGHQµ+RORFDXVW¶&DVWOH+LOO3XEOLVKHUV2FWREHU,6%1
*HUPDQHGLWLRQE\-UJHQ*UDI
ILUVW(QJOLVKHGLWLRQ E\7KHVHV'LVVHUWDWLRQV3UHVV
32%R[&DSVKDZ$ODEDPD86$
%RG\ WH[W SULQWHG LQ 7LPHV 1HZ 5RPDQ SW 7KURXJKRXW WKLV ERRN GRXEOH TXRWDWLRQPDUNV³´DUHXVHGIRU³TXRWDWLRQV´VHWDOZD\VLQLWDOLFVVLQJOHPDUNVµ¶IRURWKHUZLVHQRQHPSKDVL]HGWH[WRI µVRFDOOHG¶DQGµVRWRVD\¶FKDUDFWHUH[FHSWZKHQXVHGIRU TXRWDWLRQVLQVLGHTXRWDWLRQV4XRWDWLRQVDUHLQWURGXFHGRQFHZLWKDVLQJOH³PDUNDQGHQGHGZLWKD´PDUNWREUHDNZLWKWKH$PHULFDQWUDGLWLRQWRLQWURGXFHHYHU\SDUDJUDSKLQDTXRWDWLRQZLWKD³PDUNEXWQHYHUFORVLQJLWZKLFKVWULFWO\VSHDNLQJLVDQ³XQWHUPLQDWHGVWULQJHUURU (QWLUHVHQWHQFHVRUSDUDJUDSKVRITXRWHGWH[WDUHUHQGHUHGLQSWIRQWDQGOHIWLQGHQWDWLRQ$Q\DGGLWLRQWRTXRWHGWH[WLVUHQGHUHGQRQLWDOLFDQGVXUURXQGHGE\>EUDFNHWV@VRDUHDGGHGRPLVVLRQHOOLSVHV>«@ZKLFKFRXOGRWKHUZLVHQRWEHGLVWLQJXLVKHGIURPHOOLSVHVLQWKH
RULJLQDO7LWOHVRIERRNVDQGMRXUQDOVDUHVHWLQLWDOLFVZLWKRXWTXRWDWLRQPDUNV5HIHUHQFHVKDYHWKHRUGHUDERRNVDXWKRUVHGLWRUVWLWOH >YROXPH@>HGLWLRQ@>SXEOLVKLQJKRXVH@WRZQ\HDU>SDJHV@EMRXUQDOVDXWKRUV>³WLWOHRIDUWLFOH´@QDPHRIMRXUQDO YROXPH>LVVXH@\HDU>SDJHV@LWHPVLQEUDFNHWVRSWLRQDO$OOUHIHUHQFHVWRWKHRULJLQDO(QJOLVKYHUVLRQRI+LOEHUJ¶VERRNZHUHDGGHGE\WKHWUDQVODWRU
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 5/129
7DEOHRI&RQWHQWV
,,QWURGXFWLRQ
,,*HQHUDO5HPDUNV
&RQVLVWHQW,JQRULQJRI2SSRVLQJ7KHVHV
1R3KRWRV1R'HVFULSWLRQRIWKH+RPLFLGDO*DV&KDPEHUV
DQG*DV9DQV
'LVFUHSDQF\%HWZHHQWKH7LWOHDQGWKH&RQWHQWVRIWKH:RUN
,,,5HPDUNVRQWKH)LUVW9ROXPH
,97KH/DFNRI'RFXPHQWVRQ$QQLKLODWLRQ3ROLF\
DQGLWV&RQVHTXHQFHVIRUWKH2UWKRGR[+LVWRULDQV
³1R'RFXPHQWV+DYH6XUYLYHG´
,QWHQWLRQDOLVWVDQG)XQFWLRQDOLVWV
5DXO+LOEHUJ¶V(UURUVDQG&RQIXVLRQV
D :DV7KHUHWKH2PLQRXV+LWOHU2UGHURU1RW"
E ³1R6SHFLDO$JHQF\«1R6SHFLDO%XGJHW´
F 7KH0\WKRIWKH&RGH/DQJXDJH
G +LWOHU4XRWDWLRQDVµ3URRI¶IRUWKH0DVV0XUGHU
H 7ZR,QVROXEOH3UREOHPV
I ³$Q,QFUHGLEOH0HHWLQJRI0LQGV´
97KH0DVVDFUHV%HKLQGWKH(DVWHUQ)URQW
7KH,QLWLDO6LWXDWLRQ
+LOEHUJ¶V9HUVLRQRI*HUPDQ-HZLVK3ROLF\LQWKH2FFXSLHG6RYLHW7HUULWRULHV
2QWKH/LNHOLKRRGRI+LOEHUJ¶V'HVFULSWLRQ
D 7KH&ODLPHG1XPEHUVRI9LFWLPVRIWKH(LQVDW]JUXSSHQ
E 7KH5HIXJHHV'ULIWLQJEDFNLQWRWKH&LWLHV
F 7KH3XUSRVHDQGWKH&RXUVHRIWKH*KHWWRL]DWLRQ
1R9DOLG(YLGHQFHIRUWKH&ODLPHG$SSUR[LPDWHO\
0LOOLRQ0XUGHUHG-HZV%HKLQGWKH(DVWHUQ)URQW
+LOEHUJ¶V'RFXPHQWDU\(YLGHQFH
+LOEHUJ¶Vµ$IILGDYLWV¶DQG2WKHU:LWQHVV(YLGHQFH
+LOEHUJ¶V,QYHQWHGµ6KRRWLQJRI%DOWLF&DPS,QPDWHV¶
:KDW5HDOO\+DSSHQHGWRWKH-HZVLQWKH
2FFXSLHG6RYLHW7HUULWRULHV"
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 6/129
- h5*(1 * 5$) Â7 +( * ,$17 : ,7+ ) ((7 2) & /$<
9,7KH'HSRUWDWLRQV
7KH,QLWLDO6LWXDWLRQ
7KH3XUSRVHRIWKH'HSRUWDWLRQV
/DERU'HSOR\PHQWYHUVXV([WHUPLQDWLRQ +LOEHUJ¶V,QYHQWHG0DVV6KRRWLQJVLQ*DOLFLD
$V6KHHSWRWKH6ODXJKWHU«
3HRSOHµ*DVVHG¶LQ$XVFKZLW]7XUQXSLQ6WXWWKRI
9,,7KH.LOOLQJ&HQWHUV
7KH,QLWLDO6LWXDWLRQ
+LOEHUJ¶V,PDJLQDU\1XPEHURI9LFWLPV
RIWKHµH[WHUPLQDWLRQFDPSV¶
.LOOLQJ:HDSRQVDQG5HPRYDORI&RUSVHV
LQWKHµH[WHUPLQDWLRQFDPSV¶DV7ROGE\+LOEHUJ D 7KHµ3XUH([WHUPLQDWLRQ&DPSV¶
E 0DMGDQHN
F $XVFKZLW]%LUNHQDX
G 7KH+RORFDXVW3RSHZLWKWKH+HDOWK\6WRPDFK
+LOEHUJ¶V0HWKRGRORJ\7KH5HYDOXDWLRQRIDOO9DOXHV
D +LOEHUJ¶V6WDU:LWQHVVHV
E +LOEHUJ¶V)DYRULWH-HZLVK:LWQHVV)LOLS0OOHU
+LOEHUJ¶V'HVFULSWLRQRIWKH$QQLKLODWLRQRIWKH-HZV
LQWKH/LJKWRI7HFKQRORJ\DQG7R[LFRORJ\ D 'LHVHO0RWRUVDVD.LOOLQJ:HDSRQ
E 5HPRYDORI&RUSVHVLQWKHµ3XUH([WHUPLQDWLRQ&DPSV¶
&DVH6WXG\%HåìHF
F =\NORQ%DVD.LOOLQJ:HDSRQ
G 7KH3UDFWLFDO&RXUVHRIWKH*DVVLQJVLQ&UHPDWRULHV,,DQG,,,
LQ%LUNHQDXDV7ROGE\+LOEHUJ
H 7KH&ODLPHG,QFLQHUDWLRQRI6RPHWLPHV&RUSVHV'DLO\
LQ%LUNHQDX
9,,,+LOEHUJ¶V6WDWLVWLFVRQ-HZLVK9LFWLPV$QDWRP\RI$QRWKHU)UDXG
7KHµ7KUHH&DWHJRULHVRI9LFWLPV¶
+XQJDU\
3RODQG
7KH6RYLHW8QLRQ
6XPPDU\
,;+LOEHUJ¶V'HEDFOHDWWKH)LUVW=QGHO7ULDO
;&RQFOXVLRQV
7KH2SSRQHQWV
6RXUFHV
,QGH[RI1DPHV
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 7/129
³<RX VDZ 2 NLQJ DQG EHKROG D JUHDW LPDJH 7KLVLPDJHPLJKW\DQGRIH[FHHGLQJEULJKWQHVVVWRRGEHIRUH\RXDQG LWV DSSHDUDQFHZDV IULJKWHQLQJ 7KH KHDGRI WKLV LPDJHZDV RIILQHJROGLWVEUHDVW DQG DUPVRIVLOYHU LWV EHOO\DQG WKLJKV RIEURQ]H LWV OHJV RI LURQ LWV IHHW SDUWO\ RI LURQ DQG SDUWO\RIFOD\$V\RXORRNHGDVWRQHZDVFXWRXWE\QRKXPDQKDQGDQGLWVPRWHWKHLPDJHRQLWVIHHWRILURQDQGFOD\DQG EURNHWKHPLQSLHFHVWKHQWKHLURQWKHFOD\WKHEURQ]HWKH
VLOYHUDQGWKHJROGDOOWRJHWKHUZHUHEURNHQLQSLHFHVDQG EHFDPHOLNHWKHFKDIIRIWKHVXPPHUWKUHVKLQJIORRUVDQGWKHZLQGFDUULHGWKHPDZD\VRWKDWQRWDWUDFHRIWKHPFRXOGEH IRXQG %XW WKH VWRQH WKDW VWUXFN WKH LPDJH EHFDPH D JUHDW PRXQWDLQDQGILOOHGWKHZKROHHDUWK´
±'DQLHO569
,,QWURGXFWLRQ
$FFRUGLQJWRWKHRIILFLDOYHUVLRQRIKLVWRU\GXULQJWKH6HFRQG:RUOG:DUWKH*HUPDQ1DWLRQDO6RFLDOLVWVFDUULHGRXWDPDVVPXUGHUDJDLQVWWKH
-HZLVKSRSXODWLRQWKDWZDVXQSDUDOOHOHGLQLWVPRQVWURXVQHVVDQGLWVV\V
WHPDWLFUXWKOHVVQHVV0DQ\PLOOLRQVRI-HZVZHDUHWROGZHUHWDNHQIURP
*HUPDQUXOHGODQGVDQGSDFNHGRIIWRµH[WHUPLQDWLRQFDPSV¶LQWKH3ROLVK
WHUULWRULHVDQG WKHUHNLOOHGPRVWO\ LQJDVFKDPEHUVEXW VRPH LQJDVYDQV
:H DUH DOVR WROG WKH *HUPDQV PDVVDFUHG DQ LPPHQVH QXPEHU RI -HZV
EHKLQGWKHHDVWHUQIURQW7KHWRWDOQXPEHURIYLFWLPVRIJDVVLQJRUVKRRWLQJ
DVZHOODVRIWKRVHZKRGLHGIURPGLVHDVHH[KDXVWLRQKXQJHURURWKHUFDXVH
VXSSRVHGO\UXQVWRILYHRUVL[PLOOLRQ
7KLVFODLPHGXQLTXHJHQRFLGHLVXVXDOO\ODEHOHGZLWKWKHZRUGµ+ROR
FDXVW¶ ZKLFK FRPHV IURP WKH *UHHN ZRUG yλ Rκαυστy V IRU ³HQWLUHO\EXUQHG DQG ZKLFK KDV VSUHDG WKURXJKRXW DQG EH\RQG WKH $QJOR6D[RQ
ODQJXDJHGRPDLQVLQFHWKHUHOHDVHRIWKH86PRWLRQSLFWXUHRIWKHVDPH
QDPHLQ
7KHYHUVLRQRIWKHIDWHRIWKH-HZVGXULQJWKH6HFRQG:RUOG:DUMXVW
VXPPDUL]HGFDQEHIRXQGLQDOOWKHGLFWLRQDULHVDQGKLVWRU\ERRNVRIWKH
:HVWHUQ ZRUOG ,W LV WDNHQ DV D[LRPDWLF LQ DQ\ SXEOLF GLVFXVVLRQ RQ WKHµ+RORFDXVW¶'HYLDWLRQIURPWKLVYHUVLRQLVGLVFRXUDJHG'LVVHQWLQJYRLFHV
DUH VWLOOHG E\ D SRZHUIXO PHGLD FHQVRUVKLS DQG LQ PDQ\ (XURSHDQ VWDWHV
WKH\DUHVXSSUHVVHGZLWKSROLFHVWDWHWHUURUWDFWLFV
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 8/129
- h5*(1 * 5$) Â7 +( * ,$17 : ,7+ ) ((7 2) & /$<
,Q WKH ODVW IHZ GHFDGHV D YDVW OLWHUDWXUH RQ WKH µ+RORFDXVW¶ KDV
DSSHDUHGEXWWKHUHLVJHQHUDODJUHHPHQWWKDWWKHUHLVRQHZRUNZKLFKFDQEH
UHJDUGHGDVWKHVWDQGDUGZRUNRQWKHVXEMHFW5DXO+LOEHUJ¶V7KH'HVWUXF
WLRQRIWKH(XURSHDQ-HZV%RUQ LQ 9LHQQD LQ WKH -HZ +LOEHUJ HPLJUDWHG WR WKH 8QLWHG
6WDWHVZLWKKLVSDUHQWVLQ,QKHMRLQHGWKH$PHULFDQ$UP\,Q
KHEHJDQWRVWXG\WKHTXHVWLRQRIWKHGHVWLQ\RIWKH-HZVXQGHUWKH
1DWLRQDO6RFLDOLVWUHJLPH,QWKH\HDUVKHZRUNHGLQWKH)HGHUDO
'RFXPHQWDWLRQ&HQWHUDW$OH[DQGULD9LUJLQLDZKHUHKLVMREZDVWRHYDOX
DWHFDSWXUHG*HUPDQGRFXPHQWV,QKHZDVDZDUGHGD0DVWHU¶VGHJUHH
LQ3ROLWLFDO6FLHQFHDQGLQWKH'RFWRU¶VGHJUHHLQ/DZ$VLVWKHFDVH
ZLWKPRVWRWKHUDXWKRUVZKRKDYHGHDOWZLWKWKHµ+RORFDXVW¶KHLVQRWDKLV
WRULDQE\SURIHVVLRQ+RZHYHUIRUPDQ\\HDUVDWWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI9HUPRQW
LQDGGLWLRQWR,QWHUQDWLRQDO5HODWLRQVDQG86)RUHLJQ3ROLF\KHKDVWDXJKW
RQWKHKLVWRU\RIWKH-HZVGXULQJWKH6HFRQG:RUOG:DU
7KH'HVWUXFWLRQRIWKH(XURSHDQ-HZVILUVWDSSHDUHGLQDQGZDV
UHSULQWHGXQFKDQJHGLQDQG,QD³UHYLVHGDQGGHILQLWLYH´
HGLWLRQ ZLWKDIHZ FKDQJHV IROORZHG $PD]LQJO\ WKH FRPSOHWHZRUN ZDV
QRW SXEOLVKHG LQ *HUPDQ XQWLO DQG WKHQ RQO\ E\ D VPDOO SXEOLVKHU
2OOHDQG:ROWHULQ%HUOLQ,WZDVFDOOHG 'LH9HUQLFKWXQJGHUHXURSlLVFKHQ
-XGHQ:HZLOOXVHWKHWKUHHYROXPHHGLWLRQSXEOLVKHG0D\E\)LVFKHU 7DVFKHQEXFK9HUODJLQ)UDQNIXUWEDVHGRQWKH³GHILQLWLYH´(QJOLVKYHUVLRQ
RI
+LOEHUJ¶VVWXG\RQWKHµ+RORFDXVW¶FODLPVWREHWKHXQULYDOOHGEHVW
DQGPRVWH[KDXVWLYHZRUNRILWVNLQG7KLVLVPDGHXQPLVWDNDEO\FOHDULQ
WKHLQWURGXFWLRQWRWKH*HUPDQHGLWLRQRIWKHZRUN
³,I WKH SKUDVH µVWDQGDUG ZRUN¶ KDV DQ\ PHDQLQJ DW DOO +LOEHUJ¶V IDPRXVFRPSUHKHQVLYHKLVWRU\RIWKH+RORFDXVWPXVWEHFRQVLGHUHGDVVXFK>«@7KHWKHPHRIWKLVZRUNLVWKHPDOHIDFWRUVWKHSODQWKHPHWKRGRIRSHUDWLRQDQGWKHRSHUDWLRQLWVHOI:LWKWKHµFRROQHVVDQGSUHFLVLRQ¶ZKLFKFKDUDFWHUL]HV WKH JUHDW KLVWRULDQV 6GGHXWVFKH =HLWXQJ +LOEHUJ WUDFHV WKHLQYROYHPHQW DQG SDUWLFLSDWLRQ RI WKH UXOLQJ HOLWHV LQ WKH JRYHUQPHQW LQLQGXVWU\DQGWKHDUPHGIRUFHVLQWKHGHVWUXFWLRQRIWKH-HZV7KHIXQFWLRQDO GHGLFDWLRQRIWKHRUGLQDU\EXUHDXFUDWUDLOZD\PDQSROLFHPDQDQGVROGLHU WRWKHZRUNRIDQQLKLODWLRQZLOODOVREHWUDFHG$W\SHRIFULPLQDOVWHSVIRUZDUGZKRZLOOEHQDPHGZKRZLOOQHYHUVWDQGEHIRUHDMXGJHDIWHU
)RU +LOEHUJ¶V ELRJUDSK\ VHH WKH ,QWURGXFWLRQ WR WKH *HUPDQ HGLWLRQ RI +LOEHUJ¶V ZRUN 'LH9HUQLFKWXQJ GHU HXURSlLVFKHQ -XGHQ )LVFKHU 7DVFKHQEXFK 9HUODJ )UDQNIXUW DQG DOVR
%DUEDUD.XODV]NDHG 'LG6L[0LOOLRQ5HDOO\'LH" 6DPLVGDW 3XEOLVKHUV 7RURQWR SS I
RQOLQHKWWSZZZLKURUJERRNVNXODV]NDIDOVHQHZVWRFKWPO
YROV+ROPHVDQG0HLHU1HZ<RUN
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 9/129
,, 1752'8&7,21
WKH3UXVVLDQJHQHUDOWKHQDWLRQDOFRQVHUYDWLYHPLQLVWHULDORIILFLDOWKHGLSORPDWWKHMXULVWLQGXVWULDOLVWVFKHPLVWVDQGPHGLFDOGRFWRUV
+LOEHUJKDVFROOHFWHGDQGUHILQHGWKHPDWHULDOIRUKLVERRNWKURXJK
RXWKLVOLIHWLPH+HLVNQRZQDVWKHEHVWLQIRUPHGVSHFLDOLVWRQWKHVRXUFHVZKLFKIRUWKHPRVWSDUWFDPHIURPWKHSHUSHWUDWRUV7KH\KDYHUHFRUGHGWKH SURRIRIWKHLUGHDGO\KDQGLZRUN²ZLWKFKDUDFWHULVWLFWKRURXJKQHVV²DKXQGUHGWKRXVDQGWLPHVRYHU²ZLWKRIILFLDOVWDWLRQHU\DQGVHDOV
7KHSUHVHQWFRPSUHKHQVLYHKLVWRU\RIWKH+RORFDXVWLVµVRXUFHPDWHULDO IRU VSHFLDOLVWV DQDO\VLV IRU WKHRUHWLFLDQV DQG D KLVWRU\ ERRN ZLWKRXW
SDUDOOHOIRUWKHJHQHUDOSXEOLF¶6XQGD\7LPHV´
7KDW+LOEHUJ¶VZRUNLVWKHUHVXOWRIDQLPPHQVHDQGGHYRWHGODERULV
UHFRJQL]HGHYHQE\5HYLVLRQLVWVWKRVHZKRGLVSXWHWKHFXUUHQWYHUVLRQRI
WKH IDWH RI WKH -HZV LQWKH 7KLUG 5HLFK)RU WKH )UHQFKPDQ 3URI 5REHUW)DXULVVRQ RQH RI WKH PRVW SURPLQHQW 5HYLVLRQLVWV +LOEHUJ VWDQGV ³KLJKDERYH3ROLDNRY:HOOHUV.ODUVIHOGDQGRWKHUVOLNHWKHP ´%HFDXVHRI+LO
EHUJ¶VGRPLQDQWSRVLWLRQLQRUWKRGR[µ+RORFDXVW¶OLWHUDWXUHWKH5HYLVLRQLVWV
KDYHKDGWRFRQIURQWKLVZRUNDJDLQDQGDJDLQ7KHILUVWVXFKFRQIURQWDWLRQ
ZDV LQ WKUHH \HDUV DIWHU WKH DSSHDUDQFH RI WKH ILUVW HGLWLRQ RI 7KH 'HVWUXFWLRQ RI WKH (XURSHDQ -HZV $W WKDW WLPH WKH )UHQFKPDQ 3DXO
5DVVLQLHUDIRUPHU5HVLVWDQFHILJKWHUH[SULVRQHURIWKH16FRQFHQWUDWLRQ
FDPSV%XFKHQZDOGDQG'RUDDQGWKHIRXQGHURI5HYLVLRQLVPPDGHDIXOODWWDFN RQ +LOEHUJ,Q KLV ERRN /H'UDPHGHV-XLIV(XURSpHQV 5DVVLQLHU
PDGHDWKRURXJKVWXG\RI+LOEHUJ¶VVWDWLVWLFVRQ-HZLVKSRSXODWLRQORVVHV
GXULQJWKH6HFRQG:RUOG:DU+HUHMHFWHGWKHODWWHU¶VFRQFOXVLRQWKDWWKH
QXPEHURI-HZLVKYLFWLPVVKRXOGEHVHWDWPLOOLRQKHVDLG+LOEHUJFRXOG
RQO\ KDYH DUULYHG DW WKLV QXPEHU E\ D JURVV PDQLSXODWLRQ RI KLV GDWD
$FFRUGLQJ WR 5DVVLQLHU DQG EDVHG RQ +LOEHUJ¶V GDWD WKH UHDO QXPEHU RI
-HZLVK16YLFWLPVZDVOHVVWKDQRQHPLOOLRQ
5HYLVLRQLVW UHVHDUFK KDV QRW VWRRG VWLOO LQ WKH PRUH WKDQ \HDUV
VLQFHWKHDSSHDUDQFHRI5DVVLQLHU¶VFULWLTXHRI+LOEHUJ+RZHYHUWKHUHKDVQHYHUEHHQDFRPSUHKHQVLYHDQDO\VLVRIWKHPHWKRGV+LOEHUJDSSOLHGQRUD
FULWLFDODSSUDLVDORIKLVFRQFOXVLRQV7KHSXUSRVHRIWKHSUHVHQWZRUNLVWR
UHPHG\WKDWODFN
2XULQYHVWLJDWLRQZLOOFRQFHQWUDWHRQWKHIROORZLQJSRLQWV
5REHUW)DXULVVRQ³0RQH[SpULHQFHGXUpYLVLRQQLVPH LQ $QQDOHVG+LVWRLUH5pYLVLRQQLVWH QR
VSULQJTXRWHGIURP5REHUW)DXULVVRQ eFULWVUpYLVLRQQLVWHV YROXPHVSULYDWHO\
SXEOLVKHG S Y ,,, RQOLQH KWWSDDDUJKYKRRUJIUDQDUFK)DXU5)[[KWPO
3DXO 5DVVLQLHU /H GUDPH GHV MXLIVHXURSpHQV /HV 6HSW &RXOHXUV 3DULV 5HSULQWHG E\ /D
9LHLOOH 7DXSH 3DULV SS RQOLQH KWWSDDDUJKYKRRUJIUDQDUFK5DVVLGMH
GMHKWPO
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 10/129
- h5*(1 * 5$) Â7 +( * ,$17 : ,7+ ) ((7 2) & /$<
± :KDWSURRIVGRHV+LOEHUJSURYLGHWKDWWKH16UHJLPHSODQQHGWKH
SK\VLFDOGHVWUXFWLRQRI-HZVOLYLQJLQLWVDUHDRIFRQWURO"
± :KDWSURRIVGRHV+LOEHUJSURYLGHIRUWKHH[LVWHQFHRIH[WHUPLQD
WLRQFDPSVWKDWLVFDPSVHUHFWHGVROHO\RUSDUWLDOO\IRUWKHPXUGHU RI -HZV DQG SURYLGHG ZLWK NLOOLQJ JDV FKDPEHUV IRU WKLV
SXUSRVH"
± :KDW SURRIVGRHV +LOEHUJ SURYLGH IRU WKHILJXUHRIFORVHWR
PLOOLRQZKLFKKHFODLPVLVWKHQXPEHURI-HZLVKYLFWLPVRI1D
WLRQDO6RFLDOLVWSROLF\"
7KHUHZLOOEHQRGLVFXVVLRQRQWKHSHUVHFXWLRQVDQGGHSRUWDWLRQVRI
-HZVGXULQJWKH6HFRQG:RUOG:DUQRURQWKHVXIIHULQJRI-HZVLQFDPSV
DQGJKHWWRVZKLFKDUHGRXEWHGE\DOPRVWQRERG\+LOEHUJ¶VZRUNUHVWVRQ
LQFRQWHVWDEO\VROLGVRXUFHPDWHULDOKHUH7KHPDVVVKRRWLQJVRI-HZVEHKLQGWKHHDVWHUQIURQWDUHDGLIIHUHQWPDWWHU,WLV
QRWGLVSXWHGE\DQ\RQHWKDWVRPHVKRRWLQJV
WRRNSODFHZKDWLVLQGLVSXWHE\5HYLVLRQLVW
UHVHDUFKHUVLVWKHH[WHQWRIWKHVHVKRRWLQJV
DV FODLPHG E\ +LOEHUJ DQG RWKHU RUWKRGR[
KLVWRULDQV2QWKLVSRLQWWRRZHZLOOH[DP
LQH FULWLFDOO\ WKH QXPEHUV RI YLFWLPV +LO
EHUJFODLPVDQGWKHVRXUFHVKHKDVXVHG,QVKRUWZHZLOODWWHPSWWRGHWHUPLQH
ZKHWKHU+LOEHUJ¶VJUHDWZRUNRQWKHµ+ROR
FDXVW¶ GHVHUYHV WKH VFKRODUO\ PHULW LW OD\V
FODLPWRRUPXVWEHIRXQGODFNLQJ
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 11/129
,,*HQHUDO5HPDUNV
7KUHHSRLQWVDUHQRWHZRUWK\RQDILUVWUHDGLQJRI+LOEHUJ¶VZRUN
&RQVLVWHQW,JQRULQJRI2SSRVLQJ7KHVHV
:KRHYHUXQGHUWRRNWRUHDG+LOEHUJ¶VVWDQGDUGZRUNZLWKRXWIXUWKHU
NQRZOHGJHRIWKHSUREOHPVLQWKHVWXG\RIWKHµ+RORFDXVW¶ZRXOGQHYHUVXV
SHFWWKDWWKHYHUVLRQRIHYHQWVRIIHUHGWKHUHLVLQGLVSXWH+LOEHUJGRHVQRW
XWWHUWKHOHDVWVXJJHVWLRQWKDWWKHUHLVDVFKRRORIUHVHDUFKHUVZKRGLVSXWH
QRWRQO\WKHH[LVWHQFHRIDSROLF\RIH[WHUPLQDWLRQRIWKH-HZVLQWKH7KLUG
5HLFKEXW DOVR WKH H[LVWHQFH RI µH[WHUPLQDWLRQ FDPSV¶ DQGKRPLFLGDOJDV
FKDPEHUV2WKHUDGYRFDWHV RI WKH RUWKRGR[ YHUVLRQ RI WKH µ+RORFDXVW¶ DW
OHDVWPHQWLRQWKHH[LVWHQFHRIVXFKGHYLDQWLGHDVXVXDOO\RQO\WRPDOLJQ
WKHP ZLWKRXW VWXG\LQJ WKHP +LOEHUJ KRZHYHU SUHWHQGV KH KDV QHYHU KHDUGDQ\WKLQJRIWKH5HYLVLRQLVWV+HSUHWHQGVKHKDVQHYHUKHDUGRIWKH
VWXGLHV RI VXFK UHVSHFWHG DQG VHULRXV VFKRODUV DV $UWKXU %XW] :LOKHOP
6WlJOLFKRU5REHUW)DXULVVRQ+LOEHUJGRHVQRWPDNHPHQWLRQRIDVLQJOH
5HYLVLRQLVW ERRN RU D VLQJOH 5HYLVLRQLVW MRXUQDO DQG KH GRHV QRW HYHQ
SHULSKHUDOO\GLVFXVVDQ\5HYLVLRQLVWREMHFWLRQWRWKHDQQLKLODWLRQWKHVLV
:KHQ +LOEHUJ SXEOLVKHG WKH ILUVW HGLWLRQ RI7KH'HVWUXFWLRQRIWKH (XURSHDQ -HZV LQ KH FRXOG SHUKDSV KDYH MXVWLILHG LJQRULQJ YLHZ
SRLQWVZKLFKWKUHZGRXEWRQWKHDFFHSWHGYHUVLRQRIWKHIDWHRI-HZVLQWKH7KLUG5HLFKWKHIHZ5HYLVLRQLVWZRUNVRIWKHWLPHZHUHIDLUO\PRGHVW,Q
VXFKD SRVLWLRQZDVQRORQJHUWHQDEOH,WLVZRUWKQRWLQJWKDW5HYL
VLRQLVWUHVHDUFKKDVPDGHJUHDWSURJUHVVVLQFHWKDW\HDUZKLOHWKHSURSR
,QWKHLQWURGXFWLRQWRWKHFROOHFWLRQ 1DWLRQDOVR]LDOLVWLVFKH0DVVHQW|WXQJHQGXUFK*LIWJDV )LVFKHU
7DVFKHQEXFK 9HUODJ )UDQNIXUW HGLWHG E\ (XJHQ .RJRQ +HUPDQQ /DQJEHLQ $GDOEHUW
5FNHUODQGRWKHUVWKHHGLWRUVWKXQGHUDJDLQVWWKH ³DSRORJLVWVIRU1D]LWKHRU\DQGSUDFWLFH ZKR
³GHQ\´WKHHYHQWVRIWKHSDVWIURPZKLFKLQDQ\FDVHWKHUHDGHUFDQVHHWKDWWKHUHDUHVRPHZKR
GLVSXWHWKHDFFHSWHGYHUVLRQRIWKHµ+RORFDXVW¶2IFRXUVHQHLWKHUDXWKRUVQRUWLWOHVDUHQDPHG 2QHH[DPSOHLV3DXO5DVVLQLHU¶VUHPDUNDEOHERRN /H0HQVRQJHG¶8O\VVHZKLFKKDGDSSHDUHGDV
HDUO\ DV UHSULQWHG E\ /D 9LHLOOH 7DXSH 3DULV RQOLQH KWWSDDDUJKYKRRUJIUDQ
DUFK5DVVLSUPXSUPXKWPO+RZHYHUWKLVLVDUHSRUWRISHUVRQDOH[SHULHQFH²QHFHVVDULO\FRORUHG
E\VXEMHFWLYHLPSUHVVLRQV²DQGQRWDZRUNRIVFKRODUO\ULJRU
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 12/129
- h5*(1 * 5$) Â7 +( * ,$17 : ,7+ ) ((7 2) & /$<
QHQWVRIWKHH[WHUPLQDWLRQWKHVLVKDYHEHHQPDUFKLQJLQSODFHDQGZLWKWKH
VROHH[FHSWLRQRI-HDQ&ODXGH3UHVVDFKDYHQRWKLQJQHZWRRIIHU
%HFDXVHLJQRULQJRU VXSSUHVVLQJFRXQWHUDUJXPHQWVLVDWHOOWDOHVLJQ
RIXQVFKRODUO\PHWKRGFRQVLGHUDEOHGRXEWPXVWEHFDVWRQWKHFUHGLELOLW\RI +LOEHUJ¶VVFKRODUVKLS
1R3KRWRV1R'HVFULSWLRQRIWKH+RPLFLGDO*DV&KDPEHUVDQG*DV9DQV
+LOEHUJ¶VJLJDQWLFWKUHHYROXPHZRUNUXQQLQJWRSDJHVFRQ
WDLQVH[DFWO\WKUHHSKRWRJUDSKVQDPHO\WKRVHRQWKHWLWOHSDJHVRIWKHWKUHH
YROXPHV 'HVWUXFWLRQRIWKH(XURSHDQ-HZVKHUHDIWHUFDOOHG '(- UXQVWR
SDJHVWKHUHDUHQRSKRWRJUDSKV,QWKHWH[WLWVHOIWKHUHLVQRWRQH SKRWRJUDSK ZKLFK PXVW EH FRQVLGHUHG XQXVXDO IRU VR H[WHQVLYH D ZRUN
/LNHZLVHKHRIIHUVKLVUHDGHUQRGHVFULSWLRQRIDJDVFKDPEHURUDJDVYDQ
DOWKRXJKWKLVZRXOGVHHPWREHLPSRUWDQWLQYLHZRIWKHQRYHOW\DQGWKH
PRQVWURXVQHVVRIWKHXVHRIVXFKNLOOLQJPDFKLQHV7KHUHLVQRLOOXVWUDWLRQ
RUVNHWFKZKLFKPLJKWJLYHLQTXLVLWLYHUHDGHUVLQVLJKWLQWRKRZWKHVHJUXH
VRPHLQVWUXPHQWVRIPXUGHUDOOHJHGO\IXQFWLRQHG
+LOEHUJ¶VDYHUVLRQWRHQFRXQWHUWKHSK\VLFDOUHDOLW\RIWKHFRQFHQWUD
WLRQFDPSVDQGWKHVRFDOOHGµH[WHUPLQDWLRQFDPSV¶FDQDOVREHVHHQLQWKHIDFWWKDWKHKDVQHYHUSHUVRQDOO\XQGHUWDNHQDQLQYHVWLJDWLRQDWWKHORFDWLRQV
RI WKH FDPSV %HIRUH WKLV PDQ ZKR KDG EHJXQ KLV VWXGLHV RQ WKH
µ+RORFDXVW¶ EDFN LQ KDG VSHQW H[DFWO\ RQH GD\ LQ 7UHEOLQND DQG
DQRWKHUKDOIGD\LQ$XVFKZLW],DQG$XVFKZLW]%LUNHQDX² DQGLQDOOWKUHHFDVHVWKLVZDVRQO\WRSDUWLFLSDWHLQPHPRULDOFHUHPRQLHV+HKDVQHYHU
YLVLWHGDQ\RIWKHRWKHUFRQFHQWUDWLRQFDPSVDWDQ\WLPH 7KLVKDVDYHU\
RGG DSSHDUDQFH,QFRQWUDVWWR+LOEHUJ5HYLVLRQLVWVVXFKDV'LHWOLHE )HO
GHUHU5REHUW)DXULVVRQ&DUOR0DWWRJQR*HUPDU5XGROIDQGWKHZULWHURI
WKHVHOLQHVDQGDOVRWKHQRQ5HYLVLRQLVW-HDQ&ODXGH3UHVVDFKDYHPDGHWKRURXJKH[DPLQDWLRQVRIWKHEXLOGLQJV ZKHUH WKH ZLWQHVVHV VD\ WKH PDVV
PXUGHUVWRRNSODFHDQGKDYHVWXGLHGWKHDSSOLFDEOHFRQVWUXFWLRQGUDZLQJV
6XFKRQVLWHUHVHDUFKLVDEVROXWHO\QHFHVVDU\IRUVROYLQJWKLVFRQWURYHUV\
'LVFUHSDQF\%HWZHHQWKH7LWOHDQGWKH&RQWHQWVRIWKH:RUN
7KHUHLVQRGRXEWWKDWWKHODUJHUSDUWRIWKHPDWHULDO+LOEHUJSUHVHQWV
UHVWVRQUHOLDEOHVRXUFHV7KLVDSSOLHVSDUWLFXODUO\WRWKHIRXUKXQGUHGSDJHV
+LOEHUJ¶V VWDWHPHQW XQGHU FURVVH[DPLQDWLRQ E\ GHIHQVH DWWRUQH\ 'RXJODV &KULVWLH LQ WKH ILUVW
=QGHOWULDOLQ7RURQWRLQFLWHGLQ%DUEDUD.XODV]NDRSFLWQRWHS
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 13/129
,,* (1(5$/5 (0$5.6
LQZKLFKKHGHVFULEHVWKHSHUVHFXWLRQRIWKH-HZV -XGHQYHUIROJXQJ WKH
DQWL-HZLVKODZVDQGPHDVXUHVWDNHQE\*HUPDQ\DQGKHUDOOLHV+RZHYHU
WKHZRUNLVQRWHQWLWOHG7KH3HUVHFXWLRQRIWKH(XURSHDQ-HZV 'LH9HUIRO
JXQJGHUHXURSlLVFKHQ-XGHQEXW7KH'HVWUXFWLRQRIWKH(XURSHDQ-HZV 'LH9HUQLFKWXQJGHUHXURSlLVFKHQ-XGHQ DQGKLVWLWOHLVQRWVXLWDEOHIRU
WKHZRUNWDNHQDVDZKROH6RPHRQHZKRKDVVWUXJJOHGWKURXJKWKH
SDJHVRIWKHILUVWYROXPHKDVQRW\HWHQFRXQWHUHGWKHVXEMHFWIRUZKLFK+LO
EHUJKDVQDPHGKLVZRUN7KHILUVWSDJHVRIWKHVHFRQGYROXPHQDPHO\
SDJHVWR '(- YSDJHVDUHGHYRWHGWRWKH³0RELOH .LOOLQJ 2SHUDWLRQV´ WKLV FRQFHUQV WKH PDVV NLOOLQJV EHKLQG WKH HDVWHUQ
IURQW1RIHZHUWKDQSDJHVSSWR '(- YSDJHV
GHDOZLWKWKHGHSRUWDWLRQVRI-HZVIURPDUHDVFRQWUROOHGE\*HUPDQ\RUKHU
DOOLHV:LWKUHVSHFWWRWKHGHSRUWDWLRQVWKHIDFWVDUHODUJHO\XQGLVSXWHG
7KDWZKLFKPDNHVWKHµ+RORFDXVW¶VR VSHFWDFXODUDQGEHVWLDOLQWKH
SRSXODU LPDJLQDWLRQ QDPHO\ WKHLQGXVWULDOL]HG VODXJKWHU LQ H[WHUPLQDWLRQ
FDPSVILUVWVKRZVLWVIDFHRQSDJHWKLVLVWKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKHFKDSWHU
RQ³ .LOOLQJ&HQWHU2SHUDWLRQV ´ '(- YSDJHV<HWWKHUHDGHU
PXVWSHUVHYHUHIRUDQRWKHUKXQGUHGSDJHVXQWLOWKHVXEMHFWILQDOO\FRPHV
DURXQGWRWKH³ .LOOLQJ2SHUDWLRQV´LQWKHSUHYLRXVILYHVXEFKDSWHUV³2UL JLQV´ ³2UJDQL]DWLRQ 3HUVRQQHO DQG 0DLQWHQDQFH´ ³ /DERU 8WLOL]DWLRQ´
³0HGLFDO ([SHULPHQWV´ DQG ILQDOO\ ³&RQILVFDWLRQV´ LQ WKH ³ $QQLKLODWLRQ&HQWHUV´ZHUHGLVFXVVHG5HPDUNDEO\WKHVXEFKDSWHU³ .LOOLQJ2SHUDWLRQV´
LVRQO\QLQHWHHQSDJHVORQJ '(- RQSDJH '(- SWKH
VXEMHFWKDVDOUHDG\PRYHGRQWR³ /LTXLGDWLRQRIWKH.LOOLQJ&HQWHUVDQGWKH (QGRIWKH'HVWUXFWLRQ3URFHVV´
7KH WKLUG YROXPH RI SDJHV LV GHYRWHG HQWLUHO\ WR ³&RQVHTXHQFHV´³ 5HIOHFWLRQV´³ $IWHUHIIHFWV´DQG³ )XUWKHU'HYHORSPHQWV´EHIRUH
WKH$SSHQGL[FORVHVWKHZRUNWKHODWWHUFRQWDLQV+LOEHUJ¶VGDWDRQ-HZLVK
SRSXODWLRQORVVHVLQ '(- YROXPHFRQWDLQVWKHFKDSWHURQ³ .LOOLQJ&HQWHU2SHUDWLRQV´,VXPPDUL]H
± SDJHV RI WKHSDJH³ VWDQGDUGZRUNRQWKH+RORFDXVW '(- SDJHVRISDJHVGHDOZLWKWKHNLOOLQJVEHKLQGWKH
HDVWHUQIURQWZKLFKKDVUHFHLYHGOHVVDWWHQWLRQERWKLQWKHVFKRO
DUO\DQGLQWKHSRSXODUOLWHUDWXUHDQGZKLFKLIZHDUHWRJRE\
+LOEHUJ¶VYLFWLPFRXQWVDUHDOVRQXPHULFDOO\OHVVVLJQLILFDQWWKDQ
WKHFODLPHGPDVVNLOOLQJVLQH[WHUPLQDWLRQFDPSV
± $WRWDORISDJHVRXWRI '(- SDJHVRIDUHGH
YRWHGWRWKHFHQWUDOIL[WXUHRIWKHµ+RORFDXVW¶WKHSUDFWLFDOFRXUVHRI WKH FODLPHG PDVV NLOOLQJV LQ JDV FKDPEHUV SOXV WKHUH DUH
HOHYHQPRUHSDJHVRQWKHUHODWHGTXHVWLRQRIWKH³ /LTXLGDWLRQRI WKH.LOOLQJ&HQWHUV´
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 14/129
- h5*(1 * 5$) Â7 +( * ,$17 : ,7+ ) ((7 2) & /$<
± 7KHHQWLUHILUVWDQGWKHJUHDWHUSDUWRIWKHVHFRQGYROXPHLQSDU
WLFXODUWKHSDJHVRQWKHGHSRUWDWLRQVLQ '(- PRVWRIWKHILUVW
YROXPHDQGDOOWKHVHFRQGYROXPHFRQWDLQLQJSDJHVRQGHSRU
WDWLRQVKDYHQRGLUHFW EHDULQJRQWKH VXEMHFWIRUZKLFK +LOEHUJKDV QDPHG KLV ZRUN QDPHO\ 7KH 'HVWUXFWLRQ RI WKH (XURSHDQ
-HZV,QWKHWKLUGYROXPHRQO\WKHSRSXODWLRQVWDWLVWLFVDUHDSSOL
FDEOHWRRXUVXEMHFW
$OUHDG\DWWKLVSRLQWLWFDQEHVHHQWKDWWKH+LOEHUJZRUNGRHVQRW
FRQWDLQZKDWWKHWLWOHSURPLVHV2IFRXUVHWKLVPDNHVWKHZRUNRIWKHFULWLF
HDVLHULQWKDWLWSHUPLWVKLPWRFRQFHQWUDWHRQDUHODWLYHO\VPDOOSDUWRIWKLV
ODUJHZRUNDQGGLVSHQVHZLWKWKHUHVWZLWKDIHZFRPPHQWV
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 15/129
,,,5HPDUNVRQWKH)LUVW9ROXPH
+LOEHUJLQWURGXFHVWKHILUVWFKDSWHURIKLVZRUN³ 3UHFHGHQWV´ZLWK
WKHIROORZLQJZRUGV
³7KH*HUPDQGHVWUXFWLRQRIWKH(XURSHDQ-HZVZDVDWRXUGHIRUFHWKH-HZLVKFROODSVHXQGHUWKH*HUPDQDVVDXOWZDVDPDQLIHVWDWLRQRIIDLOXUH%RWKRIWKHVHSKHQRPHQDZHUHWKHILQDOSURGXFWRIDQHDUOLHUDJH
$QWL-HZLVK SROLFLHV DQG DFWLRQV GLG QRW KDYH WKHLU EHJLQQLQJ LQ)RUPDQ\FHQWXULHVDQGLQPDQ\FRXQWULHVWKH-HZVKDGEHHQYLFWLPVRIGHVWUXFWLYHDFWLRQ´S '(- S
7KHUHDUHDGGLWLRQDOUHPDUNVRQµDQWL6HPLWLVP¶LQ(XURSHDQKLVWRU\
+LOEHUJ UHJDUGV WKH ³ 1D]L GHVWUXFWLRQ SURFHVV´ DV WKH ³FXOPLQDWLRQ RI DF\FOLFDOWUHQG ´,QWKHEHJLQQLQJWKHUHZHUHDWWHPSWVWRFRQYHUWWKH-HZV
VLQFH WKH\ IRU WKH PRVW SDUW GLG QRW ZDQW WR FRQYHUW H[SXOVLRQ ZDV WKHQ
WULHGDQGODVWO\WKHWKLUGPRVWUDGLFDOPHWKRGIROORZHGWKHSK\VLFDOH[WHUPLQDWLRQRIWKH-HZVSSI '(- S+LOEHUJVXPPDUL]HVKLVWKHRU\
E\PHDQVRIFUHDWLYHGHFODUDWLRQV
³7KH PLVVLRQDULHV RI &KULVWLDQLW\ KDG VDLG LQ HIIHFW <RX KDYH QRULJKWWR OLYHDPRQJXVDV-HZV7KHVHFXODUUXOHUVZKRIROORZHGKDGSURFODLPHG <RX KDYH QR ULJKW WR OLYH DPRQJ XV 7KH *HUPDQ 1D]LV DW ODVW GHFUHHG<RXKDYHQRULJKWWROLYH S'(- S
+LOEHUJGHFODUHVWKDWLWZDVQRDFFLGHQWWKDWHQPLW\WRZDUGWKH-HZV
UHDFKHGLWVPRVWH[WUHPHSLWFKLQ*HUPDQ\VLQFHLWZDVSDUWRIDORQJWUDGLWLRQWKHUH,QKLVWLPH0DUWLQ/XWKHUKDGEHHQDELWWHURSSRQHQWRIWKH-HZV
DVKLVHVVD\9RQGHQ-XGHQXQGLKUHQ/JHQVKRZV2QWKH-HZVDQG7KHLU
/LHVSXEOLVKHGLQ+LOEHUJSSII '(- S)URP/XWKHU+LOEHUJ
JRHVRQWRWKH*HUPDQDQWL6HPLWHVRIWKHWK&HQWXU\DQGWRWKH-HZKDW
LQJLGHRORJ\RI1DWLRQDO6RFLDOLVP1H[WKHFRPPHQWVRQWKH-HZLVKUHDF
WLRQWRXQGHUJRLQJUHFXUULQJSHUVHFXWLRQV-HZVUHDFWHGWRWKHVHDOZD\VZLWK
³DOOHYLDWLRQDQGFRPSOLDQFH´S '(- S,QWKH7KLUG5HLFKWKLV
EHFDPHWKHLUGRRP
7R UHGXFH WKH QXPEHU RI IRRWQRWHV ZKHQHYHU , FLWH +LOEHUJ WKH SDJH QXPEHU RI WKH XSGDWHG
*HUPDQYHUVLRQLVJLYHQLQSDUHQWKHVHV3DJHQXPEHUVRIWKH(QJOLVKRULJLQDODUHWDJJHGZLWK '(-
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 16/129
- h5*(1 * 5$) Â7 +( * ,$17 : ,7+ ) ((7 2) & /$<
³:KHQWKH1D]LVWRRNRYHULQWKHROG-HZLVKUHDFWLRQSDWWHUQ VHWLQDJDLQEXWWKLVWLPHWKHUHVXOWVZHUHFDWDVWURSKLF7KH*HUPDQEXUHDXFUDF\ ZDV QRW VORZHG E\ -HZLVK SOHDGLQJ LW ZDV QRW VWRSSHG E\-HZLVKLQGLVSHQVDELOLW\:LWKRXWUHJDUGWRFRVWWKHEXUHDXFUDWLFPDFKLQHRSHUDWLQJZLWKDFFHOHUDWLQJVSHHGDQGHYHUZLGHQLQJGHVWUXFWLYHHIIHFWSURFHHGHG WRDQQLKLODWHWKH(XURSHDQ-HZV7KH-HZLVKFRPPXQLW\XQDEOHWRVZLWFKWRUHVLVWDQFHLQFUHDVHGLWVFRRSHUDWLRQZLWKWKHWHPSRRIWKH*HUPDQPHD
VXUHVWKXVKDVWHQLQJLWVRZQGHVWUXFWLRQ
:HVHHWKHUHIRUHWKDWERWKSHUSHWUDWRUVDQGYLFWLPVGUHZXSRQWKHLU DJHROGH[SHULHQFHLQGHDOLQJZLWKHDFKRWKHU7KH*HUPDQVGLGLWZLWKVXFFHVVWKH-HZVGLGLWZLWKGLVDVWHU S '(- S
$VZHVHHDWWKHEHJLQQLQJRIKLVODUJHZRUN+LOEHUJSURYLGHVKLV
WRULFDOSV\FKRORJLFDODQGSKLORVRSKLFDOREVHUYDWLRQVRQWKHKLVWRU\OHDGLQJWRWKHH[WHUPLQDWLRQRIWKH-HZV² IRUZKLFKKHKDVDWWKLVSRLQWSURYLGHGQR
SURRIEXWZKLFKKHDVVXPHVWREHD[LRPDWLF ,Q HIIHFW KH KDUQHVVHV WKH
ZDJRQEHIRUHWKHKRUVH7KHSURSHUVFKRODUO\PHWKRGZRXOGKDYHEHHQWR
FODULI\WKHIDFWVEHIRUHJRLQJRQWRSKLORVRSKL]HRYHUZKDWEURXJKWWKHP
DERXW
$IWHU WKH VHFRQG FKDSWHU ³ $QWHFHGHQWV´ LQ ZKLFK WKH DQWL-HZLVK
PHDVXUHV XQGHUWDNHQ DIWHU WKH VHL]XUH RI SRZHU RI WKH 16'$3 DUH
GHVFULEHG+LOEHUJWXUQVWR³7KH6WUXFWXUHRI'HVWUXFWLRQ ´SSII '(- SSII$VFRPSRQHQWVRIWKH³ 'HVWUXFWLRQ3URFHVV´KHLQFOXGHV
± 7KHGHILQLWLRQRIWKHFRQFHSWµ-HZ¶E\WKH1DWLRQDO6RFLDOLVWVSS
'(- SSDQGWKHSURKLELWLRQRQWKHPL[LQJRI$U\
DQVDQG-HZV
± 7KHGLVSRVVHVVLRQRI-HZVSS '(- SS
± 7KHFRQFHQWUDWLRQRI-HZVLQGHVLJQDWHGGZHOOLQJTXDUWHUVPDLQO\
JKHWWRVZKLFKILUVWDIIHFWHG-HZVOLYLQJLQWKHDUHDRIWKHSUHZDU
5HLFKDQGLQWKH3URWHFWRUDWHVRI%RKHPLDDQG0RUDYLDDQGVXE
VHTXHQWO\ DIIHFWHG -HZV IURP WKH 3ROLVK WHUULWRULHV FRQTXHUHG LQ
,QWKLVFKDSWHU+LOEHUJUHOLHVDOPRVWH[FOXVLYHO\RQVROLGDQGDFFHVVL
EOHVRXUFHVVRWKHIDFWVKHGHVFULEHVKHUHDUHPRVWO\QRW GLVSXWDEOH7KLV
SDUWRIWKHZRUNFRQVWLWXWHVDXVHIXOGRFXPHQWDWLRQRIWKHVWHSE\VWHSGLV
IUDQFKLVHPHQWRIWKH-HZVXQGHU16UXOH+RZHYHUWKHUHLVDVZLQGOHDVWR
QDPHVJRLQJRQKHUHWKDWLVVRPHZKDWRIIHQVLYH'LVFULPLQDWLRQGLVSRVVHV
VLRQDQGJKHWWRL]DWLRQRIDPLQRULW\DUHQRWFRPSRQHQWVRIDQ³DQQLKLODWLRQ
SROLF\´7KH%ODFNVRI6RXWK$IULFDKDGQRSROLWLFDOULJKWVXQGHUWKH$SDUWKHLGV\VWHPDQGPRVWO\OLYHGLQVHSDUDWHGGLVWULFWV\HWQRUHDVRQDEOHSHUVRQ
ZRXOGDVVHUWWKDWWKH\ZHUHDQQLKLODWHG E\WKHUXOLQJ:KLWHPLQRULW\7KH
3DOHVWLQLDQVDUHW\UDQQL]HGDQGKDUDVVHGDQ\QXPEHURIZD\VLQ,VUDHODQG
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 17/129
,,,5 (0$5.6 21 7+( ) ,567 9 2/80(
HYHQPRUHLQ,VUDHOLRFFXSLHGWHUULWRULHV²WKH\ZHUHE\QRPHDQV DQQLKLODWHG +LOEHUJLVFUHDWLQJDGHOLEHUDWHFRQIXVLRQRILGHDV
7KLVLVQRWWKHRQO\H[DPSOHRIGLVKRQHVW\WKDWZHHQFRXQWHULQWKH
ILUVWYROXPH2QSSI '(- SLQFRQQHFWLRQZLWKWKHUHPRYDORI *HUPDQ-HZVWRWKH(DVW+LOEHUJZULWHV
³,Q2FWREHUPDVVGHSRUWDWLRQVEHJDQLQ WKH5HLFK7KH\GLG QRWHQGXQWLOWKHGHVWUXFWLRQSURFHVVZDVRYHU7KHREMHFWRIWKHVHPRYHPHQWVZDVQRWHPLJUDWLRQEXWWKHGHVWUXFWLRQRIWKH-HZV$V\HWKRZHYHUWKHUHZHUHQRNLOOLQJFHQWHUVLQZKLFKWKHYLFWLPVFRXOGEHJDVVHGWRGHDWKDQGVRLWZDVGHFLGHGWKDWSHQGLQJWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIGHDWKFDPSVWKH
-HZVZHUHWREHGXPSHGLQWRJKHWWRVRIWKHLQFRUSRUDWHGWHUULWRULHVDQGWKH
RFFXSLHG6RYLHWDUHDVIXUWKHUHDVW7KHWDUJHWLQWKHLQFRUSRUDWHGWHUULWRULHVZDVWKHJKHWWRRI âyG ê´
+LOEHUJ VWLOO RZHV KLV UHDGHUV D SURRI IRU WKLV DVVHUWLRQ :KLOH WKH
HQWLUH SURFHVV RI WKH UHPRYDO RI *HUPDQ -HZV WR WKH (DVW FDQ EH GRFX
PHQWHGXSRQHVLGHDQGGRZQWKHRWKHU²DQG+LOEHUJPRVWO\UHOLHVRQ*HU
PDQ RULJLQDOGRFXPHQWV LQKLV QXPHURXVIRRWQRWHV²KH GRHV QRW FLWHDQ\
GRFXPHQWDVVRXUFHIRUWKHDERYHDVVHUWLRQQRUHYHQDQ\ZLWQHVVWHVWLPRQ\
7KHSDVVDJHMXVWFLWHGLVRQHRIWKHILUVWFOHDUH[DPSOHVRIDGLVKRQHVW
WDFWLF WKDW +LOEHUJ HPSOR\V IUHTXHQWO\ LQ WKH VHFRQG YROXPH +H HPEHGVXQGRFXPHQWHGDVVHUWLRQVRUDVVHUWLRQVVXSSRUWHGRQO\E\TXHVWLRQDEOHZLW
QHVVWHVWLPRQ\RQDQQLKLODWLRQRI-HZVDPRQJSURSHUO\GRFXPHQWHGVWDWH
PHQWVRQ SHUVHFXWLRQRI-HZVRUGHSRUWDWLRQRI-HZVDQGPD\KDYHKRSHG
WKDWWKHUHDGHUZLOOQRWFDWFKKLP,QWKHFDVHDERYHWKHLOORJLFRIKLVDVVHU
WLRQFDQEHJUDVSHGZLWKERWKKDQGVHVSHFLDOO\ZKHQUHJDUGHGLQFRQWH[W
2Q SDJHV '(- +LOEHUJ GHVFULEHV WKH ORJLVWLFDO DQG
RUJDQL]DWLRQDOGLIILFXOWLHVFDXVHGE\WKHLPSURYLVHGPDVVUHPRYDOVRI*HU
PDQ-HZVWRWKH:HVW3ROLVKWHUULWRULHVLQFRUSRUDWHGLQWRWKH5HLFKLQDQGWRWKH*HQHUDOJRXYHUQHPHQW DQGKRZIXULRXVO\WKHORFDO16DXWKRULWLHV
RSSRVHGWKHVHUHPRYDOV)RUH[DPSOH:HUQHU9HQW]NL&KLHI0D\RURIWKH
FLW\RIáyGéUHQDPHG/LW]PDQQVWDGWSURWHVWHGYHKHPHQWO\DJDLQVWWKHSODQ
5HLFKVIKUHU66+HLQULFK+LPPOHUZDVFRQVLGHULQJLQ6HSWHPEHUWR
GHSRUW-HZVDQGJ\SVLHVWRWKHáyGéJKHWWRIURPZKLFKWKH\
ZHUHWREHVKLSSHGIXUWKHU(DVWWKHIROORZLQJ\HDU9HQW]NLLQVLVWHGWKDWWKH
DUULYDORIPRUHSHUVRQVLQWKHJKHWWRZKLFKZDVDOUHDG\IXOOWRRYHU
IORZLQJZRXOGUDLVHWKHGHQVLW\RIRFFXSDWLRQWRVHYHQSHUVRQVSHUURRP
WKDWWKHQHZDUULYDOVZRXOGKDYHWREHORGJHGLQIDFWRULHVZKLFKZRXOGGLVUXSWSURGXFWLRQWKDWSHRSOHZRXOGVWDUYHDQGWKDWLWZRXOGEHLPSRVVLEOHWR
SUHYHQW HSLGHPLFV SS I '(- SS I 1HYHUWKHOHVV WKH UHPRYDO
ZHQWIRUZDUG
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 18/129
- h5*(1 * 5$) Â7 +( * ,$17 : ,7+ ) ((7 2) & /$<
,I WKH SXUSRVH RI WKH GHSRUWDWLRQV ZDV ³QRW HPLJUDWLRQ EXW WKHGHVWUXFWLRQRIWKH-HZV´DV+LOEHUJDVVHUWVWKH1DWLRQDO6RFLDOLVWSROLF\RI
UHPRYDORIWKH-HZVWRWKH(DVWEHIRUHWKHFRPSOHWLRQRIWKHµGHDWKFDPSV¶
EHFRPHV VHQVHOHVV $FFRUGLQJ WR +LOEHUJ¶V ERRN WKH WZR ILUVW µGHDWKFDPSV¶&KHåPQRDQG%HåìHFEHFDPHRSHUDWLRQDOLQ'HFHPEHUDQGLQ
0DUFK UHVSHFWLYHO\S '(- S,QWKDWFDVH,DVNZK\
ZRXOGWKH*HUPDQVVHQGPDVVLYHQXPEHUVRI-HZVLQWRWKHJKHWWRVVWDUWLQJ
LQ 2FWREHU WR ZDLW IRU WKH µGHDWK FDPSV¶ WR EHFRPH RSHUDWLRQDO
LQVWHDGRIKROGLQJRIIRQWKHGHSRUWDWLRQVIRUWKUHHRUIRXUPRQWKVWRVDYH
WKHPVHOYHVWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQDOKHDGDFKHVDQGWKHFKDRVLQWKHJKHWWRV"+LO
EHUJGRHVQRWERWKHUWRGLVFXVVREYLRXVTXHVWLRQVRIWKLVVRUW
1HYHUWKHOHVV WKH ILUVW YROXPH RI7KH'HVWUXFWLRQRIWKH(XURSHDQ
-HZVUHSUHVHQWVDZHOOUHVHDUFKHGGRFXPHQWDWLRQRQWKHGHVWLQ\RIWKH-HZVLQWKH7KLUG5HLFKIURPWR3HRSOHPD\GLVDJUHHDVWRWKHLQWHU
SUHWDWLRQ RIWKHIDFWV²EXW ZHDUHLQWHUHVWHGRQO\LQWKHIDFWVWKHPVHOYHV
DQGXQOLNH+LOEHUJZHUHIUDLQIURPUDQGRPSKLORVRSKL]LQJ,WLVDQDEXVH
IRU +LOEHUJ WR FODVVLI\ WKH PHDVXUHV WDNHQ E\ WKH 16 UHJLPH GXULQJ WKLV
SHULRGDV³DQQLKLODWLRQSROLF\´²WKH\FOHDUO\GRQRWIDOOXQGHUWKDWKHDGLQJ
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 19/129
,97KH/DFNRI'RFXPHQWVRQ$QQLKLODWLRQ3ROLF\
DQGLWV&RQVHTXHQFHVIRUWKH2UWKRGR[+LVWRULDQV
³ 1R'RFXPHQWV+DYH6XUYLYHG
7KDWQRRQHKDVHYHUIRXQGDZULWWHQRUGHUIRUWKHSK\VLFDOH[WHUPLQDWLRQRIWKH-HZVRULJLQDWLQJZLWK$GROI+LWOHURUDQ\RWKHUOHDGLQJ16
SROLWLFLDQ LVDJUHHG XSRQ E\KLVWRULDQV RIDOO RULHQWDWLRQV /pRQ 3ROLDNRY
RQHRIWKHPRVWSURPLQHQWSURSRQHQWVRIWKHRUWKRGR[SLFWXUHRIWKHµ+ROR
FDXVW¶VWDWHGXQHTXLYRFDOO\
³7KHDUFKLYHVRIWKH7KLUG5HLFKDQGWKHGHSRVLWLRQVDQGDFFRXQWVRI LWVOHDGHUVPDNHSRVVLEOHDUHFRQVWUXFWLRQGRZQWRWKHODVWGHWDLORIWKHRUL
JLQDQG GHYHORSPHQWRIWKHSODQVIRU DJJUHVVLRQ WKHPLOLWDU\FDPSDLJQVDQGWKHZKROHDUUD\RISURFHGXUHVE\ZKLFKWKH1D]LVLQWHQGHGWRUHVKDSH
WKH ZRUOG WR WKHLU OLNLQJ2QO\ WKH FDPSDLJQ WR H[WHUPLQDWH WKH -HZV DVUHJDUGV LWV FRQFHSWLRQ DV ZHOO DV PDQ\ RWKHU HVVHQWLDO DVSHFWV UHPDLQV
VKURXGHGLQ GDUNQHVV,QIHUHQFHVSV\FKRORJLFDOFRQVLGHUDWLRQVDQGWKLUGRUIRXUWKKDQGUHSRUWVHQDEOHXVWRUHFRQVWUXFWLWVGHYHORSPHQWZLWKFRQVLGHUDEOH DFFXUDF\ &HUWDLQ GHWDLOV KRZHYHU PXVW UHPDLQ IRUHYHUXQNQRZQ7KHWKUHHRUIRXUSHRSOHFKLHIO\LQYROYHGLQWKHDFWXDOGUDZLQJXSRIWKH
SODQIRUWRWDOH[WHUPLQDWLRQDUHGHDGDQGQRGRFXPHQWVKDYHVXUYLYHGSHUKDSVQRQHHYHUH[LVWHG´
1RWKLQJQHHGVWREHFKDQJHGLQWKLVVWDWHPHQW$WDFRQJUHVVRIKLVWR
ULDQVKHOGLQ6WXWWJDUWLQFRYHULQJ³7KH0XUGHURIWKH-HZVLQWKH6HFRQG :RUOG :DU WKH SDUWLFLSDQWV UHDFKHG DJUHHPHQW RQ RQO\ RQH SRLQW
QDPHO\WKDWDZULWWHQRUGHUIRUWKHDQQLKLODWLRQKDGQHYHUEHHQIRXQG
7KLVFLUFXPVWDQFHKDVFDXVHGKLVWRULFDOUHVHDUFKHUVKHDGDFKHVIRUD
ORQJWLPH$JLJDQWLFRSHUDWLRQVXFKDVWKHGHSRUWDWLRQRIVHYHUDOPLOOLRQV
RI-HZVLQWRµH[WHUPLQDWLRQFDPSV¶DQGWKHLUPXUGHUWKHUHQHFHVVDULO\SUH
VXSSRVHV DQ RUJDQL]DWLRQ ZKLFK PXVW KDYH LQYROYHG WKH SDUWLFLSDWLRQ RI
WKRXVDQGV XSRQ WKRXVDQGV RI SHUVRQV DQG VXFK D WKLQJ GRHV QRW KDSSHQ
/pRQ3ROLDNRY +DUYHVWRI+DWH+RORFDXVW/LEUDU\1HZ<RUNS
(EHUKDUG-lFNHODQG-UJHQ5RKZHUHGV 'HU0RUGDQGHQ-XGHQLP=ZHLWHQ:HOWNULHJ 'HXWVFKH
9HUODJVDQVWDOW6WXWWJDUWS
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 20/129
- h5*(1 * 5$) Â7 +( * ,$17 : ,7+ ) ((7 2) & /$<
ZLWKRXWZULWWHQRUGHUV²HVSHFLDOO\QRWLQVXFKDEXUHDXFUDWLFDOO\RUJDQL]HG
VWDWHDVWKH7KLUG5HLFKZDV7KH1DWLRQDO6RFLDOLVWVPRVWO\GLGQRWGHVWUR\
WKHLU GRFXPHQWV DV WKH ZDU FDPH WR DQ HQG UDWKHU WKHVH IHOO LQ KXJH
DPRXQWVLQWRWKHKDQGVRIWKHYLFWRUV,QKLVZHOONQRZQERRN 5LVHDQG)DOO RIWKH7KLUG5HLFK:LOOLDP/6KLUHUGHVFULEHVKRZWKLVUHVXOWHGLQ
³>«@WKHFDSWXUHRIPRVWRIWKHFRQILGHQWLDODUFKLYHVRIWKH*HUPDQ JRYHUQPHQWDQGDOOLWVEUDQFKHVLQFOXGLQJWKRVHRIWKH)RUHLJQ2IILFHWKH $UP\WKH1DY\WKH1DWLRQDO6RFLDOLVW3DUW\DQG+HLQULFK+LPPOHU¶VVHFUHW SROLFH1HYHUEHIRUH,EHOLHYHKDVVXFKDYDVWWUHDVXUHIDOOHQLQWRWKHKDQGVRIFRQWHPSRUDU\KLVWRULDQV >«@7KHVZLIWFROODSVHRIWKH7KLUG5HLFKLQ
VSULQJRIUHVXOWHGLQWKHVXUUHQGHUQRWRQO\RIDYDVWEXONRILWVVHFUHW SDSHUVEXWRIRWKHUSULFHOHVVPDWHULDOVXFKDVSULYDWHGLDULHVKLJKO\VHFUHW
VSHHFKHVFRQIHUHQFHUHSRUWVDQGFRUUHVSRQGHQFHDQGHYHQWUDQVFULSWVRI WHOHSKRQHFRQYHUVDWLRQVRIWKH16OHDGHUVWDSSHGE\DVSHFLDORIILFHVHWXSE\+HUPDQQ*|ULQJLQWKH$LU0LQLVWU\>«@WRQVRIUHFRUGVRIWKH*HUPDQ)RUHLJQ2IILFHFDSWXUHGE\WKH86)LUVW$UP\LQYDULRXVFDVWOHVDQG PLQHVLQWKH+DU]0RXQWDLQVMXVWDVWKH\ZHUHDERXWWREHEXUQHGRQRUGHUV
IURP%HUOLQ>«@+XQGUHGVRIWKRXVDQGVRIFDSWXUHGGRFXPHQWVZHUHKXUULHGO\DVVHPEOHGDW1XUHPEHUJDVHYLGHQFHLQWKHWULDORIWKHPDMRUZDU FULPLQDOV´
,QYLHZRIWKLVPRXQWDLQRI16GRFXPHQWVWKHODFNRIDQ\GRFXPHQ
WDU\SURRIIRUDSROLF\RIDQQLKLODWLRQRIWKH-HZVLVSDLQIXOO\HPEDUUDVVLQJ
IRUWKHSURSRQHQWVRIWKHRIILFLDOSLFWXUHRIWKHµ+RORFDXVW¶7KHDUJXPHQW
WKDW DW OHDVW LQ WKH µH[WHUPLQDWLRQ FDPSV¶ WKH LQFULPLQDWLQJ SDSHUV ZHUH
GHVWUR\HGLQWLPHLVXVHOHVVHVSHFLDOO\VLQFH,QWKDW\HDUWKH6RYLHWV
PDGHDYDLODEOHWR:HVWHUQUHVHDUFKHUVWKHGRFXPHQWVRIWKH&HQWUDO&RQ
VWUXFWLRQ2IILFHLQ$XVFKZLW]FDSWXUHGE\WKH5HG$UP\LQ7KH&HQ
WUDO &RQVWUXFWLRQ 2IILFH ZDVDQ RUJDQL]DWLRQ WKDW ZDV UHVSRQVLEOH IRUWKH
FRQVWUXFWLRQ RI WKH FUHPDWRULHV²WKH FUHPDWRULHV ZKLFK VXSSRVHGO\ FRQ
WDLQHGWKHJDVFKDPEHUVIRUWKHPDVVNLOOLQJRI-HZV7KHUHDUHQROHVVWKDQSDJHVRIGRFXPHQWV7KH\GRQRWFRQWDLQDQ\HYLGHQFHIRUWKHFRQ
VWUXFWLRQ RI KRPLFLGDO JDV FKDPEHUV ,I WKHUH KDG EHHQ WKH &RPPXQLVWV
ZRXOGKDYHDQQRXQFHGLWWRWKHZRUOGWULXPSKDQWO\LQ
7KHFRPSOHWHODFNRIGRFXPHQWDU\HYLGHQFHIRUDSROLF\RIDQQLKLOD
WLRQRIWKH-HZVDVZHOODVIRUWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIJDVFKDPEHUVIRUNLOOLQJ
SXUSRVHVKDVOHGWRDVSOLWLQWKHUDQNVRIWKHRUWKRGR[KLVWRULDQVPHDQLQJ
WKRVHZKRXSKROGWKHWKHRU\RIWKHGHOLEHUDWHDQGV\VWHPDWLFDQQLKLODWLRQRI
:LOOLDP/6KLUHU 5LVHDQG)DOORIWKH7KLUG5HLFK6LPRQDQG6FKXVWHU1HZ<RUNSSL[[
'XULQJWZRH[WHQGHGYLVLWVWR0RVFRZLQWRJHWKHUZLWK,WDOLDQKLVWRULDQ&DUOR0DWWRJQRZH
H[DPLQHGSDJHVDQGPDGHFRSLHVRIRIWKHP
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 21/129
,97 +( / $&. 2) '2&80(176 $1' ,76 & 216(48(1&(6
WKH -HZV EHWZHHQ ,QWHQWLRQDOLVWV DQG )XQFWLRQDOLVWV ,Q ZKDW IROORZV ZH
ZLOOFRPSDUHWKHWZRRULHQWDWLRQV
,QWHQWLRQDOLVWVDQG)XQFWLRQDOLVWV$WDFROORTXLXPRQ³ 1D]L*HUPDQ\DQGWKH*HQRFLGHRIWKH-HZV
KHOGDWWKH6RUERQQHLQ3DULVLQ86KLVWRULDQ&KULVWRSKHU%URZQLQJ
VXPPDUL]HGWKHGLIIHUHQFHRIRSLQLRQEHWZHHQ,QWHQWLRQDOLVWVDQG)XQFWLRQ
DOLVWVZLWKUHVSHFWWRWKHJHQHVLVRIWKHSROLF\RIDQQLKLODWLRQRIWKH-HZVDV
IROORZV
³,Q UHFHQW \HDUV WKH LQWHUSUHWDWLRQV RI 1DWLRQDO 6RFLDOLVP KDYH SRODUL]HGPRUHDQGPRUHLQWRWZRJURXSVWKDW7LP0DVRQKDVDSWO\FDOOHG
µ,QWHQWLRQDOLVWV¶DQGµ)XQFWLRQDOLVWV¶7KHIRUPHUH[SODLQWKHGHYHORSPHQW RI 1D]L *HUPDQ\ DV D UHVXOW RI +LWOHU¶V LQWHQWLRQV ZKLFK FDPH RXW RI DFRKHUHQW DQG ORJLFDO LGHRORJ\ DQG ZHUH UHDOL]HG GXH WR DQ DOOSRZHUIXO WRWDOLWDULDQ GLFWDWRUVKLS 7KH µ)XQFWLRQDOLVWV¶ SRLQW RXW WKH DQDUFKLVWLFFKDUDFWHURIWKH1D]LVWDWHLWVLQWHUQDOULYDOULHVDQGWKHFKDRWLFSURFHVVRI GHFLVLRQPDNLQJZKLFKFRQVWDQWO\OHGWRLPSURYLVDWLRQDQGUDGLFDOL]DWLRQ>«@7KHVHWZRPRGHVRIH[SRVLWLRQRIKLVWRU\DUHXVHIXOIRUWKHDQDO\VLVRI WKHVWURQJO\GLYHUJHQWPHDQLQJVWKDWSHRSOHDWWULEXWHWRWKH-HZLVKSROLF\RI WKH 1D]LV LQJHQHUDO DQG WR WKH )LQDO 6ROXWLRQ LQ SDUWLFXODU 2Q WKH RQHKDQG/XF\'DZLGRZLF]DUDGLFDO,QWHQWLRQDOLVWXSKROGVWKHYLHZSRLQWWKDW DOUHDG\LQ+LWOHUKDGGHFLGHGWRH[WHUPLQDWH(XURSHDQ-HZV$QGQRW RQO\WKDW+HNQHZDWZKDWSRLQWLQWLPHKLVPXUGHURXVSODQZRXOGEHUHDOL]HG7KH6HFRQG:RUOG:DUZDVDWWKHVDPHWLPHWKHPHDQVDQGRSSRUWXQLW\WRSXWKLVµZDUDJDLQVWWKH-HZV¶LQWRHIIHFW:KLOHKHZDLWHGIRUWKHDQWLFLSDWHGPRPHQWIRUWKHUHDOL]DWLRQRIKLVµJUHDWSODQ¶QDWXUDOO\KHWROHUDWHGDVHQVHOHVVDQGPHDQLQJOHVVSOXUDOLVPLQWKH-HZLVKSROLFLHVRIWKHVXERUGLQDWHUDQNVRIVWDWHDQGSDUW\
$JDLQVW WKH UDGLFDO ,QWHQWLRQDOLVP RI /XF\ 'DZLGRZLF] ZKLFKHPSKDVL]HVWKHLQWHQWLRQVDQGµJUHDWSODQ¶RI+LWOHUWKH8OWUDIXQFWLRQDOLVP
RI0DUWLQ%URV]DWFRQVWLWXWHVDGLDPHWULFDOO\RSSRVHGYLHZRIWKHUROHRIWKH )KUHUHVSHFLDOO\ ZLWKUHVSHFWWRWKH GHFLVLRQRQ WKH)LQDO6ROXWLRQ,WLV %URV]DW¶VSRVLWLRQWKDW+LWOHUQHYHUWRRND GHILQLWLYHGHFLVLRQQRULVVXHGD JHQHUDORUGHUIRUWKH)LQDO6ROXWLRQ7KHDQQLKLODWLRQSURJUDPGHYHORSHGLQ VWDJHVLQFRQMXQFWLRQZLWKDVHULHVRILVRODWHGPDVVDFUHVDWWKHHQGRIDQGLQ7KHVHORFDOO\OLPLWHGPDVVPXUGHUVZHUHLPSURYLVHGDQVZHUVWR DQ LPSRVVLEOHVLWXDWLRQ WKDWKDG GHYHORSHG DV D UHVXOW RI WZR IDFWRUV
)LUVWWKHLGHRORJLFDODQGSROLWLFDOSUHVVXUHIRUWKHFUHDWLRQRIDµ-HZIUHH¶ (XURSHWKDWVWHPPHGIURP+LWOHUDQGWKHQWKHPLOLWDU\UHYHUVHVRQWKHHDVW
&KULVWRSKHU%URZQLQJ ³ /D GpFLVLRQ FRQFHUQDQW ODVROXWLRQ ILQDOH´LQ &ROORTXHGHO¶(FROHGHV +DXWHV(WXGHVHQVFLHQFHVVRFLDOHV/¶$OOHPDJQHQD]LHHWOHJpQRFLGHMXLI *DOOLPDUG/H6HXLO3DULV
SSI
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 22/129
- h5*(1 * 5$) Â7 +( * ,$17 : ,7+ ) ((7 2) & /$<
HUQIURQWWKDWOHGWRVWRSSDJHVLQUDLOZD\WUDIILFDQGFDXVHGWKHEXIIHU]RQHVLQWRZKLFKWKH-HZVZHUHWREHUHPRYHGWRGLVDSSHDU2QFHWKHDQQLKLODWLRQ
SURJUDP ZDV LQ SURJUHVV LW JUDGXDOO\ LQVWLWXWLRQDOL]HG LWVHOI XQWLO LW ZDVQRWLFHGWKDWLWRIIHUHGWKHVLPSOHVWVROXWLRQORJLVWLFDOO\DQGEHFDPHDSUR
JUDP XQLYHUVDOO\ DSSOLHG DQG VLQJOHPLQGHGO\ SXUVXHG )URP WKLV VWDQG SRLQW+LWOHUZDVDFDWDO\VWEXWQRWDGHFLVLRQPDNHU
)RU /XF\ 'DZLGRZLF] WKH )LQDO 6ROXWLRQ ZDV WKRXJKW RXW WZHQW\ \HDUVEHIRUHLWZDVSXWLQWRSUDFWLFH)RU0DUWLQ%URV]DWWKHLGHDGHYHORSHG IURPSUDFWLFH²VSRUDGLFPXUGHUVRIJURXSVRI-HZVOHGWRWKHLGHDWRNLOODOO -HZVV\VWHPDWLFDOO\´
7KHFRQVWUXFWLRQVGHVFULEHGE\%URZQLQJRI/XF\'DZLGRZLF]DQG
0DUWLQ %URV]DW DV H[WUHPH UHSUHVHQWDWLYHV RI WKH ,QWHQWLRQDOLVWV DQG WKH
)XQFWLRQDOLVWVDUHERWKHTXDOO\XQWHQDEOH)LUVWDVWRWKHWKHRU\SURSRXQGHGE\/XF\'DZLGRZLF]WKDWWKHH[WHU
PLQDWLRQRIWKH-HZVZDVWKH³ JUHDWSODQ´RI+LWOHUORQJEHIRUHKLVDFFHV
VLRQWRSRZHU,IWKLVZHUHVR+LWOHUZRXOGQHYHUKDYHSXUVXHGIRU\HDUVRQ
HQGDVLQJOHPLQGHGGHPDQGIRU-HZLVKHPLJUDWLRQ,WLVXQGLVSXWHGWKDW16
SROLF\ GXULQJ WKH VL[ \HDUV RI SHDFH WKDW WKH 7KLUG 5HLFK HQMR\HG ZDV
GLUHFWHGDWPRWLYDWLQJDVPDQ\-HZVDVSRVVLEOHWRHPLJUDWH7RDFKLHYHWKLV
DLPDVLVZHOONQRZQWKH1DWLRQDO6RFLDOLVWVZRUNHGFORVHO\ZLWK=LRQLVW
IRUFHVZKRZHUHLQWHUHVWHGLQWKHVHWWOHPHQWRIDVPDQ\-HZVDVSRVVLEOHLQ
3DOHVWLQH +RZHYHU WKH QXPEHU RI -HZV ZKR ZHUH ZLOOLQJ WR ULVN DQ
XQFHUWDLQIXWXUHLQWKH2ULHQWZDVOLPLWHG
5DXO +LOEHUJ KDV GHVFULEHG LQ GHWDLO KRZ LQWHQVLYHO\ WKH 1DWLRQDO
6RFLDOLVWVSXVKHG-HZLVKHPLJUDWLRQ+HUHODWHVKRZWKH1DWLRQDO6RFLDOLVWV
H[HUWHGWKHPVHOYHVWRSHUVXDGHWHQWKRXVDQG3ROLVK-HZVZKRVWLOOOLYHGLQ
*HUPDQ\LQWRUHWXUQWR3RODQGDQGKRZWKHODWWHUUHIXVHGWRWDNH
EDFNLWV-HZLVKIHOORZFLWL]HQVS '(- S2QHVKRXOGWDNHQRWH
WKDWDIWHUILYH\HDUVRI+LWOHU¶VUXOHWHQWKRXVDQG3ROLVK-HZVSUHIHUUHGFRQ
GLWLRQVLQWKHDQWL6HPLWLF7KLUG5HLFKWRWKRVHRIWKHLUQDWLYH3RODQG$WWKHWLPHRI+LWOHU¶VDFFHVVLRQWRSRZHU-HZVOLYHGLQ*HU
PDQ\'XHWRHPLJUDWLRQDQGDQH[FHVVRIGHDWKVRYHUELUWKVE\WKHLU
QXPEHUKDGGZLQGOHGWREXWWKH $QVFKOXVVZLWK$XVWULDEURXJKWDQ
DGGLWLRQDO $XVWULDQ -HZV S '(- S ,Q UHVSRQVH RQ
WK $XJXVW 5HLFKVNRPPLVVDU %UFNHO²KH KDG DGPLQLVWUDWLYH
UHVSRQVLELOLW\IRUWKHUHXQLRQRI$XVWULDDQGWKH5HLFK²VHWXSD³ &HQWUDO 2IILFH IRU -HZLVK (PLJUDWLRQ´ %UFNHO¶V PHWKRG ZDV VRRQ IROORZHG
WKURXJKRXWWKH5HLFK2QWK-DQXDU\*|ULQJRUGHUHGWKHIRXQGLQJ
2Q1DWLRQDO6RFLDOLVW=LRQLVWFRRSHUDWLRQVHHIRUH[DPSOH(GZLQ%ODFN7KH7UDQVIHU$JUHHPHQW 1HZ<RUN/RQGRQ)UDQFLV1LFRVLD +LWOHUXQGGHU=LRQLVPXV 'UXIIHO9HUODJ/HRQL
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 23/129
,97 +( / $&. 2) '2&80(176 $1' ,76 & 216(48(1&(6
RID5HLFK&HQWUDO2IILFHIRU-HZLVK(PLJUDWLRQDQGSXW5HLQKDUG+H\GULFK
LQFKDUJHSSI '(- S
7KH EHJLQQLQJ RI ZDU GLG QRW DOWHU WKH IXQGDPHQWDO GLUHFWLRQ RI
1DWLRQDO6RFLDOLVW-HZLVKSROLF\1DWXUDOO\WKHGLIILFXOWLHVZHUHPDJQLILHG E\WKHIDFWWKDWWKHQXPEHURI-HZVKDGJURZQE\WKHDGGLWLRQRIDPDVVLYH
QXPEHU RIIRUHLJQ PDLQO\ 3ROLVK-HZV7KH*HUPDQ DUHDRILQIOXHQFHLQ
(XURSH FRXOG QRZ QR ORQJHU EH PDGH µ-HZIUHH¶ MXGHQUHLQ²WKLV LV WKH
1DWLRQDO6RFLDOLVWWHUP²E\LQGLYLGXDOHPLJUDWLRQ7KHUHIRUHWKH16OHDG
HUVWXUQHGWKHLUDWWHQWLRQWRWKH0DGDJDVFDU3ODQ2QWKLVVXEMHFW5DXO+LO
EHUJFRPPHQWV
³7KH0DGDJDVFDU3URMHFWZDVGHVLJQHGWR WDNHFDUHRIPLOOLRQVRI -HZV7KHDXWKRUVRIWKHSODQZDQWHGWRHPSW\WKH5HLFK3URWHNWRUDWHDUHDDQGDOORIRFFXSLHG3RODQGRIWKHLU-HZLVKSRSXODWLRQ>«@
%XWWKH0DGDJDVFDU3ODQGLGQRWPDWHULDOL]H,WKLQJHGRQWKHFRQFOXVLRQRIDSHDFHWUHDW\ZLWK)UDQFHDQGVXFKDWUHDW\GHSHQGHGRQDQHQG RIKRVWLOLWLHVZLWK(QJODQG>«@
(YHQDVLWIDGHGWKHSURMHFWZDVWREHPHQWLRQHGRQHPRUHWLPHGXULQJHDUO\)HEUXDU\LQ+LWOHU¶VKHDGTXDUWHUV2QWKDWRFFDVLRQWKH
SDUW\¶VODERUFKLHI/H\EURXJKWXSWKH-HZLVKTXHVWLRQDQG+LWOHUDQVZHULQJDWOHQJWKSRLQWHGRXWWKDWWKHZDUZDVJRLQJWRDFFHOHUDWHWKHVROXWLRQ
RI WKLV SUREOHP EXW WKDW KH ZDV DOVR HQFRXQWHULQJ DGGLWLRQDO GLIILFXOWLHV2ULJLQDOO\KHKDGEHHQLQDSRVLWLRQWRDGGUHVVKLPVHOIDWPRVWWRWKH-HZVRI*HUPDQ\EXWQRZWKHJRDOKDGWREHWKHHOLPLQDWLRQRI-HZLVKLQIOXHQFHLQWKHHQWLUH$[LVSRZHUVSKHUH>«@+HZDVJRLQJWRDSSURDFKWKH)UHQFKDERXW 0DGDJDVFDU :KHQ %RUPDQQ DVNHG KRZ WKH -HZV FRXOG EH WUDQV
SRUWHGWKHUHLQWKHPLGGOHRIWKHZDU+LWOHUUHSOLHGWKDWRQHZRXOGKDYHWRFRQVLGHUWKDW+HZRXOGEHZLOOLQJWRPDNHDYDLODEOHWKHHQWLUH*HUPDQIOHHW
IRUWKLVSXUSRVHEXWKHGLGQRWZLVKWRH[SRVHKLVFUHZVWRWKHWRUSHGRHVRI HQHP\VXEPDULQHV´SSI '(- SSI
+DG +LWOHU DV /XF\ 'DZLGRZLF] DQG RWKHU ,QWHQWLRQDOLVWV FODLP
SODQQHGIRUWKHH[WHUPLQDWLRQRIWKH-HZVDQGHYHQIRUHVHHQWKDWWKLVJRDO
FRXOGEHDFKLHYHGLQWKHIUDPHZRUNRIDZRUOGZDUKHZRXOGQHYHUKDYH
PDGHDQ\HIIRUWVWRHQFRXUDJH-HZLVKHPLJUDWLRQDQGZRXOGKDYHEORFNHG
DQ\VXFKHIIRUWVHVSHFLDOO\DIWHUWKHZDUKDGEHJXQ7KHUHZRXOGQHYHUKDYH
EHHQ DQ\WKLQJ OLNH D 0DGDJDVFDU 3ODQ VSRQVRUHG E\ WKH 16 OHDGHUVKLS
(PLJUDWHG-HZVDUHQRWVXEMHFWWRH[WHUPLQDWLRQ
7KH RSSRVLQJ WKHRU\ WKDW RI WKH UDGLFDO )XQFWLRQDOLVWV DURXQG
%URV]DWVWDQGVLQLUUHFRQFLODEOHFRQWUDGLFWLRQZLWKWKHFODLPVRIWKHDGKHU
HQWVRIWKHWKHRU\RI-HZLVKDQQLKLODWLRQDQGDOVRZLWKRWKHUFODLPVRIWKH)XQFWLRQDOLVWVWKHPVHOYHV
$V%URZQLQJVXPPDUL]HGLQKLVSUHVHQWDWLRQDWWKH3DULV&ROOR
TXLXP%URV]DWEHOLHYHVWKDWORFDOPDVVDFUHVRI-HZVOHGWRWKHSODQWRNLOO
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 24/129
- h5*(1 * 5$) Â7 +( * ,$17 : ,7+ ) ((7 2) & /$<
DOO-HZVWKXVWKHLGHDGHYHORSHGIURPWKHSUDFWLFDOVLWXDWLRQLWVHOI7KHPLO
LWDU\UHYHUVHVRQWKHHDVWHUQIURQWKDGFDXVHGWKHEXIIHU]RQHVWRGLVDSSHDU
LQZKLFKLWZDVLQWHQGHGWRUHPRYHWKH-HZV7KLVFRQWUDGLFWVWKHYLHZKHOG
E\ WKH RUWKRGR[KLVWRULDQVWKDWWKH PDVVPXUGHUVEHKLQG WKH HDVWHUQIURQW EHJDQ LQ HDUQHVW LPPHGLDWHO\ DIWHU WKH *HUPDQ LQYDVLRQ RI WKH 6RYLHW
8QLRQ 7KH ODUJHVW RI WKH FODLPHG PDVV VKRRWLQJV WKDW RI %DEL <DU QHDU
.LHY VXSSRVHGO\ KDSSHQHG RQWK 6HSWHPEHU DWD WLPH ZKHQ WKH
:HKUPDFKWKDGVXIIHUHGQRVLJQLILFDQWUHYHUVHV$OO-HZVLQ.LHYWKH*HU
PDQVFRXOGJHWWKHLUKDQGVRQLQWRWDOPRUHWKDQZHUHVXSSRVHGO\
VKRW LQ%DEL<DU ,QWKH IROORZLQJ PRQWKVWHQVRI WKRXVDQGV PRUH -HZLVK
YLFWLPVDOOHJHGO\IROORZHGWKHP
2QHFDQQRWH[FOXGHWKDWWKHUHZHUHVKRRWLQJVRI-HZVVKRUWO\DIWHU WKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKH*HUPDQ6RYLHW:DUDQGZHZLOOGLVFXVVWKLVTXHVWLRQ
LQWKHQH[WFKDSWHU)RUWKHPRVWSDUWWKH\ZHUHUHSULVDOVIRUDWWDFNVRISDUWL
VDQVDJDLQVW*HUPDQWURRSV7KH³ &RPPLVVDU2UGHU IRUWKHVKRRWLQJRI
-HZLVK%ROVKHYLVW FRPPLVVDUV LVQRW SHUWLQHQW KHUHEHFDXVHLWGHDOVZLWK
WKH NLOOLQJ RI LQGLYLGXDO SHUVRQV LGHQWLILHG E\IXQFWLRQDQG QRW WKH LQGLV
FULPLQDWHVODXJKWHURIFLYLOLDQVEHFDXVHRIWKHLUµUDFH¶$PRQVWURXVEORRG
EDWKOLNHWKDWFODLPHGIRU%DEL<DUFRXOGQHYHUKDYHKDSSHQHGZLWKRXWWKH
SHUPLVVLRQRIWKHKLJKHVWDXWKRULW\1RORFDOFRPPDQGHUZRXOGKDYHGDUHG
WR XQGHUWDNH D PHDVXUH IUDXJKW ZLWK VXFK KHDY\ FRQVHTXHQFHV ZLWKRXW
DVVXUDQFHRIVXSSRUWIURPKLJKHUDXWKRULW\7KXVWKHDOOHJHGPXUGHURI DOO -HZVUHPDLQLQJLQ.LHYDIWHUWKH*HUPDQVHQWHUHGZRXOGRQO\EHFRQFHLY
DEOHDVDFRPSRQHQWRIDSODQQHGH[WHUPLQDWLRQSROLF\$OVRLIWKH%DEL<DU
VWRU\LVWUXHVXFKDSROLF\PXVWKDYHDOUHDG\H[LVWHGE\WKHHQGRI6HSWHP
EHU
/HWXVSXUVXHWKLVDUJXPHQWIXUWKHU&KHåPQR.XOPKRILQ*HUPDQ
LV VXSSRVHG WR KDYH EHHQ RSHQHG DV WKH ILUVW µH[WHUPLQDWLRQ FDPS¶ LQ
'HFHPEHU+LOEHUJS '(- S,I+LOEHUJLVULJKWWKHRUGHU
WREXLOGLWPXVWKDYHEHHQLVVXHGVRPHWLPHEHIRUHEHFDXVHDFDPSGRHV
QRWVSULQJXSRYHUQLJKW1RZLWLVQRWSRVVLEOHWKDWVRPHUDQGRPORFDO*HU
PDQ DXWKRULWLHV GHFLGHG RQ WKHLU RZQ DFFRXQW WR EXLOG DQ H[WHUPLQDWLRQ
FDPS%XWKHUHDOVRWKHH[LVWHQFHRIDQRUGHUIURPKLJKHUDXWKRULW\LVDQ
DEVROXWHSUHFRQGLWLRQ
7KLV LPSOLHV WKH EDQNUXSWF\ RI %URV]DW¶V )XQFWLRQDOLVW WKHRU\ LQ
ZKLFKWKH+RORFDXVWFRPHVDERXWDVWKHUHVXOWRIWKHILUVW*HUPDQUHYHUVHV
)RU WKH RIILFLDO GHVFULSWLRQ RI%DEL <DU VHH (5 :LHQ 'LH6KRDYRQ%DEL-DU +DUWXQJ*RUUH
&RQVWDQFH+LOEHUJPHQWLRQVWKHVXSSRVHGPDVVDFUHRQS '(- SDQGRWKHUSODFHV
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 25/129
,97 +( / $&. 2) '2&80(176 $1' ,76 & 216(48(1&(6
RQWKHHDVWHUQIURQWDQGZHFRPHEDFNWRWKHLQWHQWLRQDOLVWTXHVWLRQ:KHQ
GLGWKHRUGHUWRH[WHUPLQDWHWKH-HZVJRRXW"
,Q KLV SUHVHQWDWLRQ DW WKH 3DULV &ROORTXLXP &KULVWRSKHU %URZQLQJ
DGGHGWKHIROORZLQJWRKLVGHVFULSWLRQRIWKHWKHRULHVRI/XF\'DZLGRZLF]DQG0DUWLQ%URV]DW
³%HWZHHQ WKHVHWZR H[WUHPH SROHVWKHUHDUHDQXPEHU RISRVLWLRQVRFFXS\LQJLQWHUSUHWLYHPLGGOHJURXQG(EHUKDUG-lFNHOEHOLHYHVWKHLGHDIRU WKHNLOOLQJRIWKH-HZVFDPHWR+LWOHUVRPHWLPHDURXQG.DUO'LHWULFK
%UDFKHUHPSKDVL]HV+LWOHU¶VWKUHDWHQLQJGHFODUDWLRQVDWWKHHQGRIWKHµ¶VDQG EHOLHYHV KLV LQWHQWLRQV ZHUH DOUHDG\ VHWWOHG $QGUHDV +LOOJUXEHU DQG
.ODXV+LOGHEUDQGPDLQWDLQWKDWLGHRORJLFDOIDFWRUVZHUHFRQWUROOLQJEXWGRQRWSURSRVHDQ\ILUPGDWH2WKHUVDQGQRW)XQFWLRQDOLVWVRQO\EHOLHYHWKH
GHFLVLYHSRLQWZDVLQ/pRQ3ROLDNRYWKLQNVWKDWWKHEHJLQQLQJRILVWKH PRVWSUREDEOH SRLQW ZKLOH5REHUW .HPSQHUDQG +HOPXW.UDXVQLFN KROGWKHRSLQLRQWKDW+LWOHUPDGHWKHGHFLVLRQLQWKHVSULQJZKLOHSUHSDUDWLRQVIRUWKHLQYDVLRQRI5XVVLDZHUHXQGHUZD\ >«@8ZH'LHWULFK$GDPLQFOLQHVWRWKHLGHDWKDWWKHGHFLVLRQZDVWDNHQLQWKHIDOODWDWLPHZKHQWKHPLOLWDU\ RIIHQVLYH KDG VWDOOHG DQG WKH µWHUULWRULDO VROXWLRQ¶ WKURXJK PDVVH[SXOVLRQWR5XVVLDEHFDPHLPSRVVLEOH)LQDOO\6HEDVWLDQ+DIIQHUZKRLVFHUWDLQO\QR)XQFWLRQDOLVWGHIHQGVWKHGDWHRIWKHEHJLQQLQJRI'HFHPEHUZKHQWKH ILUVWIRUHERGLQJRID PLOLWDU\GHIHDWGURYH+LWOHUWRVWULYH IRUDQLUUHYRFDEOHYLFWRU\RYHUWKH-HZV´
7KHVHREVHUYDWLRQVH[SRVHZLWKKDUVKFODULW\WKHFKURQRORJLFDOWUDY
HVWLHVE\WKH RUWKRGR[µ+RORFDXVW¶ KLVWRULDQV ZKLFKUHGXFH WKHP WRLGOH
FRQVSLUDWRULDOVSHFXODWLRQVLQFXFNRRODQG $OO WKHSURSRVHGGDWHVODFNDQ\
VHULRXVIRXQGDWLRQLQWKDWWKHUHLVQRWRQHZLWKDQ\GRFXPHQWDU\VXSSRUW
,QVWHDGRILQGXOJLQJLQXVHOHVVVSHFXODWLRQDVWRDSRLQWLQWLPHZKHQWKH
DQQLKLODWLRQ RI WKH -HZV ZDV GHFLGHG XSRQ WKHVH DFDGHPLFV ZRXOG KDYH
GRQHEHWWHUWRVWXG\WKHTXHVWLRQILUVWZKHWKHUVXFKDWKLQJHYHUH[LVWHG
7KLVFDUGLQDOTXHVWLRQZDVSUXGHQWO\DYRLGHGDWWKH3DULVKLVWRULDQV¶FRQ
JUHVVDVZHOODVDWWKH6WXWWJDUWKLVWRULDQV¶FRQJUHVVKHOGWZR\HDUVODWHU$WWKH ODWWHU DVZHOO WKH TXHVWLRQ RI WKH GDWH ZKHQ WKH IDWHIXO GHFLVLRQ ZDV
PDGHZDVWRUWXUHGWRGHDWK7KHFRQJUHVVSDUWLFLSDQWVFDPHQRQHDUHUDQ
DQVZHUWKHQWKDQWZR\HDUVEHIRUHLQ3DULV
,WLVQRWDEOHWKDWQRQHRIWKHUHVHDUFKHUVQDPHGE\%URZQLQJKHOGWR
WKHROGIDLU\WDOHWKDWWKHGHFLVLRQIRUWKHDQQLKLODWLRQRIWKH-HZVZDVWDNHQ
DW WKH :DQQVHH &RQIHUHQFH LQ %HUOLQ RQ WK -DQXDU\ ,Q WKH
,VUDHOLµ+RORFDXVW¶H[SHUW<HKXGD%DXHUGHULGHGWKLVWRXJKROGP\WKDVD
³ VLOO\VWRU\´
&KULVWRSKHU%URZQLQJRSFLWQRWHS
&DQDGLDQ-HZLVK1HZVWK-DQXDU\
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 26/129
- h5*(1 * 5$) Â7 +( * ,$17 : ,7+ ) ((7 2) & /$<
5DXO+LOEHUJ¶V(UURUVDQG&RQIXVLRQV
D :DV7KHUHWKH2PLQRXV+LWOHU2UGHURU1RW"
2QWKHFDUGLQDOTXHVWLRQZKHWKHU+LWOHUHYHUJDYHDQH[SUHVVRUGHU IRUWKHSK\VLFDOH[WLQFWLRQRIWKH-HZVSUHVHQWLQKLVDUHDRIFRQWURO+LOEHUJ
JLYHVGLIIHUHQWDQVZHUVLQWKHILUVWDQGLQWKHUHYLVHGHGLWLRQRIKLVZRUN,Q
WKHILUVWHGLWLRQSXEOLVKHGLQKHDVVHUWHGWKDWWKHUHKDGEHHQWZRVXF
FHVVLYH+LWOHURUGHUVWRWKLVHIIHFWWKHILUVWUHJDUGLQJWKHNLOOLQJRI5XVVLDQ
-HZV DQG WKH VHFRQG UHJDUGLQJ WKH DQQLKLODWLRQ RI DOO RWKHU -HZV OLYLQJ
XQGHU *HUPDQ UXOH +H JDYH QR GRFXPHQWDU\ SURRI IRU WKHVH RUGHUV :H
TXRWHWKHUHOHYDQWSDVVDJH
³+RZZDVWKHNLOOLQJSKDVHEURXJKWDERXW"%DVLFDOO\ZHDUHGHDOLQJ ZLWKWZRRI+LWOHU¶VGHFLVLRQV2QHRUGHUZDVJLYHQLQWKHVSULQJRIGXULQJWKHSODQQLQJRIWKHLQYDVLRQRIWKH8665LWSURYLGHGWKDWVPDOOXQLWVRIWKH66DQG3ROLFH EHGLVSDWFKHGWR 6RYLHWWHUULWRU\ZKHUH WKH\ZHUHWRPRYH IURP WRZQ WR WRZQ WR NLOO DOO -HZLVK LQKDELWDQWV RQ WKH VSRW 7KLVPHWKRG PD\ EH FDOOHG WKH µPRELOH NLOOLQJ RSHUDWLRQV¶ 6KRUWO\ DIWHU WKHPRELOH RSHUDWLRQV KDG EHJXQ LQ WKH RFFXSLHG 6RYLHW WHUULWRULHV +LWOHU KDQGHGGRZQKLVVHFRQGRUGHU7KDWGHFLVLRQGRRPHGWKHUHVWRI(XURSHDQ
-HZU\´
,Q WKH VHFRQG DQG ³GHILQLWLYH´ HGLWLRQ ZKLFK DSSHDUHG LQ RQ
ZKLFK WKH *HUPDQ WUDQVODWLRQ ZH XVH ZDV EDVHG ERWK RI WKHVH SKDQWRPRUGHUV GLVDSSHDU ZLWKRXW D WUDFH &KULVWRSKHU %URZQLQJ WR KLV FUHGLW
UHPDUNHGRQWKLVLQDQDUWLFOHZULWWHQLQ
³,QWKHQHZHGLWLRQDOOUHIHUHQFHVLQWKHWH[WWRD+LWOHUGHFLVLRQRU +LWOHURUGHUIRUWKHµ)LQDO6ROXWLRQ¶ >ZKLFK%URZQLQJXQGHUVWDQGVWRPHDQ
SK\VLFDOH[WHUPLQDWLRQ@KDYHEHHQV\VWHPDWLFDOO\H[FLVHG´
7KLVLVDGHYDVWDWLQJEORZWR+LOEHUJ¶VFUHGLELOLW\2IFRXUVH+LOEHUJ
VWLOODVVXPHVWKDW+LWOHUKDGLQLWLDWHGWKHDQQLKLODWLRQRIWKH-HZV,Q
KHZURWH³)RU\HDUVWKHDGPLQLVWUDWLYHPDFKLQHKDGWDNHQLWVLQLWLDWLYHVDQG
HQJDJHGLQLWVIRUD\VRQHVWHSDWDWLPH,QWKHFRXUVHRIWKDWHYROXWLRQDGLUHFWLRQKDGEHHQFKDUWHGDQGDSDWWHUQKDGEHHQHVWDEOLVKHG%\WKHPLGGOHRIWKHGLYLGLQJOLQHKDGEHHQUHDFKHGDQGEH\RQGLWOD\DILHOGRI XQSUHFHGHQWHGDFWLRQVXQKLQGHUHGE\WKHOLPLWVRIWKHSDVW0RUHDQGPRUHRIWKHSDUWLFLSDQWVZHUHRQWKHYHUJHRIUHDOL]LQJWKHQDWXUHRIZKDWFRXOG KDSSHQQRZ6DOLHQWLQWKLVFU\VWDOOL]DWLRQZDVWKHUROHRI$GROI+LWOHUKLP
5DXO+LOEHUJ7KH'HVWUXFWLRQRIWKH(XURSHDQ-HZV 4XDGUDQJOH %RRNV &KLFDJR S
7KLVLVDQXQFKDQJHGUHSULQWRIWKHILUVWHGLWLRQSXEOLVKHGLQ:HWKDQN5REHUW)DXULVVRQIRU
SRLQWLQJRXWWKHPHQWLRQRIWKHVXSSRVHG+LWOHURUGHUDVZHOODVVHQGLQJWKHSDJHVLQYROYHG
&KULVWRSKHU%URZQLQJ³7KH5HYLVHG+LOEHUJ LQ6LPRQ:LHVHQWKDO&HQWHU$QQXDO S
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 27/129
,97 +( / $&. 2) '2&80(176 $1' ,76 & 216(48(1&(6
VHOIKLVVWDQFHEHIRUHWKHZRUOGDQGPRUHVSHFLILFDOO\KLVZLVKHVRUH[SHFWDWLRQVYRLFHGLQDQLQQHUFLUFOH´S '(- SSI
%HKLQGWKHVHWXUJLGSDVVDJHVKLGHVWKHSUHVXSSRVLWLRQWKDW+LWOHUSHU
VRQDOO\ FRPPDQGHG WKH DQQLKLODWLRQ RI WKH -HZV 2QH FRXOG WKHUHIRUHGHVFULEH+LOEHUJDVDµPRGHUDWH,QWHQWLRQDOLVW¶7KHLQIRUPDQWXSRQZKRP
KHUHOLHVLV$GROI(LFKPDQQ7KHODWWHUZURWHLQKLVPHPRLUVWKDWDWWKHWXUQ
RIWKH\HDU5HLQKDUG+H\GULFKFKLHIRIWKH56+$WROGKLPWKDW
WKH)KUHUKDGGHFUHHGWKHSK\VLFDOGHVWUXFWLRQRIWKH-HZV+LOEHUJVD\V
WKLVLQIRRWQRWHRQSSI '(- SDQGFRQWLQXHV
³'XULQJKLVLQWHUURJDWLRQE\,VUDHOLSROLFHLQ-HUXVDOHPKH >(LFK
PDQQ@VXJJHVWHGPRUHSODXVLEO\WKDW+LWOHU¶VRUGHUKDGFRPHWZRRUWKUHHPRQWKVDIWHUWKH-XQH*HUPDQDVVDXOWRQWKH8665>«@&KURQRORJ\DQG
FLUFXPVWDQFHVSRLQWWRD+LWOHUGHFLVLRQEHIRUHWKHVXPPHUHQGHG´7KDWVXFKDFUXFLDOVWDWHPHQWFRXOGEHUHOHJDWHGWRDIRRWQRWHJLYHV
VRPHLQNOLQJRI+LOEHUJ¶VKHOSOHVVSHUSOH[LW\+LOEHUJQRZUHOLHVRQDVXJ
JHVWLRQIURP(LFKPDQQZKRKLPVHOIUHOLHGRQDOOHJHGKHDUVD\HYLGHQFH
$WWKH 6WXWWJDUW &RQJUHVV LQ +LOEHUJ DJDLQ RSLQHG WKDW +LWOHU
KDG JLYHQWKH GHFLVLRQ IRU WKH H[WHUPLQDWLRQ RIWKH -HZV²QDWXUDOO\RQO\
YHUEDOO\²LQVXPPHU7KHGDWHJLYHQE\+LOEHUJLVDIWHU)HEUXDU\
ZKHQWKH0DGDJDVFDU3ODQZDVVHULRXVO\FRQVLGHUHGIRUWKHODVWWLPH
EXWEHIRUHWKHFODLPHGPDVVDFUHRI%DEL<DUDQGWKHDOOHJHGEHJLQQLQJRI RSHUDWLRQV RI WKH µH[WHUPLQDWLRQ FDPS¶ &KHåPQR %\ VR GRLQJ +LOEHUJ
DYRLGHGWKHUDGLFDOLPSRVVLELOLWLHVRQZKLFKWKHWKHRULHVRI/XF\'DZLGRZ
LF]DQG0DUWLQ%URV]DWZHUHVRZHDNO\IRXQGHG
-XVWDVOLWWOHDV'DZLGRZLF]%URV]DWDQGDOORWKHU,QWHQWLRQDOLVWDQG
)XQFWLRQDOLVWµ+RORFDXVW¶KLVWRULDQV+LOEHUJFDQQRWSURGXFHHYHQDVLQJOH
GRFXPHQW WR VXSSRUW KLV K\SRWKHVLV 0RUHRYHU KH FRQWUDGLFWV KLPVHOI LQ
WKDW KH UHSHDWHGO\ FRQMXUHV XS DQ ³DQQLKLODWLRQ SROLF\´DQ³DQQLKLODWLRQ SURFHVV´DQG³DQQLKLODWLRQ PDFKLQHU\´ EHIRUH WKH EHJLQQLQJ RI WKH *HU
PDQ6RYLHWZDU,QFRQQHFWLRQZLWKWKHODVWGHOLEHUDWLRQVE\+LWOHURQWKH
0DGDJDVFDU3ODQWKDWKDSSHQHGLQ)HEUXDU\KHZULWHV
³:KLOH+LWOHUZDVWKLQNLQJWKHPDFKLQHU\RIGHVWUXFWLRQZDVSHUPHDWHGZLWKDIHHOLQJRIXQFHUWDLQW\,QWKH*HQHUDOJRXYHUQHPHQWZKHUHJKHWWRL]DWLRQ ZDV YLHZHG DV D WUDQVLWLRQDO PHDVXUH WKH XQVLJKWO\ -HZLVKTXDUWHUVZLWKWKHLULPSRYHULVKHGFURZGVZHUHWU\LQJWKHSDWLHQFHRIORFDO *HUPDQ RIILFLDOV 7KHVH LUULWDWLRQV DQG IUXVWUDWLRQV ZHUH H[SUHVVHG LQPRQWKO\UHSRUWVE\WKHODWHVXPPHURI,QWKH/XEOLQ'LVWULFWWKH.UHLVKDXSWPDQQRI.UDQ\VWDZVXUIHLWHGZLWKKLVDGPLQLVWUDWLYHWDVNV >LQ6HS
$GROI(LFKPDQQ ,FK$GROI(LFKPDQQ'UXIIHO9HUODJ/HRQLS
(-lFNHO-5RKZHUHGVRSFLWQRWHS
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 28/129
- h5*(1 * 5$) Â7 +( * ,$17 : ,7+ ) ((7 2) & /$<
WHPEHU@LQVLVWHGWKDW-HZVZKRKDG3RORQL]HGWKHLUQDPHVVSHOOWKHPLQ *HUPDQ²LQ 0DGDJDVFDU KH VDLG WKH\ FRXOG KDYH 0DGDJDVFDULDQQDPHV´S '(- S
,ID+LWOHUGHFLGHGRQWKHDQQLKLODWLRQRIWKH-HZVLQ$XJXVWRU6HSWHPEHUDQGEORFDO*HUPDQRIILFLDOVZHUHSUHGLFWLQJIRUWKH-HZVD
IXWXUHLQ0DGDJDVFDULQ6HSWHPEHULWPDNHVQRVHQVHWRWDONDERXWD
³PDFKLQHU\RIGHVWUXFWLRQ´H[LVWLQJLQ6HSWHPEHU
(OHPHQWDU\P\GHDU:DWVRQ
E³ 1R6SHFLDO$JHQF\«1R6SHFLDO%XGJHW $QDQQLKLODWLRQSROLF\QHFHVVDULO\SUHVXSSRVHVDPHFKDQLVPIRULWV
H[HFXWLRQDQGWKLVPHFKDQLVPPXVWQHHGVEHKHOGLQWKHKDQGVRIDFHQWUDO
DXWKRULW\LQYHVWHGZLWKWKHUHTXLVLWHSRZHUV%XWQR+LOEHUJVD\VWKHUHZDV
QRVXFKWKLQJDOUHDG\LQWKHILUVWYROXPHKHKDVZULWWHQ
³,QWKHILQDODQDO\VLVWKHGHVWUXFWLRQRIWKH-HZVZDVQRWVRPXFKD SURGXFWRIODZVDQGFRPPDQGVDVLWZDVDPDWWHURIVSLULWRIVKDUHGFRP SUHKHQVLRQRIFRQVRQDQFHDQGV\QFKURQL]DWLRQ
:KRVKDUHGLQWKLVXQGHUWDNLQJ":KDWNLQGRIPDFKLQHU\ZDVXVHG IRU WKHVH WDVNV" 7KH PDFKLQH RI GHVWUXFWLRQ ZDV DQ DJJUHJDWH²QR RQHDJHQF\ZDVFKDUJHGZLWKWKHZKROHRSHUDWLRQ>«@
1RVSHFLDODJHQF\ZDVFUHDWHGDQGQRVSHFLDOEXGJHWZDVGHYLVHGWRGHVWUR\WKH-HZVRI(XURSH(DFKRUJDQL]DWLRQZDVWRSOD\DVSHFLILFUROHLQWKHSURFHVVDQGHDFKZDVWRILQGWKHPHDQVWRFDUU\RXWLWVWDVN´SS
'(- SS
3LFWXUHWKDWDSURMHFWIRUDPDPPRWKXQGHUWDNLQJ²FRPSOLFDWHGE\
WKHFRQGLWLRQVRIZDU²LQFOXGLQJWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIµH[WHUPLQDWLRQFDPSV¶
DQG WKH GHSRUWDWLRQRI PLOOLRQVRI SHUVRQVIURPHYHU\ZKLFK FRXQWU\LQWR
WKH FDPSV²DQG WKLV DOO VKRXOG EH GRQH ZLWKRXW D UHVSRQVLEOH FHQWUDO
DXWKRULW\DVSHFLDORIILFHRUDVSHFLDOEXGJHW
5DXO+LOEHUJWRRNSDUWLQWKH3DULV+LVWRULDQ¶V&RQJUHVVLQWKH
VXEMHFW RIKLV SUHVHQWDWLRQ ZDV ³7KH%XUHDXFUDF\RIWKH)LQDO6ROXWLRQ
+LOEHUJUHYHDOHGZKDWZRXOGKDYHEHHQQHFHVVDU\WRFDUU\RXWWKHDQQLKLOD
WLRQRIWKH-HZVQDPHO\UDLOURDGVSROLFHDQGHVSHFLDOO\GHGLFDWHG
EXUHDXFUDWV
+RZVRSKLVWLFDWHG:KHQDVWDWHKDVGHFLGHGWRGHSRUWPLOOLRQVRI
SHUVRQVIURPDQ\FRXQWU\E\WUDLQWRGHDWKIDFWRULHVDQGWKHQWRNLOOWKHP
WKHUHLWZRXOGLQIDFWQHHGUDLOURDGVWRFDUU\WKHWUDLQVLWZRXOGFHUWDLQO\
QHHGSROLFHPHQWRJXDUGWKHFRQGHPQHGDQGLWVEXUHDXFUDWVVKRXOGQRWEH
+LOEHUJ¶VSDSHULVLQFOXGHGLQ /¶$OOHPDJQHQD]LHHWOHJpQRFLGHMXLI RSFLWQRWHSSII
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 29/129
,97 +( / $&. 2) '2&80(176 $1' ,76 & 216(48(1&(6
WRRWHQGHUKHDUWHG2QHGRHVQRWKDYHWREHDSURIHVVRUDWWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI
9HUPRQW WRXQGHUVWDQG WKLV QRU WRKDYH ZULWWHQ WKH VWDQGDUGZRUN RQWKH
µ+RORFDXVW¶7KHEDQDOLWLHVKDZNHGE\+LOEHUJGRQRWLQDQ\ZD\UHSODFH
WKHPLVVLQJSURRIRIDQH[WHUPLQDWLRQSROLF\
F 7KH0\WKRIWKH&RGH/DQJXDJH
/DFNLQJ GRFXPHQWDU\SURRIIRUD *HUPDQ SROLF\ RIDQQLKLODWLRQ RI
WKH-HZV+LOEHUJUHVRUWVWRDGRGJHRQHWKDWKDVHQMR\HGJUHDWSRSXODULW\
DPRQJRUWKRGR[µ+RORFDXVW¶VFKRODUVIRUDORQJWLPHDQGZKRVHRULJLQFDQ
EHWUDFHGEDFNWRWKH1XUHPEHUJ7ULDOV7KH,WDOLDQUHVHDUFKHU&DUOR0DW
WRJQRFKDUDFWHUL]HVLWDVIROORZV
³7KH1XUHPEHUJLQTXLVLWRUVLQYHQWHG>«@WKLVURXQGDERXWPHWKRGRI VSHDNLQJ ZKLFK FRQVLVWHG LQ UHDGLQJ LQWR DQ\ SDUWLFXODU GRFXPHQW WKDW ZKLFKRQHZDQWHGLWWRVD\7KLVPHWKRGLVWKHEDVLVIRUWKH²DUELWUDU\DQG XQIRXQGHG²DVVXPSWLRQWKDWWKHKLJK16DXWKRULWLHVXVHGDIRUPRIFRGHODQJXDJHHYHQLQWKHLUPRVWVHFUHWGRFXPHQWVZKLFKWKH1XUHPEHUJLQTXLVLWRUVQDWXUDOO\FODLPHGWKH\KDGWKHNH\WR7KLVZDVWKHUHDVRQIRUWKHV\VWHPDWLFWZLVWLQJRIWKHPHDQLQJRIRWKHUZLVHTXLWHLQQRFHQWGRFXPHQWVIRU WKHSXUSRVHRIVXSSRUWLQJWKHH[WHUPLQDWLRQWKHRU\´
+HUHLVDQH[DPSOH$ORQJZLWKWKH:DQQVHH&RQIHUHQFHDWZKLFK
+LWOHU¶V GHFLVLRQ WRDQQLKLODWH WKH -HZV ZDV WR EHGLVFORVHG WR DQ DW ILUVWVPDOOFLUFOHRI16EXUHDXFUDWV²WKLVLV+LOEHUJ¶VYHUVLRQRIWKHSXUSRVHRI
WKLVFRQIHUHQFH²VXSSRVHGO\
³*UDGXDOO\WKHQHZVRIWKHµ)LQDO6ROXWLRQ¶VHHSHGWKURXJKWKHUDQNVRIWKHEXUHDXFUDF\7KHNQRZOHGJHGLGQRWFRPHWRDOORIILFLDOVDWRQFH+RZPXFKDPDQNQHZGHSHQGHGRQKLVSUR[LPLW\WRWKHGHVWUXFWLYHRSHUDWLRQVDQGRQKLVLQVLJKWLQWRWKHQDWXUHRIWKHGHVWUXFWLRQSURFHVV6HOGRPKRZHYHUZDVFRPSUHKHQVLRQUHFRUGHGRQSDSHU:KHQWKHEXUHDXFUDWVKDGWRGHDOZLWKGHSRUWDWLRQPDWWHUVWKH\NHSWUHIHUULQJWRDµ-HZLVKPLJUDWLRQ¶,Q
RIILFLDOFRUUHVSRQGHQFHWKH-HZVZHUHVWLOOµZDQGHULQJ¶7KH\ZHUHµHYDFXDWHG¶ HYDNXLHUW DQG µUHVHWWOHG¶ XPJHVLHGHOW DXVJHVLHGHOW 7KH\ µZDQGHUHGRII¶ ZDQGHUWHQDE DQGµGLVDSSHDUHG¶ YHUVFKZDQGHQ 7KHVHWHUPVZHUH QRW WKH SURGXFW RI QDwYHWp EXW FRQYHQLHQW WRROV RI SV\FKRORJLFDO UHSUHVVLRQ´S '(- S
7KDWH[SUHVVLRQVVXFKDV³UHVHWWOH´DXVVLHGHOQ³HYDFXDWH´HYDNXLHUHQDQGVRIRUWKFDQRQO\EHFRGHODQJXDJHIRUµNLOO¶LVRIFRXUVHQRWKLQJ
EXWDQDOOHJDWLRQ0RUHRYHUHYHQ+LOEHUJKDGWRDGPLWWKDWHYHQDIWHUWKH
VXSSRVHG+LWOHUGHFLVLRQWRH[WHUPLQDWHWKH-HZVPDQ\-HZVZHUHUHPRYHG
WRWKHRFFXSLHGWHUULWRULHVLQWKH(DVWZKLFKRQHPD\FHUWDLQO\GHVFULEHDV
&DUOR0DWWRJQR /DVROX]LRQHILQDOH3UREOHPLHSROHPLFKH (GL]LRQLGL$U3DGXDSSI
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 30/129
- h5*(1 * 5$) Â7 +( * ,$17 : ,7+ ) ((7 2) & /$<
µUHVHWWOHPHQW¶ $XVVLHGOXQJ )RU H[DPSOH KH UHODWHV WKH GHSRUWDWLRQ RI
*HUPDQ-HZVWR5LJDDQG0LQVNS '(- S*HUPDQ\¶VZRUVHQ
LQJFLUFXPVWDQFHVLQWKHZDUPDGHWKHFRQWLQXDQFHRIWKLVSROLF\LPSRVVL
EOH ,I WKH DXWKRULWLHV KDG ZDQWHG WRNLOO WKHVH *HUPDQ -HZV WKHUHFRXOGKDYHEHHQQRJRRGUHDVRQWRKDXOWKHPRIIWR/DWYLDDQG:KLWH5XVVLDLQWKH
DOZD\VXUJHQWO\QHHGHGWUDLQVLQVWHDGRINLOOLQJWKHPLQ*HUPDQ\LWVHOIRU
VHQGLQJ WKHP WR RQHRI WKH µH[WHUPLQDWLRQ FDPSV¶ HYHQ WKHQ 1RYHPEHU
VXSSRVHGO\EHLQJEXLOWLQ3RODQG
,WKDUGO\QHHGVWREHPHQWLRQHGWKDWIRU+LOEHUJWKHWHUP³ ILQDOVROXWLRQ´ (QGO|VXQJ VWDQGV DV D V\QRQ\P IRU µH[WHUPLQDWLRQ¶ $XVURWWXQJ
)RUH[DPSOHWKLVLVWKHVHQVHLQZKLFKKHLQWHUSUHWV*|ULQJ¶VZHOONQRZQ
OHWWHUWR+H\GULFKRQVW-XO\IUHTXHQWO\TXRWHGLQWKHOLWHUDWXUHRQWKH VXEMHFW LQ ZKLFK WKH IRUPHU RUGHUV WKH ODWWHU WR VXEPLW ³LQWKHQHDU
IXWXUHDQRYHUDOOSODQRIWKHRUJDQL]DWLRQDOIXQFWLRQDODQGPDWHULDOPHD VXUHVWREHWDNHQLQSUHSDULQJ IRU WKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIWKHDVSLUHGILQDO VROXWLRQRIWKH-HZLVKTXHVWLRQ +LOEHUJDGGV+H\GULFKQRZKHOG³WKHUHLQV RI WKH GHVWUXFWLRQ SURFHVV LQ KLV KDQGV´ S '(- S
*|ULQJ¶V H[SUHVVLRQ WKDW +H\GULFK VKRXOG ³XQGHUWDNH E\ HPLJUDWLRQ RU HYDFXDWLRQDVROXWLRQRIWKH-HZLVKTXHVWLRQDVDGYDQWDJHRXVDVSRVVLEOH
XQGHUWKHFRQGLWLRQVDWWKHWLPH´+LOEHUJLQWHUSUHWVWKHVDPHZD\DVKLV SUHGHFHVVRUV IURP 3ROLDNRY WR 5HLWOLQJHU DV FRGH ODQJXDJH IRU SK\VLFDO
DQQLKLODWLRQ1RVHULRXVKLVWRULDQZKRZURWHRQDQHUDRWKHUWKDQWKH7KLUG
5HLFKDQGWKH 6HFRQG :RUOG:DUZRXOG EHSHUPLWWHGWRGLVWRUWWKH VWDWH
PHQWVRIKLVRULJLQDOVRXUFHVVRFDSULFLRXVO\
7KDWWKH1DWLRQDO6RFLDOLVWVWRRN³ ILQDOVROXWLRQRIWKH-HZLVKTXHVWLRQ´ (QGO|VXQJGHU-XGHQIUDJHWRPHDQWKHH[SXOVLRQ $XVZHLVXQJ RU
UHPRYDO $EVFKLHEXQJ RIDOO-HZVIURP(XURSHFDQEHVKRZQE\DQXPEHU
RIGRFXPHQWV)RUH[DPSOH)UDQ]5DGHPDFKHURIILFLDOLQFKDUJHRI-HZLVKDIIDLUVLQWKH*HUPDQ\6HFWLRQRIWKH)RUHLJQ2IILFHRQWK)HEUXDU\
DQGWKXVDWDWLPHZKHQDFFRUGLQJWR+LOEHUJWKHPDVVPXUGHUZDVDOOHJHGO\
LQIXOOVZLQJDQG%HåìHFIROORZLQJ&KHåPQRZDVFORVHWRRSHQLQJDVWKH
VHFRQGH[WHUPLQDWLRQFDPSZURWHDOHWWHUWRD+HUU%LHOIHOGRIWKH)RUHLJQ
0LQLVWU\ LQ ZKLFK KH VWDWHG WKDW WKH )KUHU KDG GHFLGHG WKDW ³WKH -HZV VKRXOGEHUHPRYHGQRWWR0DGDJDVFDUEXWWRWKH(DVW DQGDGGHG³0DGD JDVFDUZLOOQRORQJHUEHQHHGHGIRUWKHILQDOVROXWLRQ´1RWHYHQWKH*LDQW
5DXO+LOEHUJKDVGDUHGWRFODLPWKDWWKH*HUPDQVSODQQHGWRJDVWKH-HZVLQ
36
1*
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 31/129
,97 +( / $&. 2) '2&80(176 $1' ,76 & 216(48(1&(6
WKHMXQJOHVRI0DGDJDVFDU$QGZK\GRHV+LOEHUJRPLWVXFKPDMRUSLHFHV
RIGRFXPHQWDU\HYLGHQFH"
G +LWOHU4XRWDWLRQDVµ3URRI¶IRUWKH0DVV0XUGHU $VGRRWKHUSURSRQHQWVRIWKHRUWKRGR[SLFWXUHRIWKHµ+RORFDXVW¶
+LOEHUJLQWHUSUHWVVWDWHPHQWVE\$GROI+LWOHULQZKLFKKHWKUHDWHQVWKH-HZV
ZLWK³DQQLKLODWLRQ´9HUQLFKWXQJ RU³H[WHUPLQDWLRQ´ $XVURWWXQJ DVSURRI
WKDWVXFKDWKLQJUHDOO\KDSSHQHG+HTXRWHVRQS '(- SD+LW
OHUVSHHFKRIWK6HSWHPEHULQZKLFKWKH5HLFKVFKDQFHOORUVWDWHGDV
IROORZV
³,QP\5HLFKVWDJVSHHFKRI6HSWHPEHU,KDYHVSRNHQRIWZR
WKLQJV ILUVW WKDW QRZWKDW WKH ZDUKDVEHHQIRUFHG XSRQ XVQR DUUD\ RI ZHDSRQVDQGQRSDVVDJHRIWLPHZLOOEULQJXVWRGHIHDWDQGVHFRQGWKDWLI -HZU\VKRXOGSORWDQRWKHUZRUOGZDUWRH[WHUPLQDWH> ]XU$XVURWWXQJ @ WKH $U\DQSHRSOHVRI(XURSHLWZRXOGQRWEHWKH$U\DQSHRSOHVZKLFKZRXOGEHH[WHUPLQDWHG >DXVJHURWWHW @EXW-HZU\>«@ $WRQHWLPHWKH-HZVRI*HUPDQ\ODXJKHGDERXWP\SURSKHFLHV,GRQRWNQRZZKHWKHUWKH\DUHVWLOO ODXJKLQJRUZKHWKHUWKH\KDYHDOUHDG\ORVWDOOGHVLUHWRODXJK%XWULJKWQRZ
,FDQRQO\UHSHDWWKH\ZLOOVWRSODXJKLQJHYHU\ZKHUHDQG,VKDOOEHULJKW DOVRLQWKDWSURSKHF\´
,WQHHGVWREHQRWHGWKDWDZDUOLNHZD\RIVSHDNLQJZDVFKDUDFWHULVWLF
RI WKH 1DWLRQDO 6RFLDOLVWV ZKR EHIRUH FRPLQJ WR SRZHU KDG WR SUHYDLO
DJDLQVWWKHLUDGYHUVDULHVRQWKHH[WUHPHOHIWLQFRXQWOHVVFODVKHVLQPHHWLQJ
URRPVDQGVWUHHWV,WVKRXOGDOVREHUHPHPEHUHGWKDWZLOGWKUHDWVDJDLQVWDQ
HQHP\LQZDUWLPHDUHFRPPRQ%XWWKHLPSRUWDQWSRLQWLVDVHPDQWLFRQH
,Q SUHVHQW XVDJH DXVURWWHQ PHDQV RQO\ µWR SK\VLFDOO\ OLTXLGDWH¶ EXW IRU
PHUO\ WKH ZRUG²ZKRVH HW\PRORJ\ LV µXSURRW¶²KDG D EURDGHU PHDQLQJ
7KXVLQ0HLQ.DPSI $GROI+LWOHUZURWHWKHIROORZLQJRQFRQGLWLRQVLQWKH
'DQXEH0RQDUFK\EHIRUHWKH)LUVW:RUOG:DU
³,PPHQVHZHUHWKHEXUGHQVZKLFKWKH*HUPDQSHRSOHZHUHH[SHFWHG WREHDU LQFRQFHLYDEOHWKHLUVDFULILFHV LQWD[HVDQGEORRG DQG \HWDQ\RQHZKRZDVQRWWRWDOO\EOLQGZDVERXQGWRUHFRJQL]HWKDWDOOWKLVZRXOGEHLQYDLQ:KDWSDLQHGXVPRVWZDVWKHIDFWWKDWWKLVHQWLUHV\VWHPZDVPRUDOO\ZKLWHZDVKHGE\WKHDOOLDQFHZLWK*HUPDQ\ZLWKWKHUHVXOWWKDWWKHVORZH[WHUPLQDWLRQ > $XVURWWXQJ @RI*HUPDQGRPLQWKHROGPRQDUFK\ZDVLQDFHUWDLQVHQVHVDQFWLRQHGE\*HUPDQ\LWVHOI´
1RZ+LWOHUFHUWDLQO\GLGQRWPHDQWRVD\WKDWROG.DLVHU)UDQ]-RVHI
SODQQHGWRJDVRUVKRRWDOOWKH*HUPDQ$XVWULDQVEXWUDWKHUWKDWWKH\UDQWKH
9|ONLVFKHU%HREDFKWHU WK6HSWHPEHU
$GROI+LWOHU0HLQ.DPSI )UDQ](KHU9HUODJ0XQLFKSSI
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 32/129
- h5*(1 * 5$) Â7 +( * ,$17 : ,7+ ) ((7 2) & /$<
GDQJHURIORVLQJWKHLUSRZHUWRWKH6ODYV $XVURWWHQFOHDUO\SRVVHVVHGWKH
PHDQLQJµGHSULYHRISRZHUURERILQIOXHQFH¶
7KHUHDGHUVKRXOGDOVRUHPHPEHUWKDWRQVW6HSWHPEHU+LWOHU
FULWLFL]HGWKH-HZVIRUZDQWLQJWROHWORRVHDZRUOGZDUIRUWKH³ HOLPLQDWLRQRIWKH$U\DQSHRSOHV´ $XVURWWXQJGHUDULVFKHQ9|ONHU ,WFDQQRWEHVHUL
RXVO\FRQWHQGHGWKDWKHPHDQWWRVD\WKH-HZVLQWHQGHGWKHHUDGLFDWLRQRI
WKHHQWLUHSRSXODWLRQRI(XURSHURRWDQGEUDQFK+HUHDJDLQ³$XVURWWXQJ´PHDQVµVXEMHFWLRQ¶RUµGHSULYDWLRQRISRZHU¶7KLVPHDQLQJDSSOLHVWRDOO
VXFKHQGOHVVO\GLVWRUWHG+LWOHUTXRWDWLRQVLQWKHµ+RORFDXVW¶OLWHUDWXUH
H 7ZR,QVROXEOH3UREOHPV
$VGRDOORWKHUUDGLFDORUPRGHUDWH,QWHQWLRQDOLVWV+LOEHUJIDFHVWZR
LQVXSHUDEOHSUREOHPVZKLFKKHVLPSO\LJQRUHV
,IWKH1DWLRQDO6RFLDOLVWVKDGGHFLGHGDWDQ\WLPHRQWKHSK\VLFDO
OLTXLGDWLRQRI-HZVSUHVHQWLQWKHLUDUHDRIFRQWUROIURPWKDWWLPHIRUZDUG
WKHUHZRXOGEHQRGRFXPHQWVZKLFKVSRNHRIGHSOR\PHQWRI-HZLVKODERU
+RZHYHUVXFKGRFXPHQWVH[LVWLQODUJHQXPEHUV:HZLOOTXRWHIURPDIHZ
RI WKHP ODWHU LQ GLVFXVVLQJ WKH GHSRUWDWLRQV 7KH IROORZLQJ SUREOHP LV
HYHQPRUHLQVROXEOHIRUWKH,QWHQWLRQDOLVWV ,IWKHUHKDGEHHQD V\VWHPDWLFSROLF\RIDQQLKLODWLRQRIWKH-HZV
WKHUHZRXOGKDYHEHHQHIIHFWLYHO\QR-HZVOHIWLQWKHWHUULWRULHVLQWKHFRQ
WURO RI WKH 7KLUG 5HLFK (YHU\ -HZ WKH *HUPDQV FRXOG KDYH JRWWHQ WKHLU
KDQGVRQZRXOGKDYHEHHQNLOOHGDQGWKHIHZVXUYLYRUVZRXOGKDYHKDGWR
DVFULEHWKHLUVXUYLYDOWRµFKDQFH¶RUµPLUDFOH¶,QUHDOLW\WKHPDMRULW\RIWKH
-HZLVKSRSXODWLRQLQWKHFRXQWULHVRFFXSLHGE\WKH7KLUG5HLFKDYRLGHGDQ\
GHSRUWDWLRQ,WLVZHOONQRZQWKDWIURP)UDQFHRQO\VOLJKWO\PRUHWKDQ
RI WKH -HZV ZHUH GHSRUWHG PRVW RI ZKRP ZHUH IRUHLJQHUV DQG ODFNHG SURSHU LGHQWLILFDWLRQ -HZV ZLWK )UHQFK SDVVSRUWV ZHUH PRVWO\OHIW DORQH
7KHVDPHDSSOLHVWRWKRVHZLWK%HOJLDQSDVVSRUWV8QGHUDQ\H[WHUPLQDWLRQ
SROLF\WKHUHZRXOGKDYHEHHQHIIHFWLYHO\QRQHZKRUHWXUQHGDQGZHZRXOG
QRWKDYHRQKDQGWKHXQFRXQWHGµWHVWLPRQLHVRI+RORFDXVWVXUYLYRUV¶WKDW
QRZILOOZKROHOLEUDULHV
&IFKDSWHU9,
$FFRUGLQJWR,VUDHOLVRXUFHVWKHUHZHUHVRPHµ+RORFDXVWVXUYLYRUV¶VWLOODOLYHLQZKLFK HTXDOV VRPH PLOOLRQ µVXUYLYRUV¶ LQ &I *HUPDU 5XGROI ³ +RORFDXVW 9LFWLPV $6WDWLVWLFDO$QDO\VLV:%HQ]DQG:16DQQLQJ²D&RPSDULVRQ ´LQ(*DXVVHG 'LVVHFWLQJWKH
+RORFDXVW 7KHVHV'LVVHUWDWLRQV3UHVV&DSVKDZ$/SIIRQOLQHKWWSFRGRKFRP
IRXQGIQGVWDWVKWPO
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 33/129
,97 +( / $&. 2) '2&80(176 $1' ,76 & 216(48(1&(6
I ³ $Q,QFUHGLEOH0HHWLQJRI0LQGV,Q)HEUXDU\5DXO+LOEHUJKDGWKHHIIURQWHU\WRZULWH
³>«@ZKDWEHJDQLQZDVDSURFHVVRIGHVWUXFWLRQQRWSODQQHG
LQDGYDQFHQRWRUJDQL]HGFHQWUDOO\E\DQ\DJHQF\7KHUHZDVQREOXHSULQW DQGWKHUHZDVQREXGJHWIRUGHVWUXFWLYHPHDVXUHV7KH\ZHUHWDNHQVWHSE\
VWHSRQHVWHSDWDWLPH7KXVFDPHQRWVRPXFKDSODQEHLQJFDUULHGRXWEXW DQLQFUHGLEOHPHHWLQJRIPLQGVDFRQVHQVXVPLQGUHDGLQJE\DIDUIOXQJ EXUHDXFUDF\´
5REHUW)DXULVVRQSRLQWHGRXWWKHVHSHDUOVRI+LOEHUJLDQLQWHUSUHWLYH
DUWDQGVDUFDVWLFDOO\FRPPHQWHGWKDWLQKLVRZQH[SHULHQFHWKHODVWWKLQJ
RQH FRXOG HYHU H[SHFW IURP D EXUHDXFUDF\ ZDV D PHHWLQJ RI PLQGV DQG
WHOHSDWK\
'LIILFLOLVHVWVDWLUDPQRQVFULEHUH² LWLVGLIILFXOWQRW WRZULWHVDWLUH,WZRXOGEHGLIILFXOWWRILQGDQ\FOHDUHUGLVSOD\DQ\ZKHUHWKDQWKHVHIHZVHQ
WHQFHVRIWKHWRWDOEDQNUXSWF\RIWKHRUWKRGR[KLVWRULRJUDSK\RIWKHµ+ROR
FDXVW¶WRJHWKHUZLWKWKHLUILJXUHKHDGWKH*LDQWZLWKIHHWRIFOD\
1HZVGD\/RQJ,VODQG1HZ<RUNUG)HEUXDU\S,,
5REHUW)DXULVVRQ eFULWVUpYLVLRQQLVWHVRSFLWQRWHS
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 34/129
97KH0DVVDFUHV%HKLQGWKH(DVWHUQ)URQW
7KH,QLWLDO6LWXDWLRQ
2Q QG -XQH WKH :HKUPDFKW PDUFKHG LQWR WKH 8665 7KH
RIILFLDOYHUVLRQRIKLVWRU\KDVLWWKDWWKLVZDVDQXQSURYRNHGDWWDFN2QWKHRWKHUKDQG5HYLVLRQLVWVVXFKDVWKH5XVVLDQKLVWRULDQ6XYRURYDQGWKH*HU
PDQKLVWRULDQ+RIIPDQQPDLQWDLQWKDWE\GRLQJVR+LWOHUZDVDEOHWRIRUH
VWDOODQLPSHQGLQJ6RYLHWDWWDFN
,QWKHWHUULWRULHVWDNHQE\WKH*HUPDQV6RYLHWSDUWLVDQVVWLUUHGXSD
EORRG\ XQGHUJURXQG ZDU ZKLFK WRRN WKH OLYHV RI PDQ\ *HUPDQ VROGLHUV
7KH6RYLHWVERDVWHGWKDWWKHLUSDUWLVDQVKDGNLOOHGPHPEHUVRIWKH
*HUPDQ DUP\ 7KH *HUPDQV UHDFWHG WR WKHVH DFWLRQV²ZKLFK YLRODWHG
LQWHUQDWLRQDOODZ²WKHZD\RWKHURFFXS\LQJSRZHUVEHIRUHDQGVLQFHKDYHGRQHZLWKVHYHUHUHSULVDOPHDVXUHVHYHQDJDLQVWWKHFLYLOLDQSRSXODWLRQ
0DQ\ FLYLOLDQV ZHUH VKRW DVKRVWDJHV ZKROHYLOODJHVZHUH EXUQHG WRWKH
JURXQG
9LFWRU6XYRURY ,FHEUHDNHU:KR6WDUWHGWKH6HFRQG:RUOG:DU"+DPLVK+DPLOWRQ/RQGRQ
96XZRURZ 'HU7DJ0 .OHWW&RWWD6WXWWJDUW96XZRURZ6WDOLQVYHUKLQGHUWHU(UVWVFKODJ 3RXU OH 0HULWH 6HOHQWH ( 7RSLWVFK 6WDOLQ¶V :DU )RXUWK (VWDWH /RQGRQ : 3RVW
8QWHUQHKPHQ%DUEDURVVD 0LWWOHU+DPEXUJ)%HFNHU6WDOLQV%OXWVSXUGXUFK(XURSD$UQGW
9HUODJ.LHO)%HFNHU ,P.DPSIXP(XURSD/HRSROG6WRFNHU9HUODJ*UD]6WXWWJDUW:0DVHU 'HU:RUWEUXFK+LWOHU6WDOLQXQGGHU=ZHLWH:HOWNULHJ 2O]RJ9HUODJ0XQLFK-
+RIIPDQQ 6WDOLQ¶V :DU RI ([WHUPLQDWLRQ 7KHVHV 'LVVHUWDWLRQV3UHVV &DSVKDZ $/ -
+RIIPDQQ³ 'LH6RZMHWXQLRQELV]XP9RUDEHQGGHVGHXWVFKHQ$QJULIIV ´LQ+RUVW%RRJDQGRWKHUV
'DV'HXWVFKH5HLFKXQGGHU=ZHLWH:HOWNULHJ YRO 'HU$QJULIIDXIGLH6RZMHWXQLRQ'HXWVFKH
9HUODJV$QVWDOW6WXWWJDUW-+RIIPDQQ³7KH6RYLHW8QLRQ¶V2IIHQVLYH3UHSDUDWLRQVLQ´
LQ )URP3HDFHWR:DU 3URYLGHQFH2[IRUGSS
%RULV 6 7HOSXFKRZVNL 'LH VRZMHWLVFKH *HVFKLFKWH GHV*URHQ 9DWHUOlQGLVFKHQ .ULHJHV )UDQNIXUW D 0 UHTXRWHG IURP :DOWHU 6DQQLQJ 7KH 'LVVROXWLRQ RI WKH (DVWHUQ
(XURSHDQ -HZU\ ,QVWLWXWH IRU +LVWRULFDO 5HYLHZ 1HZSRUW %HDFK &$ S RQOLQH
*HUPDQ KWWSYKRRUJ'GD FI *HUPDU 5XGROI DQG 6LE\OOH 6FKU|GHU ³ 3DUWLVDQHQNULHJ XQG 5HSUHVVDOW|WXQJHQ´9LHUWHOMDKUHVKHIWHIUIUHLH*HVFKLFKWVIRUVFKXQJ KHUHDIWHU 9II*
SSRQOLQHKWWSYKRRUJ9II*5XGROI6FKURHGHUKWPO 2Q WKH TXHVWLRQ RI WKH OHJDOLW\ RI VXFK UHSULVDOV FI .DUO 6LHJHUW ³ 5HSULVDOVDQG2UGHUV)URP
+LJKHU 8S´ ( *DXVV HG RS FLW QRWH SS RQOLQH KWWSFRGRKFRPIRXQG
IQG6LHJHUWKWPODQGDOVR):6HLGOHU 'LH:HKUPDFKWLP3DUWLVDQHQNULHJ 3RXUOH0pULWH6HOHQW
%RJGDQ0XVLDO .RQWHUUHYROXWLRQlUH(OHPHQWHVLQG]XHUVFKLHHQ3URS\OlHQ%HUOLQ
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 35/129
- h5*(1 * 5$) Â7 +( * ,$17 : ,7+ ) ((7 2) & /$<
%HFDXVH IURP WKH YHU\ EHJLQQLQJ -HZV LQ WKH 6RYLHW 8QLRQ KDG
SOD\HGDQLQRUGLQDWHO\ODUJHUROHLQWKHPDNLQJRIWKH&RPPXQLVWV\VWHP
DQGDOVRPDGHXSDGLVSURSRUWLRQDWHO\ODUJHVKDUHRIWKHSDUWLVDQV -HZLVK
FLYLOLDQV VXIIHUHG LQ WKH *HUPDQ UHSUHVVLRQ PHDVXUHV WR D PXFK JUHDWHU GHJUHH WKDQ QRQ-HZLVK FLYLOLDQV 7KDW WKHUH ZHUH HYHQ µZLOG¶ VKRRWLQJV
ZKLFKLVWRVD\VKRRWLQJVWKDWZHUHGRQHQRWDVDUHDFWLRQWRDWWDFNVE\SDU
WLVDQV FDQ KDUGO\ EH H[FOXGHG ,W LV DOVR QRW GLVSXWHG WKDW PDQ\ -HZLVK
&RPPXQLVWFRPPLVVDUVZHUHNLOOHGEHFDXVHRI+LWOHU¶V³&RPPLVVDU 2UGHU ´ZKLFKZDVRQO\UHOXFWDQWO\DSSOLHGE\*HUPDQRIILFHUVLQWKH(DVW
DQGZKLFKZDVDEURJDWHGLQHDUO\,QDGGLWLRQWKRXVDQGVRI-HZVZHUH
NLOOHGLQSRJURPVLQLWLDWHGE\WKHQDWLYHSRSXODWLRQVIROORZLQJWKH*HUPDQ
LQYDVLRQ $IWHU WKH\ KDG EHHQ IUHHG IURP WKH %ROVKHYLVW \RNH /DWYLDQV
/LWKXDQLDQV8NUDLQLDQVDQGRWKHUVWRRNUHYHQJHRQ-HZVEHFDXVHWKH5HGWHUURUPDFKLQHU\KDGEHHQOHGPDLQO\E\-HZVDQGWKLVUHWULEXWLRQXQIRUWX
QDWHO\ IHOO DOVR RQ -HZV ZKR KDG QRWKLQJ WR GR ZLWK WKH &RPPXQLVW
FULPHV
7KHRUWKRGR[KLVWRULDQVDUHWHOOLQJXVWKDWWKH*HUPDQVFDUULHGRXWDQ
DFWXDOZDURIH[WHUPLQDWLRQDJDLQVWWKH-HZV7KHPRVWH[WHQVLYHSUHVHQWD
WLRQRIWKLVWKHVLVZDVWKHERRNSXEOLVKHGLQE\+HOPXW.UDXVQLFNDQG
+DQV+HLQULFK:LOKHOP 'LH7UXSSHGHV:HOWDQVFKDXXQJVNULHJHVZKLFK
ZHFDQQRWH[DPLQHIXUWKHULQDZRUNGHGLFDWHGVROHO\WRWKHGLVFXVVLRQRI +LOEHUJWKDWZLOOKDYHWRZDLWXQWLODODWHUGDWH,QZKDWIROORZVZHZLOOFULW
LFDOO\H[DPLQHWKHDUJXPHQWV5DXO+LOEHUJKDVPDGHLQVXSSRUWRIWKLVWKH
VLV)LUVWKRZHYHUZHQHHGWRVXPPDUL]HZKDW+LOEHUJVD\VKDSSHQHGWR
6RYLHW-HZVLQWKH*HUPDQRFFXSLHGWHUULWRULHV
+LOEHUJ¶V9HUVLRQRI*HUPDQ-HZLVK3ROLF\LQWKH2FFXSLHG6RYLHW7HUULWRULHV
5DXO+LOEHUJVWDWHVWKDWWKHPDVVPXUGHUVRI6RYLHW-HZVEHJDQLQ
$XJXVWKHZULWHV
³$WILUVWWKH.RPPDQGRVXQGHUWRRNQRPDVVVKRRWLQJVQRUPDGHYLFWLPVRIZKROHIDPLOLHV7KH\KDGQRW\HWEHFRPHKDELWXDWHGWRURXWLQHNLOO
2I OHDGLQJ SHUVRQDOLWLHV LQWKH 6RYLHW 8QLRQ LQ ZHUH -HZV FI -XUL . %HJXQRY
7DMQ\H6LO\ZLVWRULL5RVVLM,VGDWHOVWYR,PHQL$66\ERULQD6W3HWHUVEXUJ
'LH(Q]\NORSlGLHGHV+RORFDXVW HGE\(EHUKDUG-lFNHO3HWHU/RQJHULFKDQG-XOLXV+6FKRHSV
$UJRQ 9HUODJ %HUOLQ FRQWDLQV WKLV FRPPHQW ³7KH SDUWLVDQ JURXSV >LQ WKH 8665@ RIWHQ IRUPHGVSRQWDQHRXVO\0DQ\XQLWVFRQVLVWHGODUJHO\RI-HZLVKILJKWHUV ´S
$OOVL[PDLQDUFKLWHFWVRIWKH&RPPXQLVWVODYHFDPSV\VWHPZHUH-HZV$OH[DQGHU6ROVFKHQL]\Q
'HU$UFKLSHO*XODJ 6FKHU]9HUODJ%HUQSKRWRJUDSKLFVHFWLRQ
6WXWWJDUW
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 36/129
97 +( 0 $66$&5(6 % (+,1'7+( ( $67(51 ) 5217
LQJ %HFDXVH RI WKH LQIOXHQFH RI FHQWXULHVROG WUDGLWLRQV WKH\ GLG QRW FRQVLGHU WKHLU RUGHUV DV DOOHQFRPSDVVLQJ 7KH\ WRRN WKH ZRUG µ-HZ¶ WRPHDQPHQRQO\7KHPDVVNLOOLQJVVWDUWHGRQO\LQ$XJXVW´S
'(- QD
7KH³ .RPPDQGRV´EHORQJHGWRWKHIRXU (LQVDW]JUXSSHQZKLFKKDG
EHHQIRUPHGEHIRUHWKHZDUDQGZHUHLQWHQGHGWRVHFXUH*HUPDQUHDUDUHDV
PHDQLQJWKH\ZHUHWRILJKWSDUWLVDQVRSHUDWLQJEHKLQGWKHOLQHV$FFRUGLQJ
WR+LOEHUJWKH\KDG WZR IXUWKHU UHVSRQVLELOLWLHV 5HIHUULQJ WRDQDIILGDYLW
PDGH DIWHU WKH ZDU E\ 2WWR 2KOHQGRUI OHDGHU RI (LQVDW]JUXSSH ' KH
ZULWHV
³$FFRUGLQJ WR 2KOHQGRUI WKH FRPPDQGHUV RI WKH (LQVDW]JUXSSHQZHUHEULHIHGE\+LPPOHUSHUVRQDOO\7KH\ZHUHLQIRUPHGWKDWDQLPSRUWDQW
SDUWRIWKHLUWDVNZDVWKHHOLPLQDWLRQ %HVHLWLJXQJRI-HZV²ZRPHQPHQDQGFKLOGUHQ²DQGRI&RPPXQLVWIXQFWLRQDULHV ´S '(- S
$OVR +LOEHUJ VD\V WKH (LQVDW]JUXSSHQ ZHUH WR FRPE WKH 32:
FDPSVIRUSHUVRQVWKH\VKRXOGVKRRW+H\GULFKKDGRUGHUHGWKHVRUWLQJRXW
RIDOO³ SURIHVVLRQDOUHYROXWLRQDULHV 5HG$UP\SROLWLFDORIILFHUV³ IDQDWLFDO &RPPXQLVWV´DQG³DOO-HZV´DQGWKH (LQVDW]JUXSSHQGLGWKHPDMRUSDUWRI
WKLVZRUNS '(- S
7KHIRXU (LQVDW]JUXSSHQQXPEHUHGPHQDOWRJHWKHULQFOXGLQJD
IHZQRQFRPEDWDQWVVXFKDVLQWHUSUHWHUVDQGUDGLRRSHUDWRUVSSI '(- S
7KHILUVW³NLOOLQJVZHHS´ZKLFKEHJDQLQ$XJXVWODVWHGXQWLO
'HFHPEHURIWKHVDPH\HDUEXWEHIRUHLWZDVRYHUDVHFRQGNLOOLQJVZHHS
KDGDOUHDG\EHJXQ²LQWKHIDOO²ZKRVHSXUSRVHZDVWKHVHL]XUHDQGOLTXL
GDWLRQRI-HZVZKRKDGEHHQRYHUORRNHG
,QDGGLWLRQWRWKH (LQVDW]JUXSSHQ*HVWDSRPHPEHUVIURP7LOVLW (LQ VDW]NRPPDQGRVIURPWKH*HQHUDOJRXYHUQHPHQWDQGLPSURYLVHG .RPPDQGRVRIWKH+LJKHU66DQG3ROLFH/HDGHUVFRRSHUDWHGLQWKHVHFRQGNLOOLQJ
VZHHSS '(- S
7KHPDVVVKRRWLQJVIROORZHGWKHVDPHSDWWHUQDSDUWIURPPLQRUYDUL
DWLRQV-HZVZRXOGEHWDNHQIURPWKHFLWLHVZKHUHPRVWRIWKHPOLYHGWRSLWV
O\LQJRQWKHRXWVNLUWVRIWKHFLWLHV²VRPHRIZKLFKDOUHDG\H[LVWHGWKHUHVW
RIZKLFKZHUHGXJIRUWKHSXUSRVH²DQGPXUGHUHGWKHUH)UHTXHQWO\WKHUH
ZHUHILYHRUVL[OD\HUVRIERGLHVLQWKHSLWVEHIRUHWKH\ZHUHFRYHUHGRYHU
ZLWKHDUWKSSI '(- SI
%HFDXVH WKH VKRRWLQJV RIWHQ FDXVHG VWUHVVIXO PLVJLYLQJV IRU WKH
VKRRWHUV +LOEHUJ WHOOV XV WKH *HUPDQV LQVWLWXWHG WKH XVH RI JDV YDQV DV
36
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 37/129
- h5*(1 * 5$) Â7 +( * ,$17 : ,7+ ) ((7 2) & /$<
DQRWKHULQVWUXPHQWRIPXUGHUVWDUWLQJLQ'HFHPEHUZKHQHDFK (LQ VDW]JUXSSHZDVDOORWWHGWZRRUWKUHHRIWKHP-HZVZHUHNLOOHGLQWKHJDV
YDQVZLWKH[KDXVWJDVIHGLQVLGHSSI '(- QD
+HUHDUHWKHYLFWLPFRXQWV+LOEHUJJLYHVIRUVHYHUDOFLWLHV ± YLFWLPVLQ.LHY
± YLFWLPVLQ5LJDWKLV (LQVDW]NRPPDQGRQXPEHUHGRQO\
PHQ
± YLFWLPVLQ.DPHQHWV3RGROVN
± YLFWLPVLQ'QHSURSHWURYVNS '(- S
± YLFWLPVLQ5RYQRS '(- S
± YLFWLPVLQ6LPIHURSROS '(- S
+LOEHUJFKDUJHVODUJHVFDOHPDVVDFUHV RI-HZV QRW RQO\ WRWKH *HUPDQVEXWDOVRWRWKH5XPDQLDQVZKRKHFODLPVVODXJKWHUHG-HZVLQ
DVLQJOHGD\UG2FWREHUS '(- S
$OWKRXJK WKH VHFRQG NLOOLQJ VZHHS DOOHJHGO\ JRW XQGHU ZD\ D IXOO
WKUHH PRQWKV EHIRUH WKH ILUVW KDG HQGHG +LOEHUJ VD\V WKDW WKHUH ZDV DQ
³LQWHUPHGLDU\ VWDJH´ WKDW RI JKHWWRL]DWLRQ ,WV SXUSRVHV ZHUH WZRIROG
5HIHUULQJWRDVXSSRVHGUHSRUWRI (LQVDW]JUXSSH& KHZULWHV
³$OO(LQVDW]JUXSSHQFRPPDQGHUVZLWKWKHSRVVLEOHH[FHSWLRQRIWKHUHOHQWOHVV'U6WDKOHFNHU>WKHOHDGHURI(LQVDW]JUXSSH$@ UHDOL]HGWKDWWKH
-HZVFRXOGQRWEHNLOOHGLQDVLQJOHVZHHS,QRQHUHSRUWWKHUHLVHYHQDQRWHRIGHVSDLURYHUWKH-HZLVKUHIXJHHVZKR ZHUHGULIWLQJEDFNLQWR WKH FLWLHV
IURPZKLFKWKH\KDGIOHG>«@:KHQHYHUWKH(LQVDW]JUXSSHKDGOHIWDWRZQLWUHWXUQHGWRILQGPRUH-HZVWKDQKDGDOUHDG\EHHQNLOOHGWKHUH´S
'(- S
7KHHVVHQFHRIWKHJKHWWRV+LOEHUJEHOLHYHVZDVWR
³SUHYHQWWKHGLVSHUVDORIWKHYLFWLPVDQGWRIDFLOLWDWHWKHLUIXWXUHVHL ]XUHIRUVKRRWLQJV S'(- S
7KHVHFRQGSXUSRVHPRWLYDWLQJJKHWWRL]DWLRQZDVWKHHFRQRPLFXWLOL]DWLRQRI-HZV
³:KHUHDVWKHPRELOHNLOOLQJXQLWVZHUHLQWHUHVWHGRQO\LQFRQFHQWUDWLQJWKH-HZVWRIDFLOLWDWHWKHVHFRQGVZHHSWKHPLOLWDU\DQGFLYLOLDQDGPLQLVWUDWLRQVGHFLGHGWRH[SORLW WKH VLWXDWLRQZKLOHLWODVWHG+HQFHHFRQRPLFPHDVXUHV LQ WKH IRUP RI ODERU XWLOL]DWLRQ DQG SURSHUW\ FRQILVFDWLRQVEHFDPHDQLPSRUWDQWDVSHFWRIWKHLQWHUPHGLDU\VWDJH S '(- S
³7KHDUP\QHHGHG-HZLVKZRUNHUVLQLWVUHSDLUVKRSVDQG-HZLVKFOHUNVLQLWVRIILFHV7KHDUPDPHQWSODQWVXQGHUµWUXVWHHVKLS¶FRQWLQXHGWREHGHSHQGHQWXSRQ-HZLVKODERU ,QWKH9ROK\QLDQVHFWRURIWKH*HQHUDONRPPLVVDULDW 9ROK\QLD3RGROLD WKH ODERU IRUFH LQDUPDPHQWSODQWV ZDV
SHUFHQW-HZLVKWKURXJKRXWDQG´S '(- S
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 38/129
97 +( 0 $66$&5(6 % (+,1'7+( ( $67(51 ) 5217
$OWKRXJK WKH JKHWWRL]DWLRQ SROLF\ DV DQ ³LQWHUPHGLDU\ VWDJH´
RFFXUUHGEHWZHHQWKHILUVWNLOOLQJVZHHS²FRPSOHWHGE\'HFHPEHU²
DQGWKHVHFRQGVZHHSEHJLQQLQJLQ6HSWHPEHU
³:KHQWKHFLYLODGPLQLVWUDWLRQWRRNRYHUSDUWRIWKHRFFXSLHGWHUULWRU\LQ-XO\DQG$XJXVWRIWKHPRELOHNLOOLQJXQLWVKDGDOUHDG\FRP
SOHWHGDODUJHSDUWRIWKHJKHWWRL]DWLRQSURFHVV (LQVDW]JUXSSH$SULGHG LWVHOIWKDWXSRQWUDQVIHURIMXULVGLFWLRQLWKDGDOUHDG\PDGHSUHSDUDWLRQV
IRUWKHLQFDUFHUDWLRQLQJKHWWRVRIDOO-HZLVKFRPPXQLWLHVH[FHSWLQJRQO\9LOQD´S '(- SSI
7KHJKHWWRVRI5LJDDQG0LQVNZHUHDOVRGHVLJQDWHGIRUWKHUHFHSWLRQ
RIGHSRUWHG*HUPDQ-HZV%XWVLQFHWKHDYDLODEOHVSDFHGLGQRWVXIILFHIRU
ERWKWKHORFDO-HZVDQGWKH*HUPDQ-HZVWRJHWKHULQ5LJDEHWZHHQWKHWK
1RYHPEHUDQGWKHWK'HFHPEHUWKH1DWLRQDO6RFLDOLVWVVKRW-HZVLQWZRVZHHSVDIWHUWKH\KDGDOUHDG\EXWFKHUHGWKHUHHDUOLHU
³6SDFHKDGQRZEHHQFUHDWHGIRUWUDQVSRUWVIURP*HUPDQ\LQVLGHWKHJKHWWRLWVHOI ´S '(- S<HWWKH*HUPDQ-HZVLQWKH5LJDTXDUWHUDQGLQ
WKH QHDUE\ ZRUN FDPSV ZHUH UHGXFHG WR D KDQGIXO RI VXUYLYRUV LQ WKH
PRQWKVDQG\HDUVIROORZLQJWKHLUGHSRUWDWLRQDWWKHHQGRIGXHWRWKH
GHSUHGDWLRQVRIXQFKHFNHGHSLGHPLFVS '(- S7KLVFDXVHGWKH
*HUPDQVPXFKKDUPHFRQRPLFDOO\EHFDXVH
³,QWKH5LJDUHJLRQZKHUHWKH*HUPDQ-HZVZHUHWREHµTXDUWHUHG RQO\ IRU D WUDQVLWRU\ VWD\ QXU YRUEHUJHKHQG KLHU XQWHUJHEUDFKW ¶ DQG ZKHUHPDQ\RIWKHGHSRUWHHVZHUHµFULSSOHVZDULQYDOLGVDQGSHRSOHRYHU
VHYHQW\ \HDUV RI DJH .USSHO .ULHJVLQYDOLGHQ XQG EHU -DKUH DOWH
/HXWH ¶ DZLGHVSUHDGGHPDQGIRU-HZLVKODERUHUVEHFDPHPDQLIHVWDOOWKH VDPH2QRQHRFFDVLRQD*HELHWVNRPPLVVDUHPSOR\HHFRPSODLQHGWKDWVROGLHUVVKRXWLQJLQWKHSUHVHQFHRIPRUHWKDQ-HZVKDGVLPSO\VHL]HG WKHODERULQGHILDQFHRIUHJXODWLRQV %\WKHUHPDLQLQJWKRXVDQGVRI *HUPDQDQG/DWYLDQ-HZLVKODERUHUVZHUHGLYLGHGDPRQJDODUJHQXPEHURI HPSOR\HUV66DUP\QDY\DLUIRUFHUDLOURDGVDQGILUPV ´S '(-
SSI
)URPWKHWUDQVSRUWVUHDFKLQJ0LQVNIURP*HUPDQ\DQGWKH3URWHFWRU
DWHRI%RKHPLDDQG0RUDYLD-HZVZHUHVKRWRQWKHWKDQGWK
1RYHPEHUS '(- S
$URXQGWKHPLGGOHRI+HLQULFK+LPPOHUGHFLGHGWROLTXLGDWH
WKHHQWLUHJKHWWRV\VWHPWKHJKHWWRVZRXOGEHFRQYHUWHGLQWRFRQFHQWUDWLRQ
FDPSV7KLVFRQYHUVLRQZDVFRPSOHWHGVPRRWKO\LQ/DWYLDEXWLQ/LWKXDQLD
LWZDVDFFRPSDQLHGE\H[WHQVLYHNLOOLQJRSHUDWLRQVS '(- S
+LOEHUJUHSRUWV
³%\ $XJXVW DQG 6HSWHPEHU WKH 9LOQD JKHWWR ZDV GLVVROYHG0RVWRILWVLQPDWHVZHUHVHQWWR(VWRQLDDQG/DWYLDZKHUHWKH\ZHUHVXE
MHFWHGWRDWWULWLRQDQGVKRRWLQJVDQGIURPZKHUHWKHUHPDLQGHUZDVVXEVH
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 39/129
- h5*(1 * 5$) Â7 +( * ,$17 : ,7+ ) ((7 2) & /$<
TXHQWO\URXWHGWRWKH6WXWWKRIFRQFHQWUDWLRQFDPS2WKHUWKRXVDQGVZHUHWUDQVSRUWHGWRWKH/XEOLQGHDWKFDPSDQGVWLOORWKHUVZHUHURXQGHGXSDQG
VKRW´S '(- S
-HZVLQWKH0LQVNJKHWWRZHUHUHPRYHGWR3RODQGS '(- S
$OO WROG DFFRUGLQJ WR +LOEHUJ PLOOLRQ -HZV SHULVKHG LQ WKH
6RYLHWWHUULWRULHVWDNHQE\WKH*HUPDQV2IWKHVHPRUHWKDQWZRWKLUGVZHUH
PXUGHUHG E\ WKH (LQVDW]JUXSSHQ WKH UHVW ZHUH NLOOHG E\ WURRSV RI WKH
+LJKHU66DQG3ROLFH/HDGHUVRIWKH:HKUPDFKWDQGWKH5XPDQLDQVIHOOLQ
SDUWLVDQZDUIDUHRUGLHGGXHWRSULYDWLRQVLQWKHFDPSVDQGJKHWWRVDQGLQ
WKHRSHQILHOGVDQGZRRGVSSI '(- S$IXUWKHUPLOOLRQ
6RYLHW -HZV HVFDSHG *HUPDQ UXOH WKURXJK IOLJKW S '(- S 6LQFHRIWKHILYHPLOOLRQ-HZVOLYLQJLQWKH8665EHIRUHQG-XQH
IRXUPLOOLRQZHUHLQKDELWDQWVRI]RQHVZKLFKDWWLPHVFDPHXQGHU*HUPDQ
FRQWUROXQGHUWKHVHFRQGLWLRQVRYHURQHPLOOLRQ-HZVPXVWKDYHVXUYLYHGLQ
WKHDUHDUXOHGE\WKH*HUPDQVSSI '(- S
1RZWKLVLV+LOEHUJ¶VGHVFULSWLRQRIZKDWKDSSHQHGWRWKH-HZVLQWKH
6RYLHW WHUULWRULHV RYHUUXQ E\ WKH *HUPDQV %HIRUH ZH WDNH D ORRN DW WKH
VRXUFHVRQZKLFKWKHH[DOWHGµ+RORFDXVW¶KLVWRULDQIRXQGVKLVDVVHUWLRQVOHW
XVSXUVXHWKHTXHVWLRQZKHWKHUWKHSLFWXUHKHGUDZVDSSHDUVEHOLHYDEOHRU
QRWXVLQJJRRGFRPPRQVHQVH
2QWKH/LNHOLKRRGRI+LOEHUJ¶V'HVFULSWLRQ
$Q\RQH HQGRZHG ZLWK WKH SRZHU RI ORJLFDO WKRXJKW ZKR DQDO\]HV
+LOEHUJ¶VGHVFULSWLRQRI*HUPDQ-HZLVKSROLF\LQWKHRFFXSLHG6RYLHWWHUUL
WRULHVDVVXPPDUL]HGDERYHZLOOLQHVFDSDEO\FRPHWRWKHFRQFOXVLRQWKDWLW
FDQQRWKROGXSDQGFRQVHTXHQWO\LWPXVWUHVWRQXQUHOLDEOHVRXUFHV/HWXV
OLVWVRPHRIWKHPRUHJURVVDEVXUGLWLHVZKLFKVSULQJLQWRYLHZ
D 7KH&ODLPHG1XPEHUVRI9LFWLPVRIWKH (LQVDW]JUXSSHQ
7KHFODLPHGQXPEHUVRIYLFWLPVRIWKH (LQVDW]JUXSSHQDUHLPSRVVL
EO\ODUJH7KHODUJHVWRIWKHIRXU (LQVDW]JUXSSH$KDGPHPEHUV,IZH
VXEWUDFWIURPWKLVWKHYHKLFOHGULYHUVZRPHQHPSOR\HHVLQWHU
SUHWHUVWHOHW\SHZULWHURSHUDWRUVDQGUDGLRRSHUDWRUVWKHUHDUHDERXW
FRPEDWDQWVOHIWWRXVHIRUWKHPDVVNLOOLQJVS '(- S8SWRWK
2FWREHU (LQVDW]JUXSSH $ VXSSRVHGO\ NLOOHG -HZV S '(- S &RQVLGHULQJ WKH IDFW WKDW WKH PDVV PXUGHUV ILUVW EHJDQ LQ
$XJXVWS '(- QDWKHRYHUZKHOPLQJPDMRULW\RIWKHYLF
WLPVOHWXVVD\PXVWKDYHEHHQNLOOHGLQDSHULRGRIWHQZHHNV
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 40/129
97 +( 0 $66$&5(6 % (+,1'7+( ( $67(51 ) 5217
6LQFHWKH-HZVFHUWDLQO\FDQQRWKDYHJRQHWRWKHLUGHDWKVZLOOLQJO\
WKH\PXVWKDYHEHHQWUDFNHGGRZQDQGGULYHQWRJHWKHULQWKHFLWLHVZKHUH
WKHUHFHUWDLQO\ZRXOGKDYHEHHQHVFDSHDWWHPSWVDQGUHVLVWDQFH$OVRWKHUH
ZRXOGKDYHEHHQWKHGLIILFXOW\RIPRYLQJWKHFRQGHPQHGWRWKHRXWVNLUWVRI WKHFLW\ZKHUHPRVWRIWKHSLWVXQGRXEWHGO\ZRXOGKDYHKDGWRKDYHEHHQ
QHZO\GXJ
%HVLGHV FDUU\LQJ RXW WKH PDVVDFUHV WKH (LQVDW]JUXSSHQ ZHUH
UHTXLUHGWRFRPEWKH 32: FDPSVIRU FRPPLVVDUV IDQDWLFDO &RPPXQLVWV
DQG-HZV7KLVZRXOGKDYHEHHQDQLPPHQVHWDVNEHFDXVHXSWRWKHHQGRI
QROHVVWKDQ5HG$UP\PHPEHUVKDGIDOOHQLQWR*HUPDQ
KDQGVS '(- S(YHQZKHQRQHFRQVLGHUVWKDWRQO\DSDUWRI
WKHPKDGEHHQFDSWXUHGE\WKHPLGGOHRI2FWREHUWKDWWKH (LQVDW]JUXSSHQGLGQRWKDYHWRGRDOOWKHZRUNRQO\³WKHPDMRUSDUW RILWDQGWKDWWKHUH
ZHUH IRXU (LQVDW]JUXSSHQ XQGHU WKHVH FRQGLWLRQV GXULQJ WKH WHQ ZHHNV
IURPWKHEHJLQQLQJRI$XJXVWXQWLOWKHPLGGOHRI2FWREHU (LQVDW]JUXSSH$PXVWKDYHVHDUFKHGWKURXJKKXQGUHGVRIWKRXVDQGVRI32:VIRUWKHSHUVRQV
WREHOLTXLGDWHG²LQDGGLWLRQWRVKRRWLQJ-HZVDQGILJKWLQJSDUWL
VDQV
2QH H[DPSOH LV VXIILFLHQW ,QYLHZ RI+LOEHUJ¶V VWURQJ WHQGHQF\ WR
H[DJJHUDWHZHZLOOQRWJRLQWRWKHDVWURQRPLFDOQXPEHURIYLFWLPV+LOEHUJ
DWWULEXWHVWRWKHRWKHU (LQVDW]JUXSSHQ
E 7KH5HIXJHHV'ULIWLQJEDFNLQWRWKH&LWLHV
,WLVSXUHIOLPIODPWRVD\WKDW³ WKH-HZLVKUHIXJHHV>«@ZHUHGULIWLQJ EDFNLQWRWKHFLWLHVIURPZKLFKWKH\KDGIOHG ZKLFKPHDQWWKDWZKHQHYHU
WKH (LQVDW]JUXSSHKDGOHIWDWRZQLWUHWXUQHGWRILQGPRUH-HZVWKDQKDG
DOUHDG\EHHQNLOOHGWKHUHS '(- S,ILWLVUHDOO\WUXHWKDWVLJQLI
LFDQWQXPEHUVRI-HZVUHWXUQHGWRWKHFLWLHVFDSWXUHGE\WKH*HUPDQVLVWKLV
QRW DQ LQIDOOLEOH LQGLFDWLRQ WKDW WKH *HUPDQV GLG QRW PDVVDFUH WKH -HZVVLQFHZRUGRIVXFKDWKLQJZRXOGKDYHVSUHDGOLNHZLOGILUH.LOOLQJRSHUD
WLRQVRIWKLVPDJQLWXGHDUHQRWHDV\WRKLGHHVSHFLDOO\ZKHQWKH\VXSSRV
HGO\WRRNSODFHQHDUDFLW\DVLQWKHFDVHRI%DEL<DU
F 7KH3XUSRVHDQGWKH&RXUVHRIWKH*KHWWRL]DWLRQ
:KDW +LOEHUJ KDV ZULWWHQ RQ WKH VXEMHFW RI JKHWWRL]DWLRQ LWV WLPH
IUDPHDQGSXUSRVHGHILHVDOOORJLF:HUHFDSLWXODWH
± 7KHJKHWWRL]DWLRQRFFXUUHGEHWZHHQWKHILUVWNLOOLQJVZHHSWHUPLQDWLQJDWWKHHQGRI'HFHPEHUDQGWKHVHFRQGEHJLQQLQJLQ
6HSWHPEHU ZKLFKPHDQV LWPXVWKDYHEHHQFDUULHGRXW LQ
WKHODVWIRXUPRQWKVRI
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 41/129
- h5*(1 * 5$) Â7 +( * ,$17 : ,7+ ) ((7 2) & /$<
± ,Q-XO\DQG$XJXVWWKH (LQVDW]JUXSSHQKDGDOUHDG\³FRPSOHWHGDODUJHSDUW RIWKHJKHWWRL]DWLRQSURFHVV
± 7KHSXUSRVHRIWKHJKHWWRL]DWLRQZDVSDUWO\WRIDFLOLWDWHWKHODWHU
VHL]XUHRIWKH-HZVWRVKRRWWKHPVLQFH³ WKH-HZVFRXOGQRWEHNLOOHGLQDVLQJOHVZHHS´
± 7KHJKHWWRVDOVRDOORZHG-HZLVKODERUIRUFHVWREHH[SORLWHG
7KLVLVDOODKRSHOHVVFRQIXVLRQ (LWKHULQWKH(DVWWKH*HUPDQVFDU
ULHGRQDQH[WHUPLQDWLRQSROLF\ZLWKUHVSHFWWRWKH-HZV²GLFWDWHGE\LGHR
ORJLFDO IDQDWLFLVP² RU WKH\ SXUVXHG D SROLF\ RIJKHWWRL]DWLRQ²GULYHQE\
VHFXULW\FRQVLGHUDWLRQVDVZHOODVHFRQRPLFFRQVLGHUDWLRQV7KHWZRVLPSO\
FDQQRW EH FRPELQHG 7KDW JKHWWRL]DWLRQ ZRXOG QRW H[FOXGH WKH NLOOLQJ RI
FHUWDLQFDWHJRULHVRI-HZVFRPPLVVDUVSDUWLVDQVKRVWDJHVDQGVRRQQRU
ZRXOGLWH[FOXGHVSRQWDQHRXVPDVVDFUHVRUGHUHGE\ORFDOFRPPDQGHUVLV
DQRWKHUTXHVWLRQ
+LOEHUJ¶VDUJXPHQWZKLFKKHXVHVWRH[SODLQWKHJKHWWRL]DWLRQWKDWVR
PDQ\-HZV GULIWHGEDFNLQWRWKH FLWLHV FDSWXUHGE\WKH*HUPDQVWKDWWKH\
FRXOGQRWEHNLOOHGLQDVLQJOHVZHHSLVSXUHQRQVHQVH:K\QRWZKHQLQ
WKHILUVWRIWZRPDVVDFUHVLQ5LJD-HZVFRXOGEHPXUGHUHGE\
PHQ"
)XUWKHUPRUH LI WKH JKHWWRL]DWLRQ WRRN SODFH VRPHWLPH EHWZHHQ WKH
IDOODQGWKHHQGRIWKH (LQVDW]JUXSSHQFDQKDUGO\KDYHDOUHDG\³FRP SOHWHGDODUJHSDUW RILWDVHDUO\DV-XO\DQG$XJXVW
:HPRYHRQ ,QVXPPHU +LPPOHURUGHUHGWKH FRQYHUVLRQRI
WKHJKHWWRVWRFRQFHQWUDWLRQFDPSVZK\H[DFWO\ZKHQWKHLUSXUSRVHLQWKH
ILUVW SODFH KDG EHHQ WR IDFLOLWDWH VKRRWLQJ WKH -HZV" ,Q /DWYLD WKLV KDS
SHQHGVPRRWKO\EXWLQ/LWKXDQLDLWUHTXLUHGXVHRIIRUFH:HUHWKH/LWKXD
QLDQ -HZV VKRW WKHQ" 3DUWLDOO\ \HV +LOEHUJ EHOLHYHV EXW QRW ULJKW ZKHUH
WKH\ZHUHIRXQGEXWUDWKHU« LQ/DWYLDDQG(VWRQLD:K\QRWLQ/LWKXDQLD
LWVHOI"7KHVXUYLYRUVIURP/DWYLDDQG(VWRQLDZHUHVHQWWR6RELEyULQ(DVW
3RODQG D SODFH +LOEHUJ VD\V ZDV DQ µH[WHUPLQDWLRQ FDPS¶XVHG RQO\ IRU
JDVVLQJ-HZVVRWKDWWKHSXUSRVHRIVHQGLQJWKHPWKHUHFDQRQO\KDYHEHHQ
WRNLOOWKHP
:K\WKHVH/LWKXDQLDQ-HZVZRXOGQRWKDYHEHHQNLOOHGLQ/DWYLDDQG
(VWRQLD LQVWHDG RI RQFH PRUH KDYLQJ YDOXDEOH WUDQVSRUW VSDFH DQG IRRG
WKURZQ DZD\ RQ WKHP UHPDLQV D P\VWHU\ $QG KRZ GLG VRPH RI WKHVH
/LWKXDQLDQ-HZVVHQWWR/DWYLDDQG(VWRQLDHQGXSLQWKHFDPSDW6WXWWKRI O\LQJHDVWRI'DQ]LJZKLFK+LOEHUJVD\VZDVQRW DH[WHUPLQDWLRQFDPS"
/HWXVPRYHRQWRWKH*HUPDQDQG&]HFK-HZVZKRZHUHUHPRYHGWR5LJDDQG0LQVNDWWKHHQGRI
,IDV+LOEHUJVD\VWKH+LWOHURUGHUIRUWKHSK\VLFDODQQLKLODWLRQRI
-HZU\KDGEHHQJLYHQORQJEHIRUHWKHSXUSRVHRIWKHVHPHDVXUHVFDQRQO\
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 42/129
97 +( 0 $66$&5(6 % (+,1'7+( ( $67(51 ) 5217
KDYHEHHQWKHNLOOLQJRIWKHGHSRUWHHV:HUHSHDWKHUHWKHTXHVWLRQUDLVHG
EHIRUHZK\WKH*HUPDQVZRXOGQRWKDYHMXVWNLOOHGWKHPRQWKHVSRWRUDW
OHDVWKDYHZDLWHGDQRWKHUPRQWKXQWLOWKHRSHQLQJRIWKHILUVWµH[WHUPLQDWLRQ
FDPS¶DW&KHåPQR,QIDFWVD\V+LOEHUJRIWKH-HZVIURPWKH5HLFKDQGWKH3URWHFWRUDWHZKRUHDFKHG0LQVNZHUHNLOOHGLPPHGLDWHO\RQDUULYDO
7KHUHVWRIWKHPZHUHODWHUVHQWEDFNZDUG WR3RODQG DOWKRXJKZKHWKHUWR
EHNLOOHGRUWRZRUNWKHUH+LOEHUJGRHVQRWVD\,Q5LJDPDQ\RIWKHXQIRU
WXQDWHSHRSOHGLHGWRREXWQRWE\VKRRWLQJEXWEHFDXVHRIUDJLQJHSLGHP
LFV 7KLV PHDQW D VLJQLILFDQW HFRQRPLF ORVV WR WKH *HUPDQV VLQFH WKH
VXUYLYRUVSHUIRUPHGYDOXDEOHZRUNIRUWKH³66DUP\QDY\DLUIRUFHUDLOZD\VHUYLFHDQGPDQXIDFWXULQJFRQFHUQV´:RXOGQ¶WWKH*HUPDQVKDGGRQH
EHWWHULIWKH\KDGQRWPXUGHUHGWKH/DWYLDQ-HZVZKRZHUHDOOHJ
HGO\VKRWWRPDNHURRPIRUWKH*HUPDQ-HZVQRWWRPHQWLRQWKHDOUHDG\NLOOHGE\WKHPHQ"
³ ,WZDVGDUNDQGWKHPRRQVKRQHEULJKWO\DVDVSHHGLQJPRWRUFDU VORZO\WXUQHGDURXQGWKHVWUDLJKWFRUQHU:LWKLQZHUHVHDWHGVWDQGLQJSHR SOHVLOHQWO\VXQNLQFRQYHUVDWLRQ«´7KLVLVWKHEHJLQQLQJRIDZHOONQRZQ
*HUPDQQRQVHQVHQXUVHU\UK\PH+LOEHUJ¶VUHQGLWLRQRI*HUPDQSROLF\RQ
WKH-HZVLQWKHFRQTXHUHG6RYLHWWHUULWRULHVVRXQGVH[DFWO\OLNHLW
1R9DOLG(YLGHQFHIRUWKH&ODLPHG$SSUR[LPDWHO\0LOOLRQ0XUGHUHG-HZV%HKLQGWKH(DVWHUQ)URQW
,QWKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKH*HUPDQVIRXQGDPDVVJUDYHFRQWDLQLQJ
YLFWLPVDW.DW\QLQ:KLWH5XVVLD7KH\VRRQGLVFRYHUHGWKDWWKHYLF
WLPVKDGEHHQVRPHRIWKH3ROLVKRIILFHUVDQGVROGLHUVZKRKDGEHHQWDNHQ
SULVRQHUE\WKH 6RYLHWV LQ$ TXLFNO\ FRQYHQHGLQWHUQDWLRQDO H[SHUW
FRPPLVVLRQ FRQILUPHG WKLV HYDOXDWLRQ 7KH 1DWLRQDO 6RFLDOLVWV XVHG WKLV
JULVO\GLVFRYHU\IRUDQLPPHQVHDQGYHU\VXFFHVVIXODQWL%ROVKHYLVWSURSD
JDQGDFDPSDLJQ,Q1XUHPEHUJWKH6RYLHWVVXFFHHGHGLQSXWWLQJWKHJXLOWRQWKH*HUPDQVEXWQRRQHLQ3RODQGRUWKH:HVWUHDOO\EHOLHYHGWKHP,W
ZDVQRWXQWLO0LNKDLO*RUEDFKHYLQWKDW0RVFRZFRQIHVVHGWKDWWKHVH
3ROLVK ILJKWHUV KDG EHHQ VKRW E\ 6WDOLQ¶V WKXJV²DORQJ ZLWK PRUH WKDQ
RWKHUVEXULHGLQRWKHUORFDWLRQV
(YHQWRGD\LQ 3RODQGLW LVDVVHUWHGWKDWWKHUHZHUHJDVVLQJV RISHUVRQVLQ 6WXWWKRI WKHYLVLWRU LV
VKRZQ D GLVLQIHVWDWLRQ FKDPEHU RSSRVLWHWKH FUHPDWRU\DV WKHFULPHVLWH <HW :HVWHUQ KLVWRULDQV
KDYHPRVWO\NHSWDZD\IURPWKLVVXEMHFW+LOEHUJQHYHUPHQWLRQVJDVVLQJVRISHUVRQVLQ6WXWWKRIZKLFKVKRZVWKDWKHGRHVQRWUHJDUGWKDWFDPSDVDQµH[WHUPLQDWLRQFDPS¶FIRQWKLV-UJHQ*UDI
&DUOR0DWWRJQR&RQFHQWUDWLRQ&DPS6WXWWKRI 7KHVHV'LVVHUWDWLRQV3UHVV&DSVKDZ$/
2QWKH.DW\Q PDVVDFUHVHH IRU H[DPSOH$OOHQ 3DXO .DW\Q7KH8QWROG6WRU\RI6WDOLQ¶V3ROLVK0DVVDFUH&KDUOHV6FULEQHU¶V6RQV1HZ<RUN
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 43/129
- h5*(1 * 5$) Â7 +( * ,$17 : ,7+ ) ((7 2) & /$<
5DXO+LOEHUJ¶VYHUVLRQLVWKDWRIWKHRULJLQDOPLOOLRQ-HZVLQWKH
*HUPDQ RFFXSLHG WHUULWRULHV RI WKH 8665 DSSUR[LPDWHO\ PLOOLRQV
GLHGDQGRQO\DVPDOOQXPEHURIWKHPLQJKHWWRVFDPSVRULQWKHSDUWLVDQ
ZDUPRVWRIWKHPZHUHPXUGHUHG,IZHWDNH³PRVWRIWKHP´WRPHDQDQHYHQPLOOLRQWKLVPHDQVWKDWWKH*HUPDQVLQWKH8665NLOOHGDOPRVW
WKUHHKXQGUHGWLPHVDVPDQ\-HZVDVWKH6RYLHWVKDGNLOOHG3ROLVKILJKWHUV
DW.DW\Q8QGRXEWHGO\WKH&RPPXQLVWVZRXOGQRWKDYHOHWVOLSWKLVXQLTXH
RSSRUWXQLW\WRUHSD\WKHLUDGYHUVDU\WKHVKDPHRI.DW\QZLWKLQWHUHVWDQG
FRPSRXQGHG LQWHUHVW8QGRXEWHGO\ DV WKH *HUPDQV KDGGRQHSUHYLRXVO\
WKH6RYLHWVZRXOGKDYHIORZQLQLQWHUQDWLRQDOH[SHUWFRPPLVVLRQVVXFKDV
WKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RPPLWWHHRIWKH5HG&URVV8QGRXEWHGO\DWWKH1XUHP
EHUJWULDOVWKH\ZRXOGKDYHVKRZQILOPVRIWKHH[KXPDWLRQRIKXQGUHGVRI
WKRXVDQGVRIPXUGHUHG-HZV 1RWKLQJRIWKHVRUWKDSSHQHG5DXO+LOEHUJH[SODLQVZK\
³,Q -XQH +LPPOHU RUGHUHG WKH FRPPDQGHU RI 6RQGHUNRPPDQGR D 6WDQGDUWHQIKUHU 3DXO %OREHO µWR HUDVH WKH WUDFHV RI (LQ
VDW]JUXSSHQ H[HFXWLRQV LQ WKH(DVW¶%OREHO IRUPHG D VSHFLDO .RPPDQGRZLWKWKHFRGHGHVLJQDWLRQ 7KH.RPPDQGRKDGWKHWDVNRIGLJJLQJXS
JUDYHVDQGEXUQLQJERGLHV%OREHOWUDYHOHGDOORYHUWKHRFFXSLHGWHUULWRULHVORRNLQJIRUJUDYHVDQGFRQIHUULQJZLWK6HFXULW\3ROLFHRIILFLDOV2QFHKHWRRNDYLVLWRUIURPWKH56+$>5HLFKVVLFKHUKHLWVKDXSWDPW@+DUWOIRUDULGH
DQGOLNHDJXLGHVKRZLQJKLVWRULFDOSODFHVWRDWRXULVWSRLQWHGWRWKHPDVV JUDYHVQHDU.LHYZKHUHKLVRZQPHQKDGNLOOHG-HZV
)URPWKHEHJLQQLQJKRZHYHU%OREHOKDGWRFRQWHQGZLWKSUREOHPV>«@:KHQWKH5XVVLDQVRYHUUDQWKHRFFXSLHGWHUULWRULHV%OREHOKDGIXO
ILOOHGRQO\SDUWRIKLVWDVN ´SSI '(- S
$V KLV VRXUFH IRU WKHVH VWDWHPHQWV +LOEHUJ JLYHV QRW D GRFXPHQW
IURP WKH SHULRG LWVHOI EXW LQVWHDG %OREHO¶V DIILGDYLW PDGH IRU RQH RI WKH
1XUHPEHUJVXFFHVVRUWULDOV
,I%OREHOFRXOGDFFRPSOLVK³RQO\SDUW RIKLVWDVNWKHQWKH6RYLHWVPXVWKDYHIRXQGQXPHURXVXQRSHQHGPDVVJUDYHV7KHUHDVRQWKH\GLGQRW
IXOO\H[SORLWWKLVGLVFRYHU\LVXQFOHDU
/HWXVDVVXPHWKDW³RQO\SDUW PHDQVWKDW%OREHOZDVDEOHWRRSHQ
DQGLQFLQHUDWHWKHFRUSVHVLQKDOIWKHJUDYHVLHFRUSVHV$VIXHO
ZHDUHWROGKHFKRVHQRWZRRGZKLFKZRXOGKDYHEHHQHDV\WRFRPHE\LQ
WKRVHKHDYLO\ZRRGHGDUHDVEXWJDVROLQH,IRQHZHUHWRSRXUJDVROLQHRQD
FRUSVHO\LQJLQWKHRSHQDQGVHWLWRQILUHPRVWRIWKHJDVROLQHZRXOGVHHS
LQWRWKHJURXQG7RSUHYHQWWKLVRQHZRXOGKDYHWROD\WKHFDGDYHULQDFRQ
WDLQHU²VXFKDVDPHWDOWXELQWKLVFDVHRQHZRXOGQHHGDERXWJDOORQV
12
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 44/129
97 +( 0 $66$&5(6 % (+,1'7+( ( $67(51 ) 5217
SHULQFLQHUDWLRQ7KHJDVROLQHORVVZRXOGDOVREHOHVVLIRQHOD\WKHFRUSVH
RQDSLOHRIZRRG
8QGHUWKHXQUHDOLVWLFDVVXPSWLRQWKDW%OREHODQGKLVSHRSOHZHUHLQ
SRVVHVVLRQRIWKHHTXLSPHQWQHFHVVDU\WRDWOHDVWSDUWLDOO\SUHYHQWWKHFRVWO\JDVROLQHIURP VHHSLQJ DZD\ IRU WKH LQFLQHUDWLRQ RI FRUSVHV WKH\
ZRXOGKDYHQHHGHG î JDOORQVRIJDVROLQH²DQG
WKLVDWDWLPHZKHQWKHVFDUFLW\RIIXHOIRUDLUSODQHVDUPRUHGYHKLFOHVDQG
WUXFNVZDVFDXVLQJWKH*HUPDQVVHYHUHGLIILFXOWLHV
:LWKRSHQDLULQFLQHUDWLRQXVLQJJDVROLQHERQHVUHPDLQEHKLQGDQG
XVXDOO\ QRW RQO\ VSOLQWHUV EXW ODUJH SLHFHV RI VKRXOGHUDQG SHOYLF ERQHV
7HHWK FDQQRW EH GHVWUR\HG WKLV ZD\ DW DOO $OVR D FRUSVH OHDYHV EHKLQG
DVKHVDPRXQWLQJWRDERXWRIERG\ZHLJKW,IIRUH[DPSOH%OREHODQG
KLVPHQKDGZDQWHGWRGLVSRVHZLWKRXWDWUDFHRIWKH-HZV+LOEHUJ
VD\VZHUHPXUGHUHGLQ5LJDDWWKHHQGRIWKH\ZRXOGKDYHKDGWRGR
WKHIROORZLQJ
± 7KH\ ZRXOGKDYH KDG WR UHPRYH î WHHWK
ZHDVVXPHWKDWHDFK-HZZDVPLVVLQJWZRWHHWKRQDYHUDJH
± 7KH\ZRXOGKDYHKDGWRUHPRYHPLOOLRQVRIERQHV
± 7KH\ZRXOGKDYHKDGWRVFDWWHUîNLORJUDPV
RIDVKHVZHDVVXPHWKDWHDFKPXUGHUHGSHUVRQZHLJKHGNJRQ
DYHUDJH VLQFH WKHUH ZRXOG KDYH EHHQ PDQ\ FKLOGUHQ DPRQJWKHP
:LWK D WRWDO RI FRUSVHV WR GLVSRVH RI ZLWKRXW D WUDFH WKH
QXPEHUVDERYHLQFUHDVHE\DIDFWRURIPRUHWKDQWZHQW\+RZ%OREHODQG
KLV.RPPDQGR DFFRPSOLVKHG WKLV UHPDLQV DP\VWHU\ HVSHFLDOO\VLQFHWKH
PXUGHUVLWHVOD\LQQXPHURXVZLGHO\GLVSHUVHGORFDOLWLHV
+LOEHUJ QHYHU WRXFKHV RQ IXQGDPHQWDO TXHVWLRQV RI WKLV NLQG KH
DSSDUHQWO\GRHVQRWHYHQUHFRJQL]HWKDWWKH\SRVHDSUREOHP$VD³ SDSHU
KLVWRULDQ´
ZKRDYRLGHGDQ\RQVLWHUHVHDUFKDQGIRUHQVLFLQYHVWLJDWLRQVKHOLYHVIDUIURPWKHSK\VLFDOUHDOLW\RIWKLQJVLQKLVZRUOGRIUHFRUGVDQG
ERRNV
$ORQJZLWKWKHPDVVVKRRWLQJVWKH*HUPDQVDUHVXSSRVHGWRKDYH
NLOOHG SHRSOH LQ PRELOH JDV YDQV $V KDV DOUHDG\ EHHQ PHQWLRQHG LQ RXU
,QWURGXFWLRQ+LOEHUJGRHVQRWVKRZDVLQJOHSLFWXUHRIWKHVHJDVYDQV(YHQ
WKHZHOONQRZQYROXPH 1DWLRQDOVR]LDOLVWLVFKH0DVVHQW|WXQJHQGXUFK*LIW
$UQXOI1HXPDLHU³7KH7UHEOLQND+RORFDXVW LQ(UQVW*DXVVHGRSFLWQRWHSRQOLQHKWWSFRGRKFRPIRXQGIQGWUHEKWPO
6FKODJQDFK1DWXU %LEOLRJUDSKLVFKHV,QVWLWXW/HLS]LJSTXRWHGLQ$UQXOI1HXPDLHU
SUHYLRXVIRRWQRWH
7KLVILWWLQJH[SUHVVLRQZDVFRLQHGE\5REHUW)DXULVVRQ
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 45/129
- h5*(1 * 5$) Â7 +( * ,$17 : ,7+ ) ((7 2) & /$<
JDVZKLFKGHYRWHVQROHVVWKDQSDJHVWRWKHJDVYDQVFRQWDLQVQRSKRWR
JUDSK7KHUHLVDJRRGUHDVRQIRUWKLVQRPDQKDVHYHUODLGH\HVRQRQHRI
WKHVHOHJHQGVKURXGHGYDQV
7KLVLVRXUILQDOUHVXOW+LOEHUJPDNHVQRDWWHPSWWRSURYLGHPDWHULDOHYLGHQFHIRUWKHPXUGHURIVRPHPLOOLRQ-HZVEHKLQGWKHHDVWHUQIURQW
+LOEHUJ¶V'RFXPHQWDU\(YLGHQFH
7KHVRXUFHV+LOEHUJFLWHVDVSURRIIRUPXUGHURIWKH-HZVEHKLQGWKH
HDVWHUQIURQWIDOO LQWR WZR EURDGFDWHJRULHVGRFXPHQWV DQG ZLWQHVV VWDWH
PHQWVWKHODWWHULQFOXGHVDOVRFRQIHVVLRQVRISHUSHWUDWRUVVLQFHWKHSHUSH
WUDWRULVE\GHILQLWLRQDZLWQHVV
:HWXUQILUVWWRWKHGRFXPHQWDU\HYLGHQFH0RVWRILWFRQFHUQVWKHVRFDOOHG³2SHUDWLRQDO5HSRUWV´ (UHLJQLVPHOGXQJHQRIWKH (LQVDW]JUXSSHQ
ZKLFKIDOOLQWRWKHWLPHIUDPH-XQHWKURXJK0D\7KHVHDUHVXS
SRVHGO\GDLO\UHSRUWVRIWKH (LQVDW]JUXSSHFRPPDQGHUVWR+HLQULFK+LP
POHU1XPHURXVPDVVDFUHVDUHGHVFULEHGLQWKHVHUHSRUWVVRPHWLPHVZLWK
ILYH GLJLWQXPEHUV RIYLFWLPV7KH6RYLHWVVXSSRVHGO\ IRXQG WKHVH GRFX
PHQWVLQWKHRIILFHVRIWKH5HLFKVVLFKHUKHLWVKDXSWDPW LQ%HUOLQ
7KHIDFWWKDWWKH*HUPDQVZRXOGOHWVXFKLQFULPLQDWLQJPDWHULDOIDOO
LQWR WKH KDQGV RI WKHLU HQHPLHV PXVW DURXVH VRPH VXUSULVH ,I *HUPDQVFRXOG EULQJ DERXW WKH LQFLQHUDWLRQ ZLWKRXW D WUDFH RI VHYHUDO PLOOLRQV RI
FRUSVHV LQ WKH µH[WHUPLQDWLRQ FDPSV¶ DQG EHKLQG WKH HDVWHUQ IURQW WKH\
ZRXOGFHUWDLQO\KDYHEHHQDEOHWRLQFLQHUDWHDIHZVWDFNVRISDSHU7KXVD
VXVSLFLRQ RI IRUJHU\ LV MXVWLILHG KHUH ULJKW IURP WKH VWDUW 7KHUH DUH DOVR
PRUHWHFKQLFDOJURXQGVWRGLVSXWHWKHJHQXLQHQHVVRIWKHGRFXPHQWVZKLFK
WKH$PHULFDQUHVHDUFKHU3URI$UWKXU5%XW]VXPPDUL]HVDVIROORZV
³%HVLGHVWHOOLQJRIUHJXODUDQWLSDUWLVDQDFWLYLWLHVWKHUHSRUWVWHOORI LQGLYLGXDODFWLRQVRIPDVVH[HFXWLRQVRI-HZVZLWKQXPEHUVRIYLFWLPVXVXDOO\UXQQLQJLQWKHWKRXVDQGV,WLVLQGLFDWHGLQPRVWFDVHVWKDWPDQ\FRSLHV VRPHWLPHV DV PDQ\ DV D KXQGUHG ZHUH GLVWULEXWHG >$SSDUHQWO\ WKH
*HUPDQVZHUHLQWHQWRQOHWWLQJWKHUHVWRIWKHZRUOGNQRZDVVRRQDVSRVVL
EOHDERXWWKHEXWFKHU\EHKLQGWKHHDVWHUQIURQW@7KH\DUHPLPHRJUDSKHG DQGVLJQDWXUHVDUHPRVWUDUHDQGZKHQWKH\RFFXUDSSHDURQQRQLQFULPLQDWLQJ SDJHV 'RFXPHQW 12 IRU H[DPSOH KDV D VLJQDWXUH 556WUDXFKEXWRQO\RQDFRYHULQJSDJHJLYLQJWKHORFDWLRQVRIYDULRXVXQLWVRI WKH(LQVDW]JUXSSHQ7KHUHLVDOVR12DOOHJHGO\IURP+LPPOHUWR+LW
(XJHQ .RJRQ +HUPDQQ /DQJEHLQ $GDOEHUW 5FNHUO HGV RSFLW QRWH 7KH JDV YDQV DUH
GLVFXVVHGRQSDJHVWKURXJK
$UWKXU%XW]7KH+RD[RIWKH7ZHQWLHWK&HQWXU\,QVWLWXWHIRU +LVWRULFDO5HYLHZ1HZSRUW%HDFK
&DOLIS
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 46/129
97 +( 0 $66$&5(6 % (+,1'7+( ( $67(51 ) 5217
OHUUHSRUWLQJDPRQJRWKHUWKLQJVWKHH[HFXWLRQRI5XVVLDQ-HZVLQ $XJXVW1RYHPEHU7KLVFODLPRFFXUVRQSDJHRI12ZKLOHLQLWLDOVVDLGWREH+LPPOHU¶VRFFXURQWKHLUUHOHYDQWSDJH0RUHRYHU+LPPOHU¶VLQLWLDOVZHUHHDV\WRIRUJHWKUHHYHUWLFDOOLQHVZLWKDKRUL]RQWDOOLQHGUDZQWKURXJKWKHP´
7KHFDVHRI%DEL<DUSURYLGHVDQLUUHIXWDEOHSURRIRIWKHIDOVHQHVVRI
WKHVH 2SHUDWLRQDO 5HSRUWV 7KHUH RQ WK 6HSWHPEHU VKRUWO\ DIWHU
HQWU\LQWR.LHYDVUHYHQJHIRUWKHRSHUDWLRQVRIWKHUHVLVWDQFHPRYHPHQW
ZKLFKKDGWDNHQWKHOLYHVRIPDQ\PHPEHUVRIWKH:HKUPDFKWDQGFLYLOLDQV
WKH *HUPDQV DUH VXSSRVHG WR KDYH VKRW -HZV 7KH PDVVDFUH ZDV
UHSRUWHGLQ2SHUDWLRQDO5HSRUWQRRIWK2FWREHU LQZKLFKWKH
QXPEHU RI NLOOHG ZDV JLYHQ ZLWK *HUPDQ SUHFLVLRQ 7KHUH ZHUH H[DFWO\
7KHWRWDOQXPEHURI-HZVSUHVHQWLQ.LHYDWWKHWLPHZDVJLYHQE\WKLVUHSRUWDV
0DQ\PRUH-HZVZHUHNLOOHGLQ%DEL<DULQWKHIROORZLQJZHHNVDQG
PRQWKVDFFRUGLQJWRµ+RORFDXVW¶ZULWHUV
5HVHDUFKHUVVXFKDV8GR:DOHQG\DQG+HUEHUW7LHGHPDQQKDYH
FRPSLOHGDORQJOLVWRILQFRQVLVWHQFLHVZKLFKXQGHUPLQHWKHUHDOLW\RIWKLV
VXSSRVHGPDVVPXUGHUKHUHDUHDIHZRIWKHPRUHLPSRUWDQW
± 7KH FODLPHGWRWDOQXPEHUV RIYLFWLPV GLYHUJHZLOGO\ DQG VRPH
WLPHVUHDFKXSWR ± ,QDSSUR[LPDWHO\SHUVRQVOLYHGLQ.LHYRIZKLFK
ZHUH-HZV $IWHU WKH *HUPDQ LQYDVLRQ RI QG -XQH
DPDVVLYHHYDFXDWLRQRIWKHFLYLOLDQSRSXODWLRQWRRNSODFH
VRWKDWZKHQWKH*HUPDQVDUULYHGRQO\DOLWWOHPRUHWKDQ
-HZLVKDQGQRQ-HZLVKLQKDELWDQWVUHPDLQHG
± ,QYLHZRIWKHSRWHQWLDOGDQJHUWRWKH-HZVLQD*HUPDQRFFXSD
WLRQWKH-HZLVKVKDUHRIWKHHYDFXDWLRQPXVWFHUWDLQO\QRWKDYH
EHHQ OHVV WKDQ DYHUDJH VR WKDW LQ 6HSWHPEHU WKH *HUPDQDUP\FRXOGKDUGO\KDYHHQFRXQWHUHGPRUHWKDQ-HZV,Q
WKHVH FLUFXPVWDQFHV 2SHUDWLRQDO 5HSRUW ZKLFK PHQWLRQV
-HZVVHHPVWREHDJURVVIRUJHU\
5
8GR :DOHQG\ ³ %DEL -DU ± GLH 6FKOXFKW µPLW HUPRUGHWHQ -XGHQ¶"´ LQ +LVWRULVFKH7DWVDFKHQ9HUODJIU9RONVWXPXQG=HLWJHVFKLFKWVIRUVFKXQJ9ORWKR:HVHUQR
+HUEHUW7LHGHPDQQ³ %DEL<DU&ULWLFDO4XHVWLRQVDQG&RPPHQWV´LQ(UQVW*DXVVHGRSFLWQRWHSSRQOLQHKWWSFRGRKFRPIRXQGIQGEDEL\DUKWPOFIDOVRFI*HUPDU5XGROI DQG6LE\OOH6FKU|GHURSFLWQRWH
%URFNKDXV(QF\FORSlGLH:LHVEDGHQTXRWHGIURP7LHGHPDQQRSFLWQRWHS
=HQWUDOEODWWGHV5HLFKVNRPPLVVDULDWVIUGLH8NUDLQH5RYQRQG\HDUQRWK-DQXDU\SS
TXRWHGIURP7LHGHPDQQVHHSUHYLRXVIRRWQRWH
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 47/129
- h5*(1 * 5$) Â7 +( * ,$17 : ,7+ ) ((7 2) & /$<
± ,QDGGLWLRQWR VKRRWLQJVRPHZLWQHVVHVVWDWHWKDWWKH PHWKRG RI
PXUGHUXVHGZDVGURZQLQJLQWKH'QHSUEORZLQJXSZLWKPLQHV
EORZLQJXSZLWKKDQGJUHQDGHVEXULDOZKLOHVWLOODOLYHVTXDVKLQJ
ZLWKDUPRUHGYHKLFOHVDQGRWKHUVXFKQRQVHQVHWRGD\WKHRUWKRGR[KLVWRULRJUDSK\LVSDLQIXOO\VLOHQWDERXWWKHVHRWKHUPHWKRGVRI
NLOOLQJ
± 7KH ZLWQHVVHV FDQQRW DJUHH RQ WKH H[DFW VLWH RI WKH FULPH DQ\
PRUHWKDQRQWKHPHWKRGRINLOOLQJ
± 7KH 6RYLHWV KDYH QHYHU ERWKHUHG WR SHUIRUP IRUHQVLF LQYHVWLJD
WLRQVRIWUDFHVRUWRSUHVHUYHWUDFHV
± $IWHUWKHZDUWKH VXSSRVHGFULPHVLWHZDV XVHGXQFKDQJHGDVD
JDUEDJHGXPS²VXFKODFNRISLHW\LVQRWWREHH[SHFWHGIURPWKH6RYLHWVZKRKDYHDOZD\VKRQRUHGWKHLUPDUW\UV
7KHGHILQLWLYHSURRIWKDWWKHPDVVDFUHDW%DEL<DUQHYHUWRRNSODFHLV
JLYHQE\WKH*HUPDQDLUUHFRQQDLVVDQFHSKRWRJUDSKVRIWKHDUHDZKLFKWKH
VSHFLDOLVW -RKQ %DOO KDV VWXGLHG ,Q 6HSWHPEHU VKRUWO\ EHIRUH WKH
5HG$UP\UHWRRN.LHYWKH*HUPDQVVXSSRVHGO\H[KXPHGDQGLQFLQHUDWHG
WKHERGLHVILQLVKLQJRQWKHWK6HSWHPEHU$QDLUUHFRQQDLVVDQFHSKRWR
JUDSKRIWK6HSWHPEHUVKRZVWKDWWKHUDYLQHRI%DEL<DUZDVIUHHRIDQ\
KXPDQDFWLYLW\DWWKDW WLPH1RJURXSVRISHRSOHQRYHKLFOHVQRSLOHVRI ILUHZRRGQRILUHDQGQRVPRNHDUHHYLGHQW1HLWKHUWKHWRSRJUDSK\QRUWKH
YHJHWDWLRQ² H[FHSW IRU WKH QDWXUDO JURZWK RI WKH WUHHV²KDG FKDQJHG DV
FRPSDUHGWR
7KDWXQPDVNVWKHPDVVVKRRWLQJDW%DEL<DUDVDSURSDJDQGDOLHDQG
WKHIDFWWKDWLWVXUIDFHVLQDQ2SHUDWLRQDO5HSRUWPHDQVWKDWDQ\UHSRUWVRI
WKH (LQVDW]JUXSSHQPXVWEHFRQVLGHUHGVXVSHFWLQDGYDQFHDQGVXEMHFWWRD
FDUHIXOH[SHUWDQDO\VLV
1R RWKHU FODLPHG *HUPDQ PDVVDFUH EHKLQG WKH HDVWHUQ IURQW ZDVH[SORLWHGWRWKHH[WHQWRIWKDWDW%DEL<DU7KHPDLQµSURRI¶IRUWKLVPDVVD
FUHLVRQHRIWKH2SHUDWLRQDO5HSRUWV+RZ FUHGLEOH WKHQDUHRWKHUPDVV
PXUGHUVOLNHZLVHµSURYHQ¶E\2SHUDWLRQDO5HSRUWV"
2I FRXUVH LW LV SRVVLEOH²HYHQ OLNHO\²WKDW JHQXLQH UHSRUWV RI WKH
(LQVDW]JUXSSHQIHOOLQWRWKHKDQGVRIWKH6RYLHWV,ILWGLGKDSSHQWKHUHDO
UHSRUWV FRXOG KDYH VHUYHG DV H[DPSOHV IRU IRUJHULHV LQ ZKLFK HLWKHU WKH
QXPEHUV RI YLFWLPV RI UHDO PDVVDFUHV ZDV HQODUJHG RU PDVVDFUHV ZKLFK
QHYHUKDSSHQHGZHUHLQYHQWHG
-RKQ&%DOO³ $LU3KRWR(YLGHQFH´LQ(*DXVVHG RSFLWQRWHSIRQOLQHKWWS
ZZZDLUSKRWRFRPKWWSFRGRKFRPIRXQGIQGDHULDOKWPO
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 48/129
97 +( 0 $66$&5(6 % (+,1'7+( ( $67(51 ) 5217
$ IHZ PRUH ZRUGV RQ WKH JDV YDQV ZKLFK +LOEHUJ PHQWLRQV RQO\
EULHIO\SSI '(- SSI7KHRQO\GRFXPHQWDU\SURRIKHFLWHVIRU
WKHLU H[LVWHQFH LV WKH OHWWHU VXSSRVHGO\ ZULWWHQ E\ 668QWHUVWXUPIKUHU
%HFNHUWR662EHUVWXUPIKUHU:DOWHU5DXIIRQWK0D\
,QJULG:HFNHUWKDVSRLQWHGRXWWKDWWKLVGRFXPHQWLVSUREDEO\DIRUJ
HU\2QWKHEDVLVRIDFRPSUHKHQVLYHVWXG\RIDOOWKHHYLGHQFHLQH[LVWHQFH
SHUWDLQLQJWRWKLVVXEMHFW3LHUUH0DUDLVKDVGHPRQVWUDWHGWKDWJRRGVWUXFNV
PHQWLRQHGWKHUHLQFRXOGQRWKDYHVHUYHGDV³ JDVYDQV´)RURQHWKLQJWKH
RULJLQDOVSHFLILFDWLRQVRIWKHPDQXIDFWXUHURIWKHVHJRRGVWUXFNVVKRZWKDW
WKHFDUJRVSDFHZDVRQO\PKLJKIWLQ
7KHWHFKQLFDOLQHSWQHVVRIWKHJDVYDQVWRU\FRPHVIURPWKHIDFWWKDW
WKHVHPXUGHUYHKLFOHVZHUHVXSSRVHGWRKDYHEHHQ6DXUHUWRQQHUVS '(- QD $OO 6DXUHU YHKLFOHVZHUH SRZHUHG ZLWK 'LHVHO HQJLQHV EXW WKH
H[KDXVWJDVHVRI'LHVHOHQJLQHVDUHSRRUO\VXLWHGWRNLOOLQJGXHWRWKHLUKLJK
R[\JHQ DQG YHU\ORZ &2FRQWHQW 7KH VDPH6DXUHU ILUPZKLFKPDQXIDF
WXUHGWKRVHYDQVZKRDUHPRVWOLNHO\PLVODEHOHGDV³ JDVYDQV´DOVRSUR
GXFHGPDVVLYHQXPEHUVRIJRRGVYHKLFOHVIXHOHGE\JHQHUDWRUJDV7KLVJDV
ZDVJHQHUDWHGE\EXUQLQJPRLVWZRRGDQGFRNHZLWKDUHVWULFWHGDPRXQWRI
R[\JHQ6LQFHWKLVIXHOUHSODFHVJDVROLQHLWZDVXVHGE\WKHKXQGUHGVRI
WKRXVDQGVLQ*HUPDQ\GXULQJWKH6HFRQG:RUOG:DU*HQHUDWRUJDVKDVD
&2FRQWHQWRIXSWRZKLFKLVTXLFNO\IDWDO7KXVLQFRQWUDU\WR'LHVHOH[KDXVWJDVHVWKHVHJDVJHQHUDWRUVWKHPVHOYHVZRXOGKDYHEHHQLGHDOPXU
GHULQVWUXPHQWV%XWWKHUHLVQRUHSRUWRQWKHLUXVHIRUPDVVNLOOLQJ
+LOEHUJ¶Vµ$IILGDYLWV¶DQG2WKHU:LWQHVV(YLGHQFH
0DQ\ RI WKH FKDUJHV WKDW KDYH EHHQ PDGH DJDLQVW WKH 7KLUG 5HLFK
EDVHGRQZLWQHVVVWDWHPHQWVKDYHORQJVLQFHEHHQUHWUDFWHGE\WKHRUWKRGR[
KLVWRULDQV)RUH[DPSOH QRRQHDVVHUWVDQ\ORQJHU WKDWWKH *HUPDQVKDYHWKHPDVVDFUHRI.DW\QRQWKHLUFRQVFLHQFHDOWKRXJKWKLVFKDUJHZDVPDGH
WR VWLFN DW WKH 1XUHPEHUJ 7ULEXQDO 7KH KRUURU VWRU\ DERXW VRDS IURP
KXPDQ IDW ²OLNHZLVH GLVKHG RXW E\ WKH 6RYLHWV DW 1XUHPEHUJ²LV QRW
36
,QJULG:HFNHUW³7KH*DV9DQV$&ULWLFDO$VVHVVPHQWRIWKH(YLGHQFH LQ(UQVW*DXVVHG RSFLWQRWHSSRQOLQHKWWSFRGRKFRPIRXQGIQGZDJRQKWPO
3LHUUH0DUDLV /HVFDPLRQVjJD]HQTXHVWLRQ 3ROpPLTXHV3DULVHVSHFLDOO\SS
)ULHGULFK 3DXO %HUJ³7KH'LHVHO *DV&KDPEHUV,GHDO IRU7RUWXUH²$EVXUG IRU0XUGHU LQ(*DXVVHGRSFLWQRWHSSRQOLQHKWWSFRGRKFRPIRXQGIQGLHVHOJFKWPO'LHVHO
HQJLQHVFDQUXQERWKZLWK'LHVHOIXHODQGZLWKJHQHUDWRUJDV
,079,,S
,079,,SSI
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 49/129
- h5*(1 * 5$) Â7 +( * ,$17 : ,7+ ) ((7 2) & /$<
WDNHQVHULRXVO\E\DQ\ UHSXWDEOH KLVWRULDQ HYHQ +LOEHUJ GHVFULEHV LWDVD
³UXPRU SSI '(- S2WKHUDFFXVDWLRQVZKLFKWKH6RYLHWSUR
VHFXWRUVPDGHDJDLQVW*HUPDQ\DW1XUHPEHUJKDYHEHHQORQJIRUJRWWHQDQG
DSSDUHQWO\VSUDQJIURPPRUHWZLVWHGPLQGVWKDQWKHVRDSIDLU\WDOH)RU H[DPSOH WKH 6RYLHWVDFFXVHG WKH 1DWLRQDO6RFLDOLVWV RIKDYLQJ
PXUGHUHG5XVVLDQ32:VLQFRQFHQWUDWLRQFDPS6DFKVHQKDXVHQE\
PHDQVRISHGDOGULYHQVNXOOVPDVKLQJPDFKLQHV
7KH:HVWHUQ$OOLHVGLGQRWODJEHKLQGWKH6RYLHWVLQWKHLUFOXPV\KRU
URUSURSDJDQGD7KXVDWWKH1XUHPEHUJWULDO86SURVHFXWRU5REHUW-DFNVRQ
IDOVHO\ GHQRXQFHG WKH *HUPDQV WR IRUPHU *HUPDQ DUPDPHQWV PLQLVWHU
$OEHUW6SHHUIRUKDYLQJEORZQXS-HZVZLWKDQDWRPERPEDW$XV
FKZLW] 7KHQXPEHU RI GHDG DW 'DFKDX ZDVIRU\HDUVSRVWHG RQ DVLJQ
ERDUGRQWKHJURXQGVRIWKHIRUPHUFRQFHQWUDWLRQFDPSDVZKLOH
WKHDFWXDOQXPEHUZDVDSSUR[LPDWHO\RIZKLFKLWLVQRZXQGLVSXWHG
WKDWDWOHDVWKDOIGLHGLQWKHODVWIRXUPRQWKVRIWKHZDUZKHQWKHWUDQVSRUW
V\VWHPKDGFROODSVHGDQGHSLGHPLFVVSUHDGXQFKHFNHG
$OVRDW1XUHPEHUJWKH$QJOR$PHULFDQVSDLGREHLVDQFHWRWKHOLHV
DERXW JDV FKDPEHU PXUGHUV LQ 'DFKDX %XFKHQZDOG DQG RWKHU ZHVWHUQ
FDPSV )RU H[DPSOH %ULWLVK FKLHI SURVHFXWRU 6LU +DUWOH\ 6KDZFURVV
DVVHUWHGWKHUHWKDWWKH*HUPDQVKDG³FRQGXFWHG >PXUGHU@ OLNHVRPHPDVV
SURGXFWLRQ LQGXVWU\ LQ WKH JDV FKDPEHUV DQG WKH RYHQV RI $XVFKZLW] 'DFKDX 7UHEOLQND %XFKHQZDOG 0DXWKDXVHQ 0DLGDQHN DQG 2UDQLHQEXUJ ´7KHVHWKLQJVVRHPEDUUDVVSUHVHQWGD\µ+RORFDXVW¶KLVWRULDQVWKDW
WKH\SUHIHUQRWWRGHQRXQFHWKHPDVWHUULEOHOLHVLQPRVWFDVHVWKH\GRQRW
HYHQGDUHWRPHQWLRQWKHP
$QLQWHUHVWLQJFROOHFWLRQRIQRQVHQVHDFFXVDWLRQVWKURZQDURXQGDW
WKH1XUHPEHUJWULDOKDVEHHQDVVHPEOHGE\&DUORV3RUWHUDQG9LQFHQW5H\Q
RXDUG
$OOWKHVHLQYHQWHG*HUPDQDWURFLWLHVZHUHFRQILUPHGE\µH\HZLWQHVVUHSRUWV¶DQGµSHUSHWUDWRUFRQIHVVLRQV¶ZKRVHYDOXHLVGLIILFXOWWRDVVHVV7KH
VDPHDSSOLHV WRWKH QXPHURXV ZLWQHVV VWDWHPHQWV DERXWPDVVDFUHVEHKLQG
WKHHDVWHUQIURQWDVXEVWDQWLDOSURSRUWLRQRIZKLFKZHUHIXUQLVKHGIRUWKH
1XUHPEHUJWULDORU LWVVXFFHVVRUWULDOV2QHH[DPSOHLVWKHDIRUHPHQWLRQHG
DIILGDYLW RI3DXO %OREHO RQ KLVDFWLYLWLHV EHKLQG WKH HDVWHUQ IURQW %OREHO
GHSRVHGWKDWKHDQGKLV .RPPDQGRKDGH[KXPHGDODUJHSDUWRIWKH
,079,,SSI ,07;9,SSI
3DXO%HUEHQ 'DFKDX7KH2IILFLDO+LVWRU\7KH1RUIRON3UHVV
,07;,;S
&DUORV3RUWHUDQG9LQFHQW5H\QRXDUG0HQWHXUj1XUHPEHUJ $1(&%3)
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 50/129
97 +( 0 $66$&5(6 % (+,1'7+( ( $67(51 ) 5217
PDVV JUDYHV DQG LQFLQHUDWHG WKH ERGLHV RI WKH PXUGHUHG YLFWLPV $W WKH
VDPH WLPH DFFRUGLQJ WR DQRWKHU DIILGDYLW WKDW RI DQ 56+$ PDQ QDPHG
+DUWO³OLNHDJXLGHVKRZLQJKLVWRULFDOSODFHVWRDWRXULVW>%OREHO@ SRLQWHG
WRWKHPDVVJUDYHVQHDU.LHYZKHUHKLVRZQPHQKDGNLOOHG-HZV´
6LQFHWKLVPDVVDFUHQHDU.LHY%DEL<DUFDQQRWKDYHWDNHQSODFHWKHDIIL
GDYLWLVQHFHVVDULO\IUDXGXOHQW
7KHYLFWRULRXVSRZHUVGLGQRWODFNWKHPHDQVWRFRPSHOVXFKZLWQHVV
WHVWLPRQ\ ,Q D 86 GHOHJDWLRQ OHG E\ MXGJHV *RUGRQ 6LPSVRQ DQG
(GZDUGYDQ5RGHQGHWHUPLQHGWKDWWKH$PHULFDQVKDGUHJXODUO\UHVRUWHGWR
WRUWXUHWRSURFXUHFRQIHVVLRQV ,QRWKHUFDVHVWKHDFFXVHGZHUHSHUVXDGHG
WRLQFULPLQDWHWKHPVHOYHVRUWKHLUIHOORZDFFXVHGE\SURPLVHVRIDFTXLWWDO
RUOLJKWSXQLVKPHQW:LOKHOP+|WWOLVDQRWDEOHH[DPSOH,IWKHµGHPR
FUDWLF¶$PHULFDQVUHVRUWHGWRVXFKPHWKRGVLWLVKDUGO\OLNHO\WKDWWKH6RYL
HWVZHUHDQ\PRUHKRQRUDEOHLQWKHLUPHWKRGV
7KLVLVWKHQDWXUHRIWKHµH\HZLWQHVVUHSRUWV¶DQGµSHUSHWUDWRUFRQ
IHVVLRQV¶WKDW5DXO+LOEHUJDGGXFHVDVHYLGHQFHIRUWKHJHQRFLGHDJDLQVWWKH
6RYLHW-HZV:KDWIROORZVLVDTXRWDWLRQIURPRQHVXFKZLWQHVVVWDWHPHQW
ZKLFKZHJLYHDVDGUDVWLFGHPRQVWUDWLRQRIZKDWWKHZRUOGIDPRXVµ+ROR
FDXVW¶ *LDQWIRLVWVXSRQ KLVUHDGHUV7KH SDVVDJH LQTXHVWLRQLVJLYHQRQ
SDJHVDQG '(- SDJHVDQG+LOEHUJ¶VVRXUFHLVDQDUWLFOH
WKDWDSSHDUHGLQWKH*HUPDQODQJXDJH86-HZLVKQHZVSDSHU $XIEDX1HZ<RUNRQUG$XJXVWZKLFKZDVEDVHGRQDVWDWHPHQWDWWULEXWHGWR
662EHUJUXSSHQIKUHU(ULFKYRQGHP%DFK=HOHZVNL+LOEHUJGRHVQRWWHOO
WKHUHDGHUZKHQDQGZKHUHWKHFRQIHVVLRQZDVVXSSRVHGO\PDGH
³2QFH LQ PLG$XJXVW +LPPOHU KLPVHOI YLVLWHG 0LQVN +HDVNHG(LQVDW]JUXSSH%&RPPDQGHU>$UWKXU@1HEHWRVKRRWDEDWFKRIDKXQGUHGSHRSOH VR WKDW KH FRXOG VHH ZKDW RQH RI WKHVH µOLTXLGDWLRQV¶ UHDOO\ORRNHGOLNH1HEHREOLJHG$OOH[FHSWWZRRIWKHYLFWLPVZHUHPHQ+LPPOHU
VSRWWHGLQWKHJURXSD\RXWKRIDERXWWZHQW\ZKRKDGEOXHH\HVDQGEORQG
KDLU-XVWEHIRUHWKHILULQJZDVWREHJLQ+LPPOHUZDONHGXSWRWKHGRRPHG PDQDQGSXWDIHZTXHVWLRQVWRKLP
$UH\RXD-HZ"<HV $UHERWKRI\RXUSDUHQWV-HZV"<HV 'R\RXKDYHDQ\DQFHVWRUVZKRZHUHQRW-HZV" 1R7KHQ,FDQ¶WKHOS\RX
12PHQWLRQHGE\+LOEHUJRQS '(- S
$UWKXU5%XW]RSFLWQRWHS
*HUPDU5XGROIRSFLWQRWHSI
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 51/129
- h5*(1 * 5$) Â7 +( * ,$17 : ,7+ ) ((7 2) & /$<
$VWKHILULQJVWDUWHG+LPPOHUZDVHYHQPRUHQHUYRXV'XULQJHYHU\YROOH\KHORRNHGWRWKHJURXQG:KHQWKHWZRZRPHQFRXOGQRWGLH+LPPOHU
\HOOHGWRWKHSROLFHVHUJHDQWQRWWRWRUWXUHWKHP
:KHQ WKH VKRRWLQJ ZDV RYHU +LPPOHU DQG D IHOORZ VSHFWDWRU HQJDJHG LQ FRQYHUVDWLRQ 7KH RWKHU ZLWQHVV ZDV 2EHUJUXSSHQIKUHU YRQGHP%DFK=HOHZVNLWKHVDPHPDQZKRZDVODWHUGHOLYHUHGWRDKRVSLWDO9RQGHP%DFKDGGUHVVHG+LPPOHU
5HLFKVIKUHUWKRVHZHUHRQO\DKXQGUHG:KDWGR\RXPHDQE\WKDW" /RRNDWWKHH\HVRIWKHPHQLQWKLV.RPPDQGRKRZGHHSO\VKDNHQWKH\
DUH7KHVHPHQDUHILQLVKHGIRUWKHUHVWRIWKHLUOLYHV:KDWNLQGRIIROORZHUVDUHZHWUDLQLQJKHUH"(LWKHUQHXURWLFVRUVDYDJHV
+LPPOHUZDVYLVLEO\PRYHGDQGGHFLGHGWRPDNHDVSHHFKWRDOOZKR
ZHUHDVVHPEOHGWKHUH+HSRLQWHG RXW WKDW WKH(LQVDW]JUXSSH ZHUHFDOOHG XSRQWRIXOILOODUHSXOVLYHZLGHUOLFKHGXW\+HZRXOGQRWOLNHLWLI*HUPDQVGLGVXFKDWKLQJJODGO\%XWWKHLUFRQVFLHQFHZDV LQQRZD\LPSDLUHG IRU WKH\ ZHUH VROGLHUVZKR KDG WRFDUU\RXW HYHU\ RUGHU XQFRQGLWLRQDOO\ +HDORQHKDGUHVSRQVLELOLW\EHIRUH*RGDQG+LWOHUIRUHYHU\WKLQJWKDWZDVKDS
SHQLQJ>«@
$IWHUWKHVSHHFK+LPPOHU1HEHYRQGHP%DFKDQGWKHFKLHIRI+LPPOHU¶V 3HUVRQDO6WDII>.DUO@:ROIILQVSHFWHGDQLQVDQHDV\OXP+LPPOHU RUGHUHG1HEHWRHQGWKHVXIIHULQJRIWKHVHSHRSOHDVVRRQDVSRVVLEOH$WWKH
VDPHWLPH+LPPOHUDVNHG1HEHµWRWXUQRYHULQKLVPLQG¶YDULRXVRWKHUNLOOLQJPHWKRGVPRUHKXPDQHWKDQVKRRWLQJ1HEHDVNHGIRUSHUPLVVLRQWRWU\RXWG\QDPLWHRQWKHPHQWDOO\LOOSHRSOH9RQGHP%DFKDQG:ROIISURWHVWHG WKDWWKHVLFNSHRSOHZHUHQRWJXLQHDSLJVEXW+LPPOHUGHFLGHGLQIDYRURI WKHDWWHPSW0XFKODWHU1HEHFRQILGHGWRYRQGHP%DFKWKDWWKHG\QDPLWHKDGEHHQWULHGRQWKHLQPDWHVZLWKZRHIXOUHVXOWV´
:KRZRXOGKDYHHYHUWKRXJKWLW" (LQVDW]JUXSSHFRPPDQGHU$UWKXU
1HEHRQFHDFKLHIRIFULPLQDOSROLFHLQFLYLOLDQOLIHWKHQDWHFKQLFDOEXQ
JOHUZKRZDQWHGWRSUDFWLFHPDVVPXUGHUZLWKH[SORVLYHV
+LOEHUJ WUHDWV µH\HZLWQHVV UHSRUWV¶ DQG µSHUSHWUDWRU FRQIHVVLRQV¶VXFKDVWKHVHDVWKRXJKWKH\KDGWKHVDPHHYLGHQWLDU\YDOXHDVLQGLVSXWDEO\
DXWKHQWLFGRFXPHQWV
+LOEHUJ¶V,QYHQWHGµ6KRRWLQJRI%DOWLF&DPS,QPDWHV¶
&RQFHUQLQJWKHGHSRUWDWLRQRI-HZVIURPWKH%DOWLFVWDWHVWR5HLFK
*HUPDQFDPSV+LOEHUJZULWHVWKDWWKH%DOWLFFDPSVKDGEHHQEURNHQXSD
IHZPRQWKVDIWHU0D\
³)URP$XJXVWWR-DQXDU\VHYHUDOWKRXVDQG-HZVZHUHWUDQVSRUWHGWRFRQFHQWUDWLRQFDPSVLQWKH5HLFK0DQ\WKRXVDQGVRI%DOWLFFDPS LQPDWHV ZHUH VKRW RQ WKH VSRW MXVW EHIRUH WKH DUULYDO RI WKH 5HG
$UP\´S '(- S
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 52/129
97 +( 0 $66$&5(6 % (+,1'7+( ( $67(51 ) 5217
7KH ³FRQFHQWUDWLRQ FDPSV LQ WKH 5HLFK´ ZHUH FRQFHQWUDWLRQ FDPS
6WXWWKRIPHQWLRQHGE\+LOEHUJRQS '(- SDVZHOODV.DXIHU
LQJDQRXWO\LQJFDPSRI'DFKDXQRWPHQWLRQHGE\+LOEHUJ
6WXG\RIWKHVRXUFHVIRUFRQFHQWUDWLRQFDPS6WXWWKRIUHYHDOVWKHIROORZLQJIDFWV
%HWZHHQWKHWK-XO\DQGWKHWK2FWREHU-HZVZHUH
WUDQVIHUUHG WR 6WXWWKRI IURP .DXQDV /LWKXDQLD DQG -HZV ZHUH
WUDQVIHUUHGWKHUHIURP5LJD/DWYLDKHUHDUHWKHGDWHVDQGWKHORDGLQJRI
WKHUHVSHFWLYHWUDQVSRUWV
'$7( 25,*,1 180%(5 75$16)(55('
.DXQDV
.DXQDV
.DXQDV
.DXQDV
.DXQDV
.DXQDV
.DXQDV
.DXQDV
.DXQDV .DXQDV
5LJD
5LJD
5LJD
5LJD
5LJD
5LJD
727$/
,I 6WXWWKRI DORQH UHFHLYHG -HZV IURP WKH %DOWLF VWDWHV DQG
DGGLWLRQDOO\ D QXPEHU RI %DOWLF -HZV²XQNQRZQ WR XV²ZHUH VHQW WR WKH
'DFKDXRXWO\LQJFDPS.DXIHULQJWKHWRWDOQXPEHURI-HZVGLYLGHGDPRQJ
FRQFHQWUDWLRQ FDPSV LQ 5HLFK WHUULWRU\ FDQQRW KDYH EHHQ PHUHO\ D ³ IHZWKRXVDQG DV+LOEHUJVWDWHV7KHUHDVRQIRUWKLVLPSXGHQWPDQLSXODWLRQRI
QXPEHUV LV QRW KDUG WR XQGHUVWDQG +LOEHUJ ZDQWV WR FRXQW WKH µPLVVLQJ¶
-HZVIURPWKH%DOWLFFDPSVDVYLFWLPVRI*HUPDQPDVVVKRRWLQJV
(-lFNHO3/RQJHULFK-+6FKRHSVHGRSFLWQRWHY,,S
$UFKLZXP0X]HXP6WXWWKRI,,,%S
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 53/129
- h5*(1 * 5$) Â7 +( * ,$17 : ,7+ ) ((7 2) & /$<
7KLVWULFNHU\LVDOOWKHPRUHFXOSDEOHLQDVPXFKDVWKHWUDQVIHUVIURP
.DXQDVDQG5LJDWR6WXWWKRIKDGEHHQDEO\GRFXPHQWHGE\3ROLVKKLVWRULDQ
.U]\V]WRI'XQLQ: VRZLF]LQ
7KHUHFDQEHOLWWOHH[FXVHIRUDQDFDGHPLFKLVWRULDQZKRKDVVHWKLPVHOIWKHKLJKWDVNRISURGXFLQJD³GHILQLWLYH´ZRUNRQWKHµ+RORFDXVW¶ZKR
ODFNVNQRZOHGJHRIWKHSHUWLQHQWOLWHUDWXUHRURIWKH3ROLVKODQJXDJH
1DWXUDOO\DVµSURRI¶RIWKHVKRRWLQJRI%DOWLF-HZLVKFDPSLQPDWHV
+LOEHUJRIIHUVQRGRFXPHQWRQO\DZLWQHVVVWDWHPHQWWKDWRIDFHUWDLQ-HZ
-RVHSK7HQHQEDXP
:KDW5HDOO\+DSSHQHGWRWKH-HZVLQWKH
2FFXSLHG6RYLHW7HUULWRULHV",QYLHZRIWKHFDWDVWURSKLFODFNRIGRFXPHQWDWLRQXQGHUWKHSUHVHQW
FLUFXPVWDQFHVLWLVDQLPSRVVLEOHWDVNWRJLYHWKHQXPEHURI6RYLHW-HZV
NLOOHGE\WKH*HUPDQVHYHQDSSUR[LPDWHO\7KHTXHVWLRQLVLQFRPSDUDEO\
PRUHGLIILFXOWWKDQIRUH[DPSOHWKHTXHVWLRQRIWKHDOOHJHGJDVVLQJVRISHU
VRQV LQ $XVFKZLW] 7KH ODWWHU VXSSRVHGO\ WRRN SODFH LQ FOHDUO\ LGHQWLILHG
VWUXFWXUHVGHVFULEHGLQFRQVWUXFWLRQGUDZLQJVDQGSDUWLDOO\VWLOOLQH[LVWHQFH
WRGD\ZKRVHVXLWDELOLW\IRUWKHSXUSRVHRIPDVVJDVVLQJRISHUVRQVFDQEH
WHFKQLFDOO\ HYDOXDWHG +RZHYHU ZLWK UHVSHFW WR WKH²UHDO DQG FODLPHG²
PDVVVKRRWLQJVEHKLQGWKHHDVWHUQIURQWLQSODFHVPRVWO\XQNQRZQLWZLOO
QRWEHSRVVLEOHWRPDNHDQH[DPLQDWLRQRIWKHFULPHVFHQHDIWHUDKDOIFHQ
WXU\2QO\DUFKDHRORJLFDOH[FDYDWLRQVFRXOGKHOSXVDWWKLVSRLQWLIRQO\RQH
NQHZZKHUHLQWKHYDVWQHVVRI5XVVLDRQHVKRXOGGLJ
:HEHOLHYHWKDWWKHVXFFHVVRUVWDWHVWRWKH8665DUHLQSRVVHVVLRQRI
*HUPDQGRFXPHQWVZKLFKZRXOGFODULI\WKLVDVSHFWRIWKHHYHQWVEHKLQGWKH
HDVWHUQIURQWEXWWKDWWKHGRFXPHQWVLQTXHVWLRQDUHQRWEHLQJPDGHDYDLO
DEOHIRUSROLWLFDOUHDVRQV7KHTXHVWLRQRI-HZLVKSRSXODWLRQORVVHVLQWKH
(DVWFDQQRWEHVHWWOHGXQWLOWKH\FDQEHH[DPLQHG,WLVDOVRSRVVLEOHWKDW SUHYLRXVO\XQNQRZQDLUUHFRQQDLVVDQFHSKRWRJUDSKVZLOOEHGLVFRYHUHGWKDW
FRXOG VKHG OLJKW RQ WKH UHDOLW\ RU ODFN RI UHDOLW\ RI PDVVDFUHV VXFK DV
FODLPHGIRU%DEL<DU
'HVSLWHWKHPDVVVKRRWLQJVRI6RYLHW-HZVWKDWGLGRFFXUEHKLQGWKH
HDVWHUQIURQWHYHU\WKLQJSRLQWVWRWKHFRQFOXVLRQWKDWWKH*HUPDQVSXUVXHG
DJHQHUDOSROLF\RIDSK\VLFDOFRQFHQWUDWLRQRI-HZVDQGWKDWIURPHDUO\RQ
2QHLQGLFDWLRQRIWKLVLVDUHSRUWRIWKHFRPPDQGHURIWKHWK,QIDQWU\
5HJLPHQWRQWK$XJXVWFRQWDLQLQJWKLVVWDWHPHQW
.U]\V]WRI 'XQLQ: VRZLF] ³ \GRZVF\ :LêQLRZLH ./ 6WXWWKRI LQ %LXæ HW\Q \GRZVNLHJR ,QVW\WXWX+LVWRU\F]QHJR:DUVDZQRS
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 54/129
97 +( 0 $66$&5(6 % (+,1'7+( ( $67(51 ) 5217
³7KH -HZLVKTXHVWLRQ PXVW EH VROYHG UDGLFDOO\ , SURSRVH WKDW DOO -HZVOLYLQJLQWKHFRXQWU\VLGHEHURXQGHGXSDQGSXWLQJXDUGHGFROOHFWLRQDQGODERUFDPSV6XVSLFLRXVHOHPHQWVVKRXOGEHHOLPLQDWHG´
,WLVFOHDUWKDWE\³UDGLFDOVROXWLRQ´RIWKH-HZLVKTXHVWLRQWKHFRPPDQGHU GLG QRW PHDQ WKH H[WHUPLQDWLRQ RI WKH -HZV 7KH KDQG\ WULFN RI
DFFXVLQJWKHDXWKRURIWKHUHSRUWRIXVLQJRI³FRGHODQJXDJH´ZLOOQRWZRUN
KHUHEHFDXVHLQWKDWFDVHKHZRXOGQRWKDYHZULWWHQRIHOLPLQDWLRQRI³ VXV SLFLRXV HOHPHQWV´ ZKLFK XQTXHVWLRQDEO\ PHDQV µNLOO¶ 7R GLVWLQJXLVK
EHWZHHQVXFKVXVSLFLRXVHOHPHQWVDQGWKHUHVWRIWKH-HZVZRXOGKDYHEHHQ
XVHOHVVLQWKDWFDVH
7KHJKHWWRL]DWLRQSROLF\WKDW+LOEHUJGHVFULEHVH[WHQVLYHO\FRQILUPV
WKLVK\SRWKHVLV,WUHVSRQGHGWRERWKVHFXULW\FRQVLGHUDWLRQV-HZVFRQFHQWUDWHGLQJKHWWRVFDQEHSROLFHGPRUHHDVLO\DQGHFRQRPLFQHFHVVLW\+LO
EHUJKLPVHOIKDVHPSKDVL]HGKRZLPSRUWDQWWKH-HZVKRXVHGLQWKH5LJD
JKHWWRZHUHWRWKH*HUPDQVDVIRUWKHLUPDQXIDFWXULQJVNLOOV
7KHGHSRUWDWLRQRI*HUPDQDQG&]HFK-HZVWR0LQVNDQG5LJDZDV
QRWKLQJRWKHUWKDQDQLPSURYLVHGDQGFKDRWLFDWWHPSWWRVHWLQPRWLRQWKH
³ ILQDOVROXWLRQRIWKH-HZLVKTXHVWLRQ´E\UHPRYDOWRWKH(DVW7KLVSROLF\
FRXOGQRWEHSXUVXHGODWHUEHFDXVHRIPLOLWDU\UHYHUVHVWRWKH*HUPDQVDIWHU
7KHWUDQVSRUWVRI/LWKXDQLDQDQG:KLWH5XVVLDQ-HZVWR/DWYLD(VWR
QLDDQG3RODQGRQO\PDNHVHQVHLIWKH-HZVZHUHWDNHQWRZKHUHWKHUHZDV
KRXVLQJ DQG HPSOR\PHQW IRU WKHP 2WKHUZLVH WKH WUDQVSRUWV ZRXOG KDYH
KDGQRORJLFDOSXUSRVH
7KDWWKHSRSXODWLRQORVVHVRIWKH-HZVZHUHIDUOHVVWKDQWKRVHWKDW
+LOEHUJSRVWXODWHVIROORZVIURPDFRPSDULVRQRI-HZLVKSRSXODWLRQILJXUHV
IRUVHYHUDO6RYLHWFLWLHVEHIRUHDQGDIWHUWKH*HUPDQRFFXSDWLRQ,QKLVERRN
7KH)LQDO6ROXWLRQZKLFKZDVFRQVLGHUHGWKHVWDQGDUGZRUNSULRUWR+LO
EHUJWKH%ULWLVK-HZLVKKLVWRULDQ*HUDOG5HLWOLQJHUJLYHVDIHZQXPEHUVIRU
.LHY -HZV 'QHSURSHWURYVN -HZV
2GHVVD -HZV 9LQQLWVD -HZV
5HLWOLQJHU¶VVRXUFHIRUWKHVHQXPEHUVLVDQDUWLFOHLQWKH<LGGLVKODQ
JXDJH 6RYLHW MRXUQDO $LQLNHLW WKH GDWH RI ZKRVH SXEOLFDWLRQ KH GRHV QRW
JLYH+HDGGV
&LWHGE\+LOEHUJRQS1RWJLYHQLQ '(- *HUDOG5HLWOLQJHU7KH)LQDO6ROXWLRQ7KH$WWHPSWWR([WHUPLQDWHWKH-HZVRI(XURSH
-DVRQ$URQVRQ1RUWKJDWH1HZ-HUVH\S
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 55/129
- h5*(1 * 5$) Â7 +( * ,$17 : ,7+ ) ((7 2) & /$<
³7KHVHILJXUHVZHUHUHFRUGHGDWDWLPHZKHQWKHKRPHZDUGWUHNIURPWKHGHHSLQWHULRUKDGRQO\EHJXQ´
%DVHGRQ6RYLHWHQXPHUDWLRQVFDUULHGRXWRYHUVHYHUDOGLIIHUHQW\HDUV
EHWZHHQDQG+LOEHUJJLYHVWKHIROORZLQJQXPEHUVIRUWKHSUH
ZDUSRSXODWLRQVRIWKHVHIRXUFLWLHVSSI '(- S
.LHY -HZV 'QHSURSHWURYVN -HZV
2GHVVD -HZV 9LQQLW]D -HZV
$FFRUGLQJWR+LOEHUJRIWKH-HZVOLYLQJLQ*HUPDQFRQTXHUHG
WHUULWRULHVZHUHHYDFXDWHGRUHVFDSHGWKH*HUPDQDUPLHVE\IOLJKW,IWKH
UHWXUQ³KDGMXVWEHJXQ´LQDVVWDWHGLQWKH6RYLHW-HZLVKMRXUQDOFLWHG
E\ 5HLWOLQJHUDIDU JUHDWHUSURSRUWLRQ RIWKH-HZVRIWKHVHFLWLHV KDG VXU
YLYHGWKDQZRXOGEHLQGLFDWHGE\+LOEHUJ¶VVWDWLVWLFGHDG:HDOVR
SRLQWRXWWKDW+LOEHUJ¶VILJXUHRIHYDFXDWHGRUIOHGLVWRRORZXQGHUWKH
FLUFXPVWDQFHV,QKLVGHWDLOHGVWXG\ 7KH'LVVROXWLRQRIWKH(DVWHUQ(XUR SHDQ-HZU\EDVHGDOPRVWHQWLUHO\RQ-HZLVKDQG$OOLHGGDWD:DOWHU16DQ
QLQJDUULYHVDWDILJXUHRIXSWRDOWKRXJKLWLVWUXHWKDWVRPHRIKLV
VRXUFHVDUHGXELRXV)RUH[DPSOHKHTXRWHV'DYLG%HUJHOVRQWKHVHFUHWDU\
RIWKH-HZLVK$QWLIDVFLVW&RPPLWWHHZKRVWDWHGLQ0RVFRZLQ
³7KH HYDFXDWLRQVDYHGD GHFLVLYHPDMRULW\RI -HZVRIWKH8NUDLQH:KLWH5XVVLD/LWKXDQLDDQG/DWYLD$FFRUGLQJWRLQIRUPDWLRQIURP9LWHEVN
5LJDDQGRWKHUODUJHFHQWHUVZKLFKZHUHFRQTXHUHGE\WKH)DVFLVWVWKHUHZHUHIHZ-HZVWKHUHZKHQWKH*HUPDQVDUULYHG´
,WLVTXLWHSRVVLEOHWKDW%HUJHOVRQH[DJJHUDWHGWKHQXPEHUVRIHYDFX
DWHGSHUVRQVWRSXWWKHVHUYLFHVRIWKH6RYLHWVLQVDYLQJWKH-HZVLQWKHEHVW
OLJKW7KHDFWXDOSHUFHQWDJHRI-HZVZKRIOHGRUZHUHHYDFXDWHGLVSURED EO\PRUHWKDQ+LOEHUJ¶VDQGOHVVWKDQ6DQQLQJ¶V7RJHWKHUZLWK
WKHREVHUYDWLRQWKDWWKHUHWXUQPRYHPHQWKDGMXVWEHJXQLQWKHSUH
ZDUDQGSRVWZDU-HZLVKSRSXODWLRQILJXUHVIRUWKHDERYHIRXUFLWLHVFRQWUD
GLFWWKH DVVHUWLRQ WKDW6RYLHW -HZVLQWKH*HUPDQ RFFXSLHG WHUULWRULHVORVW
DOPRVW WZR ILIWKV RI WKHLU SRSXODWLRQ WKURXJK PDVV PXUGHU JKHWWRL]DWLRQ
DQGFRQFHQWUDWLRQFDPSV7KHDFWXDOSHUFHQWDJHZDVFHUWDLQO\IDUORZHU
*UHJRU$URQVRQ6RYLHW5XVVLDDQG7KH-HZV1HZ<RUNSFLWHGE\:DOWHU16DQQLQJ
RSFLWQRWHS
7KH6RYLHWUXOHUVGLGQRWUHZDUG'DYLG%HUJHOVRQVLQFHKHZDVODWHUFDXJKWXSLQD6WDOLQLVWSXUJH
DQGVKRW
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 56/129
9,7KH'HSRUWDWLRQV
7KH,QLWLDO6LWXDWLRQ
%HJLQQLQJ LQ -HZV IURP WKH *HUPDQ 5HLFK DQG IURP VWDWHV
RFFXSLHGRUDOOLHG ZLWK LWZHUH VHQW LQPDVVLYH QXPEHUV WRFRQFHQWUDWLRQFDPSVDQGJKHWWRVLQ3ROLVKWHUULWRU\DQGOHVVHUQXPEHUVZHUHVHQWWRFRQ
FHQWUDWLRQFDPSVLQWKH5HLFKDQGFDPSVDQGJKHWWRVLQWKHRFFXSLHG6RYLHW
WHUULWRULHV 7KH QXPEHUV RI WKRVH GLVSODFHG LV NQRZQ YHU\ DFFXUDWHO\ IRU
PRVWRIWKHVWDWHVLQTXHVWLRQWKDQNVWRWKH*HUPDQGHSRUWDWLRQOLVWVZKLFK
KDYH EHHQ SUHVHUYHG )URP 6HUJH .ODUVIHOG¶V UHVHDUFK IRU H[DPSOH ZH
NQRZWKDWEDUHO\ -HZVZHUHGHSRUWHGIURP)UDQFHZKLFKFRUUH
VSRQGVWRDILIWKRIWKH-HZVOLYLQJLQ)UDQFHPRVWRIWKHPKROGLQJIRUHLJQ
SDVVSRUWV
)RU %HOJLXPWKH 1HWKHUODQGV DQG RWKHUZHVW(XURSHDQVWDWHVDQG IRU WKH *HUPDQ 5HLFK WKH QXPEHUV DUH DOVR ODUJHO\ XQGLVSXWHG )RU
+XQJDU\ WKH QXPEHU RI -HZLVK GHSRUWHHV LV JHQHUDOO\ UHFRJQL]HG WR EH
DQGLVRQO\TXHVWLRQHGE\DVLQJOHUHSXWDEOHVFKRODUWKH$PHULFDQ
3URIHVVRU$UWKXU%XW]+RZHYHUWKHGHSRUWDWLRQVIURP3RODQGWKHGHPR
JUDSKLF FRUH DUHD RI (XURSHDQ -HZU\ DUH YHU\ LQFRPSOHWHO\ GRFXPHQWHG
,QKLVVWXG\ /H0pPRULDOGHOD'pSRUWDWLRQGHV-XLIVGH)UDQFH%HDWHDQG6HUJH.ODUVIHOG3DULV
.ODUVIHOGVWDWHVWKDWWKHQXPEHURIGHSRUWHG)UHQFK-HZVZDV7KHPDUJLQRIHUURU FDQQRWEHPRUHWKDQ
7KXVPRVW-HZVZKRZHUH )UHQFK QDWLRQDOV ZHUH QRW DIIHFWHG +RZ GRHV WKLVFRLQFLGH ZLWK WKH
FODLPHGSROLF\RIV\VWHPDWLFH[WHUPLQDWLRQRIWKH-HZV"
,QWKHFKDSWHU³ +XQJDULDQ-HZV RIKLVERRN7KH+RD[RIWKH7ZHQWLHWK&HQWXU\RSFLWQRWH
%XW]GHIHQGVWKHWKHRU\WKDWWKH9HHVHQPD\HU'LVSDWFKHVZKLFKKDYHEHHQXVHGWRSURYHWKDWWKH
QXPEHU RI GHSRUWHHV IURP +XQJDU\ ZDV DUH IRUJHULHV DQG WKDW WKH QXPEHU RI -HZV
GHSRUWHG IURP +XQJDU\ ZDV LQ UHDOLW\ QR PRUH WKDQ 2QH SLHFH RI HYLGHQFH KH FLWHV
VXSSRUWLQJWKLVDUJXPHQWDPRQJRWKHUVLVDUHSRUWRIWKH,&5&RQLWVDFWLYLWLHVLQ+XQJDU\GDWLQJ
IURPLQZKLFKWKHUHLVQRPHQWLRQRIPDVVGHSRUWDWLRQVLQWKHVSULQJDQGHDUO\VXPPHURI
$OWKRXJKZHGRQRWFRQVLGHU%XW]¶WKHRU\WREHGHILQLWLYHO\UHIXWHGZHDVVXPHWKHJHQHUDOO\
UHFRJQL]HG QXPEHUV RI GHSRUWDWLRQV DUH FRUUHFW VLQFH WKHVH DUH VXSSRUWHG QRW RQO\ E\ WKH
9HHVHQPD\HU'LVSDWFKHVEXWDOVRE\GRFXPHQWVIURPQHXWUDOVWDWHVGDWLQJIURPGXULQJWKHZDU)RU DIXUWKHUGLVFXVVLRQRQWKHGHSRUWDWLRQVRI+XQJDULDQ-HZVVHH-UJHQ*UDI³:KDW+DSSHQHG WRWKH -HZV:KR:HUH 'HSRUWHG WR$XVFKZLW] EXW :HUH1RW 5HJLVWHUHG 7KHUH"´ 7KH-RXUQDORI
+LVWRULFDO5HYLHZSDQG$UWKXU%XW]³2QWKH'HSRUWDWLRQVRI+XQJDULDQ -HZV´7KH-RXUQDORI+LVWRULFDO5HYLHZS
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 57/129
- h5*(1 * 5$) Â7 +( * ,$17 : ,7+ ) ((7 2) & /$<
DQGWKHQXPEHUVJLYHQLQWKHRIILFLDOKLVWRULFDOZULWLQJDUHYHU\TXHVWLRQ
DEOH
&RQVHTXHQWO\LQWKHQROHVVWKDQSDJHV '(- SDJHVWKDW
+LOEHUJGHYRWHVWRWKHGHSRUWDWLRQVLQWKHVHFRQGYROXPHRIKLVZRUNKHPRYHVRQODUJHO\ILUPGRFXPHQWDU\JURXQGZLWKUHVSHFWWRWKHGDWHVDQG
GHVWLQDWLRQV RIWKHGHSRUWDWLRQVDVZHOODVWKHQXPEHU RIWKRVHGLVSODFHG
ZLWKWKHH[FHSWLRQRIWKHNH\FRXQWU\3RODQG+HWXUQVILUVWWRWKHVLWXDWLRQ
LQWKDWSDUWRI(XURSHZKHUHWKH1DWLRQDO6RFLDOLVWVZHUHDEOHWRFDUU\RXW
WKHLU-HZLVKSROLF\DWWKHLUGLVFUHWLRQQDPHO\WKH5HLFKLWVHOIWKH3URWHF
WRUDWHRI%RKHPLDDQG0RUDYLDDQGWKH*HQHUDOJRXYHUQHPHQWDQGWKHQWR
WKRVHFRXQWULHVZKHUHWKH\KDGWRSD\PRUHRUOHVVUHVSHFWWRGRPHVWLFJRY
HUQPHQWVRUDWOHDVWDGPLQLVWUDWLRQV+XQJDU\LVDQH[DPSOHRIWKHILUVWWKH
1HWKHUODQGVRIWKHVHFRQG
7KHVHSDJHVGHPRQVWUDWHFOHDUO\+LOEHUJ¶VVWUDWHJ\RISXIILQJXS
KLVZRUNZLWKTXDQWLWLHVRIXVHOHVVGHWDLOV
+HLQXQGDWHVKLVUHDGHUZLWKDQHQGOHVVIORRGRILQIRUPDWLRQWKDWKDV
QREHDULQJRQWKHVXEMHFWQDPHGLQWKHWLWOHRIKLVZRUNWKH³ GHVWUXFWLRQRI WKH (XURSHDQ -HZV´ +H WHOOV XV WKH 0LQLVWHU RI 0LQHV LQ WKH &URDWLDQ
3DYHOLFUHJLPHZDVQDPHG)UNRYLFWKDWWKH0LQLVWHURI&RPPHUFHLQWKH
6ORYDNLDQ7LVRUHJLPHZDV6WDQRWKDWWKH0LQLVWHURI3XEOLF+HDOWKLQWKH
5RPDQLDQ $QWRQHVFX UHJLPH ZDV 7RPHVFX DQG RWKHU XVHOHVV LWHPV +HVSHQGVQROHVVWKDQVHYHQSDJHVSS '(- SSEHODERU
LQJ WKH ³DGPLQLVWUDWLYH MXJJHUQDXW RI WKH 5HLFK UDLOZD\V LQ GHWDLO DQG
ERUHVKLVUHDGHUWRWHDUVZLWKDSHGDQWLFHQXPHUDWLRQRIWKHVWDWHVHFUHWDULHV
IRUWKH5HLFKUDLOZD\VLQWKH0LQLVWU\RI&RPPHUFH
,QRUGHUWRUHDFKWKHGHVLUHGQXPEHURISDJHVKHPL[HVLQSDLQVWDN
LQJO\FROOHFWHGDQHFGRWHVOLNHWKHIROORZLQJ
³2Q2FWREHUWKH3URSDJDQGD'LYLVLRQLQ5DGRPUHSRUWHGD
GLVWXUELQJ LQFLGHQW WKDWKDG UHVXOWHG IURPWKHGLVSDWFKRID SRVWFDUG7KH*HUPDQVSXEOLVKHGDSDSHULQ3RODQGWKH.UDNDXHU=HLWXQJ IRUWKHORFDO *HUPDQ SRSXODWLRQ 7KH FKLHI RI WKH 5DGRP EUDQFK RI WKH SDSHU KDG UHFHLYHGIURP/ZyZDSRVWFDUGWKDWEHJDQLQ*HUPDQµ,GRQ¶WNQRZ*HUPDQ<RXFDQWUDQVODWHHYHU\WKLQJIURP3ROLVKLQWR*HUPDQ¶7KHFDUGWKHQFRQWLQXHGLQ3ROLVK
<RXROGZKRUHDQG\RXROGVRQRIDZKRUH5LFKDUG,QWKH*HUPDQWUDQVODWLRQ$OWH+XUHQPHW]HXQGGXDOWHU+XUHQERFN5LFKDUG $FKLOGKDVEHHQERUQWR \RX 0D\ \RXU FKLOG VXIIHU WKURXJKRXW KLV OLIH DV ZH -HZV KDYH VXIIHUHG EHFDXVHRI\RX,ZLVK\RXWKDWIURPWKHERWWRPRIP\KHDUW
7KLVDQRQ\PRXVQRWHDFWXDOO\GLVWXUEHGLWVUHFLSLHQWDQGZRUULHGWKH SURSDJDQGDH[SHUWV7KH3URSDJDQGD'LYLVLRQIHDUHGWKDWLWZDVWKHEHJLQQLQJRID IORRGRISRVWFDUGVDQG WKHFDUGZDV WUDQVPLWWHGWRWKH6HFXULW\
3ROLFHIRUWUDFLQJ´S '(- S
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 58/129
9,7 +( ' (3257$7,216
2EYLRXVO\ SDVVDJHVOLNH WKLV PDNH +LOEHUJ¶V ZRUN WKLFNHU EXW QRW
EHWWHU
7KH3XUSRVHRIWKH'HSRUWDWLRQV/DERU'HSOR\PHQWYHUVXV([WHUPLQDWLRQ
$VWKHZDUFRQWLQXHGWKHODERUVKRUWDJHLQWKH*HUPDQ5HLFKDQGLQ
WKH FRXQWULHV XQGHU LWV VZD\ WRRN PRUH DQG PRUH GUDPDWLF IRUPV $Q
LPPHQVHTXDQWLW\RIGRFXPHQWVWHVWLI\DVWRKRZGHVSHUDWHO\WKH1DWLRQDO
6RFLDOLVWV FRQVWDQWO\ VRXJKW WR UHFUXLW QHZ ZRUNHUV IRUWKHLU LQGXVWULHV²
HVSHFLDOO\ WKHLU ZDU LQGXVWULHV 7KH GHSOR\PHQW RI -HZLVK ODERU IRUFHV
SOD\HGDFULWLFDOUROHKHUH,QDGGLWLRQWRWKH-HZLVKZRUNHUVOLYLQJLQUHOD
WLYHIUHHGRP²LQKDELWDQWVRIWKHáyGéJKHWWRIRUH[DPSOHZKRPDQXIDFWXUHG VWHHO KHOPHWV IRU WKH :HKUPDFKW²KXQGUHGV RI WKRXVDQGV RI -HZV
ZHUHVHQWWRFRQFHQWUDWLRQFDPSVDQGODERUFDPSVDVIRUFHGODERURUZHUH
IRUFHGWRZRUNLQWKHDUPDPHQWVLQGXVWU\
6LQFHDV+LOEHUJVD\VWKH*HUPDQVSXUVXHGDSROLF\RIV\VWHPDWLF
H[WHUPLQDWLRQRIWKH-HZVIRUKLPWKHGHSRUWDWLRQVFDQORJLFDOO\KDYHKDG
RQO\RQHSXUSRVHWRWUDQVSRUWWKHGHSRUWHHVWRWKLVYHU\H[WHUPLQDWLRQ1RZ
WKHUHLVFRQVLGHUDEOHGRFXPHQWDU\HYLGHQFHIRUVKRFNLQJO\KLJKGHDWKUDWHV
LQFDPSVDQGJKHWWRVFDXVHGE\W\SKXVDQGRWKHUHSLGHPLFVDQGDOVRE\ODFN RIQXWULWLRQEXWQRQHIRUD*HUPDQJRDORIH[WHUPLQDWLRQDQGLQSDUWLFXODU
QRQHIRU WKH SUHVHQFHRIµH[WHUPLQDWLRQFDPSV¶ LQZKLFK-HZVZHUHPXU
GHUHG ZLWK JDV 2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG PDQ\ GRFXPHQWV GHPRQVWUDWH WKH
GHSOR\PHQWRI-HZVLQWKHZDUHFRQRP\+HUHDUHDIHZH[DPSOHV
2Q WK -DQXDU\ ILYH GD\V DIWHU WKH :DQQVHH &RQIHUHQFH
+HLQULFK+LPPOHUZURWHWRWKH*HQHUDO,QVSHFWRURI&RQFHQWUDWLRQ&DPSV
5LFKDUG*OFNV
³$UUDQJHIRUWKHLQGXFWLRQRIPDOH-HZVDQGXSWR
IHPDOH-HZVLQWRWKHFRQFHQWUDWLRQFDPSV7KHFRQFHQWUDWLRQFDPSVZLOOEHDVNHGWRSHUIRUPJUHDWHFRQRPLFWDVNVLQWKHQH[WIHZZHHNV66*UXSSHQ
IKUHU3RKO >@ZLOOJLYH\RXIXUWKHUGHWDLOV´
2QWK$SULODWDWLPHZKHQ²DFFRUGLQJWRWKHRIILFLDOYHUVLRQ
RIKLVWRU\²DKXQGUHGWKRXVDQGIROGPDVVH[WHUPLQDWLRQZDVXQGHUZD\LQ
&KHåPQRDQG%HåìHFDQGWKHVDPHWKLQJZDVDERXWWRVWDUWLQWZRIXUWKHU
µH[WHUPLQDWLRQFDPSV¶6RELEyUDQG$XVFKZLW]2VZDOG3RKOZURWH+LP
POHUDQRWHVD\LQJ
12
2VZDOG3RKOZDVGLUHFWRURIWKH:9+$:LUWVFKDIWVYHUZDOWXQJVKDXSWDPWRIWKH66
5
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 59/129
- h5*(1 * 5$) Â7 +( * ,$17 : ,7+ ) ((7 2) & /$<
³7KHZDUKDVEURXJKWDYLVLEOHFKDQJHLQWKHVWUXFWXUHRIWKHFRQFHQWUDWLRQ FDPSV DQG KDV IXQGDPHQWDOO\ FKDQJHG WKHLU UHVSRQVLELOLWLHV ZLWKUHVSHFWWRWKHGHSOR\PHQWRISULVRQHUV7KHLQIOX[RISULVRQHUVGXHWRVHFXULW\UHHGXFDWLRQRUSUHYHQWLYHUHDVRQVDORQHQRORQJHUVWDQGVLQWKHIRUH
JURXQG7KHPDLQIRFXVKDVPRYHGWRWKHHFRQRPLFVLGH7KHPRELOL]DWLRQRI DOOSULVRQHUODERUIRUFHVILUVWIRUZDUSXUSRVHVDUPDPHQWVLQGXVWULHVDQG ODWHUIRUSHDFHWLPHSXUSRVHVQRZPRYHVWRWKHIRUHJURXQG
1HFHVVDU\ PHDVXUHV IROORZ IURP WKLV UHDOL]DWLRQ ZKLFKUHTXLUH WKHJUDGXDO FRQYHUVLRQ RI WKHFRQFHQWUDWLRQ FDPSV IURPWKHLUHDUOLHURQHVLGHGSROLWLFDOIRUPWRDQRUJDQL]DWLRQFRQIRUPLQJWRWKHHFRQRPLFUHTXLUHPHQWV´
2QVW$XJXVWDPRQWKDIWHU+LOEHUJDQGRWKHUµ+RORFDXVW¶
JLDQWVWHOOXV7UHEOLQNDZDVSXWLQRSHUDWLRQDVDILIWKµH[WHUPLQDWLRQFDPS¶
0DUWLQ/XWKHU&KLHIRIWKH*HUPDQ6HFWLRQRIWKH)RUHLJQ2IILFHZURWHLQ
DPHPRUDQGXP
³7KH IXQGDPHQWDO SULQFLSOH RI *HUPDQ -HZLVK SROLF\ DIWHU WDNLQJ SRZHUFRQVLVWHGLQIXUWKHULQJ-HZLVKHPLJUDWLRQE\DOOSRVVLEOHPHDQV7KH SUHVHQWZDUJLYHV*HUPDQ\WKHRSSRUWXQLW\DQGWKHGXW\WRUHVROYHWKH-HZLVKTXHVWLRQLQ(XURSH >«@%DVHGRQWKHDERYHPHQWLRQHG)KUHULQVWUXFWLRQ >D +LWOHU GHFLVLRQ WDNHQ LQ $XJXVW WR UHPRYH DOO -HZV IURP
(XURSH@WKHHYDFXDWLRQRI-HZVRXWRI*HUPDQ\ZDVEHJXQ,WZDVDGYLVDEOHDVVRRQDVSRVVLEOHWRJHWKROGRIWKH-HZLVKQDWLRQDOVRIFRXQWULHVZKRKDG OLNHZLVHWDNHQPHDVXUHVZLWKUHVSHFWWRWKH-HZV>«@7KHQXPEHURI-HZVUHPRYHGWRWKH(DVWLQWKLVZD\GLGQRWVXIILFHWRPHHWWKHUHTXLUHPHQWVIRU ODERUIRUFHVWKHUH´
7KLVVHWVGRZQSRLQWEODQNWKDWWKHUHPRYDORI-HZVWRWKH(DVWZDV
IRUWKHSXUSRVHRIXWLOL]DWLRQRIWKHLUODERUSRZHU
7KHH[WUHPHO\KLJKGHDWKUDWHVLQWKHFDPSVFDXVHGPRVWO\E\HSL
GHPLFVEXWDOVRE\SRRUQRXULVKPHQWDQGSRRUFORWKLQJQDWXUDOO\GHWUDFWHG
KHDYLO\IURPWKHLUHFRQRPLFXVHIXOQHVV)RUWKLVUHDVRQRQWK'HFHPEHU *OFNVVHQWDJHQHUDOQRWLFHWRDOOFRQFHQWUDWLRQFDPSFRPPDQGHUVLQ
ZKLFKKHKHOGWKHPSHUVRQDOO\UHVSRQVLEOHIRUWKHFRQVHUYDWLRQRIWKHLUSULV
RQHUODERUIRUFHV+HZURWH
³7KHVHQLRUFDPSPHGLFDOGRFWRUVZLOOXVHDOOWKHPHDQVDWWKHLUGLV SRVDOWRLQVXUHWKDWPRUWDOLW\UDWHVLQWKHVHYHUDOFDPSVGHFUHDVHVXEVWDQWLDOO\ >«@7KHFDPSPHGLFDOGRFWRUVVKRXOGVXSHUYLVHWKHQXWULWLRQRIWKH
SULVRQHUVPRUHFORVHO\WKDQEHIRUHDQGVXEPLWSURSRVDOVIRULPSURYHPHQWVLQFRQIRUPDQFHZLWKWKHDGPLQLVWUDWLYHPHDVXUHVRIWKHFDPSFRPPDQGHUV
1*
12
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 60/129
9,7 +( ' (3257$7,216
7KHVHVKRXOGQRWRQO\EHSXWRQSDSHUEXWVKRXOGEHUHJXODUO\PRQLWRUHGE\WKHFDPSPHGLFDOGRFWRUV>«@7KH5HLFKVIKUHU66KDVRUGHUHGWKDWPRUWDOLW\DEVROXWHO\PXVWEHUHGXFHG´
+LPPOHU LVVXHG WKLV RUGHU IRU WKH UHGXFWLRQ RI PRUWDOLW\ DW D WLPHZKHQDFFRUGLQJWR+LOEHUJDQGWKHRWKHUµ+RORFDXVW¶KLVWRULDQVVL[µH[WHU
PLQDWLRQ FDPSV¶ ZHUH UXQQLQJ IXOO EODVW VLQFH JDVVLQJ KDG VXSSRVHGO\
EHJXQ WZRPRQWKV EHIRUH LQ0DMGDQHN WKH VL[WKµGHDWK IDFWRU\¶ ,WFRXOG
KDUGO\EHPRUHFOHDUO\VKRZQKRZWKHDQQLKLODWLRQWKHRU\KRZHYHUIUDPHG
KDVQRFRQQHFWLRQZLWKWKHIDFWVEDFNHGE\GRFXPHQWDWLRQ
,QIDFWWKHFRQGLWLRQVLQWKHFDPSVLPSURYHGPDUNHGO\DVDUHVXOWRI
WKLVGLUHFWLYHDQGWKHPRUWDOLW\VDQNE\DOPRVWZLWKLQHLJKWPRQWKV
2QWK2FWREHUDWDWLPHZKHQ+LOEHUJWHOOVXVPLOOLRQ
-HZVKDGDOUHDG\EHHQH[WHUPLQDWHGDQGWKHH[WHUPLQDWLRQRIPRUHZDV\HWWRFRPHS '(- QD2VZDOG3RKOVHQWDJHQHUDOQRWLFHWR
WKHFRPPDQGHUVRIFRQFHQWUDWLRQFDPSVLQZKLFKKHVWDWHG
³,QWKHIUDPHZRUNRI*HUPDQDUPDPHQWVSURGXFWLRQWKDQNVWRWKHLPSURYHPHQWHIIRUWVWKDWKDYHEHHQXQGHUWDNHQLQWKHSDVW\HDUVWKHFRQFHQWUDWLRQ FDPSV KDYH EHFRPH RI GHFLVLYH LPSRUWDQFH LQ WKH ZDU )URPQRWKLQJZHKDYHEXLOWDUPDPHQWVZRUNVWKDWDUHVHFRQGWRQRQH
:HQRZKDYHWRUHGRXEOHRXUHIIRUWVWRPDNHVXUHWKDWWKHSURGXFWLRQ
OHYHOVVRIDUDFKLHYHGDUHQRWRQO\PDLQWDLQHGEXWIXUWKHULPSURYHG7KDW ZLOOEHSRVVLEOHDVORQJDVWKHZRUNVDQGIDFWRULHVUHPDLQLQWDFWRQO\E\PDLQWDLQLQJDQGHYHQLPSURYLQJWKHODERUFDSDFLW\RIWKHSULVRQHUV
,QHDUOLHU\HDUVJLYHQWKHUHHGXFDWLRQDOSROLF\RIWKHWLPHLWGLGQRW PDWWHUPXFKZKHWKHURUQRWDSULVRQHUFRXOGSHUIRUPXVHIXOZRUN1RZKRZHYHUWKHODERUFDSDFLW\RIWKHSULVRQHUVLVLPSRUWDQWDQGDOOPHDVXUHVRI WKH FRPPDQGHUV GLUHFWRU RI WKH OLDLVRQ VHUYLFH DQG PHGLFDO GRFWRUV
VKRXOGEHH[WHQGHGWRPDLQWDLQLQJWKHKHDOWKDQGHIILFLHQF\RIWKHSULVRQHUV 1RWIURPSKRQ\V\PSDWK\EXWEHFDXVHZHQHHGWKHPZLWK WKHLUDUPVDQG WKHLUOHJVEHFDXVHWKH\PXVWFRQWULEXWHWRDJUHDWYLFWRU\IRUWKH*HUPDQ
SHRSOHZHPXVWWDNHWKHZHOOEHLQJRIWKHSULVRQHUVWRKHDUW ,ZDQWWKLVWREHWKHSULPDU\JRDOQRPRUHWKDQRIDOOSULVRQHUV
VKRXOGEHXQDEOHWRZRUNGXHWRVLFNQHVV$OOUHVSRQVLEOHSHUVRQVVKRXOG ZRUNWRJHWKHUWRDFKLHYHWKLVJRDO7KLVZLOOUHTXLUH
SURSHUDQGILWWLQJQRXULVKPHQWSURSHUDQGILWWLQJFORWKLQJXWLOL]DWLRQRIDOOQDWXUDOKHDOWKPHDVXUHVDYRLGDQFHRIDOOHIIRUWQRWQHFHVVDU\IRUWKHSHUIRUPDQFHRIZRUNSHUIRUPDQFHERQXVHV´
36
$UFKLZXP0X]HXP6WXWWKRI,ES
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 61/129
- h5*(1 * 5$) Â7 +( * ,$17 : ,7+ ) ((7 2) & /$<
-XVW HLJKW GD\V ODWHU RQ UG 1RYHPEHU +LOEHUJ WHOOV XV WKH
*HUPDQVVKRWRYHU-HZLVKZRUNHUVLQ0DMGDQHNDQGWZRRILWVRXW
O\LQJFDPSVS '(- SVWDWHVWKH\VKRW³DVPDQ\DVZRUN
HUVLQDVLQJOHRSHUDWLRQ´)RUDOVRZHDUHLQSRVVHVVLRQRIDODUJHQXPEHURIGRFXPHQWV
ZKLFK VKRZ WKH GHSOR\PHQW RI²PRVWO\ -HZLVK²SULVRQHUV LQ WKH DUPD
PHQWVLQGXVWU\RQWK0D\IRUH[DPSOH$GROI+LWOHUSHUVRQDOO\RUGHUHG
WKHGHSOR\PHQWRI-HZVLQWKHIUDPHZRUNRIWKHILJKWHUSODQHFRQ
VWUXFWLRQSURJUDP$IHZGD\VODWHU+LOEHUJDQGKLVFRQVRUWVDJDLQWHOOXV
WKHILUVWGHDWKWUDLQVZLWK+XQJDULDQ-HZVZHUHRQWKHLUZD\WR%LUNHQDX
)XUWKHUFRPPHQWZRXOGEHVXSHUIOXRXV
%HFDXVHRIWKHODUJHQXPEHURIGRFXPHQWVFRQFHUQLQJWKHHFRQRPLF
DVSHFWVRIWKHGHSRUWDWLRQV LWZDVQRW SRVVLEOHIRU+LOEHUJWRVLPSO\VNLS
WKHVXEMHFW+HGHYRWHVSDJHVSS '(- SSWRWKH
VXEMHFWLQFRQQHFWLRQZLWKWKHGHSRUWDWLRQRI3ROLVK-HZVDQGDOVRSURYLGHV
VHYHUDO FRQFUHWH H[DPSOHV RI WKH XWLOL]DWLRQ RI -HZLVK ODERU 2Q S
'(- SSIIRUH[DPSOHKHZULWHV
³,Q8SSHU6LOHVLDWHQVRIWKRXVDQGVRI-HZVKDGEHHQGUDZQIURP JKHWWRVLQWRFDPSVE\WKH2UJDQLVDWLRQ6FKPHOWDQDJHQF\LQFKDUJHRI ODERU LPSUHVVPHQW LQWKH 6LOHVLDQ UHJLRQ7KRXVDQGVZHUHHPSOR\HGLQ
WKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIZDUSODQWV7KH\ZHUHLQGLVSHQVDEOHHQRXJKWRFDXVH2EHUJUXSSHQIKUHU6FKPDXVHUWKH+LJKHU66DQG3ROLFH/HDGHURI8SSHU 6LOHVLDWRZULWHWR+LPPOHULQ$SULOWKDWUHSODFHPHQWVIRU-HZVLQPDMRUFRQVWUXFWLRQSURMHFWV*URVVEDXWHQZRXOGKDUGO\EHDYDLODEOH
6HYHUDOPRQWKVODWHUZKHQ.UXSSZDVSODQQLQJWREXLOGDSODQWIRUWKHSURGXFWLRQRIQDYDODUWLOOHU\ DW0DUNVWlGW QHDU%UHVODX WKH ILUPGLVFRYHUHG WKDW WKH 2UJDQLVDWLRQ 7RGW 6SHHU¶V FRQVWUXFWLRQ DJHQF\ ZDV HPSOR\LQJ PDQ\-HZVLQSURMHFWVQHDUE\:LWKWKHµFRPSOHWHDSSURYDO¶RI9L]HDGPLUDO
)DQJHU .UXSS VXJJHVWHG WKDW WKHVH -HZV VWD\ RQ WR HUHFW WKH QDYDO IDFWRU\ ,Q WKH6LOHVLDQ.UXSSSODQWZDVVWLOOHPSOR\LQJWKRXVDQGVRI WKHVH-HZV´
2QS '(- S+LOEHUJSURYLGHVDOLVWRI³PRUHLPSRUWDQW HQWHUSULVHVZLWK-HZLVKODERUIRUFHV´WKHUHDUHILUPVRQWKHOLVW '(- OLVWVILUPV
7KHDEVXUGLW\RIWKHLGHDWKDWWKH*HUPDQVXUJHQWO\LQQHHGRIODERU
HUVKDGZDQWRQO\DQQLKLODWHGDQLPPHQVHQXPEHURIH[DFWO\WKHVHODERUHUV
LVXQFRPPRQO\HPEDUUDVVLQJIRUWKHGHIHQGHUVRIWKHH[WHUPLQDWLRQWKHRU\
7KH\UHJXODUO\UHVRUWWRWKHDUJXPHQWWKDWRQO\-HZVXQILWIRUZRUNZHUH
JDVVHGDQGWKDWWKRVHILWIRUZRUNZHUHOHIWDOLYH7KLVHYDVLRQXWWHUO\FRQ
12
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 62/129
9,7 +( ' (3257$7,216
WUDGLFWVWKHDVVHUWLRQRIWKHVHVDPHKLVWRULDQVWKDWWKH*HUPDQVLQGLVFULPL
QDWHO\ JDVVHG DOO -HZV LUUHVSHFWLYH RI DJH RU KHDOWK LQ IRXU WR VL[
H[WHUPLQDWLRQFDPSVDQGWKHUHE\GHVWUR\HGPDQ\KXQGUHGVRIWKRXVDQGV
RI SRWHQWLDOO\ YDOXDEOH ODERUHUV ,I WKHUH KDG EHHQ DQ DQQLKLODWLRQ SROLF\WKHUHPXVWKDYHEHHQVRPHORJLFWRLWEXWWKHUHLVQRUHFRJQL]DEOHORJLFWR
WKHSROLF\WKDW+LOEHUJDQGKLVFRQVRUWVDVFULEHWRWKH16UHJLPH
,QRUGHUWRDOOHYLDWHWKHVHVFUHDPLQJFRQWUDGLFWLRQVVRPHZKDW+LO
EHUJ LQYHQWV LQWHUQHFLQH ZDUIDUH ZLWKLQ WKH 16 OHDGHUVKLS EHWZHHQ WKH
DGYRFDWHVRIDQQLKLODWLRQDQGLWVRSSRQHQWV)RUH[DPSOHRQS '(- SKHDVVHUWV
³7KH\HDUZDVDWLPHZKHQWKHFLYLODGPLQLVWUDWLRQWKH2VWEDKQSULYDWHILUPVXQGHUFRQWUDFWWRWKHPLOLWDU\FRPPDQGHURUWKH$UPDPHQW,QVSHFWRUDWHDVZHOODVWKH66LWVHOIZHUHDOOPDNLQJXVHRI-HZLVKODERU LQ YDULRXV EXVLQHVV YHQWXUHV )RUHPRVW DPRQJ WKH RIILFHV >VLF@
DWWHPSWLQJWRFKHFNWKHIORZRILUUHSODFHDEOH-HZLVKZRUNHUVLQWRWKHNLOOLQJ FHQWHUVZHUHWKHPLOLWDU\FRPPDQGHU*HQHUDO*LHQDQWKDQGWKHDUPDPHQW LQVSHFWRU*HQHUDOOHXWQDQW6FKLQGOHU´
1RVRXUFHLVJLYHQEHFDXVHWKHDWWHPSWWRFXUEWKHGLVDSSHDUDQFHRI
LUUHSODFHDEOH-HZLVKZRUNHUVLQWRWKHNLOOLQJFHQWHUVDWWULEXWHGWRJHQHUDOV
YRQ*LHQDQWKDQG6FKLQGOHULV+LOEHUJ¶VRZQ LQYHQWLRQ7RSURYHWKDWVXFK
DQ DWWHPSW KDGEHHQPDGH²QDWXUDOO\ ZLWKRXW ERWKHULQJ DERXW GRFXPHQWDU\VXSSRUW²+LOEHUJZRXOGILUVWRIDOOKDYHKDGWRSURGXFHHYLGHQFHIRU
WKH H[LVWHQFH RI WKH NLOOLQJ FHQWHUV DQG WKLVKH KDV VWLOO QRW GRQH LQ
SDJHV
+LOEHUJ¶V,QYHQWHG0DVV6KRRWLQJVLQ*DOLFLD
2QS '(- SWKHH[DOWHGKLJKSULHVWRIWKHµ+RORFDXVW¶
LQIRUPVKLVUHDGHUVDVIROORZV
³,Q6WDQLVæ DZRZ >DWRZQLQ*DOLFLD@ DERXW-HZVKDGEHHQ JDWKHUHGDWDFHPHWHU\DQGVKRWRQ2FWREHU$QRWKHUVKRRWLQJWRRN SODFHLQ0DUFKIROORZHGE\DJKHWWRILUHODVWLQJIRUWKUHHZHHNV$WUDQVSRUWZDVVHQWWR%HæHFLQ$SULODQGPRUHVKRRWLQJRSHUDWLRQVZHUHODXQFKHGLQWKHVXPPHULQWKHFRXUVHRIZKLFK-HZLVKFRXQFLOPHPEHUVDQG 2UGHU6HUYLFHPHQZHUHKDQJHGIURPODPSSRVWV/DUJHWUDQVSRUWVPRYHG RXWWR%HæHFLQ6HSWHPEHUDQG2FWREHU>«@´
/HW XV OHDYH WR RQH VLGH WKH WUDQVSRUWV WR %HåìHF WKH VKRRWLQJ LQ
0DUFKDQGWKH-HZV³KDQJHGIURPODPSSRVWV´DQGFRQWHQWRXUVHOYHV
,Q 7UHEOLQND %HåìHF 6RELEyU DQG &KHåPQR VXSSRVHGO\ RQO\ D KDQGIXO RI ³ZRUNHU -HZV´
$UEHLWVMXGHQQHHGHGIRUWKHRSHUDWLRQRIWKHNLOOLQJDUHDVZHUHH[FHSWHGIURPLPPHGLDWHGHDWK
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 63/129
- h5*(1 * 5$) Â7 +( * ,$17 : ,7+ ) ((7 2) & /$<
ZLWKWKHILUVWLWHPRIµLQIRUPDWLRQ¶KHUHWKHVKRRWLQJRIQRWOHVVWKDQ
-HZV LQWKH FHPHWHU\LQ6WDQLVODYRY RQ WK 2FWREHU 7KLV QXPEHU
FRUUHVSRQGVWRWKHSRSXODWLRQRIDVPDOOWRZQ:KDWHYLGHQFHGRHV+LOEHUJ
VXSSRUWKLPVHOIZLWKZKDWVRXUFHVGRHVKHQDPHDVSURRIIRUWKHWHQWKRXVDQGIROGPXUGHULQWKHFHPHWHU\"6LPSO\DQGXWWHUO\QRQHQRWHYHQDZLW
QHVVVWDWHPHQW,QRWKHUZRUGV7KHVWRU\LVDSXUHFKLPHUD
)RUWKHPDVVVKRRWLQJRIRYHU-HZLVKDUPDPHQWVZRUNHUVWKDW
VXSSRVHGO\WRRNSODFHRQUG1RYHPEHULQ0DMGDQHNDQGLWVRXWO\LQJ
FDPSV7UDYQLNLDQG3RQLDWRYD+LOEHUJDWOHDVWJLYHVXVVRXUFHVLQWKHIRUP
RIZLWQHVVVWDWHPHQWVS '(- S,WDOLDQUHVHDUFKHU&DUOR0DW
WRJQRZDVWKHILUVWWRLQYHVWLJDWHULJRURXVO\WKLVVXSSRVHGPDVVDFUH²ZKLFK
KDVLQH[SOLFDEO\HQWHUHGWKHµ+RORFDXVW¶OLWHUDWXUHZLWKWKHQDPH³KDUYHVW IHVWLYDO (UQWHIHVW ²RQ D VFLHQWLILF EDVLV DQG SURYH FRQFOXVLYHO\ WKDW LW
VKRXOGEHUHOHJDWHGWRWKHUHDOPRIOHJHQG
$V6KHHSWRWKH6ODXJKWHU«
,ILWLVWUXHWKDWPLOOLRQVRI-HZVZHUHNLOOHGLQNLOOLQJIDFWRULHVVHWXS
IRUWKDWSXUSRVHLWZRXOGQRWKDYHEHHQSRVVLEOHWRNHHSWKLVDVHFUHW+LO
EHUJKLPVHOIDFNQRZOHGJHVWKLVJODULQJIDFW&RQFHUQLQJWKHµH[WHUPLQDWLRQ
FDPSV¶&KHåPQR7UHEOLQNDDQG%HåìHFIRUH[DPSOHKHZULWHV³3RODQG>«@ZDVWKHKRPHRIDOOVL[NLOOLQJFHQWHUVDQG3ROLVKWUDQV
SRUWVZHUHPRYLQJLQVKRUWKDXOVRIQRWPRUHWKDQPLOHVLQDOOGLUHFWLRQV0DQ\H\HVZHUHIL[HGRQWKRVHWUDQVSRUWVDQGIROORZHGWKHPWRWKHLU GHVWLQDWLRQV 7KH GHSXW\ FKLHI RI WKH 3ROLVK +RPH $UP\ >D@ /RQGRQGLUHFWHG XQGHUJURXQG IRUFH *HQHUDO 7DGHXV] %yU.RPRURZVNL UHSRUWVWKDWLQWKHVSULQJRIKHKDGFRPSOHWHLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWWKH.XOPKRI &KHæ PQR NLOOLQJ FHQWHU LQ WKH :DUWKHJDX >«@,Q-XO\WKH+RPH
$UP\FROOHFWHGUHSRUWVIURPUDLOURDGZRUNHUVWKDWVHYHUDOKXQGUHGWKRXVDQG
-HZVKDGGLVDSSHDUHGLQ7UHEOLQNDZLWKRXWDWUDFH>«@
6RPHWLPHVWKHLQIRUPDWLRQVSLOOLQJRXWRIWKHFDPSVZDVTXLWHVSHFLILF,QWKH/XEOLQGLVWULFWWKHFRXQFLOFKDLUPDQRIWKH=DPR xÿJKHWWR0LHF
]\Væ DZ*DUILQNLHOZDVDUHFLSLHQWRIVXFKQHZV'XULQJWKHHDUO\VSULQJRI KHKHDUGWKDWWKH-HZVRI/XEOLQZHUHEHLQJWUDQVSRUWHGLQFURZGHG
-UJHQ*UDIDQG&DUOR0DWWRJQR ./0DMGDQHN(LQHKLVWRULVFKHXQGWHFKQLVFKH6WXGLH &DVWOH+LOO
3XEOLVKHUV+DVWLQJVSSRQOLQHKWWSYKRRUJ'0DMGDQHN(QJOLVKLQSUHSDUDWLRQ
E\7KHVHV'LVVHUWDWLRQV3UHVV
+LOEHUJLVDSSDUHQWO\QRWDZDUHRIWKHDEVXUGLW\RIWKLVDVVHUWLRQRWKHUZLVHKHZRXOGQRWTXRWHLW7UHEOLQND ZDV RSHQHG LQ -XO\ DV KH QRWHV RQ S WKH H[DFW GDWH ZDV WKH UG -XO\
(Q]\NORSlGLH GHV +RORFDXVW RSFLW QRWH Y ,,, S 7KLV PHDQV WKDW DFFRUGLQJ WR
+LOEHUJ¶VµUDLOZD\ZRUNHUV¶LQWKLVWLQ\FDPSZLWKLQDWPRVWGD\VUGVW-XO\KXQGUHGVRI WKRXVDQGVRI-HZVµGLVDSSHDUHGZLWKRXWDWUDFH¶
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 64/129
9,7 +( ' (3257$7,216
WUDLQVWR%HæHFDQGWKDWWKHHPSW\FDUVZHUHEHLQJUHWXUQHGDIWHUHDFKWULS IRUPRUHYLFWLPV+HZDVDVNHGWRREWDLQVRPHDGGLWLRQDOIDFWVDQGDIWHU FRQWDFWLQJ WKH QHDUE\ -HZLVKFRPPXQLWLHV RI 7RPDV]yZ DQG %HæHFZDV
JLYHQWRXQGHUVWDQGWKDWWR-HZVZHUHDUULYLQJGDLO\LQD VWURQJO\ JXDUGHG FRPSRXQG ORFDWHG RQ D VSHFLDO UDLOURDG VSXU DQG VXUURXQGHGE\EDUEHGZLUH7KH-HZVZHUHEHLQJNLOOHGWKHUHLQDµSX]]OLQJ PDQQHU¶ *DUILQNLHO DQ DWWRUQH\ GLG QRW JLYH FUHGHQFH WR WKHVH UHSRUWV
$IWHUDIHZPRUHGD\VWZRRUWKUHH-HZLVKVWUDQJHUVZKRKDGHVFDSHGIURP %HæHFWROGKLPDERXWJDVVLQJVLQEDUUDFNV6WLOOKHGLGQRWEHOLHYHZKDWKHKHDUG2Q$SULOKRZHYHUWKHUHZDVDPDMRUURXQGXSLQ=DPR xÿLWVHOI &RXQWLQJ WKH UHPDLQLQJ SRSXODWLRQ RIKLVJKHWWR *DUILQNLHO FDOFXODWHGDGHILFLWRISHUVRQV7KHQH[WGD\WKHWKLUWHHQ\HDUROGVRQRI RQHRIWKHFRXQFLOIXQFWLRQDULHV:ROV]WD\QFDPHEDFNIURPWKHFDPS7KH\
ER\KDGVHHQWKHQDNHGSHRSOHDQGKDGKHDUGDQ66PDQPDNHDVSHHFKWRWKHP+LGLQJVWLOOFORWKHGLQDGLWFKWKH\RXQJ:ROV]WD\QKDGFUDZOHGRXW XQGHU WKH EDUEHG ZLUH ZLWK WKH VHFUHWRI %HæHF´ SS I '(- SS
I
/LNHDZLOGILUHWKHQHZVRIWKHPDVVJDVVLQJVPXVWKDYHVSUHDGRYHU
DOO 3RODQG LQ WKHVH FLUFXPVWDQFHV DQG IURP WKHUH RXW LQWR WKH ERUGHULQJ
FRXQWULHV+RZGLGWKH-HZVQRZWKUHDWHQHGZLWKDQQLKLODWLRQUHDFWWRWKLV
-RE¶VQHZV"5DXO+LOEHUJGRHVQRWKLGHLWIURPXV
³7KURXJKRXW3RODQGWKHJUHDWEXONRIWKH-HZVSUHVHQWHGWKHPVHOYHVYROXQWDULO\DWWKHFROOHFWLRQSRLQWVDQGERDUGHGWKHWUDLQVIRUWUDQVSRUWWRNLOOLQJFHQWHUV/LNHEORRGJXVKLQJRXWRIDQRSHQZRXQGWKHH[RGXVIURPWKHJKHWWRVTXLFNO\GUDLQHGWKH3ROLVK-HZLVKFRPPXQLW\RILWVFHQWXULHVROG OLIH´S '(- S
1R LW LV QRW FRPSOLPHQWDU\ WKH WHVWLPRQ\ WKDW +LOEHUJ JLYHV KHUH
DERXWKLVµUDFH¶RUKLVIHOORZ-HZV7KHGHVFULSWLRQVRI-HZLVKDWWHPSWVDW
IOLJKW RU UHVLVWDQFH WKDW IROORZ WKLV SDVVDJH LQ QR ZD\ EORW RXW WKH PRQ
VWURXVQHVVRIWKHDVVHUWLRQWKDWWKHJUHDWEXONRI-HZVYROXQWDULO\DOORZHG
WKHPVHOYHVWREHVHQWWRWKHNLOOLQJFHQWHUV$JDLQLQ$XJXVWZKHQDOPRVWWKHZKROHRI3ROLVK-HZU\KDG
EHHQH[WHUPLQDWHG²DVZHDUHWROGE\RXUµ+RORFDXVW¶SRSH²WKH-HZVRI
WKHJKHWWRRIáyGé ERDUGHGWKH WUDLQV WR$XVFKZLW]ZLOOLQJO\ DQG ZLWKRXW
UHVLVWDQFHEHFDXVH
³,QIDFW âyG êKDGEHFRPHWKHODUJHVWJKHWWRE\GHIDXOW>@LWV SHRSOHVWUXJJOLQJZLWKDSULVRQGLHWDQGDWZHOYHKRXUGD\IRUWZRPRUH \HDUV 7KHQ LQ $XJXVW DQQRXQFHPHQWV ZHUH SRVWHG LQ WKH JKHWWRXQGHUWKHKHDGLQJµ9HUODJHUXQJGHV*KHWWRVWUDQVVKLSPHQWRIWKHJKHWWR¶
7KH*HUPDQODQJXDJHHGLWLRQVWDWHVKHUHWKDWWKHJURZWKZDVGXHWRGHOD\VLQGHSRUWDWLRQ%XWKRZ
FDQGHOD\VLQGHSRUWDWLRQEHH[SODLQHGZKHQWKHµH[WHUPLQDWLRQFDPS¶&KHåPQROD\FORVHE\"
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 65/129
- h5*(1 * 5$) Â7 +( * ,$17 : ,7+ ) ((7 2) & /$<
7KH-HZVZHUHRUGHUHGWRSUHVHQWWKHPVHOYHVIRU9HUODJHUXQJRQSHQDOW\RI GHDWK
7KLVWLPHWKH-HZVNQHZZKHUH>*HUPDQFKLHIRIWKHJKHWWRDGPLQLV
WUDWLRQRIILFH@%LHERZZDQWHGWRVHQGWKHPDQGVRPHWKLQJOLNHDVLWGRZQ VWULNHHQVXHGLQZRUNVKRSV,DQG,,7KHVH-HZVKDGKHOGRXWIRUVRORQJWKDW QRZZLWKWKHHQGRIWKHZDULQVLJKWWKH\ZHUHQRWZLOOLQJWRJRWRWKHLU GHDWKVYROXQWDULO\7KH*HUPDQVGHFLGHGWRSURFHHGZLWKSURSDJDQGDZDU
IDUH>«@%LHERZ>«@EHJDQWRVSHDN>«@
%LHERZKDGDOZD\VWULHGWRGRKLVEHVW+HVWLOOZDQWHGWRGRKLVEHVW²QDPHO\ µWR VDYH\RXUOLYHVE\PRYLQJWKLVJKHWWR¶5LJKWQRZ*HUPDQ\ZDVILJKWLQJZLWKKHUODVWRXQFHRIVWUHQJWK7KRXVDQGVRI*HUPDQZRUNHUVZHUHJRLQJWRWKHIURQW7KHVHZRUNHUVZRXOGKDYHWREHUHSODFHG
6LHPHQVDQG6FKXFNHUWXUJHQWO\QHHGHGZRUNHUV8QLRQQHHGHGZRUNHUVWKH&] VWRFKRZDPXQLWLRQVSODQWVQHHGHGZRUNHUV>«@7KHWULSVDLG%LHERZZDVJRLQJWRWDNHWHQWRVL[WHHQKRXUV)RRGKDGDOUHDG\EHHQORDGHGRQWKHWUDLQV(YHU\ERG\FRXOGWDNHDORQJSRXQGVRIOXJJDJH(YHU\RQHZDVWRKROGRQWRKLVSRWVSDQVDQGXWHQVLOVEHFDXVHLQ*HUPDQ\VXFKWKLQJVZHUH
JLYHQRQO\WRERPEHGRXWSHRSOH6RFRPPRQVHQVH,IQRWDQGWKHQIRUFHZHUHXVHG%LHERZFRXOGQRWKHOSDQ\PRUH
7KH-HZLVKZRUNHUVRIZRUNVKRSDUHDV,DQG,,FKDQJHGWKHLUPLQGV7KH\VXUUHQGHUHG%\WKHHQGRI$XJXVWWKHJKHWWRZDVHPSW\H[FHSWIRUD
VPDOOFOHDQXS.RPPDQGR
7KHYLFWLPVZHUHVKLSSHGQRWWR*HUPDQ\WRZRUN LQ SODQWV EXW WR WKH NLOOLQJ FHQWHU LQ $XVFKZLW] WR EH JDVVHG WRGHDWK´S '(- SSI
:HUHWKH\GXPEDVVWUDZRUSDWKHWLFDOO\FRZDUGO\WKH-HZVRIáyGé"
7KH\ZHUHWKHIRUPHULIWKH\EHOLHYHGWKHSURPLVHVRIWKHLUDOOHJHGH[HFX
WLRQHUV7KH\ZHUHWKHODWWHULIWKH\IRUHVDZWKHLUGHVWLQ\DQGQHYHUWKHOHVV
PDGHQRDWWHPSWWRIOHHRULIWKHUHZHUHQRFKDQFHIRUIOLJKWDWOHDVWWRWU\
WRWDNHDVPDQ\RIWKHLUH[HFXWLRQHUVWRGHDWKZLWKWKHPDVWKH\FRXOG/LNH
VKHHSWKH\PDUFKHGWRWKHVODXJKWHUZHDUHWROG
7KH+XQJDULDQ-HZVGLGH[DFWO\WKHVDPHWKLQJDOVRLQ7KXV
+LOEHUJ
³LQ+XQJDU\WKH-HZVKDGVXUYLYHGXQWLOWKHPLGGOHRI7KH\ZHUHNLOOHGLQ+LWOHU¶VILQDO\HDURISRZHULQDQ$[LVZRUOGWKDWZDVDOUHDG\
JRLQJGRZQWRGHIHDW>«@7KH+XQJDULDQ-HZVZHUHDOPRVWWKHRQO\RQHVZKRKDGIXOOZDUQLQJDQGIXOONQRZOHGJHRIZKDWZDVWRFRPHZKLOHWKHLU FRPPXQLW\ZDVVWLOOXQKDUPHG)LQDOO\WKH+XQJDULDQPDVVGHSRUWDWLRQVDUHUHPDUNDEOHDOVREHFDXVHWKH\FRXOGQRWEHFRQFHDOHGIURPWKHRXWVLGH
WKH\ZHUHFDUULHGRXWRSHQO\LQIXOOYLHZRIWKHZKROHZRUOG SSI '(- S
2QWKLVVXEMHFW+LOEHUJTXRWHV'U5XGROI.DVWQHUIRUPHUFRSUHVL
GHQWRIWKH+XQJDULDQ=LRQLVW$VVRFLDWLRQDVIROORZV
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 66/129
9,7 +( ' (3257$7,216
³,Q%XGDSHVWZHKDGDXQLTXHRSSRUWXQLW\WRIROORZWKHIDWHRI(XURSHDQ -HZU\:HKDGVHHQKRZWKH\KDGEHHQGLVDSSHDULQJRQHDIWHUWKHRWKHUIURPWKHPDSRI(XURSH$WWKHPRPHQWRIWKHRFFXSDWLRQRI+XQJDU\>PHDQLQJ0DUFK@WKHQXPEHURIGHDG-HZVDPRXQWHGWRRYHUILYHPLOOLRQ:HNQHZYHU\ZHOO
DERXW WKH ZRUN RI WKH (LQVDW]JUXSSHQ :H NQHZ PRUH WKDQ LW ZDV QHFHVVDU\DERXW$XVFKZLW]« :HKDGDVHDUO\DVDFRPSOHWHSLFWXUHRI ZKDWKDG EHHQKDSSHQLQJLQWKH(DVWZLWKWKH-HZVGHSRUWHGWR$XVFKZLW]DQGRWKHUH[WHUPLQDWLRQFDPSV S '(- S
2QWK0DUFK$GROI(LFKPDQQDQGDIHZRWKHU³ GHSRUWDWLRQVH[SHUWVRIWKH56+$´PHWLQ%XGDSHVWZLWKWKHOHDGHUVRIWKH-HZLVKFRP
PXQLW\2QWKLVPHHWLQJ+LOEHUJUHSRUWV
³'XULQJWKHPHHWLQJ(LFKPDQQSHUIRUPHGRQHRIWKHJUHDWHVWVKRZVRIKLVFDUHHU,QWKHZRUGVRIWKHKLVWRULDQ/HYDLµKHYLUWXDOO\K\SQRWL]HGWKH
-HZLVK&RXQFLODQGWKURXJKWKDWERG\WKHZKROHRI+XQJDULDQ-HZU\¶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«@
6RPXFKVDLG(LFKPDQQIRUWKH*HUPDQUHTXHVWV>«@
7KH-HZVZHUHUHOLHYHG1RZWKH\NQHZZKDWWKH\KDGWRGR)DOOLQJ DOORYHUHDFKRWKHUWKH\EHJDQWRGUDZXSSODQVIRUWKHLU-XGHQUDW>«@
$WWKHVDPHWLPHWKHFRXQFLODGGUHVVHGDPDQLIHVWRWRWKH-HZLVK SRSXODWLRQWRPDLQWDLQGLVFLSOLQHDQGREH\RUGHUV
2QUHFHLYLQJRUGHUVIURPWKH&HQWUDO&RXQFLOLWLVWKHGXW\RIHYHU\SHU VRQWRUHSRUWDWWKHSODFHDQGWLPHLQGLFDWHG´SSI '(- SSI
/HWXVUHFDSLWXODWH7KH+XQJDULDQ-HZVKDG³ IXOONQRZOHGJHRIZKDW ZDVWRFRPH´WKH\KDGVHHQKRZWKH-HZLVKSRSXODWLRQJURXSVKDGEHHQ
³GLVDSSHDULQJ RQH DIWHU WKH RWKHU IURP WKH PDS RI (XURSH´ VLQFH
WKH\KDG³DFRPSOHWHSLFWXUHRIZKDWKDGEHHQKDSSHQLQJLQWKH(DVWZLWKWKH-HZVGHSRUWHGWR$XVFKZLW]DQGRWKHUH[WHUPLQDWLRQFDPSV ²DQGZKDW
GLGWKH-HZLVKOHDGHUVGR"7KH\ZLOOLQJO\XQGHUWRRNWKHUROHRI³ FKDQQHOIRU *HUPDQRUGHUV´DQGRUGHUHGWKH-HZLVKFRPPRQSHRSOH³WRUHSRUWDWWKH
SODFHDQGWLPHLQGLFDWHG E\WKH&HQWUDO&RXQFLO+LOEHUJVD\VWKH-HZLVK
$IWHU+XQJDU\HQWHUHGWKHZDUDJDLQVWWKH8665RQWKHVLGHRIWKH*HUPDQ5HLFK+XQJDULDQ-HZV
ZHUH FRQVFULSWHG DOVR &HUWDLQO\ WKH\ GLG QRW VHUYH XQGHU DUPV EXW ZHUH RUJDQL]HG LQWR ODERU
EDWWDOLRQV
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 67/129
- h5*(1 * 5$) Â7 +( * ,$17 : ,7+ ) ((7 2) & /$<
FRPPXQLW\OHDGHUVKDGEHFRPH³ DSDZQLQ*HUPDQKDQGV´S '(- S
,QRWKHUZRUGVWKH-HZLVKOHDGHUVZHUHFRZDUGO\HYLOGRHUVZKRZLW
WLQJO\DQGZLOOLQJO\FRRSHUDWHGLQWKHGHVWUXFWLRQRIWKHLUSHRSOH²DVVXPLQJRIFRXUVHWKDW+LOEHUJLVULJKWDQGWKDWWKHSXUSRVHRIWKHGHSRUWDWLRQV
UHDOO\ZDVWKHH[WHUPLQDWLRQRIWKHGHSRUWHHV
3HRSOHµ*DVVHG¶LQ$XVFKZLW]7XUQXSLQ6WXWWKRI
&RQFHQWUDWLRQFDPS6WXWWKRIO\LQJNPPLOHVHDVWRI'DQ
]LJ²PHQWLRQHGE\+LOEHUJLQKLVJLDQWZRUNRQO\IRXUWLPHV²LVRIRYHUULG
LQJLPSRUWDQFHIRUWKHXQGHUVWDQGLQJRI*HUPDQ-HZLVKSROLF\LQWKHQH[WWR
ODVW \HDU RI WKH ZDU %HWZHHQ -XQH DQG 2FWREHU 6WXWWKRI
UHFHLYHGRYHU-HZVZKRZHUHVHQWIURPWKH%DOWLFDUHD.DXQDVDQG
5LJD DQG DOVR IURP $XVFKZLW] 6RPH RI WKH GHSRUWDWLRQ OLVWV FDQ EH
LQVSHFWHGDWWKHDUFKLYHRIWKH6WXWWKRIPHPRULDO2IWKH-HZVZKRFDPH
IURP$XVFKZLW]ZHUHIURPáyGéDQGZHUHIURP+XQJDU\
$OVRDFRQVLGHUDEOHQXPEHURIWKH-HZVWUDQVSRUWHGWR6WXWWKRIIURP5LJD
DQG.DXQDVZHUH+XQJDULDQ,WLVFOHDUWKDWWKH\KDGEHHQVHQWWRWKH%DO
WLFDUHDILUVWZKHQWKH\ZHUHGHSRUWHGIURP+XQJDU\²SRVVLEO\WKURXJKWKH
UDLOZD\ MXQFWLRQ DW $XVFKZLW]²WR EH HPSOR\HG WKHUH RQ PXQLWLRQV SURMHFWVEHIRUHWKHDSSURDFKRIWKH5HG$UP\IRUFHGWKH*HUPDQVWRUHWUHDW
IURPWKH%DOWLFVWDWHVDQGWRHYDFXDWHWKHFDPSVWKHUH
$WWKDWWLPH6WXWWKRISHUIRUPHGWKHIXQFWLRQRIDPDMRUGLVWULEXWLRQ
FHQWHUIRUODERUIRUFHVWKH²PRVWO\IHPDOH²-HZLVKSULVRQHUVZHUHDSSRU
WLRQHG DPRQJ WKH YDULRXV RXWO\LQJ FDPSV WUDQVIHUUHG WR FDPSV IXUWKHU
VRXWKRUHPSOR\HGDVDJULFXOWXUDOODERU
:HKDYHIRXQGWKDWWKHWUDQVIHUHHVIURP$XVFKZLW]WR6WXWWKRIFRQ
VWLWXWHGRQO\DVPDOOSURSRUWLRQRIWKH+XQJDULDQ-HZVGHSRUWHGIURP áyGéDQG +XQJDU\ 7KH GLVSRVLWLRQ RI WKH RWKHUVLV PRVWO\ VWLOO XQFOHDU DV WKH
DUFKLYHV LQ WKH (DVW DUH RSHQHG WR UHVHDUFK WKH VXEMHFW PD\ EH SURJUHV
VLYHO\EHWWHUXQGHUVWRRG2QWKHRWKHUKDQGHYHU\-HZWKDWOHIW$XVFKZLW]
DOLYHLVDSRZHUIXODUJXPHQWDJDLQVWWKHWKHRU\WKDWWKHODWWHUVHUYHGDVDQ
DQQLKLODWLRQFHQWHUIRU(XURSHDQ-HZU\7KHWUDQVIHUVDOVRVTXDUHZLWKWKH
FRXQWOHVVGRFXPHQWVWKDWGHDOZLWKWKHGHSOR\PHQWRI-HZVDVODERU7KLV
2QWKLVVHH-UJHQ*UDIDQG&DUOR0DWWRJQRRSFLWQRWH $UFKLZXP0X]HXP6WXWWKRI,,,%7UDQVSRUWOLVWV
'DQXWD'U\ZD³ 5XFKWUDQVSRUWyZPLG]\6WXWWKRILLQQ\PLRER]DPL´LQ6WXWWKRI=HV]\W\0X]HXP6WXWWKRI0XVHXP1RWHERRNQR6WXWWKRIS
-*UDIDQG&0DWWRJQRRSFLWQRWHSS
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 68/129
9,7 +( ' (3257$7,216
DOVRH[SODLQVZK\+LOEHUJGRHVQRWRQFHPHQWLRQWKHWUDQVIHUVWR6WXWWKRI
VLQFHWKH\IDLOWRVXSSRUWKLVSUHVXSSRVHGH[WHUPLQDWLRQLVWSRLQWRIYLHZ
7KH UHDVRQ IRU WKH GHSRUWDWLRQRISHRSOHIURPáyGéDQG+XQJDULDQ
-HZVZDVDSSDUHQWO\WKDWZKLFKWKH*HUPDQFKLHIRIWKHJKHWWRDGPLQLVWUDWLRQRIILFHJDYHWRWKH-HZVRIáyGéDQGZKLFK$GROI(LFKPDQQJDYHLQKLV
PHHWLQJZLWKWKH+XQJDULDQ-HZLVKFRPPXQLW\OHDGHUV7KH-HZVZHUHWR
EHGUDIWHGDVZRUNHUV7KRVHWKDWFRXOGQRWEHHPSOR\HGDW$XVFKZLW]DQG
LWVRXWO\LQJFDPSVZHUHWUDQVIHUUHGWR6WXWWKRI²RUWRRWKHUFDPSVRUDUPD
PHQWVZRUNV
7KH-HZVZHUHDZDUHRIWKLV+DGWKH\NQRZQRUHYHQVXVSHFWHGWKDW
WKH\IDFHGFROGEORRGHGPXUGHUWKH\ZRXOGQRWKDYHERDUGHGWKHWUDLQVWR
$XVFKZLW]2IFRXUVHWKH\ZHUHQRWWKHPLVHUDEOHZHDNOLQJVWKDW+LOEHUJ
VRGLVSDUDJLQJO\SRUWUD\V)RUHVHHLQJFHUWDLQGHDWKWKH\ZRXOGGHILQLWHO\KDYHWDNHQDQ\FKDQFHDWHVFDSHRUWDNHQWRDUPVLQGHVSDLU
,QRWKHUZRUGV WKH FRPPXQLW\OHDGHUV RIáyGéDQGWKH+XQJDULDQ
-HZV UHFRJQL]HG WKH H[WHUPLQDWLRQ DQG JDVVLQJ VWRULHV ZKLFK KDG EHHQ
DVVLGXRXVO\GLVVHPLQDWHGIRU\HDUVIRUZKDWWKH\ZHUHQDPHO\ZDUSURSD
JDQGD
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 69/129
9,,7KH.LOOLQJ&HQWHUV
7KH,QLWLDO6LWXDWLRQ
)URPS '(- SIRUZDUGZHFRQIURQWWKHPDLQWKHPHRIWKH
µ+RORFDXVW¶ QDPHO\ WKH VXSSRVHG PDVV NLOOLQJ RI -HZV LQNLOOLQJ FHQWHUV
VSHFLDOO\FRQVWUXFWHGIRUWKDWSXUSRVHZKLFK+LOEHUJFKDUDFWHUL]HVDVIROORZV
³7KHPRVWVWULNLQJIDFWDERXWWKHNLOOLQJFHQWHURSHUDWLRQVLVWKDWXQOLNH WKH HDUOLHU SKDVHV RI WKH GHVWUXFWLRQ SURFHVV WKH\ ZHUH XQSUHFHGHQWHG1HYHUEHIRUHLQKLVWRU\KDGSHRSOHEHHQNLOOHGRQDQDVVHPEO\OLQHEDVLV´S '(- S
,QWKLVFKDSWHUWKHFHQWUDOSUREOHPWKDWKDVFDXVHG+LOEHUJVRPXFK
WURXEOHIURPWKHEHJLQQLQJRIKLVVHFRQGYROXPHQDPHO\WKHFRPSOHWHODFN
RIGRFXPHQWDU\HYLGHQFHIRUWKHSUHVHQFHRIVXFKFHQWHUVDVVXPHVJLJDQWLF SURSRUWLRQV(YHU\³DVVHPEO\OLQH´LQWKHZRUOGFDQEHGUDZQEOXHSULQWHG
DQGSKRWRJUDSKHG²H[FHSWLWVHHPV+LOEHUJ¶V
1RGRFXPHQWDU\SDSHUZRUNKDVVXUYLYHGIURPWKHIRXUµSXUHH[WHU
PLQDWLRQFDPSV¶&KHåPQR%HåìHF6RELEyUDQG7UHEOLQND7KHRUWKRGR[
KLVWRULDQVH[SODLQWKDWWKLVLVEHFDXVHWKH*HUPDQVGHVWUR\HGLWLQWLPH7KLV
FHUWDLQO\ FDQQRW EH H[FOXGHG²EXW WKHQ ZK\ GLG WKH *HUPDQV FDUHOHVVO\
OHDYHEHKLQGVWDFNVRIUHFRUGVLQ$XVFKZLW]DQG0DMGDQHN"7KHFRXUWKLV
WRULDQV RI WKH $OOLHV QHYHUFRQVLGHU D VHFRQG SRVVLELOLW\ QDPHO\ WKDW WKH
6RYLHWV DQG WKH 3ROLVK&RPPXQLVWV FDSWXUHG *HUPDQ UHFRUGV LQ WKH IRXU
RWKHUµH[WHUPLQDWLRQFDPSV¶DVZHOODVLQ$XVFKZLW]DQG0DMGDQHNEXWJRW
ULGRIWKHPRUOHWWKHPGLVDSSHDULQWRVHFUHWDUFKLYHVEHFDXVHWKH\WRREOD
WDQWO\FRQWUDGLFWHGWKHGHVLUHGSURSDJDQGLVWLFYLHZRIWKHVHFDPSV
)RU %HåìHF +LOEHUJ PHQWLRQV MRXUQDOV RI )ULW] 5HXWHU WKH GHSXW\
GLUHFWRURIWKH3RSXODWLRQDQG:HOIDUH6XEGLYLVLRQRIWKH,QWHULRU'LYLVLRQ
LQ WKH 2IILFH RI WKH *RXYHUQHXU RI /XEOLQ $FFRUGLQJ WR WKHVH MRXUQDOV
+DQV+|IOHDQDVVLVWDQWRI2GLOR*ORERFQLNVWDWHGWKDWDFDPSIRU-HZV
ZDVWREHEXLOWLQ%HåìHF RQWKH (DVWHUQERUGHU RIWKH *HQHUDOJRXYHUQHPHQWWKH-HZVZRXOGFURVVWKHERUGHUDQGZRXOGQHYHUUHWXUQWRWKH*HQHU
DOJRXYHUQHPHQW SS I '(- S 6RELEyU DQG 7UHEOLQND OLNH
%HåìHFOD\LQWKHH[WUHPHHDVWRIWKH*HQHUDOJRXYHUQHPHQW5HPHPEHULQJ
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 70/129
- h5*(1 * 5$) Â7 +( * ,$17 : ,7+ ) ((7 2) & /$<
WKDW*HUPDQGRFXPHQWVUHSHDWHGO\VSHDNRI³UHVHWWOHPHQWRIWKH-HZVWRWKHHDVW DQGWKDWWKHRFFXUUHQFHRIWKHVHUHVHWWOHPHQWV LVQRWGHQLHGHYHQE\
WKHRUWKRGR[KLVWRULDQV LW LV REYLRXV WKDW WKHVH FDPSV PLJKWKDYH EHHQ
WUDQVLWFDPSVLQZKLFK-HZVZHUHWREHWHPSRUDULO\KHOGSHQGLQJWUDQVIHU IXUWKHUHDVW2IFRXUVH+LOEHUJGRHVQRWILQGVXFKDK\SRWKHVLVZRUWK\RI
FRQVLGHUDWLRQ
6LQFHQRZDUWLPH*HUPDQGRFXPHQWVKDYHVXUYLYHGIURPWKHVHWKUHH
FDPSV²RUIURP&KHåPQR.XOPKRIO\LQJZHVWRIáyGé ²DQGWKHUHDUHQR
PDWHULDOUHPDLQVH[FHSWIRUVRPHEDUUDFNVIRXQGDWLRQVLQ&KHåPQR+LOEHUJ
LVIUHHWREDEEOHDVPXFKDVKHZDQWVVXSSRUWHGE\DIHZZLWQHVVUHSRUWV
DQG DOVR $GDOEHUW 5FNHUO¶V IUHTXHQWO\ UHIHUHQFHG ERRN 1DWLRQDOVR]LDOLVWLVFKH9HUQLFKWXQJVODJHULP6SLHJHOGHXWVFKHU6WUDISUR]HVVHZKLFKLWVHOI
LVDOPRVWH[FOXVLYHO\EDVHGRQZLWQHVVWHVWLPRQ\JLYHQLQ)HGHUDO*HUPDQ
WULDOV+LOEHUJLVOHVVIUHHWRGRVRLQWKHFDVHRI$XVFKZLW]DQG0DMGDQHN
)RURQHWKLQJWKHVWUXFWXUHVLGHQWLILHGDVNLOOLQJJDVFKDPEHUVKDYHSDUWO\
VXUYLYHGVRRQHFDQH[DPLQHWKHPZLWKUHVSHFWWRWKHLUVXLWDELOLW\IRUWKH
XVHDVFULEHGWRWKHP)RUDQRWKHUWKLQJLQWKLVFDVHZHDUHLQSRVVHVVLRQRI
DODUJHQXPEHURIZDUWLPHUHFRUGVDQGWKHVHGRQRWFRQWDLQDQ\LQGLFDWLRQ
RIDSROLF\RIDQQLKLODWLRQRURINLOOLQJJDVFKDPEHUVEXWGRFRQWDLQPXFK
HYLGHQFHIRUWKHHFRQRPLFVLJQLILFDQFHRIWKHVHFDPSV
,QWKHVXEFKDSWHU³ /DERU8WLOL]DWLRQ´SS '(- SS+LOEHUJH[SORUHVWKLVWRSLFLQGHWDLO2QS '(- SKHVXP
PDUL]HV³66,QGXVWU\LQWKH.LOOLQJ&HQWHUV ´LQDWDEOHDQGRQSS
'(- SSKHGLVFXVVHVWKHDFWLYLWLHVRI,*)DUEHQLQ$XVFKZLW]
+HUHDUHVRPHH[FHUSWV
³6LJQLILFDQWO\WKH,*¶VLQYROYHPHQWLQ$XVFKZLW]FDQEHWUDFHGQRW WRDGHVLUHWRNLOO-HZVRUWRZRUNWKHPWRGHDWKEXWWRDFRPSOLFDWHGPDQX
IDFWXULQJSUREOHPWKHH[SDQVLRQRIV\QWKHWLFUXEEHU%XQDSURGXFWLRQ >LQ
YLHZRIWKHODFNRIQDWXUDOUXEEHUUHTXLUHGIRUWLUHPDQXIDFWXUHDQGLPSRUWDQWIRUWKHZDU«@
7KH /XGZLJVKDIHQ SODQW GLG QRW VXIILFH WREULQJ SURGXFWLRQ WR WKHUHTXLUHGOHYHODQGWKHSODQQHUVFRQVHTXHQWO\FRQVLGHUHGWZRDOWHUQDWLYHVH[SDQVLRQRIWKH+OVSODQWIURPWRQVWRWRQVRUFRQVWUXFWLRQ
66%ULJDGHIKUHU2GLOR*ORERFQLNZDVDFRQILGDQWRI+LPPOHU¶VDQGIURP-XQHWKHSHUVRQLQ
FKDUJHRIWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRI66DQGSROLFHVXSSRUWSRLQWVLQWKHµQHZ(DVWHUQUHJLRQ¶$WWKHHQGRI
0DUFKKHZDVDVVLJQHGGLUHFWLRQRI³ 2SHUDWLRQ5HLQKDUG $VIDUDVFDQEHGHWHUPLQHGIURP
WKHIUDJPHQWDU\GRFXPHQWDWLRQWKHSXUSRVHRIWKHODWWHUZDVWKHVHL]XUHRISURSHUW\RIGHSRUWHG-HZV
&IWKHFRPPHQWVLQFKDSWHU9RQWKHGHSRUWDWLRQRI*HUPDQDQG&]HFK-HZVWR:KLWH5XVVLDDQG
WKH%DOWLFUHJLRQ
3XEOLVKHGE\GWY
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 71/129
9,,7 +( . ,//,1*& (17(56
RIDQRWKHUSODQWZLWKDFDSDFLW\RIWRQV7KHQHZSODQWFRXOGEHFRQ VWUXFWHGLQ1RUZD\RUDW$XVFKZLW]
)URP WKH EHJLQQLQJ WKH (FRQRP\ 0LQLVWU\ SXVKHG WKH $XVFKZLW]
VLWH>«@2Q)HEUXDU\>«,*)DUEHQSURGXFWLRQFKLHI)ULW]@7HU 0HHU DQG WKH GHSXW\ FKLHI RI WKH PDLQ SODQW DW /XGZLJVKDIHQ 'U 2WWR $PEURV FDQGLGO\ WDONHG RYHU ZLWK >,* )DUEHQ RIILFHU &DUO@ .UDXFK WKHDGYDQWDJHVDQGGLVDGYDQWDJHVRI$XVFKZLW]
$PEURVEURXJKWRXW WKH IDFWV WKDW $XVFKZLW] KDG JRRGZDWHUFRDO DQG OLPH VXSSOLHV &RPPXQLFDWLRQV ZHUH DOVR DGHTXDWH 'LVDGYDQWDJHVZHUHWKHODFNRIVNLOOHGODERULQWKHDUHDDQGWKHGLVLQFOLQDWLRQRI*HUPDQZRUNHUVWROLYHWKHUH >«@
2Q 0DUFK DQG $SULO WKH 7($>@ GHFLGHG XSRQ WKH
GHWDLOVRI$XVFKZLW]SURGXFWLRQ7KHUHZHUHWREHWZRSODQWVDV\QWKHWLFUXEEHUSODQW%XQD,9DQGDQDFHWLFDFLGSODQW>«@
7KHLQYHVWPHQWLQ$XVFKZLW]ZDVLQLWLDOO\RYHU50XOWLPDWHO\ RYHU 50 >«@ $ERXW FRQWUDFWRUV ZHUH SXW WRZRUN7KHSODQWZDVVHWXSURDGVZHUHEXLOWEDUUDFNVZHUHFRQVWUXFWHG
IRUWKHLQPDWHVEDUEHGZLUHZDVVWUXQJIRUµIDFWRU\SDFLILFDWLRQ¶ )DEULN
HLQIULHGXQJ DQGDIWHUWKHWRZQRI$XVFKZLW]ZDVIORRGHGZLWK,*SHU VRQQHOWZRFRPSDQ\YLOODJHVZHUHEXLOW7RPDNHVXUHWKDW,*$XVFKZLW]ZRXOG KDYH DOO WKH QHFHVVDU\ EXLOGLQJ PDWHULDOV .UDXFK SDWURQL]LQJO\RUGHUHGWKDW%XQDHQMR\ILUVWSULRULW\ 'ULQJOLFKNHLWVVWXIH, XQWLOFRPSOHWLRQ6SUHDGLQJRXW,*$XVFKZLW]DFTXLUHGLWVFRDOEDVHWKH)UVWHQ
JUXEHDQGWKH-DQLQDJUXEH%RWKPLQHVZHUHILOOHGZLWK-HZLVKLQPDWHV´SSII '(- SSII
7KXV WKH WRZQ RI $XVFKZLW] ERUGHULQJ WKH FRQFHQWUDWLRQ FDPS
³ZDV IORRGHG ZLWK ,* SHUVRQQHO ³ FRQWUDFWRUV ZHUH SXW WR ZRUN ´'RHVWKLVPHDQWKDWWKH1DWLRQDO6RFLDOLVWVGLGHYHU\WKLQJWKH\FRXOGWRVHH
WRLWWKDWQHZVRIWKHLQGXVWULDOL]HGNLOOLQJLQ$XVFKZLW]ZRXOGVSUHDGRYHU
DOO(XURSHLQQRWLPH"%XWWKHZRUOGZDVVLOHQW7KH9DWLFDQZDVVLOHQWWKH
,QWHUQDWLRQDO5HG&URVVZDVVLOHQWDQGHYHQWKH$OOLHGJRYHUQPHQWVZKRURXWLQHO\DFFXVHGWKH*HUPDQVRIDOONLQGVRIDWURFLWLHVQHYHUPHQWLRQHG
$XVFKZLW]5HPDUNDEOHLVLWQRW"
$OWKRXJK+LOEHUJJHQHURXVO\FRQFHGHVWKDWWKHSDUWLFLSDWLRQRI,*
)DUEHQLQ$XVFKZLW]³FDQEHWUDFHGQRWWRDGHVLUHWRNLOO-HZV ´KHFODLPV
³WKH66PHQWDOLW\KDGWDNHQKROGHYHQRI,*)DUEHQGLUHFWRUV
³2QHGD\WZR%XQDLQPDWHV'U5D\PRQGYDQGHQ6WUDDWHQDQG'U )ULW]/|KQHU%HGDZHUHJRLQJDERXWWKHLUZRUNZKHQDSDUW\RIYLVLWLQJ ,*)DUEHQGLJQLWDULHVSDVVHGE\2QHRIWKHGLUHFWRUVSRLQWHGWR'U/|K
QHU%HGDDQGVDLGWRKLV66FRPSDQLRQµ7KLV-HZLVKVZLQHFRXOGZRUNDOLW
³7HFKQLVFKHU$XVVFKX´7HFKQLFDO&RPPLWWHH
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 72/129
- h5*(1 * 5$) Â7 +( * ,$17 : ,7+ ) ((7 2) & /$<
WOHIDVWHU 'LHVH-XGHQVDXN|QQWHDXFKUDVFKHUDUEHLWHQ ¶$QRWKHUGLUHFWRU WKHQ FKDQFHG WKH UHPDUN µ,I WKH\FDQ¶W ZRUN OHW WKHP SHULVK LQ WKH JDVFKDPEHU :HQQGLHQLFKWPHKUDUEHLWHQN|QQHVROOHQVLHLQGHU*DVNDPPHU
YHUUHFNHQ ¶´S '(- S
7KLVHSLVRGHLQZKLFKDQXQQDPHG,*GLUHFWRUWKUHDWHQV-HZVZKR
ZRUNWRRVORZO\ZLWKWKHJDVFKDPEHULVµSURYHQ¶E\DQDIILGDYLWPDGHE\
IRUPHU$XVFKZLW]LQPDWHYDQGHQ6WUDDWHQRQWK-XO\IRURQHRIWKH
1XUHPEHUJVXFFHVVRUWULDOV7KLVH[DPSOHLVFKDUDFWHULVWLF7KHH[LVWHQFHRI
³WKHJDVFKDPEHU DQGWKHLQYROYHPHQWRI*HUPDQLQGXVWU\LQDQQLKLOD
WLRQRIWKH-HZVLV µSURYHQ¶E\ZLWQHVVWHVWLPRQ\JLYHQLQDQ$OOLHGWULDO
)RUWKHSURVHFXWRUVDQGMXGJHVRIGHIHDWHG*HUPDQ\LWZDVFKLOG¶VSOD\WR
REWDLQVXFKWHVWLPRQ\7KHUHZDVFHUWDLQO\QRODFNRIIRUPHU-HZLVKFRQ
FHQWUDWLRQFDPSSULVRQHUVZKREXUQHGIRUUHYHQJHRQWKHLUIRUPHURSSUHVVRUVDQGWKHUHZDVQRODFNRIW\SHZULWHUVDQGVWDWLRQHU\RQZKLFKWRZULWH
GRZQWKHLUµDIILGDYLWV¶7KLVLVWKHZD\LQZKLFKPRVWRI+LOEHUJ¶VHYLGHQFH
IRUWKHµ+RORFDXVW¶FDPHLQWRH[LVWHQFH
+LOEHUJ¶V,PDJLQDU\1XPEHURI9LFWLPVRIWKHµH[WHUPLQDWLRQFDPSV¶
2QS '(- SS+LOEHUJSURYLGHVDQRYHUYLHZRI³7KHµ)LQDO6ROXWLRQ¶LQWKH'HDWK&DPSV´KHJLYHVWKHIROORZLQJGHDWKFRXQWV
LQ&KHåPQR -HZV
LQ%HåìHF -HZV
LQ6RELEyU -HZV
LQ7UHEOLQND -HZV
LQ0DMGDQHN -HZV
LQ$XVFKZLW] -HZV
727$/ -HZV 1RQ-HZLVKYLFWLPVRIWKHVHVL[FDPSV+LOEHUJGHHPVZRUWK\RQO\RI
DIRRWQRWHRQS '(- SLQZKLFKKHDVVHUWV²ZLWKRXWDVRXUFH²
WKDWLQ$XVFKZLW]PRUHWKDQQRQ-HZVPRVWO\3ROHVSHULVKHGLQ
&KHåPQR7UHEOLQNDDQG$XVFKZLW]KHVD\VWHQVRIWKRXVDQGVRI*\SVLHV
ZHUHJDVVHGRIFRXUVHZLWKRXWDQ\HYLGHQFHWRVXSSRUWLW
7KH WKRXJKWIXO UHDGHU ZRXOG FHUWDLQO\ OLNH WR NQRZ KRZ +LOEHUJ
FDPHE\KLVILJXUHRIPLOOLRQJDVVHG-HZVEXWWKHUHDGHU¶VKRSHVUHPDLQ
1RWHWKHVLQJXODU
+LOEHUJFDOOVWKLVFDPSE\LWV*HUPDQQDPH.XOPKRI
+LOEHUJFDOOVWKLVFDPSE\WKHQDPH/XEOLQZKLFKZDVDOVRXVHGLQRIILFLDO16FRPPXQLFDWLRQV
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 73/129
9,,7 +( . ,//,1*& (17(56
XQIXOILOOHG QR VRXUFHV RI DQ\ NLQG DUH JLYHQ²H[FHSW IRU D UHIHUHQFH WR
'DQXWD&]HFK¶V .DOHQGDULXPZKLFKKRZHYHURQO\GLVFXVVHVWKH WUDQV SRUWVWKDWDUULYHGDW$XVFKZLW] S '(- S,QRWKHUZRUGVWKH
QXPEHUV DUH KXPEXJ VQDWFKHG RXW RI WKLQ DLU ZKLFK +LOEHUJ KDV FRSLHGGRZQIURPYDULRXVRWKHUXQQDPHGDXWKRUVDQGSDUWLDOO\µFRUUHFWHG¶DIWHUKLV
RZQSHUVRQDOWDVWH
5REHUW)DXULVVRQKDVUDWHG+LOEHUJ¶VZRUNWREHVXSHULRUZLWKUHVSHFW
WRWKHDPRXQWRIODERULQSXWEXWZLWKUHVSHFWWRLWVTXDOLW\KHFDOOVLW³ DWURFLRXV´H[pFUDEOH,QYLHZRIWKHVKDPHOHVVVOHLJKWRIKDQGRIWKHSRSH
RIWKHµ+RORFDXVW¶ZKRFDQSXOOPLOOLRQ-HZVPXUGHUHGLQVL[FDPSV
RXWRIKLVVOHHYHZLWKRXWDQLRWDRIHYLGHQFHZHKDYHWRFRQFXUZLWK)DXULV
VRQ¶VRSLQLRQ7KHIDFWWKDWWKHZRUNRIRWKHUµ+RORFDXVW¶VFULEEOHUVVXFKDV/XF\'DZLGRZLF]ZKRFRPHVXSZLWKDWRWDORIPRUHWKDQPLOOLRQ-HZV
H[WHUPLQDWHGLQWKHVDPHVL[FDPSVLVRIHYHQZRUVHTXDOLW\LVQRH[FXVH
IRU+LOEHUJ
)RU %HåìHF 6RELEyU 7UHEOLQND DQG &KHåPQR ZLWKRXW VRXUFHV RU
PDWHULDOWUDFHVQRUDWLRQDOO\IRXQGHGFRXQWRIYLFWLPVFDQEHJLYHQ(YHQ
IRU$XVFKZLW]LQ+LOEHUJFRXOGQRWSURYLGHGRFXPHQWDU\HYLGHQFHIRU
KLVILJXUHDVKHEURXJKWWKH³GHILQLWLYH´HGLWLRQRIKLVZRUNWRSUHVVVLQFHDW
WKDWWLPHWKHGHDWKUHJLVWHUVKDGQRW\HWEHHQPDGHDYDLODEOHIURPWKH6RYLHWDUFKLYHV6WXG\RIWKHVHGHDWKUHJLVWHUVDQGRIRWKHUGRFXPHQWVZKLFKKDYH
EHFRPHDYDLODEOHLQWKHPHDQWLPHVKRZVWKDWWKHQXPEHURI-HZVDQGQRQ
-HZV ZKR GLHG LQ $XVFKZLW] VKRXOG EH SODFHG DW VRPHZKHUH EHWZHHQ
DQG)RU0DMGDQHN+LOEHUJFRXOGKDYHIRXQGPDWHULDO
ZLWK ZKLFK WR FDOFXODWH DQ DSSUR[LPDWH QXPEHU RI YLFWLPV RI -HZV DQG
QRQ-HZV KDG KH WDNHQ WKH WURXEOH WR VWXG\ WKH GRFXPHQWV O\LQJ LQ WKH
DUFKLYHRIWKHPHPRULDODW0DMGDQHN
'DQXWD &]HFK ³ .DOHQGDULXP GHU (UHLJQLVVH LP .RQ]HQWUDWLRQVODJHU $XVFKZLW]%LUNHQDX´ LQ
+HIWHYRQ$XVFKZLW] Y $WWKDWWLPH WKH VWDIIRI WKH $XVFKZLW] 0XVHXP
ZKLFKSXEOLVKHG'&]HFK¶VVWXG\ZHUHXVLQJDILJXUHRIIRXUPLOOLRQ$XVFKZLW]YLFWLPVZKLFK
+LOEHUJQDWXUDOO\GRHVQRWPHQWLRQ7KHQGHGLWLRQRIWKH .DOHQGDULXPZDVSXEOLVKHGE\5RZRKOW
LQ IRXU\HDUV DIWHUWKH GHILQLWLYH HGLWLRQRI +LOEHUJ¶V ZRUN(QJOLVK $XVFKZLW]&KURQLFOH,%7DXULV/RQGRQ1HZ<RUN
)RU%HåìHFDYLFWLPFRXQWRIZDVJLYHQE\DOORWKHUVWDQGDUGZRUNV:KHUH+LOEHUJJRWKLV
ILJXUHRIOHVVKHRQO\NQRZV
5REHUW)DXULVVRQ eFULWVUpYLVLRQQLVWHVRSFLWQRWHSY,9
/XF\ 'DZLGRZLF] 7KH :DU DJDLQVW WKH -HZV 3HQJXLQ %RRNV 1HZ <RUN S )RU
0DMGDQHNDORQH'DZLGRZLF]FODLPVPLOOLRQ-HZLVKYLFWLPVRUWZHQW\VHYHQWLPHVPRUHWKDQ+LOEHUJ
&DUOR0DWWRJQRDQG)UDQFR'HDQD³7KH&UHPDWRULD2YHQVRI$XVFKZLW]DQG%LUNHQDX LQ(UQVW
*DXVVHGRSFLWQRWHSSRQOLQHKWWSFRGRKFRPIRXQGIQGFUHPDKWPO$VRSSRVHG
WR+LOEHUJ0DWWRJQRDQG'HDQDGRFXPHQW KRZWKH\DUULYHDWWKHLUQXPEHU
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 74/129
- h5*(1 * 5$) Â7 +( * ,$17 : ,7+ ) ((7 2) & /$<
.LOOLQJ:HDSRQVDQG5HPRYDORI&RUSVHVLQWKHµH[WHUPLQDWLRQFDPSV¶DV7ROGE\+LOEHUJ
D 7KHµ3XUH([WHUPLQDWLRQ&DPSV¶%HåìHF6RELEyUDQG7UHEOLQNDZHUHDSSDUHQWO\EXLOWE\WKH2IILFHRI
%XLOGLQJVDQG*URXQGVRIWKH66:9+$ZKLFKRSHQHGDV6HFWLRQ&LQ
0DUFK+LOEHUJWHOOVXVWKHVLWHV³ZHUHFKRVHQZLWKDYLHZWRVHFOX VLRQDQGDFFHVVWRUDLOURDGOLQHV ´ $Q LQVSHFWLRQ RI WKH ORFDWLRQV RI WKH
IRUPHU FDPSV UHYHDOV WKDW LQ WKH FDVH RI 6RELEyU DQG &KHåPQR QRW GLV
FXVVHGKHUHRQHPLJKWWDONRI³ VHFOXVLRQ´%HåìHFDQG7UHEOLQNDZHUHVLWX
DWHGRQO\DERXWDNLORPHWHUIURPWRZQVRIWKHVDPHQDPHVVRWKDWWKHUH
ZRXOGKDYHEHHQQRSRVVLELOLW\RINHHSLQJPDVVPXUGHUVHFUHWWKHUH:LWK
UHVSHFWWRWKHJDVFKDPEHUV+LOEHUJZULWHV
³,QIRUPDWLRQDERXW WKH QXPEHU DQG VL]H RI JDV FKDPEHUV LQHDFKFDPSUHVWVQRWRQGRFXPHQWDWLRQEXWRQUHFROOHFWLRQRIZLWQHVVHV7KHUHLVDJUHHPHQWWKDWWKHQHZFKDPEHUVZHUHODUJHUWKDQWKHROGWKHFDSDFLW\IRU VLPXOWDQHRXVJDVVLQJVLQ%HæHFGXULQJWKHVXPPHURIZDVHVWLPDWHG DW&RXQWVRIJDVFKDPEHUVDUHJLYHQLQWKHIROORZLQJUDQJHV
%HæHF WKHQ 6RELEyU WKHQRU 7UHEOLQND WKHQRU´IRRWQRWHRQS '(- S
,Q&KHåPQR+LOEHUJVD\V-HZVZHUHNLOOHGLQJDVYDQVS '(- S:HKDYHDOUHDG\VDLGZKDWKDVWREHVDLGDERXWWKHVHP\WKLFDOYHKL
FOHVLQFRQQHFWLRQZLWKWKHHYHQWVEHKLQGWKHHDVWHUQIURQWDQGWKHUHLVQR
UHDVRQWRDGGDQ\WKLQJIXUWKHU
2QWKHJDVHVXVHGDQGUHPRYDORIFRUSVHV+LOEHUJVWDWHVDVIROORZV
³7KHJDVILUVWXVHGDW%HæHFZDVERWWOHGHLWKHUWKHVDPHSUHSDUDWLRQRIFDUERQPRQR[LGHWKDWKDGEHHQVKLSSHGWRWKHHXWKDQDVLDVWDWLRQVRU
SRVVLEO\K\GURJHQF\DQLGH´S '(- S
,QDIRRWQRWHRQWKHVDPHSDJHKHHODERUDWHV³%RWWOHGJDV)ODVFKHQJDVLVPHQWLRQHGE\2EHUKDXVHU2EHUVWXUP
IKUHUDW%HæHF6HHWH[WRIKLVVWDWHPHQWLQ5FNHUO 169HUQLFKWXQJVODJHU SS7KHFRXUWMXGJHPHQWLQWKH2EHUKDXVHUFDVHLGHQWLILHVWKHJDVDVF\DQLGH=\NORQ%,ELG S´
+LOEHUJFRQWLQXHV
$SSUR[LPDWHO\SHRSOHGLHGLQ0DMGDQHN&I-UJHQ*UDIDQG&DUOR0DWWRJQRRSFLWQRWH
SS7KHSHUFHQWDJHRI-HZVDPRQJWKHGHDGFDQQRWEHGHWHUPLQHGH[DFWO\EXWLWPXVWKDYHEHHQRYHU,IRQHVXEWUDFWVIURP+LOEHUJ¶VFODLPHG-HZLVKYLFWLPVRIWKLVFDPSWKH
RU LQYHQWHG VKRRWLQJYLFWLPV RI UG1RYHPEHU WKHUHVXOWLQJ QXPEHU LV QRW
PXFKJUHDWHUWKDQWKHDFWXDORQH
:LUWVFKDIWVYHUZDOWXQJVKDXSWDPW 0DLQ2IILFHRI(FRQRPLF$GPLQLVWUDWLRQ
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 75/129
9,,7 +( . ,//,1*& (17(56
³/DWHUDOO WKUHHFDPSV6RELEyUDQG7UHEOLQNDIURPWKHVWDUWZHUHHTXLSSHG ZLWK GLHVHO PRWRUV $ *HUPDQ ZKR EULHIO\ VHUYHG DW 6RELEyU UHFDOOVDKRUVHSRZHUHLJKWF\OLQGHUHQJLQHRIDFDSWXUHG6RYLHWWDQNZKLFKUHOHDVHGDPL[WXUHRIFDUERQPRQR[LGHDQGFDUERQGLR[LGHLQWRWKH
JDVFKDPEHUV´S '(- S
+HUHLVKRZKHVD\VWKHFRUSVHVZHUHUHPRYHG
³,QFRUSVHVZHUHEXULHGLQPDVVJUDYHVLQ.XOPKRIWKH*HQHUDOJRXYHUQHPHQWFDPSVDQG%LUNHQDX%HIRUHORQJWKLVPRGHRIGHDOLQJZLWKWKHGHDGJDYHULVHWRVHFRQGWKRXJKWV>«@0LQLVWHULDOUDW'U/LQGHQVWHULOL]DWLRQH[SHUWLQWKH,QWHULRU0LQLVWU\RQDYLVLWWRWKH/XEOLQGLVWULFWLVTXRWHGE\DQ66PDQWRKDYHUHPDUNHGWKDWDIXWXUHJHQHUDWLRQPLJKWQRW
XQGHUVWDQG WKHVH PDWWHUV
7KH VDPH FRQVLGHUDWLRQ KDG SURPSWHG WKH*HVWDSRFKLHI0OOHUWRRUGHU6WDQGDUWHQIKUHU%OREHOFRPPDQGHURI(LQ VDW]NRPPDQGRDWRGHVWUR\WKHPDVVJUDYHVLQWKHHDVWHUQRFFXSLHGWHUULWRULHV %OREHO DQG KLV µ.RPPDQGR ¶ DOVR PRYHG LQWR .XOPKRI WRLQYHVWLJDWHZKDWFRXOGEHGRQHZLWKWKHJUDYHVWKHUH+HFRQVWUXFWHGIXQHUDO
S\UHVDQGSULPLWLYHRYHQVDQGHYHQWULHGH[SORVLYHV>«@
%\H[KXPDWLRQVZHUHLQSURJUHVVDWDOORIWKHNLOOLQJFHQWHUV,Q.XOPKRI-HZLVKZRUNSDUWLHVRSHQHGWKHPDVVJUDYHVDQGGUDJJHG WKHFRUSVHVLQWRQHZO\GXJSLWVDQGLQWRDSULPLWLYHRYHQ,Q%HæHFWKH
SURFHVVZDVEHJXQLQWKHODWHIDOORIZLWKLQDILULQJDUHDRIWKHFDPSFDSDEOHRIGHVWUR\LQJERGLHVSHUGD\$VHFRQGVRPHZKDWVPDOOHUILULQJSRVLWLRQZDVVWDUWHGDPRQWKODWHUDQGWKHWZRZHUHXVHGFRQFXUUHQWO\GD\DQGQLJKWXQWLO0DUFK ([FDYDWRUVDSSHDUHGLQ6RELEyUDQG 7UHEOLQNDZKHUHWKHFRUSVHVPRYHGE\QDUURZJDXJHUDLOZD\LQ6RELEyU DQGGUDJJHGLQ7UHEOLQNDZHUHVWDFNHGDQGEXUQHGRQILULQJJULGVEXLOW ZLWKROGUDLOZD\WUDFNV ´S '(- SSI
E 0DMGDQHN
+LOEHUJJLYHVQRIDFWVIRUWKHQXPEHUDQGORFDWLRQRIWKHJDVFKDP
EHUVLQWKHFDPSDW/XEOLQ7KHJDVVLQJVRISHUVRQVZHUHVXSSRVHGO\GRQH
ZLWKFDUERQPRQR[LGH +LOEHUJFDXWLRXVO\UHSRUWVWKHDVVHUWLRQIRXQGLQ
WKH3ROLVKOLWHUDWXUHWKDWLQ0DMGDQHNWKHPXUGHUVZHUHDOVRGRQHZLWK=\N
ORQ%IRRWQRWHRQS '(- S+HVD\VQRWKLQJDERXWWKHPHWKRGV
RIUHPRYDORIFRUSVHVLQYLHZRIWKHVPDOOQXPEHURIYLFWLPVKHUHFRP
SDUHG WR WKH RWKHU µH[WHUPLQDWLRQ FDPSV¶ WKH TXHVWLRQ LV RI OLWWOH LPSRU
WDQFH
3ROLVKKLVWRULFDOZULWLQJVFODLPWKHFDUERQPRQR[LGHZDVIHGWRWKHJDVFKDPEHUVIURPVWHHOERWWOHV
&I-*UDIDQG&0DWWRJQRRSFLWQRWHFKDSWHU9,
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 76/129
- h5*(1 * 5$) Â7 +( * ,$17 : ,7+ ) ((7 2) & /$<
F $XVFKZLW]%LUNHQDX
$WDEOHRQS '(- SFRQWDLQV+LOEHUJ¶VLQIRUPDWLRQRQWKH
JDVFKDPEHUVLQWKLVFDPS
± 2QHJDVFKDPEHULQWKHFUHPDWRU\RIWKHPDLQFDPS$XVFKZLW]
,
± %XQNHU,DIRUPHUIDUPKRXVHLQ%LUNHQDXZKLFKFRQWDLQHGILYH
VPDOOJDVFKDPEHUV
± %XQNHU,,DQRWKHUIRUPHUIDUPKRXVHLQ%LUNHQDX
± 2QH XQGHUJURXQGJDV FKDPEHUHDFKLQ &UHPDWRULHV,, DQG ,,, LQ
%LUNHQDXZKLFK EHJDQ RSHUDWLRQV LQ 0DUFKDQG -XQH UH
VSHFWLYHO\
± 2QHDERYHJURXQGJDVFKDPEHUHDFKLQ&UHPDWRULHV,9DQG9LQ
%LUNHQDXZKLFK EHJDQRSHUDWLRQV LQ0DUFKDQG$SULOUH
VSHFWLYHO\
7KHNLOOLQJZHDSRQLQ$XVFKZLW]ZDVVXSSRVHGO\=\NORQ%+LOEHUJ
VD\V WKH FKRLFH RI WKLV JDV ZDV PDGH SHUVRQDOO\ E\ FDPS FRPPDQGDQW
5XGROI+|
³>+|@ GHFLGHG DIWHU YLVLWLQJ 7UHEOLQND WKDW WKH FDUERQ PRQR[LGHPHWKRGZDVQRWYHU\µHIILFLHQW¶$FFRUGLQJO\KHLQWURGXFHGLQKLVFDPSDGLIIHUHQWW\SHRIJDVTXLFNZRUNLQJK\GURJHQF\DQLGHSUXVVLFDFLG²FRPPHUFLDOQDPH=\NORQ´S '(- S
,Q%LUNHQDXWKHUHDOµH[WHUPLQDWLRQFDPS¶WKHFRUSVHVRIWKHJDVVLQJ
YLFWLPVDVZHOODVWKHFRUSVHVRIWKRVHZKRGLHGDQDWXUDOGHDWKZHUHLQFLQ
HUDWHGLQWKHIRXUFUHPDWRULHVZKLFKEHJDQRSHUDWLRQVVWDUWLQJ0DUFK
SS II '(- S $FFRUGLQJ WR +LOEHUJ WKHLU WKHRUHWLFDO GDLO\
FDSDFLW\ZDVRYHUS '(- S
,Q0D\DQG-XQH+LOEHUJWHOOVFUHGXORXVUHDGHUVQHDUO\-HZVZHUHJDVVHGHYHU\GD\
DQGLQWKHVHFRQGKDOIRI$XJXVWHYHQKLJKHUQXPEHUVZHUHDFKLHYHG6LQFH
WKHFDSDFLW\RIWKHFUHPDWRULHVZDVLQVXIILFLHQWWKHDGGLWLRQDOFRUSVHVZHUH
DOOHJHGO\LQFLQHUDWHGLQSLWVSI '(- S
'LUHFWO\IROORZLQJWKHWDEOHLQZKLFK%XQNHU,ZDVVDLGWRKDYH³ ILYHVPDOOJDVFKDPEHUV ´+LOEHUJ
ZULWHV WKDW ³WKH LQQHU ZDOOV ZHUH UHPRYHG IURP WKH WZR IDUP KRXVHV ,I WKH LQQHU ZDOOV ZHUH
UHPRYHG LW LV ORJLFDO WKDW WKH KRXVH FRXOG KDYH FRQWDLQHG RQO\ RQH JDV FKDPEHU DQG QRW ILYH
1DWXUDOO\ WKLV ZRXOG KDYHVLPSOLILHGWKH JDVVLQJ SURFHVV DQG HQODUJHG WKH XVDEOH DUHD +LOEHUJRYHUORRNV WKH IDFW WKDW WKH UHPRYDO RIWKH LQQHUZDOOV ZRXOGSUREDEO\ KDYH FDXVHG WKH KRXVH WR
FROODSVHEHFDXVHLQIDUPKRXVHVOLNHWKLVRQHWKHLQQHUZDOOVZHUHXVXDOO\ORDGEHDULQJZDOOV
$FFRUGLQJWRWKHGRFXPHQW+LOEHUJUHIHUVWR²ZKLFKZH ZLOOGLVFXVVODWHU²DIXUWKHUFRUSVHV
SHUGD\FRXOGEHFUHPDWHGLQ&UHPDWRU\,RIWKHPDLQFDPS
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 77/129
9,,7 +( . ,//,1*& (17(56
G 7KH+RORFDXVW3RSHZLWKWKH+HDOWK\6WRPDFK
,Q DQ\ HYHU\GD\ PXUGHU WULDO DQ H[SHUW UHSRUW LV SUHSDUHG RQ WKH
ZHDSRQXVHGWRGRWKHNLOOLQJEHLWDUHYROYHURUDNQLIHDKDPPHURUDQD[
,QVXFKDVSHFWDFXODUDQGLQKXPDQFULPHDVWKHFODLPHGPXOWLSOHPLOOLRQPXUGHUVLQµH[WHUPLQDWLRQFDPSV¶RQHZRXOGH[SHFWWRKHDUDOOWKHGHWDLOV
DERXWWKHZHDSRQPHDQLQJKHUHQRWRQO\WKHJDVFKDPEHUVEXWDOVRWKHGLI
IHUHQWJDVHV/HWXVUHFDSLWXODWHZKDW+LOEHUJKDVVDLG
± )RU7UHEOLQNDDQG6RELEyUWKHZLWQHVVHVFDQQRWHYHQDJUHHDVWR
WKHQXPEHURIJDVFKDPEHUV$ZLVHVD\LQJLVµ+HZKRFDQVZDO
ORZDWRDGZLWKRXWJHWWLQJVLFNPXVWKDYHDVWUDQJHVWRPDFK¶DQG
WKLVDSSOLHVWRWKH*LDQW+LOEHUJ
± ,Q%HåìHFERWWOHGJDVZDVXVHGDWILUVWZKLFKZDVHLWKHUFDUERQ
PRQR[LGHRUK\GURJHQF\DQLGH$GDOEHUW5FNHUO¶VERRNRQWKH
)HGHUDO*HUPDQ16WULDOVVD\VWKHODWWHUZDVWKHFDVH³ 7KHFRXUW MXGJHPHQWLQWKH2EHUKDXVHUFDVHLGHQWLILHVWKHJDVDVF\DQLGH=\NORQ%´$OVRWKHNLOOHUVFKDQJHGNLOOLQJZHDSRQVDQGWXUQHG
WRDGLHVHOPRWRU
± ,Q$XVFKZLW]5XGROI+|GHFLGHGRQ=\NORQ%EHFDXVHLQ7UH
EOLQNDKHKDGQRWLFHGWKDWWKHFDUERQPRQR[LGHPHWKRGPHDQLQJ
XVHRIDGLHVHOPRWRUZKLFKDOOHJHGO\EOHZFDUERQPRQR[LGHLQWRWKHJDVFKDPEHUZDV³QRWYHU\HIILFLHQW ,QWKLVFDVHZK\ZRXOG
RQH KDYH JLYHQ XS =\NORQ % DQG WXUQHG WR D GLHVHO PRWRU LQ
%HåìHF"
+LOEHUJVZDOORZVWKLVWRDGDOVRZLWKRXWEDWWLQJDQH\H:HFRQWLQXH
=\NORQ%LVQRWDµERWWOHGJDV¶LWLVK\GURJHQF\DQLGHDGVRUEHGLQDFDUULHU
VXEVWDQFHXVXDOO\SODVWHURI3DULV²RFFDVLRQDOO\XVHGHYHQWRGD\ZLWKWKH
QDPH&\DQRVLO IRUFRQWUROOLQJKDUPIXOLQVHFWVDQGURGHQWV7KHSURGXFW
FDPHLQFDQV:KHQWKHFDQVZHUHRSHQHGWKHJDVEHJDQWRYDSRUL]HWKHKLJKHUWKHWHPSHUDWXUHWKHTXLFNHUWKHYDSRUL]DWLRQ+LOEHUJ¶VUHPDUNVRQ
=\NORQ % SS I '(- SS VKRZ WKDW KH NQRZV WKLV ,Q WKDW KH
TXRWHVD)HGHUDO*HUPDQFRXUWGHFLVLRQWRWKHHIIHFWWKDW=\NORQ%ZDVD
³ERWWOHGJDV´KHLQGLUHFWO\UHYHDOVWKDWWKH)HGHUDO*HUPDQFRXUWLQTXHV
WLRQQHYHUWRRNWKHWURXEOHWRGHWHUPLQHZKDW=\NORQ%LVE\FDOOLQJIRUDQ
H[SHUWUHSRUWRQWKHPXUGHUZHDSRQLQWKHFRXUVHRIDWULDOWKDWFRQFHUQHG
WRPXUGHUYLFWLPV²ZKLFKVSHDNVYROXPHVDVWRWKHHYL
GHQWLDU\YDOXHRIVXFKWULDOV
2QWKLVFI:ROIJDQJ/DPEUHFKW³ =\NORQ%±HLQH(UJlQ]XQJ 9II*SSRQOLQH
KWWSYKRRUJ9II*/DPEUHFKWKWPO
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 78/129
- h5*(1 * 5$) Â7 +( * ,$17 : ,7+ ) ((7 2) & /$<
:HPRYHRQWR5XGROI+|WKHILUVWFRPPDQGDQWRI$XVFKZLW]+|
IRXQGWKHPHWKRGRIPDVVPXUGHUZLWKGLHVHOH[KDXVWJDVHVXVHGLQ7UH
EOLQND QRW HIILFLHQW HQRXJK DQG GHFLGHG WR XVH =\NORQ LQ $XVFKZLW] $V
VRXUFHIRUWKLV+LOEHUJJLYHV+|¶DIILGDYLWPDGHRQWK$SULO
/HWXVH[DPLQHWKHFKURQRORJ\RIHYHQWV2QS '(- S
+LOEHUJWHOOVXVWKHPDVVJDVVLQJVEHJDQLQ$XVFKZLW],LQ³HDUO\´DQG
LQ%XQNHULQ%LUNHQDXLQ³ VSULQJ´7HQSDJHVODWHURQS '(- SKHJLYHV-XO\DVWKHGDWHRQZKLFK7UHEOLQNDEHJDQRSHUDWLRQV
7KXV+|EHJDQJDVVLQJZLWK=\NORQLQHDUO\LQ$XVFKZLW],DQGLQ
VSULQJLQ%LUNHQDXDIWHUKHKDGFRQYLQFHGKLPVHOILQ-XO\DWWKH
HDUOLHVWWKDWWKHPHWKRGXVHGLQ7UHEOLQNDZDVQRWHIIHFWLYHHQRXJK/RJL
FDOLVLWQRW"$VWRWKHUHPRYDORIFRUSVHVLQ%HåìHFEHWZHHQODWHIDOODQG
0DUFK FRUSVHV ZHUHDOOHJHGO\LQFLQHUDWHGXQGHURSHQVN\
7KLVPHWKRGPXVWKDYHEHHQXQXVXDOO\VXFFHVVIXOEHFDXVHFHUWDLQO\QRRQH
KDV EHHQ DEOH WR ILQG DQ\ KXPDQ UHPDLQV WR VSHDN RI RQ WKH VLWH RI WKH
IRUPHU FDPS :K\ ZDV WKLV HIILFLHQW PHWKRG RI UHPRYDO RI FRUSVHV QRW
DGRSWHGLQ$XVFKZLW]ZK\ZDVWKHILUP7RSIDQG6RQVEURXJKWLQWREXLOG
FUHPDWRULHVZLWKJRRG PRQH\" +RZ XVHOHVV WKH FRQVWUXFWLRQ RIWKH ODWWHU
ZDVZDVVKRZQLQ0D\-XQHDQG$XJXVWZKHQLQ%LUNHQDXRU
VR FRUSVHV SHUGD\ LQ $XJXVW HYHQ PRUH QHHGHG WREH LQFLQHUDWHG 7KH
RSHQSLWVGXJWKHUH³EURNHWKHERWWOHQHFN S '(- S6LQFHDV
+LOEHUJWHOOVXVWKHWKHRUHWLFDOPD[LPXPFDSDFLW\RIWKH%LUNHQDXFUHPDWR
ULHVZDVUDWHGDWDOLWWOHPRUHWKDQFRUSVHVSHUGD\WKHUHPDLQLQJXS
WRFRUSVHVSHUGD\PXVWKDYHEHHQLQFLQHUDWHGLQWKHSLWV:K\WKHQ
WKHXVHOHVVFUHPDWRULHV²DFRXSOHPRUHSLWVZRXOGKDYHGRQHDVZHOO"
+LOEHUJ¶V VWRPDFK LV VWURQJ HQRXJK +H VZDOORZV RQH WRDG DIWHU
DQRWKHUDQGQHYHUKDVDVWRPDFKDFKH
+LOEHUJ¶V0HWKRGRORJ\7KH5HYDOXDWLRQRIDOO9DOXHV
,QWKHGLVFLSOLQHRIMXULVSUXGHQFHWKHUHLVDJHQHUDOO\UHFRJQL]HGKLHU
DUFK\ RI HYLGHQFH $W WKH WRS RI WKH KLHUDUFK\ LV SK\VLFDO HYLGHQFH WKH
LQYHVWLJDWLRQ RI WKH PDWHULDO WUDFHV RI D FULPH FRUSVH PXUGHU ZHDSRQ
EORRGVWDLQVILQJHUSULQWVDQGVRRQWKHQH[WKLJKHVWUDQNLVGRFXPHQWDU\
HYLGHQFH DQG WKH ORZHVW LV WHVWDPHQWDU\ HYLGHQFH RI ZKLFK D SDUWLFXODU
IRUPRIWHVWDPHQWDU\HYLGHQFHWKHWHVWLPRQ\RILQWHUHVWHGSDUWLHV²WKRVH
36
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 79/129
9,,7 +( . ,//,1*& (17(56
GLUHFWO\DIIHFWHGE\WKHHYHQWLQTXHVWLRQ²LVFRQVLGHUHGSDUWLFXODUO\XQUHOL
DEOH
:LWK +LOEHUJ WKH RUGHULQJ LV UHYHUVHG 7HVWDPHQWDU\ HYLGHQFH DQG
HVSHFLDOO\WKHWHVWLPRQ\RILQWHUHVWHGSDUWLHVLVKLJKHVWLQWKHKLHUDUFK\IROORZHGE\GRFXPHQWDU\HYLGHQFH3K\VLFDOHYLGHQFHKHGRHVQRWERWKHUZLWK
,I D GRFXPHQW FRQWUDGLFWV D ZLWQHVV¶ VWDWHPHQW +LOEHUJ UHJXODUO\
GHFLGHVIRUWKHODWWHUDVORQJDVLWZLOOKHOSKLVDQQLKLODWLRQWKHRU\(YHU\
KLVWRULFDOUHVHDUFKHUZLWKDUHSXWDWLRQIRUZRUWKZKLOHZRUNNQRZVWKDWLQD
FRQIOLFW EHWZHHQ GRFXPHQWV DQG ZLWQHVVHV WKH IRUPHU PXVW EH FKRVHQ
7KH²DQWL5HYLVLRQLVW²)UHQFK KLVWRULDQ -DFTXHV %D\QDF KDV UHPDUNHG
SRLQWHGO\
³)RUWKHVFLHQWLILFKLVWRULDQDZLWQHVVVWDWHPHQWGRHVQRWUHSUHVHQW UHDOKLVWRU\,WLVDQREMHFWRIKLVWRU\$ZLWQHVVVWDWHPHQWFRXQWVIRUOLWWOHPDQ\ZLWQHVVHV¶VWDWHPHQWVFRXQWIRUQRPRUHLIWKHUHLVQRVROLGGRFXPHQW WRVXSSRUWWKHP2QHFRXOGVD\ZLWKRXWPXFKH[DJJHUDWLRQWKHSULQFLSOHRI
VFLHQWLILFKLVWRULRJUDSK\LV1RSDSHUVQRSURYHQIDFWV´
6LQFH%D\QDF¶VYLHZLVDJHQHUDOO\KHOGYLHZLQDFDGHPLFDQGMXGL
FLDOFLUFOHVWKHVHIHZVHQWHQFHVDORQHDUHHQRXJKWRVKDWWHUWRSLHFHV+LO
EHUJ¶VFKDSWHURQWKH³ .LOOLQJ&HQWHU2SHUDWLRQV´
$ SUHJQDQWH[DPSOHRI WKH UHYHUVDORIWKH VFLHQWLILFDOO\UHFRJQL]HG
KLHUDUFK\RIIRUPVRIHYLGHQFHFDQEHVHHQLQWKRVHSDVVDJHVLQZKLFK+LO EHUJGLVFXVVHVWKHGLVLQIHVWDWLRQDJHQW=\NORQ%7KLVDJHQWZDVHPSOR\HG
LQ PDQ\ FDPSV²HYHQ WKRVH QRW FODLPHG WR EH H[WHUPLQDWLRQ FDPSV²WR
HUDGLFDWH OLFH ZKLFK WUDQVPLWWHG W\SKXV 7KH VRPHWLPHV WHUULI\LQJ KLJK
GHDWKFRXQWVLQWKHFRQFHQWUDWLRQFDPSVZHUHGXHSULPDULO\WRWKLVUDP
SDJLQJGLVHDVH
2QS '(- S+LOEHUJZULWHV
³7KH66GLGQRWPDQXIDFWXUH=\NORQVRWKHJDVKDGWREHSURFXUHG
IURPSULYDWHILUPV7KHHQWHUSULVHVWKDWIXUQLVKHGLWZHUHSDUWRIWKHFKHPLFDOLQGXVWU\7KH\VSHFLDOL]HGLQµFRPEDWLQJRIYHUPLQ¶6FKlGOLQJVEHNlPS
IXQJ E\ PHDQV RI SRLVRQ JDVHV =\NORQ ZDV RQH RI HLJKW SURGXFWVPDQXIDFWXUHGE\WKHVHILUPVZKLFKXQGHUWRRNODUJHVFDOHIXPLJDWLRQVRI EXLOGLQJV EDUUDFNVDQG VKLSV GLVLQIHFWHG >VLF@ FORWKHV LQ VSHFLDOO\ FRQ
VWUXFWHGJDVFKDPEHUV(QWODXVXQJVDQODJHQDQGGHORXVHGKXPDQEHLQJV
2Q WKH KLHUDUFK\ RI HYLGHQFH VHH 0DQIUHG .|KOHU ³7KH 9DOXH RI 7HVWLPRQ\ DQG &RQIHVVLRQV&RQFHUQLQJ WKH +RORFDXVW LQ (UQVW *DXVV HG RS FLW QRWH SS RQOLQH KWWS
FRGRKFRPIRXQGIQGYDOXHKWPO /H1RXYHDX4XRWLGLHQ/DXVDQQHUG6HSWHPEHU
,Q$XVFKZLW]LQODWHVXPPHUWKHHSLGHPLFVRPHWLPHVFODLPHGPRUHWKDQOLYHVSHUGD\&I
WKHVWDWLVWLFVLQ-HDQ&ODXGH3UHVVDF /HVFUpPDWRLUHVG¶$XVFKZLW]&1563DULVS
,Q0DMGDQHNLQ$XJXVWWKHGHDWKUDWHIRUPHQZDVDQGIRUZRPHQ36
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 80/129
- h5*(1 * 5$) Â7 +( * ,$17 : ,7+ ) ((7 2) & /$<
SURWHFWHGE\JDVPDVNV,QVKRUWWKLVLQGXVWU\XVHGYHU\SRZHUIXOJDVHVWRH[WHUPLQDWHURGHQWVDQGLQVHFWVLQHQFORVHGVSDFHV´
$VKLVVRXUFHIRUWKLVLQIRUPDWLRQ+LOEHUJQDPHVDOHFWXUHJLYHQWK
)HEUXDU\E\WZRJDVH[SHUWV'U*HUKDUG3HWHUVDQG+HLQULFK6RVVHQKHLPHU+HDOVRPHQWLRQVLQIRRWQRWHRQS '(- SDXVHU
PDQXDOZLWKWKHWLWOH 5LFKWOLQLHQIUGLH$QZHQGXQJYRQ%ODXVlXUH=\NORQ ]XU8QJH]LHIHUYHUWLOJXQJ(QWZHVXQJ 'LUHFWLYHIRU8WLOL]DWLRQRI=\NORQ
IRU([WHUPLQDWLRQRI9HUPLQ²DOVRGDWLQJIURP
7KH ZDUWLPH *HUPDQ GRFXPHQWV KHTXRWHG PDNH LW SHUIHFWO\ FOHDU
WKDW=\NORQ%ZDVIRUSXUSRVHVRIGLVLQIHVWDWLRQDQGIRUQRWKLQJHOVH7KLV
GRHVQRWKLQGHU+LOEHUJIURPZULWLQJ
³7KHDPRXQWV>RI=\NORQ%@UHTXLUHGE\$XVFKZLW]ZHUHQRWODUJHEXWWKH\ZHUHQRWLFHDEOH$OPRVWWKHZKROH$XVFKZLW]VXSSO\ZDVQHHGHGIRU WKH JDVVLQJ RI SHRSOH YHU\ OLWWOH ZDV XVHG IRU IXPLJDWLRQ´ SS I
'(- SSI
+LOEHUJ¶V LQIRUPDQW LQ WKLV PDWWHU LV WKH 5XPDQLDQ -HZ &KDUOHV
6LJLVPXQG%HQGHODIRUPHU$XVFKZLW]SULVRQHUWRZKRPZHZLOOUHWXUQ
,QWHUHVWLQJO\LQ-HDQ&ODXGH3UHVVDFWXUQHG+LOEHUJ¶VVWDWHPHQW
XSVLGHGRZQZKHQKHZURWHWKDWWRRIWKH=\NORQZDVXVHGIRUSHVW
FRQWURODQGRQO\WRZDVXVHGWRNLOO-HZV
7KDW+LOEHUJJLYHVPRUHZHLJKWWRWKHZLWQHVVHVWKDQWRWKHGRFX
PHQWVLVLQDQGRILWVHOILQH[FXVDEOHDQGWKHGHOLQTXHQF\LVPDJQLILHGE\
WKHIDFWWKDWLQDOPRVWDOOFDVHVLWLVDFDVHRIWHVWLPRQ\RILQWHUHVWHGSDUWLHV
ZKRWHQGWREHSDUWLFXODUO\XQUHOLDEOH0RVWRIWKHZLWQHVVHVKHTXRWHVZHUH
IRUPHU-HZLVKFRQFHQWUDWLRQFDPSLQPDWHVIURPZKRPREMHFWLYLW\RQWKH
VXEMHFWRIWKH*HUPDQVDQGHVSHFLDOO\WKH66FRXOGQRWEHH[SHFWHGDQG
ZKRZHUHRQO\WRRKDSS\WRJLYHWHVWLPRQ\LQWULDOVWKDWZRXOGSXWWKRVH
ZKRKDGGHSULYHGWKHPRIWKHLUIUHHGRPRQWKHJDOORZVRUDWOHDVWLQSULVRQ
%XWWKHUHLVZRUVH+LOEHUJSLFNVKLVZLWQHVVVWDWHPHQWVVRWKDWWKH\ZLOO VXSSRUW KLV SUHGHWHUPLQHG GRJPD %\ ZKHQ KH SXEOLVKHG KLV
ZRUN IRU WKH ILUVW WLPH WKH FXUUHQWO\ DFFHSWHG µ+RORFDXVW¶ WKHRU\ KDG
DOUHDG\FU\VWDOOL]HGWKHUH7KH PDVVPXUGHUV ZHUHFRPPLWWHG ZLWKJDV LQ
VL[H[WHUPLQDWLRQFDPSV2QH\HDUEHIRUH0DUWLQ%URV]DWWKHQDUHVHDUFKHU
DWWKH,QVWLWXWHIRU&RQWHPSRUDU\+LVWRU\LQ0XQLFKDQGODWHULWVGLUHFWRU
12
127KHFRPSOHWHWH[W RIWKHGRFXPHQWFDQ EHIRXQG LQ+HUEHUW 9HUEHNH HG $XVFKZLW] 1DFNWH )DNWHQ (LQH (UZLGHUXQJ DQ -HDQ&ODXGH 3UHVVDF 9+2 %HUFKHP SS
RQOLQHKWWSYKRRUJ'DQI)DXULVVRQKWPO(QJOYKRRUJ*%%RRNVDQI)DXULVVRQKWPOK
-HDQ&ODXGH3UHVVDF $XVFKZLW]7HFKQLTXHDQG2SHUDWLRQRIWKH*DV&KDPEHUV%HDWH.ODUVIHOG
)RXQGDWLRQ1HZ<RUNS
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 81/129
9,,7 +( . ,//,1*& (17(56
KDGGHFODUHGWKDWWKHUHKDGEHHQQRJDVVLQJRIKXPDQVLQ'DFKDX%HUJHQ
%HOVHQ%XFKHQZDOGDQGRWKHUFDPSVLQWKHZHVW
+LOEHUJKROGVIDVWWRKLVSUHVFULEHGYLHZRIWKHµ+RORFDXVW¶DQGKH
GRHV QRW WKLQN LWZRUWKZKLOH WRPHQWLRQ WKH QXPHURXVXQUHOLDEOH ZLWQHVVVWDWHPHQWV GHVFULELQJJDVVLQJVLQ MXVW WKHVHFDPSV LQWKHZHVW+HDOVR
UHIXVHV WR GLVFXVV WKH DOOHJHG JDV FKDPEHUV DW 0DXWKDXVHQ DQG 6WXWWKRI
DOWKRXJK WKH IRUPHU DUH WHQDFLRXVO\ GHIHQGHG LQ$XVWULD DQGWKH ODWWHU LQ
3RODQGWRWKHSUHVHQWGD\,QRWKHUZRUGV+LOEHUJWKLQNVWKDWDOOWHVWLPRQLHV
RQWKHVHJDVFKDPEHUVDUHIDOVHPHDQLQJWKDWWKHZLWQHVVHVDUHO\LQJRUDUH
VXEMHFWWRKDOOXFLQDWLRQV:K\WKHQDUHWKHZLWQHVVVWDWHPHQWVRQJDVVLQJVLQWKHVL[µH[WHUPLQDWLRQFDPSV¶ DSULRULFUHGLEOH"+LOEHUJZLOOQRWWRXFK
FUXFLDOTXHVWLRQVOLNHWKLVRQHHYHQIOHHWLQJO\
,IRQHZHUHWRSXWWKHZLWQHVVWHVWLPRQ\WRPDVVPXUGHURI-HZVFRP
LQJIURPGXULQJDQGDIWHUWKHZDUXQGHUDPDJQLI\LQJJODVVRQHZRXOGGLV
FRYHUWKDWWKHUHKDYHEHHQGHVFULSWLRQVRIDOONLQGVRIPHWKRGVRINLOOLQJ
ZKLFKODWHUKDYHEHHQIRUJRWWHQ,QDERRNSXEOLVKHGLQD'U6WHIDQ
6]HQGHGHVFULEHGKRZPLOOLRQVRI-HZVZHUHNLOOHGE\HOHFWULFLW\LQ%HåìHF
7KHYLFWLPVZHUHPDGHWRVWDQGRQDPHWDOSODWHWKLVZDVORZHUHGLQWRDQ
XQGHUJURXQGZDWHUFLVWHUQWKHQKLJKYROWDJHFXUUHQWZDVIHGWKURXJKWKH
ZDWHU$WWKDWSRLQW³WKHPHWDOSODWHEHFDPHDFUHPDWRU\FDVNHWJORZLQJ
KRWXQWLODOOWKHFRUSVHVZHUHEXUQWWRDVKHV ´
6LPRQ:LHVHQWKDODOVRFODLPHGWKDW-HZVKDGEHHQNLOOHGE\HOHFWULFLW\LQ%H åìHFEXWKHGHVFULEHG
WKHNLOOLQJSURFHVVTXLWHGLIIHUHQWO\IURP6]HQGH
³&URZGHGWRJHWKHUGULYHQRQE\WKH66/DWYLDQVDQG8NUDLQLDQVWKHSHRSOHUDQWKURXJKWKHRSHQJDWHLQWRWKHµEDWK¶,WFRXOGKROGSHR
SOHDWDWLPH7KHIORRURIWKHµEDWKLQJURRP¶ZDVPDGHRIPHWDODQGWKHUHZHUHVKRZHUKHDGVLQWKHFHLOLQJ:KHQWKHURRPZDVIXOOWKH66VZLWFKHG WKHHOHFWULFLW\YROWVWKURXJKWKHPHWDOSODWH$WWKHVDPHWLPHWKH
VKRZHUKHDGVVSXUWHGZDWHU$VKRUWVFUHDPDQGWKHH[HFXWLRQZDVRYHU´
$FFRUGLQJWR:LHVHQWKDOWKHFRUSVHVRIWKRVHPXUGHUHGLQWKLVZD\LQ%HåìHFZHUHPDGHLQWRVRDS
³$WWKHHQGRIWKHUHFDPHIRUWKHILUVWWLPHWKHKRUULI\LQJFU\µ7UDQVSRUWIRUVRDS¶,WZDVLQWKH*HQHUDOJRXYHUQHPHQWDQGWKHIDFWRU\ZDVLQ*DOLFLDLQ%HæHF)URP$SULOWR0D\-HZVZHUHXVHGDVUDZPDWHULDOLQWKLVIDFWRU\´
'LH=HLW WK$XJXVW
2QHFROOHFWLRQRIVXFKZLWQHVVVWDWHPHQWVLV FRQWDLQHGLQ-UJHQ*UDI 'HU+RORFDXVW6FKZLQGHO *XLGHRQ%XUJ9HUODJ%DVHOFKDSWHU
6WHIDQ6]HQGH 'HUOHW]WH-XGHDXV3ROHQ(XURSD9HUODJ=ULFK1HZ<RUNSSII
'HUQHXH:HJ 9LHQQDQR
'HUQHXH:HJ 9LHQQDQR
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 82/129
- h5*(1 * 5$) Â7 +( * ,$17 : ,7+ ) ((7 2) & /$<
$VKDVDOUHDG\EHHQPHQWLRQHG+LOEHUJFDOOVWKHVRDSIURP-HZLVK
IDWDP\WKSSI '(- SDQGDSSDUHQWO\+LOEHUJPXVWKROG:LH
VHQWKDOWREHDP\WKPDNHU<HWDQRWKHUYHUVLRQRIPDVVPXUGHULQ%H åìHF
ZDVJLYHQGXULQJWKHZDUE\WKH3ROH-DQ.DUVNLZKRFODLPHGWKDW-HZVZHUHVWXIIHGLQWRJRRGVWUDLQVDQGGXVWHGZLWKTXLFNOLPHZKLFKVORZO\DWH
WKHIOHVKIURPWKHLUERQHV
³)URPRQHHQGWRWKHRWKHUWKHWUDLQZLWKLWVTXLYHULQJFDUJRRI IOHVKVHHPHGWRWKUREYLEUDWHURFNDQGMXPSDVLIEHZLWFKHG´
$QRWKHUZLWQHVVWKH3ROLVK-HZ5XGROI5HGHUVDLGDJDVROLQHPRWRU
ZDVXVHGWRNLOOLQ%HåìHF$OWKRXJKVXFKDWKLQJZRXOGEHDPXFKEHWWHU
NLOOLQJGHYLFHWKDQDGLHVHOPRWRU+LOEHUJGHFLGHGWRVXSSRUWWKHODWWHU
EDVHG RQ WKH WHVWLPRQ\ RI .XUW *HUVWHLQ JLYHQ LQ 1DWLRQDOVR]LDOLVWLVFKH0DVVHQW|WXQJHQGXUFK*LIWJDVS '(- QD
7KLV²LQFRPSOHWH²RYHUYLHZRIWKHZLWQHVVVWDWHPHQWVSURYLGHGWKH
IROORZLQJDVPHWKRGVRINLOOLQJXVHGDW%HåìHF
± NLOOLQJ E\ PHDQV RI HOHFWULFLW\ LQ DQXQGHUJURXQG ZDWHU FLVWHUQ
IROORZHGE\LQFLQHUDWLRQRIWKHFRUSVHV6]HQGH
± NLOOLQJE\PHDQVRIHOHFWULFLW\RQDPHWDOSODWHIROORZHGE\SUR
FHVVLQJRIWKHFRUSVHVLQWRVRDS:LHVHQWKDO
± NLOOLQJLQWUDLQVE\PHDQVRITXLFNOLPH.DUVNL
± NLOOLQJE\PHDQVRIFDUERQPRQR[LGHLQERWWOHVXQQDPHGZLWQHVVFLWHGE\+LOEHUJRQS '(- QD
± NLOOLQJ E\ PHDQV RI =\NORQ % LQ ERWWOHV GHFLVLRQ RI D )HGHUDO
*HUPDQFRXUWFLWHGE\$GDOEHUW5FNHUO
± NLOOLQJE\H[KDXVWJDVIURPDJDVROLQHPRWRU5HGHU
± NLOOLQJE\H[KDXVWJDVIURPDGLHVHOPRWRU*HUVWHLQ
+LOEHUJVHWWOHGRQWKHIRXUWKDQGWKHVHYHQWKYDULDQWV² ZK\"+HUHLVDQRYHUYLHZRIWKHNLOOLQJPHWKRGVWHVWLILHGWRE\YDULRXVZLW
QHVVHV IRU6RELEyU7UHEOLQNDDQG $XVFKZLW] ZKHUHZHVKRZWKH YDULDQW SUHIHUUHGE\+LOEHUJLQEROGIDFH
6 2%,%Ï5 ± DVSLUDOO\EODFNVXEVWDQFHGULSSLQJWKURXJKKROHVLQWKHFHLOLQJRI
D GHDWK FKDPEHU FDPRXIODJHG DV D VKRZHU $OH[DQGHU 3HFKHU
VN\
-DQ.DUVNL6WRU\RID6HFUHW6WDWH7KH5LYHUVLGH3UHVV&DPEULGJHS 5XGROI5HGHU %HæHF&UDFRZS
6HHFKDSWHU9,,D
$3HFKHUVN\³ /DULYROWDGL6RELEyU LQ<XUL6XKO (GHVVLVLULEHOODURQR6WRULDGHOODUHVLVWHQ]DHEUHDFRQWURLOQD]LVPR0LODQS
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 83/129
9,,7 +( . ,//,1*& (17(56
± ([KDXVWJDVIURPDGLHVHOPRWRU/pRQ3ROLDNRY (Q]\NORSlGLHGHV+RORFDXVW
± ([KDXVW JDV IURP D JDVROLQH PRWRU FRQIHVVLRQ RI 668QWHU
VFKDUIKUHU(ULFK)XFKVLQDSRVWZDUWULDOTXRWHGE\+LOEHUJRQ S '(- QD
7 5(%/,1.$ ± VXIIRFDWLRQE\SXPSLQJWKH DLU RXW RID GHDWKFKDPEHU :DVVLOL
*URVVPDQ
± VFDOGLQJZLWKKRWVWHDP5HSRUWRID3ROLVKFRPPLVVLRQSUHVHQWDW
WKH1XUHPEHUJ7ULEXQDOLQ'HFHPEHU
± NLOOLQJE\VKRRWLQJLQWKHQHFNRQDFRQYH\RUEHOW %ODFNERRN RI
WKH-HZLVK:RUOG&RQJUHVV
± ([KDXVW JDV IURP D GLHVHO PRWRU +LOEHUJ FLWLQJ WKH ZLWQHVV
VWDWHPHQWV LQ WKH FROOHFWLRQ 1DWLRQDOVR]LDOLVWLVFKH 0DVVHQW|WXQ JHQGXUFK*LIWJDVS '(- QD
$86&+:,7= ± HOHFWULILHGEDWKVDSQHXPDWLFKDPPHUZDUJDVUHSRUWRIWKH3RO
LVKUHVLVWDQFHPRYHPHQWGXULQJWKHZDU
± DQHOHFWULILHGFRQYH\RUEHOW-HZLVK6RYLHWUHSRUWHU%RULV3ROHYRLLQ 3UDYGDRQQG)HEUXDU\
± LQFLQHUDWLRQ ZKLOH VWLOO DOLYH LQ DQ RYHQ LQWR ZKLFK WKH FRQ
GHPQHGZHUHGXPSHGIURPDFDU(XJqQH$URQHDQX
± LQFLQHUDWLRQZKLOHVWLOODOLYHLQSLWV(OLH:LHVHO
± NLOOLQJZLWK=\NORQ%GRPLQDQWYDULDQWVLQFHVSULQJ
$ORRNDWWKHSRLQWVLQWLPHZKHQWKHVHYDULRXVPHWKRGVRINLOOLQJ
ZHUHDVVHUWHGLVYHU\H\HRSHQLQJ)RUH[DPSOHWKH3ROLVKFRPPLVVLRQDW
WKH1XUHPEHUJYLFWRU¶VWULEXQDOUHVSRQVLEOHIRUSURYLGLQJµHYLGHQFH¶IRUWKHPDVV PXUGHU LQ 7UHEOLQND VHWWOHG RQ KRW VWHDP DV WKH NLOOLQJ ZHDSRQ LQ
/3ROLDNRY +DUYHVWRI+DWH+RORFDXVW/LEUDU\1HZ<RUNS
2SFLWQRWHY,,,S
'LH+|OOHYRQ7UHEOLQND )RUHLJQ/DQJXDJH3XEOLFDWLRQ+RXVH0RVFRZSDUWLDOO\TXRWHGE\
8GR :DOHQG\ LQ ³ 'HU )DOO7UHEOLQND´ +LVWRULVFKH 7DWVDFKHQ QR 9HUODJ IU 9RONVWXP XQG
=HLWJHVFKLFKWVIRUVFKXQJ9ORWKR*URVVPDQDOVRUHSRUWVVWHDPLQJVDQGJDVVLQJV
36
7KH%ODFN%RRN²7KH1D]L&ULPHDJDLQVWWKH-HZLVK3HRSOH 5HSULQW1H[XV3UHVV1HZ<RUN
S7KH%ODFN%RRNUHSRUWVVWHDPLQJVJDVVLQJVDQGVXIIRFDWLRQV 7KLVUHSRUWZDVTXRWHGLQLWVHQWLUHW\E\(QULTXH$\QDWLQ (VWXGLRVVREUHHO³+RORFDXVWR´*UiILFDV
+XUWDGR9DOHQFLD
(XJqQH$URQHDQX&DPSVGH&RQFHQWUDWLRQ 2IILFH)UDQoDLVG¶(GLWLRQ3DULVS
(OLH:LHVHO 1LJKW 1HZ<RUN+LOODQG:DQJS
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 84/129
- h5*(1 * 5$) Â7 +( * ,$17 : ,7+ ) ((7 2) & /$<
'HFHPEHUPRUHWKDQWZR\HDUVDIWHUWKHFORVLQJRIWKHFDPS7KLV
PHDQVLWWRRNWKH3ROHVPRUHWKDQWZR\HDUVWRILQGRXWKRZVHYHUDOKXQ
GUHGWKRXVDQGSHRSOHZHUHPXUGHUHGLQDFDPSRQO\DERXWRQHNLORPHWHU
GLVWDQW IURP WKH WRZQ RI WKH VDPH QDPH²GHVSLWH WKH IDFW WKDW WKH WRZQVZDUPHGZLWK7UHEOLQNDVXUYLYRUV$Q\FRPPHQWZRXOGEHVXSHUIOXRXV
+LOEHUJVZDOORZVDOOWKHVHWRDGVFRQWHQWHGO\+HLJQRUHVIODWRXWWKH
WKRXVDQGVRIFRQWUDGLFWLRQVLQWKHZLWQHVVVWDWHPHQWVWKDWDUHKLVRQO\HYL
GHQWLDU\IRXQGDWLRQIRUWKHµ+RORFDXVW¶EHFDXVHKHKDVGHWHUPLQHGWKHFRU
UHFWYDULDQWIRUHYHU\FDPSE\GHFUHH +LOEHUJGL[LW«
D +LOEHUJ¶V6WDU:LWQHVVHV
:HZLOOQRZORRNDOLWWOHFORVHUDWDIHZRIWKHVRXUFHVIRUJDVVLQJRI
-HZV QDPHG LQ WKH FKDSWHU ³ .LOOLQJ &HQWHU 2SHUDWLRQV´ SS
'(- SS,WZLOOEHVHHQWKDW+LOEHUJLVEOLQGWRWKHJURVVHVWDEVXU
GLWLHVLQKLVFLWDWLRQV
)RUHYHU\VRXUFHZHWHOOKRZRIWHQ+LOEHUJFLWHVLWLQKLVSDJHV
VHFWLRQ DQG ZHLGHQWLI\WKH IRRWQRWHV WKDW UHIHU WR WKH VRXUFHV6LQFHRQH
IRRWQRWHPLJKWPHQWLRQWZRRUPRUHVRXUFHVVRPHIRRWQRWHVDSSHDUVHYHUDO
WLPHV
+HUHWKHQDUH+LOEHUJ¶VVRXUFHV
$ '$/%(57 5h&.(5/
5FNHUO LVD IRUPHU GLUHFWRURIWKH /XGZLJVEXUJ &HQWUDO 2IILFHIRU
3URVHFXWLRQ RI 16 &ULPHV DQG DXWKRU RI WKH ERRN 1DWLRQDOVR]LDOLVWLVFKH9HUQLFKWXQJVODJHU LP6SLHJHOGHXWVFKHU6WUDISUR]HVVH+LOEHUJQDPHVWKLV
ZRUNDVDVRXUFHIRUW\RQHWLPHV ,WLOOXVWUDWHVEHWWHUWKDQDQ\WKLQJHOVH
KRZ DOO HYLGHQFH IRU WKH µ+RORFDXVW¶ UHVWV RQZLWQHVV WHVWLPRQ\²PRVWO\JLYHQ LQ WULDOV²DQG KRZ )HGHUDO *HUPDQ MXVWLFH KDV QRW ERWKHUHG ZLWK
SK\VLFDOHYLGHQFH)RUKLVSDUW5FNHUOFLWHVWKHILUVWHGLWLRQRI+LOEHUJ¶V
ZRUNFRSLRXVO\2QHKDQGZDVKHVWKHRWKHU
1XPHURXVIRUPHU7UHEOLQNDSULVRQHUVDUHTXRWHGLQ$OH[DQGHU'RQDW¶V7KH'HDWK&DPS7UHEOLQND+RORFDXVW/LEUDU\1HZ<RUN
/DWLQIRUµ+LOEHUJVSRNH¶7KLVDSSHDOWRKLVDXWKRULW\FRQWUDGLFWVDOODFDGHPLFWUDGLWLRQVZKHUHRQO\
HYLGHQFHLVDFFHSWHGDVSURRIEXWQRWUHIHUHQFHWRDOOHJHGDXWKRULW\RUUHSXWDWLRQ
+LOEHUJ¶VIRRWQRWHVIIIIIIII II I +LOEHUJ¶V '(- IRRWQRWHV
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 85/129
9,,7 +( . ,//,1*& (17(56
) ,/,3 ) 5,('0$1 0HPEHURID3ROLVK&RPPXQLVWFRPPLVVLRQZKLFKSXEOLVKHGDµGRF
XPHQWDWLRQ¶ RI $XVFKZLW] LW ZDV ILUVW SXEOLVKHG LQ <LGGLVK DQG WKHQ LQ
(QJOLVK ZLWK WKH WLWOH 7KLV :DV 2VZLHFLP +LOEHUJ XVHG WKH ERRN DV DVRXUFHVL[WLPHV+HUHLVDWDVW\PRUVHOIURPWKLV6WDOLQLVWLFSURSDJDQGD
SLHFH
³7KLVPHDQVWKDWLIZHLQFOXGHWKH2VZLHFLP >3ROLVKQDPHIRU
$XVFKZLW]@GHDWKIDFWRU\VZDOORZHGXSRYHUSHRSOHDQGDFFRUGLQJWRVRPHDFFRXQWV´
+LOEHUJZKRKDGGHWHUPLQHGWKHQXPEHURI$XVFKZLW]YLFWLPVWREH
PLOOLRQ RQH PLOOLRQ -HZV DQG QRQ-HZV GRHV QRW EDON DW
XVLQJ))ULHGPDQ¶VERRNDVDVHULRXVVRXUFHZKLFKVSHDNVRIWRPLO
OLRQ
58'2/) + g66 +|ZDVWKHILUVWFRPPDQGDQWRI$XVFKZLW]DQGLVWKHLQGLVSHQVDEOH
SULPHZLWQHVVRIWKHPDVVDQQLKLODWLRQLQWKDWFDPS+LOEHUJUHIHUVWRKLP
WZHQW\VL[WLPHV
,QKLVFRQIHVVLRQJLYHQGXULQJDQLQWHQVLYHWKUHHGD\LQWHUURJDWLRQE\
D%ULWLVKWRUWXUHWHDPOHGE\WKH-HZLVK6HUJHDQW%HUQDUG&ODUNHWKHILUVW
$XVFKZLW] FRPPDQGDQW VWDWHG WKDW DOUHDG\ E\ 1RYHPEHU LQ $XVFKZLW]PLOOLRQSHUVRQVKDGEHHQJDVVHGDQGDIXUWKHUKDGGLHG
RIVLFNQHVVVWDUYDWLRQDQGRWKHUIDFWRUV 1DWXUDOO\+LOEHUJ²ZKRSLFNV
DQG FKRRVHVKLVVWDWLVWLFVWRVXLWKLVIDQF\²GRHVQRWPHQWLRQWKHVHVWDWH
PHQWV VLQFH WKHVH FUDVVO\ H[DJJHUDWHG QXPEHUV ODUJH HYHQ E\ +LOEHUJ¶V
VWDQGDUGV VKRZWKDW WKH +| FRQIHVVLRQ ZDV QRW YROXQWDULO\JLYHQDQGLV
WKHUHIRUHZRUWKOHVV
,Q KLV µFRQIHVVLRQ¶ +| VWDWHG IXUWKHU WKDW KHKDG YLVLWHG WKH 7UH
EOLQND FDPS²UHPHPEHU LW ZDV RSHQHG LQ -XO\ ²LQ -XQH DQGWDONHGDERXWDFDPSFDOOHG³:RO]HN ZKLFKKDVQHYHUEHHQKHDUGRIVLQFH
+LOEHUJ¶VIRRWQRWHV+LOEHUJ¶V '(- IRRWQRWHV
)LOLS)ULHGPDQ7KLV:DV2VZLHFLP7KH8QLWHG-HZLVK5HOLHI$SSHDO/RQGRQS
+LOEHUJ¶VIRRWQRWHVII
+LOEHUJ¶V '(- IRRWQRWHVSSS
SSSSSSS
SSSSSSS
SS 2QWKHWRUWXUHRI5XGROI+|VHH5XSHUW%XWOHU /HJLRQVRI'HDWK$UURZ%RRNV/RQGRQSS
II%ULWLVKVSHFLDODJHQW9HUD$LWNLQVKDVDOVRWRUWXUHG+|LQRUGHUWRUHFHLYHµFRQIHVVLRQV¶FI
WKH%HOJLDQQHZVSDSHU 'H0RUJHQ)ODQGHUV-XO\
36
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 86/129
- h5*(1 * 5$) Â7 +( * ,$17 : ,7+ ) ((7 2) & /$<
:KHQKHZDVWXUQHGRYHUWR3RODQGKHZDVSXWLQWKH&UDFRZSULVRQZKHUH
KHZURWHKLVµPHPRLUV¶LQZKLFKKHSHQQHGGRZQZKDWKHZDVWROGE\KLV
MDLOHUV,QP\ERRN $XVFKZLW]7lWHUJHVWlQGQLVVHXQG$XJHQ]HXJHQGHV
+RORFDXVW
,KDYHSRLQWHGRXWQROHVVWKDQLPSRVVLEOHWKLQJVLQWKHVHµPHPRLUV¶DQGWKHVHDUHFHUWDLQO\QRWDOORIWKHP
58'2/) 9 5%$$OWKRXJK WKH 6ORYDNLDQ -HZ 9UED RULJLQDOO\ :DOWHU 5RVHQEHUJ LV
FRQVLGHUHG RQH RIWKH PDLQZLWQHVVHV WRWKH FODLPHG H[WHUPLQDWLRQ RIWKH
-HZVLQ$XVFKZLW]+LOEHUJQDPHVKLPDVDVRXUFHRQO\WZLFHLQWKHFKDSWHU
RQWKH³ .LOOLQJ&HQWHU2SHUDWLRQV´$IWHUKHDQGKLVIHOORZFRXQWU\PDQ
DQG -HZ $OIUHG :HW]OHU VXFFHHGHG LQ HVFDSLQJ IURP $XVFKZLW] LQ $SULO
WKH\ZURWHDUHSRUWZKLFKZDVSXEOLVKHG ZLWKRWKHUVXFKUHSRUWVLQ 1RYHPEHURIWKDW\HDUDVWKH³:DU5HIXJHH%RDUG5HSRUW LQZKLFKIRUWKH
ILUVWWLPHWKHVWRULHVRIPDVVJDVVLQJZLWK=\NORQ%DUHVSRNHQRI,WFDQEH
DVFHUWDLQHGIURPWKHUHSRUWWKDW9UEDDQG:HW]OHUQHYHUVDZWKHFUHPDWRULHV
ZKLFKFRQWDLQHGWKHJDVFKDPEHUVEHFDXVHWKHPDSWKH\GUHZGRHVQRWLQ
WKHOHDVWFRQIRUPWRWKHDFWXDOFRQILJXUDWLRQRIWKHFUHPDWRULHV7KH\DVVHUW
IRUH[DPSOHWKDWWKH /HLFKHQNHOOHU WKHDOOHJHGµJDVFKDPEHU¶RI.UHPD,,
ZDVDWWKHVDPHOHYHODVWKHRYHQURRPEXWLQIDFWLWZDVXQGHUQHDWKWKHODW
WHUDOVRWKHQXPEHURIRYHQVLVZURQJ
9UEDµFRUUHFWV¶WKHVHHUURUVLQKLVµIDFWXDOUHSRUW¶ ,&DQQRW)RU JLYHZKLFK+LOEHUJFLWHVKHIDQWDVL]HVDERXWD+LPPOHUYLVLWLQ$XV
FKZLW] LQ -DQXDU\ GXULQJ ZKLFK WKH %LUNHQDX FUHPDWRU\ ZDV
LQDXJXUDWHGZLWKWKHJDVVLQJRI-HZVLQWKH:5%5HSRUWKHKDG
JLYHQWKHQXPEHU/DWHUZHZLOOTXRWHDSDVVDJHIURPWKHGHVFULS
WLRQRIWKLVJDVVLQJ,QIDFWWKHILUVWFUHPDWRU\LQ%LUNHQDXZDVRSHQHGLQ
0DUFK+LOEHUJS '(- SDQGZHNQRZWKDW+LPPOHUYLV
LWHG$XVFKZLW]IRUWKHODVWWLPHLQ-XO\'XULQJWKHILUVW=QGHOWULDO
LQ7RURQWR9UEDPDGHDWHUULEOHIRRORIKLPVHOIDVZLWQHVVIRUWKH SURVHFXWLRQ:KHQ=QGHO¶VDWWRUQH\'RXJODV&KULVWLHSUHVVHGKLPKDUGKH
FRQFHGHGKHKDGDOORZHGKLPVHOI³ SRHWLFOLFHQFH´
5XGROI+| .RPPDQGDQWLQ$XVFKZLW] HGLWHGE\0%URV]DWGWY
3XEOLVKHGE\1HXH9LVLRQHQ:UHQORVSSRQOLQHKWWSYKRRUJ'DWXDGK
+LOEHUJ¶VIRRWQRWHVDQG+LOEHUJ¶V '(- IRRWQRWHVSS
2QWKH:5%5HSRUWDOVRFDOOHGWKHµ$XVFKZLW]3URWRFROV¶VHH(QULTXH$\QDW /RVSURWRFRORVGH $XVFKZLW]¢8QDIXHQWHKLVWyULFD" *DUFLD+LVSiQ$OLFDQWH
3XEOLVKHGE\%DQWDP7RURQWR ,ELGSSII
-HDQ&ODXGH3UHVVDFRSFLWQRWHSS
7UDQVFULSWRIWKHVW=QGHOWULDOLQ7RURQWRSSIISDUWLDOO\TXRWHGLQ-*UDI $XVFKZLW]7lWHUJHVWlQGQLVVH«RSFLWQRWHSS
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 87/129
9,,7 +( . ,//,1*& (17(56
2 /*$/ (1*<(/
+LOEHUJQDPHV WKH +XQJDULDQ-HZHVV 2/HQJ\HODVDVRXUFHVHYHQ
WLPHV ,Q KHU ERRN )LYH &KLPQH\V VKH ZULWHV WKDW WKH FUHPDWRULHV RI
%LUNHQDXFRXOGLQFLQHUDWHFRUSVHVLQDKRXUVSHULRG7KHWKHRUHWLFDOPD[LPXPFDSDFLW\ZDVSHUGD\6KHVD\VWKHIRXU³RYHQV´E\
ZKLFKVKHSUHVXPDEO\PHDQVWKHFUHPDWRULHVKDG³RSHQLQJV´²LQIDFW
WKHFUHPDWRULHVKDGWRJHWKHUPXIIOHV:LWKWKHKHOSRIWKHLQFLQHUDWLRQ
SLWVVKHVD\VFRUSVHVSHUGD\ZHUHGLVSRVHGRI,Q%LUNHQDXIRUWKH
SHULRGEHWZHHQWKHEHJLQQLQJRI0D\DQGWKHWK-XO\DORQHVKHVD\V
SHUVRQVZHUHH[WHUPLQDWHG$VZHKDYHVHHQ+LOEHUJFRPHVWR
DILJXUHRIPLOOLRQYLFWLPVIRUWKHZKROHSHULRGRIH[LVWHQFHRI$XV
FKZLW]%LUNHQDXFRXQWLQJERWKSHUVRQVH[WHUPLQDWHGDQGQDWXUDOGHDWKV
/HQJ\HO DOVR UHVRUWV WR WKH QRQVHQVH DERXW WKH LQGXVWULDO XWLOL]DWLRQ RI
KXPDQIDW
³7KH1RUGLF6XSHUPHQNQHZKRZWRSURILWIURPHYHU\WKLQJ,PPHQVHFDVNVZHUHXVHGWRJDWKHUWKHKXPDQJUHDVHZKLFKKDGPHOWHGGRZQDWKLJKWHPSHUDWXUHV,WZDVQRWVXUSULVLQJWKDWWKHFDPSVRDSKDGVXFKDSHFXOLDU RGRU 1RU ZDV LW DVWRQLVKLQJ WKDW WKH LQWHUQHHV EHFDPH VXVSLFLRXV DW WKH
VLJKWRIFHUWDLQSLHFHVRIIDWVDXVDJH´
( /,( : ,(6(/7KLVZLWQHVVSRVVLEO\WKHPRVWIDPRXVRIDOOµ+RORFDXVW¶VWDUZLW
QHVVHV+LOEHUJJLYHVDVDVRXUFHRQO\WZLFH7KH5RPDQLDQ-HZ:LHVHO
ZDVLQWHUQHGIURP$SULOWR-DQXDU\ILUVWLQ%LUNHQDXDQGWKHQLQ
WKHPDLQFDPS$XVFKZLW],QKLVµIDFWXDOUHSRUW¶ /D1XLW KHGRHVQRWPHQ
WLRQWKHJDVFKDPEHUVHYHQRQFH ²DWDWLPHZKHQKXQGUHGVRIWKRXVDQGV
RI-HZVZHUHVXSSRVHGO\EHLQJJDVVHGLQ%LUNHQDXPLOOLRQDFFRUGLQJ
WR KLV IHOORZ -HZ 2OJD /HQJ\HO :LHVHO¶V VWRU\ LV WKDW WKH -HZV ZHUH
SXVKHG²RUPDUFKHGZLOOLQJO\²LQWRIODPLQJSLWV
+LOEHUJ¶VIRRWQRWHVI+LOEHUJ¶V '(- IRRWQRWHVS
SSS
7KDW HQWDLOV XQLQWHUUXSWHG RSHUDWLRQ XQGHU LGHDO FRQGLWLRQV SHUKDSV ZLWK WKH DWWHQGDQFH RI D
TXDOLILHGHQJLQHHU,QIDFWWKHUHZHUHIUHTXHQWVWRSSDJHVGXHWRQHHGHGUHSDLUVDQGWKHSODQWZDV
DPDWHXULVKO\RSHUDWHGE\XQTXDOLILHGSHUVRQVOHDGLQJWRDFRQVLGHUDEO\ORZHUFDSDFLW\2QWKLVVHH
&DUOR0DWWRJQRDQG)UDQFR'HDQDRSFLWQRWHDQGDOVRFKDSWHU9,,HLQWKLVERRN
2OJD/HQJ\HO )LYH&KLPQH\V&KLFDJR1HZ<RUNSSII
,ELGSSII
+LOEHUJ¶VIRRWQRWHV+LOEHUJ¶V '(- IRRWQRWHVSS ,QWKH*HUPDQYHUVLRQSXEOLVKHGE\8OOVWHLQLQZLWKWKHWLWOH 'LH1DFKW]XEHJUDEHQ(OLVFKD
JDV FKDPEHUV ZKLFK DUH QRW PHQWLRQHG LQ WKH RULJLQDO HGLWLRQ VXGGHQO\ DSSHDU ZKHQHYHU
FUpPDWRLUHKDGDSSHDUHGLQWKH)UHQFKWH[WWUDQVODWRU0H\HU&ODVRQPDNHVLWD³*DVNDPPHU
(OLH:LHVHORSFLWQRWHS
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 88/129
- h5*(1 * 5$) Â7 +( * ,$17 : ,7+ ) ((7 2) & /$<
³2XUOLQHKDGQRZRQO\ILIWHHQSDFHVWRFRYHU,ELWP\OLSVVRWKDWP\ IDWKHUZRXOGQRWKHDUP\WHHWKFKDWWHULQJ7HQVWHSVVWLOO(LJKW6HYHQ:HPDUFKHGVORZO\RQDVWKRXJKIROORZLQJDKHDUVHDWRXURZQIXQHUDO)RXU
VWHSVPRUH7KUHHVWHSV7KHUHLWZDVQRZULJKWLQIURQWRIXVWKHSLWDQGLWV IODPHV´
+HZKRZDQWVWRNQRZKRZ:LHVHOPLUDFXORXVO\HVFDSHGGHDWKLQWKH
ILHU\SLW²WLPHDIWHUWLPH²ZLOOILQGWKLVERRNWRKLVOLNLQJ
' 50 ,./26 1 <,6=/, 7KH -HZLVKGRFWRU 1\LV]OL²ZKRP+LOEHUJ QDPHVDVD VRXUFH IRXU
WLPHV ²ZDVLQWHUQHGLQ$XVFKZLW]ZKHUHKHFODLPVKHZRUNHGDVDPHG
LFDOGRFWRUDORQJVLGH'U-RVHI0HQJHOH,QKHZURWHDµIDFWXDOUHSRUW¶
LQ+XQJDULDQZKLFKZDVWUDQVODWHGLQWRPDQ\ODQJXDJHVDQGUHSXEOLVKHGLQ ZLWK WKH WLWOH ,P -HQVHLWV GHU 0HQVFKOLFKNHLW 1\LV]OL VD\V WKDW LQ
%LUNHQDXSHUVRQV SHUGD\ZHUHJDVVHGDQGLQFLQHUDWHGLQWKHFUHPD
WRULHV²WKH DFWXDO WKHRUHWLFDO PD[LPXP FDSDFLW\ EHLQJ VPDOOHU E\ PRUH
WKDQWZHQW\WLPHV+HNQRZVQRWKLQJRIWKHIDUPKRXVHVFRQYHUWHGWRJDV
FKDPEHUVLQ%LUNHQDXFDOOHGWKH³EXQNHUV´EXWKHUHSRUWVWKDWEHVLGHRQH
IDUPKRXVHVHUYLQJDVDGLVURELQJDUHDWRSHUVRQVZHUHDOOHJ
HGO\GULYHQLQWREOD]LQJSLWVDQGEXUQHGDOLYHHYHU\GD\
& +$5/(6 6 ,*,6081'% (1'(/+LOEHUJ DFNQRZOHGJHV WKLV 5RPDQLDQ-HZLVK PHGLFDO GRFWRU²
QDPHGDVVRXUFHWZLFH ²DVWKHVRXUFHRIKLVLQIRUPDWLRQWKDWPRVWRIWKH
=\NORQ%GHOLYHUHGWR$XVFKZLW]ZDVXVHGIRUH[WHUPLQDWLRQRIWKH-HZV
%HQGHOZDVDZLWQHVVIRUWKHSURVHFXWLRQLQWKHWULDOWKH%ULWLVKLQVWL
WXWHGDJDLQVW'U%UXQR7HVFKWKHIRXQGHUDQGGLUHFWRURI'HJHVFK 'HXW VFKH *HVHOOVFKDIW IU 6FKlGOLQJVEHNlPSIXQJ DQG KLV DVVLVWHQW .DUO
:HLQEDFKHUZKHUHKHFRQWULEXWHGVLJQLILFDQWO\WRVHQGLQJWKHVHWZRLQQR
FHQWPHQWRWKHJDOORZVDWKLUGDFFXVHG'U-RDFKLP'URVLKQZDVDFTXLWWHG+HUHLVDSDVVDJHIURP%HQGHO¶VH[DPLQDWLRQE\%ULWLVKPDMRU*,'
'UDSHU
³4XHVWLRQ'R\RXNQRZWKHWRWDOQXPEHURISHRSOHH[WHUPLQDWHGLQ $XVFKZLW]GXULQJWKHHQWLUHWLPHWKHFDPSH[LVWHG"
+LOEHUJ¶VIRRWQRWHVI+LOEHUJ¶V '(- IRRWQRWHVSS
0LNORV1\LV]OL ,P-HQVHLWVGHU0HQVFKOLFKNHLW 'LHW]9HUODJ%HUOLQSSII$WWKHWK
,QWHUQDWLRQDO 5HYLVLRQLVW &RQIHUHQFH LQ 0D\ ,UYLQH &$ &KDUOHV 3URYDQ SUHVHQWHG QHZLQWHUHVWLQJUHVHDUFKDERXW1\LV]OL¶VEDFNJURXQGDQGIDWHZKLFKZLOOKRSHIXOO\EHSXEOLVKHGVRRQLQ
ERWK7KH-RXUQDORI+LVWRULFDO5HYLHZ DQG9II*
+LOEHUJ¶VIRRWQRWHVDQG+LOEHUJ¶V '(- IRRWQRWHVSS
1,
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 89/129
9,,7 +( . ,//,1*& (17(56
$QVZHU2YHUIRXUPLOOLRQ
4XHVWLRQ'XULQJ\RXUWLPH WKHUHZKDWZDV WKHKLJKHVWQXPEHURI JDVVHGSHUVRQVLQ%LUNHQDXRQDQ\VLQJOHGD\"
$QVZHU,Q-XQH>@SHRSOHZHUHJDVVHGGD\E\GD\4XHVWLRQ:LWKJDV"
$QVZHU:LWKK\GURJHQF\DQLGH>«@7KHUHZHUHWZRURRPVLQHDFKFUHPDWRU\,QFUHPDWRULHVDQG >WKHXVXDOGHVLJQDWLRQLVQRZ,,DQG,,,@
WKH\GURYHSHUVRQVLQWRRQHURRPVRWKDWERWKJDVFKDPEHUVWRJHWKHU KHOGSHUVRQV
4XHVWLRQ+RZELJZHUHWKHURRPV"
$QVZHU(YHU\JDVFKDPEHUZDVPORQJDQGPZLGH7KHSHRSOH
ZHUHSUHVVHGVRFORVHO\WRJHWKHUWKDWQRWRQHPRUHSHUVRQFRXOGEHVTXHH]HG LQ7KH66WKRXJKWLWZDVXSURDULRXVO\IXQQ\WRWKURZFKLOGUHQLQRYHUWKHKHDGV RI WKRVH DOUHDG\ MDPPHG LQ WKHVH URRPV >«@ 7KH FRUSVHV ZHUHWKURZQLQWRPDVVJUDYHVEXWWKHLUKDLUZDVFXWRIIDQGWKHLUWHHWKZHUH
SXOOHGRXW,VDZLW
4XHVWLRQ:DVRQO\WKHJROGVDYHGRUDOOWKHWHHWK"
$QVZHU7KH1DWLRQDO6RFLDOLVWJRYHUQPHQWVDLGLWSXW QRVWRUH LQ JROGGHVSLWHWKDWWKH\ZHUHDEOHWRWDNHWRQVRIJROGIURPPLOOLRQFRUSVHV´
6XEVHTXHQWO\%HQGHOZDVFURVVH[DPLQHGE\'U=LSSHOWKHDWWRUQH\IRUWKHDFFXVHG
³4XHVWLRQ<RXKDYHVDLGWKHJDVFKDPEHUVZHUH[[PODUJHLVWKDWFRUUHFW"
$QVZHU<HV
4XHVWLRQ7KDWLVP LVLWQRW"
$QVZHU,DPQRWTXLWHVXUHWKDWLVQRWP\VWURQJSRLQW
4XHVWLRQ+RZFDQLWEHSRVVLEOHWRILWSHRSOHLQDP
URRP" $QVZHU7KDW¶VZKDW\RXKDYHWRDVN\RXUVHOI,WFDQRQO\EHGRQH
ZLWK*HUPDQPHWKRGV
4XHVWLRQ'R\RXVHULRXVO\PDLQWDLQWKDW\RXFDQILWWHQSHUVRQVLQDKDOIFXELFPHWHUVSDFH"
$QVZHU7KHIRXUPLOOLRQSHRSOHJDVVHGLQ$XVFKZLW]DUHSURRIRI LW«
4XHVWLRQ:KHQ\RXVD\WKH\WRRNWRQVRIJROGIURPWKHFRUSVHV
DUH\RXEDVLQJWKDWRQDWRQQHRINJ" $QVZHU<HV
4XHVWLRQ7KHQGR\RXDOVRPDLQWDLQWKDWHYHU\YLFWLPZKHWKHUPDQZRPDQFKLOGRUEDE\ZRXOGKDYHJUDPVRIJROGLQKLVPRXWK"
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 90/129
- h5*(1 * 5$) Â7 +( * ,$17 : ,7+ ) ((7 2) & /$<
$QVZHU,WPXVWKDYHEHHQWKDWVRPHKDGPRUHDQGRWKHUVOHVVRU HYHQQRQHLWZRXOGGHSHQGRQWKHFRQGLWLRQRIWKHLUWHHWK´
7KLVLVZKDW*LDQW+LOEHUJFDOOVDEHOLHYDEOHZLWQHVV+RZFDQDQ\
VHULRXVDFDGHPLFDFFHSW+LOEHUJ¶VYROXPHVZKHQ+LOEHUJRIIHUVVXFKXQEHOLHYDEOHWHVWLPRQ\LQVWHDGRISK\VLFDORUGRFXPHQWDU\HYLGHQFH"
* ,77$6 (5(1< $XWKRURI ,QWRWKDW'DUNQHVVSXEOLVKHGLQ*HUPDQLQE\8OO
VWHLQZLWKWKHWLWOH $P$EJUXQG(LQH*HZLVVHQVIRUVFKXQJ +LOEHUJUHIHUV
WRWKLVERRNHLJKWWLPHV7KH+XQJDULDQ-HZHVV*6HUHQ\LQWHUYLHZHG
IRUPHU7UHEOLQNDFRPPDQGDQW)UDQ]6WDQJOPDQ\WLPHVDVKHVDWLQD)HG
HUDO*HUPDQSULVRQZKHUHDFFRUGLQJWRKHUERRNKHFRQILUPHGWKHPDVV
PXUGHULQWKDWFDPS6KRUWO\DIWHUWKHLUODVWFRQYHUVDWLRQ6WDQJOGLHGXQGHU P\VWHULRXV FLUFXPVWDQFHV *6HUHQ\¶V ZRUN LVFRPSOHWHO\ ZRUWKOHVVDV D
KLVWRULFDOVRXUFHEHFDXVHVKHGRHVQRWSURYLGHDQ\SURRIWKDW6WDQJODFWXDOO\
PDGHWKHVWDWHPHQWVDWWULEXWHGWRKLP6KHRIIHUVQRWDSHUHFRUGLQJVDVHYL
GHQFHRIWKHFRQYHUVDWLRQVDQGVKHKDVQRWSXEOLVKHGDQ\WUDQVFULSWVRIKHU
DOOHJHGLQWHUYLHZV6LQFHDGHDGPDQFDQQRWFRPSODLQ6HUHQ\FDQSXWLQWR
KLVPRXWKZKDWHYHUVKHZDQWVWR
,Q DGGLWLRQ HYHQ LI 6WDQJO KDG FRQIHVVHG WR PDVV JDVVLQJV LQ 7UH
EOLQNDWKLVZRXOGKDYHEHHQQRSURRI+HKDGDSSHDOHGIURPKLVVHQWHQFHWROLIHLQSULVRQDQGWRGLVSXWHWKHFULPHODLGWRKLPZRXOGKDYHEHHQLQWHU
SUHWHGDVµREGXUDWHGHQLDO¶ZKLFKZRXOGSUHFOXGHDUHGXFWLRQ LQWKHVHQ
WHQFH RU D SDUGRQ IURP WKH VWDUW 2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG WKRVH DFFXVHG ZKR
FRQIHVVHGFRXOGKRSHIRUVRPHVOLJKWPHUF\IURP)HGHUDO*HUPDQMXVWLFH²
DVDUHZDUGIRUFRQILUPLQJWKHDQQLKLODWLRQRIWKH-HZV
. 857 * (567(,1 0DLQZLWQHVVWRPDVVJDVVLQJVLQ%HåìHFZDVXVHGE\+LOEHUJDVD
VRXUFHVL[WLPHV66VDQLWDWLRQRIILFHU*HUVWHLQGHVFULEHGWKHVHJDVVLQJVLQDFRQIHVVLRQJLYHQDIWHUWKHZDU²RUEHWWHUSXWLQVL[FRQIHVVLRQVVLQFH
DV)UHQFKPDQ+HQUL5RTXHVKDVVKRZQWKHUHDUHQROHVVWKDQVL[YHUVLRQV
+LOEHUJ¶VIRRWQRWHV I I+LOEHUJ¶V '(- IRRWQRWHVSS
SSS
2QWKHPHFKDQLVPVHPSOR\HGLQWKHFRXUVHRIWKH)HGHUDO*HUPDQ16WULDOVVHH:LOKHOP6WlJOLFK
$XVFKZLW]$-XGJH/RRNVDW WKH(YLGHQFHQGHG,QVWLWXWHIRU+LVWRULFDO5HYLHZ&RVWD0HVD
&$WKFKDSWHUFIDOVR0DQIUHG.|KOHURSFLWQRWHSSRQWKH6HUHQ\ERRN
VHHDOVR$UWKXU5%XW]³&RQWH[WDQG3HUVSHFWLYHLQWKHµ+RORFDXVW¶&RQWURYHUV\ ´7KH-RXUQDORI +LVWRULFDO5HYLHZSSRQOLQHKWWSYKRRUJ*%-RXUQDOV-+5%XW]
KWPO
+LOEHUJ¶V IRRWQRWHV +LOEHUJ¶V '(- IRRWQRWHVSS
SSSS
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 91/129
9,,7 +( . ,//,1*& (17(56
RI WKH *HUVWHLQ FRQIHVVLRQ VRPHWLPHV GLIIHULQJ PDUNHGO\ IURP HDFK
RWKHU*HUVWHLQNLOOHGKLPVHOILQ-XO\LQD)UHQFKSULVRQ+HFODLPHG
WKDWEHWZHHQDQGPLOOLRQSHRSOHZHUHJDVVHG+HVDLGWKDWLQ%HåìHF
WR-HZVZHUHVWXIIHGLQWRDJDVFKDPEHUZLWKDIORRUDUHDRIP
ZKLFKLVWRSHUVRQVSHUVTXDUHPHWHU2I$XVFKZLW]ZKLFKKHQHYHU
HQWHUHGKHDIILUPHGWKDWPLOOLRQVRIFKLOGUHQZHUHNLOOHGE\KROGLQJFRWWRQ
ZDGVVRDNHGZLWKK\GURJHQF\DQLGHXQGHUWKHLUQRVHV+DOOXFLQDWLRQVDERXW
WRPWRIWKLJKSLOHVRIFORWKHVDQGVKRHVRIPXUGHUHGSULV
RQHUVWRSRIIWKLVFRQIHVVLRQDSSURSULDWHO\
58'2/) 5 ('(5 1H[WWR*HUVWHLQ5HGHULVWKHRQO\ZLWQHVVWRJDVVLQJVLQ%H åìHFDQG
DXWKRURIDERRNSXEOLVKHGLQ&UDFRZLQRQKLVH[SHULHQFHVLQWKDW
FDPS+LOEHUJFLWHVKLPDVDVRXUFHWZLFH$OWKRXJKKHZDVRYHUDW
WKHWLPHKHZDVLQWHUQHGDQGWKHUHZHUHFHUWDLQO\\RXQJHU-HZVDYDLODEOH
KHZDVFKRVHQIRUWKHODERUNRPPDQGR+HOLYHGIRUPRQWKVRQHQGXQGHU
³PHUFLOHVVPRQVWHUVZKRFRPPLWKRUULEOHFUXHOWLHVZLWKVDGLVWLFGHOLJKW DQGVXUYLYHGQROHVVWKDQOLTXLGDWLRQRSHUDWLRQV2QHGD\WKHPHUFLOHVV
PRQVWHUVVHQW5HGHUDQGDQ66PDQLQDPRWRUFDURQDVKRSSLQJWULS7KH
66 PDQ ZHQW WR VOHHS DQG 5HGHU ZDV DEOH WR HVFDSH ,Q KLV UHSRUW KH
FODLPV WKDW WKUHH PLOOLRQ SHRSOH ZHUH PXUGHUHG LQ %HåìHF
7KH NLOOLQJZHDSRQKHPHQWLRQVLVQRWDGLHVHOPRWRUDV*HUVWHLQKDGVDLGEXWDJDVR
OLQHPRWRU
< $1.,(/: ,(51,. 3ROLVK -HZ VKRHPDNHU E\ WUDGH DQG IRUPHU7UHEOLQND SULVRQHU +H
VHUYHV+LOEHUJDVDVRXUFHILYHWLPHV+HUHDUHWZRFKRLFHVDPSOHVIURP
KLVµUHSRUWRIH[SHULHQFHV¶
³7KH 8NUDLQLDQV ZHUH FRQVWDQWO\ GUXQN DQG VROG HYHU\WKLQJ WKH\PDQDJHGWRVWHDOLQWKHFDPSVLQRUGHUWRJHWPRUHPRQH\IRUEUDQG\>«@
:KHQWKH\KDGHDWHQDQGGUXQNWKHLUILOOWKH8NUDLQLDQVORRNHGDURXQGIRU
7KH³&RQIHVVLRQV´RI.XUW*HUVWHLQ ,QVWLWXWHIRU+LVWRULFDO5HYLHZ&RVWD0HVD&$
7KHPRVWGHWDLOHGDQDO\VLVRIWKH*HUVWHLQFRQIHVVLRQVLVLQ&DUOR0DWWRJQR ,OUDSSRUWR*HUVWHLQ $QDWRPLDGLXQIDOVR6HQWLQHOODG¶,WDOLD0RQIDOFRQH
5XGROI5HGHURSFLWQRWH
+LOEHUJ¶VIRRWQRWHV+LOEHUJ¶V '(- IRRWQRWHVS
5XGROI5HGHURSFLWQRWHS
1%OXPHQWKDOHG 'RNXPHQW\LPDWHULDO\Y,SáyGé 5XGROI5HGHURSFLWQRWHS
+LOEHUJ¶V IRRWQRWHV I+LOEHUJ¶V '(- IRRWQRWHVSSS
S
$OH[DQGHU'RQDWRSFLWQRWHSSI
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 92/129
- h5*(1 * 5$) Â7 +( * ,$17 : ,7+ ) ((7 2) & /$<
RWKHU DPXVHPHQWV 7KH\ IUHTXHQWO\ VHOHFWHG WKHEHVWORRNLQJ -HZLVK JLUOV IURPWKHWUDQVSRUWVRIQXGHZRPHQSDVVLQJWKHLUTXDUWHUVGUDJJHGWKHPLQWR WKHLUEDUUDFNVUDSHGWKHPDQG WKHQGHOLYHUHGWKHPWRWKHJDVFKDPEHUV>«@
7KH FRUSVHV ZHUH VRDNHG LQ JDVROLQH 7KLV HQWDLOHG FRQVLGHUDEOHH[SHQVHDQGWKHUHVXOWVZHUHLQDGHTXDWHWKHPDOHFRUSVHVVLPSO\ZRXOGQRW EXUQ:KHQHYHUDQDLUSODQHZDV VLJKWHGRYHUKHDGDOOZRUNZDVVWRSSHGWKHFRUSVHVZHUHFRYHUHGZLWKIROLDJHDVFDPRXIODJHDJDLQVWDHULDOREVHUYDWLRQ,WZDVDWHUULI\LQJVLJKWWKHPRVWJUXHVRPHHYHUEHKHOGE\KXPDQH\HV:KHQFRUSVHVRISUHJQDQWZRPHQZHUHFUHPDWHGWKHLUEHOOLHVZRXOGEXUVW RSHQ 7KH IHWXV ZRXOG EH H[SRVHG DQG FRXOG EH VHHQ EXUQLQJ LQVLGH WKHPRWKHU¶V ZRPE >«@7KHJDQJVWHUVDUHVWDQGLQJQHDUWKHDVKHVVKDNLQJ ZLWKVDWDQLFODXJKWHU7KHLUIDFHVUDGLDWHDWUXO\VDWDQLFVDWLVIDFWLRQ7KH\
WRDVWHGWKHVFHQHZLWKEUDQG\DQGZLWKWKHFKRLFHVWOLTXRUVDWHFDURXVHG DQGKDGDJUHDWWLPHZDUPLQJWKHPVHOYHVE\WKHILUH´
:LHUQLN WKH RQO\ ZLWQHVV ZKR FODLPV WR KDYH SDUWLFLSDWHG LQ WKH
DQQLKLODWLRQRSHUDWLRQVGLUHFWO\IRUDQH[WHQGHGSHULRGRIWLPHFDQWHOOXV
DPD]LQJWKLQJVDERXWFRUSVHVWKDWEXUQRQWKHLURZQ
³,WWXUQHGRXWWKDWERGLHVRIZRPHQEXUQHGPRUHHDVLO\WKDQWKRVHRI PHQ$FFRUGLQJO\WKHERGLHVRIZRPHQZHUHXVHGIRUNLQGOLQJWKHILUHV´
:HOOWKHVHDUHWKHPDMRUZLWQHVVHVSUHVHQWHGWRDPRGHUQLQWHOOLJHQW
ZRUOGE\D*LDQWRID3URIHVVRUDWWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI9HUPRQWDQGWKHWD[
SD\HUVPD\ULJKWO\ZRQGHUZK\KHZDVUHWDLQHGIRUVRPHWKLUW\\HDUVWR
WHDFKWKHLULPSUHVVLRQDEOHFKLOGUHQ
E +LOEHUJ¶V)DYRULWH-HZLVK:LWQHVV)LOLS0OOHU
:HILQLVKRXUSDUDGHRIµFUHGLEOH¶ZLWQHVVHVZLWK)LOLS0OOHU7KLV
RQHD6ORYDNLDQ-HZVSHQWWKUHH\HDUVLQ$XVFKZLW]DQGEHORQJHGWRWKH
6RQGHUNRPPDQGRWKDWZDVDVVLJQHGWRFUHPDWRU\GXW\,QDIXOO
\HDUVDIWHUWKHHQGRIWKHZDUZLWKWKHKHOSRIJKRVWZULWHU+HOPXW)UHLWDJKHZURWHDERRNWLWOHG6RQGHUEHKDQGOXQJ ZKLFK+LOEHUJFLWHVDVDVRXUFH
QROHVVWKDQWZHQW\WLPHVRQO\VL[WLPHVOHVVWKDQVWDUZLWQHVV1XPEHU
2QH5XGROI+|+RQRUWKRVHZKRGHVHUYHKRQRU:HTXRWHKHUHVHYHUDO
SDVVDJHVIURPWKLVERRNRQWKHµ+RORFDXVW¶ZKLFKLVVRIXQGDPHQWDOIRU+LO
EHUJ
,ELGS
3XEOLVKHG E\ 6WHLQKDXVHQ )UDQNIXUW D0 7UDQVODWHG LQWR (QJOLVK ZLWK UHYLVLRQV DV (\HZLWQHVV $XVFKZLW]6WHLQDQG'D\1HZ<RUNKHUHDIWHUFDOOHG ($
&I+LOEHUJ¶VIRRWQRWHV
+LOEHUJ¶V '(- IRRWQRWHVSSS
SSSSS
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 93/129
9,,7 +( . ,//,1*& (17(56
2QKLVILUVWGD\DWZRUN0OOHULVLQWKHJDVFKDPEHULQWKHPDLQ
FDPSDW$XVFKZLW],
³$YLROHQWEORZDFFRPSDQLHGE\6WDUN\HOOLQJµ*HWDPRYHRQ6WULS
WKHVWLIIV¶JDOYDQL]HGPHLQWRDFWLRQ%HIRUHPHOD\WKHFRUSVHRIDZRPDQ:LWKWUHPEOLQJKDQGVDQGVKDNLQJDOORYHU,EHJDQWRUHPRYHKHUVWRFNLQJV>«@,ORQJHGIRUDPRPHQWRIUHVW,NHSWDZDWFKIXOH\HRQ6WDUNDQGZDLWHG
IRUDFKDQFHWRWDNHDEUHDWKHUZKLOHKHZDVQRWORRNLQJ0\PRPHQWFDPHZKHQKHZHQWDFURVVWRWKHFUHPDWLRQURRP2XWRIWKHFRUQHURIP\H\H, QRWLFHG D KDOIRSHQ VXLWFDVH FRQWDLQLQJ IRRG 3UHWHQGLQJ WR EH EXV\XQGUHVVLQJDFRUSVHZLWKRQHKDQG,UDQVDFNHGWKHVXLWFDVHZLWKWKHRWKHU
.HHSLQJ RQH H\H RQ WKH GRRU LQ FDVH 6WDUN UHWXUQHG VXGGHQO\ , KDVWLO\ JUDEEHGDIHZWULDQJOHVRIFKHHVHDQGDSRSS\VHHGFDNH:LWKP\ILOWK\EORRGVWDLQHGILQJHUV,EURNHRIISLHFHVRIFDNHDQGGHYRXUHGWKHPUDYHQ
RXVO\´0OOHUSSI ($S
:KDW 0OOHU GHVFULEHV KHUH LV D UDGLFDO LPSRVVLELOLW\ +H DWH LQ D
URRP SROOXWHG ZLWK K\GURJHQ F\DQLGH ZKLFK KH FRXOG KDUGO\ KDYH GRQH
ZLWKDJDVPDVNRQ'LGWKH66WKHQPDNHWKHFUHZRIWKH 6RQGHUNRPPDQGRJRLQWRWKHJDVFKDPEHUZLWKRXWJDVPDVNV² ZHUHWKH\DOOVRPHKRZK\GUR
JHQF\DQLGHSURRI"
2EYLRXVO\LQDQ\K\SRWKHWLFDOJDVVLQJRISHUVRQVWKHYLFWLPVVKRXOG
EH PDGHWRXQGUHVVEHIRUHKDQG WRKDYHWRWDNHWKHFORWKHVRII WKHERGLHV
ZRXOG KDYH FRPSOLFDWHG WKH SURFHGXUH E\ DGGLQJ KXQGUHGV RI KRXUV RI WHGLRXVZRUNDQGZRXOGKDYHEHHQDQDGGLWLRQDOGDQJHUIRUWKH6RQGHUNRPPDQGR EHFDXVH K\GURJHQ F\DQLGH LV SRLVRQRXV RQ FRQWDFW DQG FDQ EH
DEVRUEHGE\WKHVNLQ
³7KHSRZHUVWKDWEHKDGDOORFDWHGWZHQW\PLQXWHVIRUWKHFUHPDWLRQRIWKUHHFRUSVHV>LQRQHPXIIOH@,WZDV6WDUN¶VGXW\WRVHHWRLWWKDWWKLVWLPHZDVVWULFWO\DGKHUHGWR´0OOHUS ($S
$W WKH SUHVHQW GD\ WKH LQFLQHUDWLRQ RI D FRUSVH LQ WKH PXIIOH RI D
PRGHUQFUHPDWRU\ODVWVQHDUO\DQKRXURQDYHUDJH 7KDWWKLVDSSOLHGDV
ZHOOWRWKHFUHPDWRULHVLQVWDOOHGLQWKH*HUPDQFRQFHQWUDWLRQFDPSVGXULQJ
ZDUWLPHE\WKH7RSIILUPLVVKRZQE\DPRQJRWKHUWKLQJVWKHGDWDIRUWKH
'XWFK WUDQVIHU FDPS :HVWHUERUN ZKHUH WKH VSHFLILHG WLPH SHULRG ZDV
VWULFWO\ DGKHUHG WR IRU HYHU\ FUHPDWLRQ ,I RQH ZHUH WR FUHPDWH WZR
FRUSVHV LQ RQH PXIIOH²ZKLFK LV QRW SURYLGHG IRU²RQH ZRXOG DSSUR[L
PDWHO\GRXEOHWKHWLPHQHHGHGMXVWDVLWWDNHVDSSUR[LPDWHO\WZLFHDVORQJ
WREXUQDSLHFHRIZRRGZHLJKLQJNJLQDQRYHQWKDQWREXUQDSLHFHRI
9HUEDOFRPPXQLFDWLRQRI +DQV+lIHOLHPSOR\HHRIWKH%DVOHFUHPDWRULXPZLWKWKHDXWKRUWK
)HEUXDU\
2QWKLVFI&DUOR0DWWRJQR¶VVWXG\ ,IRUQLFUHPDWRULGL$XVFKZLW]%LUNHQDX (GL]LRQLGL$U3DGXD
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 94/129
- h5*(1 * 5$) Â7 +( * ,$17 : ,7+ ) ((7 2) & /$<
ZRRGZHLJKLQJNJ,ILWZHUHHYHQSRVVLEOHWRILWWKUHHFRUSVHVLQWRRQH
PXIIOHWKHLQFLQHUDWLRQSHULRGZRXOGODVWQHDUO\WKUHHKRXUVDERXWWZHOYH
WLPHVORQJHUWKDQWKHWLPHJLYHQE\0OOHU%XWQR³WKHSRZHUVWKDWEHKDG
DOORFDWHGWZHQW\PLQXWHVIRUWKHFUHPDWLRQRIWKUHHFRUSVHV,WZDV6WDUN¶VGXW\WRVHHWRLWWKDWWKLVWLPHZDVVWULFWO\DGKHUHGWR´$SSDUHQWO\DWWKH
FRPPDQGRIWKH66HYHQWKH/DZVRI7KHUPRG\QDPLFVFRXOGEHVXVSHQGHG
0OOHU¶V LPSUHVVLRQ RI WKH *HUPDQ PHGLFDO GRFWRUV ZDV QRW HVSH
FLDOO\IDYRUDEOH
³)URP WLPH WR WLPH 66GRFWRUV YLVLWHG WKH FUHPDWRULXPDERYH DOO +DXSWVWXUPIKUHU .LWW DQG 2EHUVWXUPIKUHU :HEHU 'XULQJ WKHLU YLVLWV LW ZDVMXVWOLNHZRUNLQJLQDVODXJKWHUKRXVH/LNHFDWWOHGHDOHUVWKH\IHOWWKHWKLJKVDQGFDOYHVRIPHQDQGZRPHQZKRZHUHVWLOODOLYHDQGVHOHFWHGZKDW
WKH\FDOOHGWKHEHVWSLHFHVEHIRUHWKHYLFWLPVZHUHH[HFXWHG$IWHUWKHLUH[HFXWLRQWKHFKRVHQERGLHVZHUHODLGRQDWDEOH7KHGRFWRUVSURFHHGHGWRFXW
SLHFHVRIVWLOOZDUPIOHVKIURPWKLJKVDQGFDOYHVDQGWKUHZWKHPLQWRZDLWLQJ UHFHSWDFOHV7KHPXVFOHVRIWKRVHZKRKDGEHHQVKRWZHUHVWLOOZRUNLQJDQG FRQWUDFWLQJPDNLQJWKHEXFNHWMXPSDERXW´0OOHUS ($S
0OOHU GHFLGHG WR NLOO KLPVHOI DQG MRLQ WKH FRQGHPQHG LQ WKH JDV
FKDPEHUVEXW
³6XGGHQO\DIHZJLUOVQDNHGDQGLQWKHIXOOEORRPRI\RXWKFDPHXS
WR PH 7KH\ VWRRG LQ IURQW RI PH ZLWKRXW D ZRUG JD]LQJ DW PH GHHS LQWKRXJKWDQGVKDNLQJWKHLUKHDGVXQFRPSUHKHQGLQJO\$WODVWRQHRIWKHP SOXFNHGXSFRXUDJHDQGVSRNHWRPHµ:HXQGHUVWDQGWKDW\RXKDYHFKRVHQWRGLHZLWKXVRI\RXURZQIUHHZLOODQGZHKDYHFRPHWRWHOO\RXWKDWZHWKLQN\RXUGHFLVLRQSRLQWOHVVIRULWKHOSVQRRQH¶ >«@ %HIRUH,FRXOGPDNHDQDQVZHUWRKHUVSLULWHGVSHHFKWKHJLUOVWRRNKROGRIPHDQGGUDJJHGPH
SURWHVWLQJWRWKHGRRURIWKHJDVFKDPEHU7KHUHWKH\JDYHPHDODVWSXVKZKLFKPDGHPHODQGEDQJLQWKHPLGGOHRIWKHJURXSRI66PHQ´ 0OOHU
SSI ($SI
(OVHZKHUHWKH*LDQW3URIHVVRU+LOEHUJWROGKLVJXOOLEOHUHDGHUVWKDW-HZV ZHUH FURZGHG LQWR WKH JDV FKDPEHUV VR WLJKWO\ WKDW FKLOGUHQ ZHUH
WKURZQRQWRSRIWKHLUKHDGV%XWQRZ+LOEHUJSUHVHQWVH\HZLWQHVVWHVWL
PRQ\DOOHJLQJHQRXJKURRPIRUUXQQLQJDQGSXVKLQJWKHµKHUR¶$QGZKDW
LVZRUVH,IWKHSHRSOHLQWKHFKDPEHUUHDOO\NQHZZKDWZDVDERXWWRKDS
SHQ KRZ FDQ RQH H[SHFW WKHP WR SXVK 0OOHU RXW RI DQ REYLRXVO\ RSHQ
GRRUEXWQRWWRWU\WRHVFDSHWKHPVHOYHV"
,QVXPPHUZKHQWKH+XQJDULDQWUDQVSRUWVFDPHWR%LUNHQDX
WKH6RQGHUNRPPDQGRZDVNHSWEXV\
³>«@WKHWZRSLWVZHUHWRPHWHUVORQJDERXWPHWHUVZLGHDQGPHWHUVGHHS+RZHYHUWKLVSDUWLFXODUSODFHRIWRUPHQWZDVQRW\HW UHDG\IRUXVHE\DQ\PHDQV2QFHWKHURXJKZRUNZDV ILQLVKHGWKHUHIROORZHGWKHUHDOL]DWLRQRIWKHUHILQHPHQWVWKRXJKWXSE\WKHDUFKH[WHUPLQD
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 95/129
9,,7 +( . ,//,1*& (17(56
WRU¶V ZDUSHG LQJHQXLW\ 7RJHWKHU ZLWK KLV DVVLVWDQW (FNDUGW>+DXSWVFKDUIKUHU2WWR0ROO@ FOLPEHGGRZQLQWRWKHSLWDQGPDUNHGRXWDFHQWLPHWHUVE\FHQWLPHWHUVZLGHVWULSUXQQLQJOHQJWKZD\VGRZQWKHPLGGOHIURPHQGWRHQG%\GLJJLQJDFKDQQHOZKLFKVORSHGVOLJKWO\WRHLWKHU
VLGHIURPWKHFHQWHUSRLQWLWZRXOGEHSRVVLEOHWRFDWFKWKHIDWH[XGLQJIURPWKHFRUSVHVDVWKH\ZHUHEXUQLQJLQWKHSLWLQWZRFROOHFWLQJSDQVDWHLWKHU HQGRIWKHFKDQQHO>«@
$VWKHKHDSRIERGLHVVHWWOHGQRDLUZDVDEOHWRJHWLQIURPRXWVLGH7KLVPHDQWWKDWZHVWRNHUVKDGFRQVWDQWO\WRSRXUSHWURORUZRRGDOFRKRORQWKHEXUQLQJFRUSVHVLQDGGLWLRQWRKXPDQIDWODUJHTXDQWLWLHVRIZKLFKKDG FROOHFWHGDQGZDVERLOLQJLQWKHWZRFROOHFWLQJSDQVRQHLWKHUVLGHRIWKHSLW7KHVL]]OLQJIDWZDVVFRRSHGRXWZLWKEXFNHWVRQDORQJFXUYHGURGDQG
SRXUHGDOORYHUWKHSLWFDXVLQJIODPHVWROHDSXSDPLGPXFKFUDFNOLQJDQG KLVVLQJ´0OOHUSSII ($SS
+LOEHUJ VQDWFKHV XS WKLV RXWODQGLVK QRQVHQVH RQ S '(- S
,WLVREYLRXVWKDWGXULQJFUHPDWLRQVIDWLVWKHILUVWWKLQJWREXUQLW
ZRXOG QHYHU UXQ GRZQ LQWR WURXJKV EXW EXUVW LQWR IODPHV ZKHUHYHU LW
DSSHDUVVLQFHOLTXLGIDWEXUQHVOLNHRLO
7KDWWKHLQFLQHUDWLRQVLQWKHSLWVLQ%LUNHQDXGHVFULEHGE\0OOHU²
DQGRWKHUZLWQHVVHV²FRXOGQRWKDYHRFFXUUHGLQWKHWLPHSHULRGLQTXHVWLRQ
LVVKRZQE\SKRWRJUDSKVIURPWKH$OOLHGDHULDOUHFRQQDLVVDQFHFROOHFWLRQVZKRVHLQWHUSUHWDWLRQLVGXHPRVWO\WRH[WHQVLYHZRUNE\-RKQ%DOO2QD
SKRWRJUDSK IURP 0D\ WKHUH DUH VPDOO FORXGV RI VPRNH ULVLQJ
EHKLQG&UHPDWRU\9ZKLFKFRXOGQHYHUKDYHFRPHIURPDQLQFLQHUDWLRQRI
WKHVL]HGHVFULEHG,QDOORWKHUORFDWLRQVDQGLQDOORWKHUSKRWRJUDSKVQRWK
LQJRIWKHNLQGFDQEHVHHQ
0OOHUVD\V66+DXSWVFKDUIKUHU0ROODPXVHGKLPVHOIDVIROORZV
³$QRWKHU XQXVXDO HQWHUWDLQPHQW LQ ZKLFK KH ZRXOG LQGXOJH HYHU\
QRZDQGWKHQZDVFDOOHGVZLPIURJ7KHXQIRUWXQDWHYLFWLPVZHUHIRUFHG LQWRRQH RIWKHSRROVQHDUWKHFUHPDWRULDZKHUH WKH\KDGWRVZLPDURXQG FURDNLQJOLNHIURJVXQWLOWKH\GURZQHGIURPH[KDXVWLRQ´ 0OOHUS
($S
:HOO WKLV LV )LOLS 0OOHU 5DXO +LOEHUJ¶V IDYRULWH -HZLVK ZLWQHVV
FLWHGWZHQW\WLPHV²3HUKDSV+LOEHUJGLGQRWQRWLFHWKHIROORZLQJFRQIHV
VLRQRQS ($QDRI0OOHU¶VPDVWHUZRUN
³>«@DQG,ZDVQRWVXUH,KDGQRWGUHDPHGWKHZKROHWKLQJ´
-RKQ&%DOORSFLWQRWHSS
,ELGS
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 96/129
- h5*(1 * 5$) Â7 +( * ,$17 : ,7+ ) ((7 2) & /$<
+LOEHUJ¶V'HVFULSWLRQRIWKH$QQLKLODWLRQRIWKH-HZVLQWKH/LJKWRI7HFKQRORJ\DQG7R[LFRORJ\
7KHTXHVWLRQZKHWKHUWKHWKLQJVKLVZLWQHVVHVGHVFULEHDUHHYHQSRV
VLEOHWHFKQLFDOO\DQGQDWXUDOVFLHQWLILFDOO\GRHVQRWRFFXS\DVHFRQGRI+LO EHUJ¶VWLPH:KDWWKHZLWQHVVHVVDLGVRXQGVULJKWDQGWKDW¶VJRRGHQRXJK
)RU REYLRXV UHDVRQV WKHVH TXHVWLRQV KDYH EHHQ UDLVHG RQO\ E\ 5HYLVLRQ
LVWV :H GLVFXVV WKHPKHUHILUVWZLWKUHVSHFW WRWKH µSXUHH[WHUPLQDWLRQ
FDPSV¶DQGWKHQIRU$XVFKZLW]
D 'LHVHO0RWRUVDVD.LOOLQJ:HDSRQ
+LOEHUJVD\VWKDWWKHPXUGHUVZHUHFRPPLWWHGZLWKGLHVHOPRWRUVLQ
%HåìHFDQG7UHEOLQNDDQGWKDWWKH6DXUHUWUXFNVXVHGIRUNLOOLQJSHUVRQVLQ&KHåPQRZHUHDOVRHTXLSSHGZLWKGLHVHOPRWRUV+LOEHUJFODLPVPLO
OLRQ -HZV ZHUH NLOOHG E\ WKLV PHWKRG LQ 7UHEOLQND LQ
%HåìHFDQGLQ&KHåPQR
7KHVXLWDELOLW\RIGLHVHOH[KDXVWJDVIRUSXUSRVHVRIPDVVPXUGHUKDV
EHHQDGGUHVVHGPRVWWKRURXJKO\E\*HUPDQ$PHULFDQHQJLQHHU)ULHGULFK3
%HUJZKRVHDQDO\VLVZHVXPPDUL]HKHUHEULHIO\
:KLOH LW LV QRW LQ SULQFLSOH LPSRVVLEOH WR NLOO SHRSOH ZLWK GLHVHO
H[KDXVWJDVLWLVYHU\GLIILFXOWVLQFHWKHODWWHUFRQWDLQVYHU\OLWWOHSRLVRQRXV
FDUERQ PRQR[LGH :KLOH ZLWK D JDVROLQH PRWRU RQH FDQ HDVLO\ DFKLHYHD
FRQFHQWUDWLRQRIFDUERQPRQR[LGHRIVHYHQSHUFHQWRUPRUHSHUFXELFPHWHU
RIDLU ZLWK D GLHVHO PRWRURQH FDQQRW SURGXFH D FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RIFDUERQ
PRQR[LGHRIHYHQRQHSHUFHQW([SHULPHQWVRQDQLPDOVKDYHVKRZQWKDWLW
LVLPSRVVLEOH WRNLOOWKHRFFXSDQWV RIDGLHVHOIHG JDV FKDPEHUZLWKLQ WKH
KDOIKRXUFODLPHGE\WKHZLWQHVVHV,WZRXOGWDNHDWOHDVWWKUHHKRXUVDQG
WKHPRWRUZRXOGKDYHWREHUXQFRQVWDQWO\XQGHUDKHDY\ORDG ,QWKHVH
FLUFXPVWDQFHVWKHIDFWWKDWWKHPRWRUPLJKWEUHDNGRZQVHYHUDOWLPHVDGD\
ZRXOGDOVRKDYHWREHWDNHQLQWRDFFRXQW
7KLVLQWXUQPHDQVWKHPRWRU
7KH RQO\ VXSSRUWHU RI WKH WKHRU\ RI WKH DQQLKLODWLRQ RI WKH -HZV ZKR KDV VWXGLHG WKH WHFKQLFDO
DVSHFWVRIWKHµ+RORFDXVW¶LV-HDQ&ODXGH3UHVVDFEXWKLVDQDO\VLVLVWHFKQLFDOO\XQVRXQGRQWKLVFI
5REHUW )DXULVVRQ³ $XVFKZLW]7HFKQLTXHDQG2SHUDWLRQRIWKH*DV&KDPEHUVRX%ULFRODJHHW µJD]RXLOODJHV¶j$XVFKZLW]HWj%LUNHQDXVHORQ-&3UHVVDF´ 5HYXHG¶+LVWRLUH5pYLVLRQQLVWH
SSRQOLQHKWWSYKRRUJ)M5+5)DXULVVRQKWPO5REHUW)DXULVVRQ
³ $QWZRUWDQ-HDQ&ODXGH3UHVVDF´LQ+HUEHUW9HUEHNHHGRSFLWQRWHSSRQOLQH
KWWSYKRRUJ'DQI)DXULVVRQKWPO (QJO KWWSYKRRUJ*%%RRNVDQI)DXULVVRQKWPO &DUOR
0DWWRJQR³ $XVFKZLW]7KH(QGHRID/HJHQG *UDQDWD 3DORV 9HUGHV &$ RQOLQHKWWS
YKRRUJ*%%RRNVDQI0DWWRJQRKWPO 5REHUW )DXULVVRQ ³ 3URFqV )DXULVVRQ´ LQ 5REHUW)DXULVVRQ eFULWVUpYLVLRQQLVWHVYSULYDWHO\SXEOLVKHG9LFK\SS
.XUW*HUVWHLQFODLPVLWZDVPLQXWHVEHIRUHDOOYLFWLPVZHUHGHDG
6LPXODWHGE\DUWLILFLDOUHVWULFWLRQRIDLUIORZ
7KHKHDY\DFFXPXODWLRQRIVRRWGHVWUR\VWKHSLVWRQULQJV
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 97/129
9,,7 +( . ,//,1*& (17(56
ZRXOGKDYHWREHRYHUKDXOHGIUHTXHQWO\²ZKLOHWKHOLQHVRIWKHFRQGHPQHG
OHQJWKHQHGRXWVLGHWKHJDVFKDPEHU
7KHUHODWLYHLQQRFXRXVQHVVRIGLHVHOPRWRUH[KDXVWLVZHOONQRZQ,W
ZDVIRUWKLVUHDVRQWKDWRQO\GLHVHOPRWRUVZHUHDOORZHGLQWKHWXQQHOEHLQJ EXLOWEHWZHHQ (QJODQG DQG )UDQFH ,I WKH *HUPDQV DFWXDOO\VXFFHHGHG LQ
PXUGHULQJPLOOLRQVRI-HZVLQUHFRUGWLPHDQGLQGLVSRVLQJRIWKHLUFRUSVHV
ZLWKRXW D WUDFH WKH\ ZHUH WHFKQLFDO JHQLXVHV²EXW QR WHFKQLFDO JHQLXV
ZRXOGUHVRUWWRDKLJKO\LQHIILFLHQWNLOOLQJZHDSRQ
7KH JDVROLQH PRWRU ZKLFK +LOEHUJ VD\V ZDV LQVWDOOHG LQ 6RELEyU
ZRXOGKDYHGRQHEHWWHUDVDNLOOLQJZHDSRQ+RZHYHULQWKH (Q]\NORSlGLHGHV+RORFDXVW VWDWHGWKDWWKHNLOOLQJZHDSRQLQ6RELEyUZDVDGLHVHO
PRWRU3HUKDSV+LOEHUJDQGWKH (Q]\NORSlGLHZLOOVRRQGURSERWKWKHJDVR
OLQHPRWRUDQGWKHGLHVHOPRWRUDQGGHFLGHWKDWWKHWRPXU
GHUVLQ6RELEyUZHUHFRPPLWWHGZLWK³DVSLUDOO\EODFNVXEVWDQFHGULSSLQJ WKURXJKKROHVLQWKHFHLOLQJ DVWKHSHUVXDVLYH6RYLHW-HZLVKZLWQHVV$OH[
DQGHU3HFKHUVN\VWDWHGLQ$WWKDWWLPHDWOHDVWµPHPRULHV¶ZHUHVWLOO
IUHVK
E 5HPRYDORI&RUSVHVLQWKHµ3XUH([WHUPLQDWLRQ&DPSV¶&DVH6WXG\%HåìHF
$SULQFLSOHRIFULPLQRORJ\LV:LWKRXWDERG\WKHUHKDVEHHQQRPXUGHU7KLVUXOHLVKHOGWRH[FHSWZKHUHLWFDQEHSURYHQWKDWDERG\KDVEHHQ
FRPSOHWHO\REOLWHUDWHG:KHUHWKHQDUHWKHFRUSVHVRIWKHPLOOLRQSHU
VRQVJDVVHGLQWKHµSXUHH[WHUPLQDWLRQFDPSV¶":KHUHDUHWKHUHPDLQVRI
WKHJLJDQWLFRSHQDLULQFLQHUDWLRQV"
:H DUH WROG WKDW WKH PLOOLRQ GHDG ZHUH ILUVW EXULHG LQ PDVV
JUDYHV DQG ODWHU GLVLQWHUUHG DQG LQFLQHUDWHG ,I WKHVH PDVV JUDYHV HYHU
H[LVWHGWKHHDUWKGLVSODFHPHQWVFDXVHGE\PDNLQJWKHPVKRXOGVWLOOEHGLV
WLQJXLVKDEOH(VSHFLDOO\WKH\VKRXOGEHHDVLO\LGHQWLILDEOHZLWKDHULDOSKRWRJUDSK\GXHWRDOWHUHGWRSRJUDSK\DQGYHJHWDWLRQ$LUSKRWRH[SHUW-RKQ
%DOOKDVGHPRQVWUDWHGKRZWKHDHULDOSKRWRJUDSK\RYHU7UHEOLQND%H åìHF
DQG 6RELEyU LQVKRZVQRWUDFH RIODUJHVFDOHPRYHPHQWV RIHDUWK²
ZKLFKFRPSHOVRQHWRWKHFRQFOXVLRQWKDWWKHJLJDQWLFPDVVJUDYHVIRUWKH
LQWHUPHQWRIKXQGUHGVRIWKRXVDQGVRIFRUSVHVZHUHQHYHUWKHUH
8QOLNH5DXO+LOEHUJZHKDYHYLVLWHGWKHVLWHV²EXWIRUUHVHDUFKQRW
IRUSKRWRVHVVLRQV²ZKHUHWKHµ+RORFDXVW¶VXSSRVHGO\XQIROGHGLQFOXGLQJ
%HåìHF 7KH VOLJKWO\ VORSLQJ SODFH RQ WKH JURXQGV RI WKH IRUPHU FDPS
-RKQ&%DOORSFLWQRWHSSI
7RJHWKHUZLWK&DUOR0DWWRJQRRQVW-XQH
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 98/129
- h5*(1 * 5$) Â7 +( * ,$17 : ,7+ ) ((7 2) & /$<
ZKHUHWKHPDVVJUDYHVXSSRVHGO\OD\LVODEHOOHG,WLVPDUNHGO\KLJKHUWKDQ
WKHVLWHZKHUHWKHJDVFKDPEHUVXSSRVHGO\VWRRG$SSDUHQWO\WKH*HUPDQV
DUUDQJHG WKHLU PDVV PXUGHU RSHUDWLRQ VXFK WKDW WKH\ ZRXOG KDYH WR KDXO
RUPRUHERGLHVXSKLOO/HWXVH[DPLQHWKHWHFKQLFDOSUHFRQGLWLRQVIRUWKHFODLPHGLQFLQHUD
WLRQZLWKRXWDWUDFHRIFRUSVHVLQ%HåìHF:LWKUHVSHFWWRWKHRWKHU
µH[WHUPLQDWLRQFDPSV¶WKHQXPEHUVVKRXOGEHPRGLILHGLQSURSRUWLRQWRWKH
FODLPHGQXPEHU RIYLFWLPV +LOEHUJVD\VWKDWEHWZHHQODWHIDOO DQG
0DUFKRULQRWKHUZRUGVZLWKLQIRXUWRILYHPRQWKVDWPRVW
FRUSVHVRIJDVVHG-HZVZHUHLQFLQHUDWHGLQDWILUVWRQHDQGWKHQWZRLQFLQ
HUDWLRQDUHDV%HFDXVHRIWKHIUHTXHQWUDLQDQGVQRZIDOODWWKDWWLPHRI\HDU
ZHDVVXPHWKDWWKHLQFLQHUDWLRQVZRXOGKDYHUHTXLUHGNJRIZRRGSHU
FRUSVH PHDQLQJ WKH WRWDO TXDQWLW\ RI ZRRG UHTXLUHG ZRXOG KDYH EHHQ
WRQV$VKDVDOUHDG\EHHQPHQWLRQHGLQFKDSWHU,9RSHQDLULQFLQ
HUDWLRQOHDYHVEHKLQGKXPDQDVKHVDPRXQWLQJWRDSSUR[LPDWHO\RIERG\
ZHLJKW,IZHDVVXPHWKHODWWHUZDVNJVLQFHLIWKLVZDVDPDVVPXUGHU
WKHUHPXVWKDYHEHHQPDQ\FKLOGUHQDPRQJWKHYLFWLPVRQHERG\ZRXOG
OHDYHEHKLQGNJDVKHVWKXVWKHUHZRXOGKDYHEHHQî
NJRUPHWULFWRQVRIDVKHV7KHUHDOVRZRXOGKDYHEHHQ
ZRRGDVKHVZKRVHTXDQWLW\YDULHVGHSHQGLQJRQWKHW\SHRIZRRGEXWFDQ
QRWEHOHVVWKDQNJSHUWRQRIZRRG VRWKDWLQ%HåìHFWKHUHZRXOGKDYH EHHQDWOHDVWWRQVRILW$OOWROGDIWHUWKHPDVVLQFLQHUDWLRQVWKHUHZRXOG
KDYHEHHQQHDUO\PHWULFWRQVRIDVKHV,QWKLVWKHUHZRXOGKDYHEHHQ
FRXQWOHVVERQHVDQGWHHWK
:KHUH GLG WKH ZRRG FRPH IURP" +RZ IDU IURP WKH FDPS GLG WKH
LQPDWHV KDYH WR ZDON RU EH WUDQVSRUWHG WR FXW WKLV HQRUPRXV DPRXQW RI
ZRRG" +RZ PDQ\ LQPDWHV ZHUH UHTXLUHG" +RZ PDQ\ WUHH FXWWLQJ VDZV"
:HGJHV" :DJRQV RU WUXFNV" +RUVHV" 0HDOV LQ WKH GLVWDQW IRUHVWV" +RZ
PDQ\ JXDUGV WR NHHS WKH LQPDWHV IURP HVFDSLQJ" :KHUH ZDV WKH ZRRGVWDFNHGDQGDJHGDQGSURWHFWHGIURPWKHIUHTXHQWUDLQRUVQRZ":DVLWVSOLW
LQWRVPDOOSLHFHVIRUTXLFNEXUQLQJ"6PDOOFXWVDUHEHWWHUIRUJUHHQZRRGWR
EHXVHGULJKWDZD\+RZZHUHWKH*HUPDQVDEOHWRGLVSRVHRIWKHKXJHSLOHV
RI DVKHV DQG WKH PLOOLRQV RI SLHFHV RI ERQH DQG WHHWK" +RZ FRXOG WKH
FRUSVHVKDYHEHHQLQFLQHUDWHGLQWKHRSHQZLWKRXWWKHLQKDELWDQWV
RI WKH WRZQ RI %HåìHF RQH NLORPHWHU GLVWDQW QRWLFLQJ LW²WKH HQRUPRXV
$UQXOI1HXPDLHUVWDWHVEDVHGRQDQHZVSDSHUUHSRUWWKDWLQ,QGLDZKHUHRSHQDLUFUHPDWLRQVDUHFRPPRQHYHQWRGD\NJDUHUHTXLUHGRQDYHUDJH³7KH7UHEOLQND+RORFDXVW RSFLWQRWH
S,Q3RODQGLQODWHIDOODQGZLQWHULWZRXOGEHHYHQJUHDWHUEXWZHZLOOVWD\ZLWKNJVRDV
QRWWREHDFFXVHGRIH[DJJHUDWLQJ
,ELGS
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 99/129
9,,7 +( . ,//,1*& (17(56
DPRXQW RIEODFN VPRNH DQG WKH VPHOO RI KXPDQ IOHVK EXUQLQJ KDG WR EH
TXLWHQRWLFHDEOH²DQGUHSRUWLQJ LWWRWKH UHVLVWDQFH PRYHPHQW" 7KH ODWWHU
ZDVNHSWFORVHO\LQIRUPHGRIHYHQWVRFFXUULQJDWWKHORFDOOHYHOLQ3RODQG
DQG SURYLGHGWKH H[LOHJRYHUQPHQW LQ/RQGRQ ZLWK D FHDVHOHVV VWUHDPRI UHSRUWVRQGHYHORSPHQWVLQWKHFRXQWU\ 7KH\UHSRUWHGQRWKLQJDERXWD
KXJHILUHDW%HåìHFEXUQLQJIRUPRQWKV²ZHUHWKHLUFRXULHUVEOLQG"
F =\NORQ%DVD.LOOLQJ:HDSRQ
)RU D K\SRWKHWLFDO PDVV JDVVLQJ RI KXPDQV ZLWK WKH GLVLQIHVWDWLRQ
DJHQW=\NORQ%LWVKRXOGEHNHSWLQPLQGWKDWDWQRUPDOWHPSHUDWXUHVLW
WDNHVWZRKRXUVIRU WKH K\GURJHQF\DQLGHWRHVFDSHWKH FDUULHUVXEVWDQFH
7KLVVORZUDWHRIHYDSRUDWLRQRIWKHSURGXFWZDVLQWHQGHGE\LWVGHYHORSHUV
)RURQHWKLQJLWPDGHLWSRVVLEOHIRUWKHDSSOLFDWLRQFUHZWROHDYHWKHGLVLQ
IHVWDWLRQFKDPEHUVDIHO\DIWHUVSUHDGLQJRXWWKHSRLVRQ)RUDQRWKHUWKH
VORZ HPLVVLRQ RI WKH JDV PHDQW WKDW D KLJK FRQFHQWUDWLRQ RI SRLVRQ JDV
FRXOGEHDFKLHYHGIRU DQH[WHQGHGSHULRG RIWLPHHYHQ ZKHQ WKH JDVVHG
VSDFHZDVQRWDLUWLJKWDQGOHDNHGJDV,QWKLVZD\WKHJDVFRXOGSHQHWUDWHWR
WKHIDUWKHVWFRUQHUVRIWKHJDVVHGEXLOGLQJDQGNLOOWKHSDUDVLWHVGZHOOLQJ
WKHUH
7KHUHIRUH HYHQ JLYHQWKH H[LVWHQFH RIDQHIIHFWLYH YHQWLODWLRQV\V
WHPWKHYHQWLODWLRQRIDK\SRWKHWLFDO=\NORQ%NLOOLQJJDVFKDPEHUFRXOG
QRWKDYHEHHQFRPSOHWHGVRRQHUWKDQWZRKRXUVDIWHUWKH=\NORQJUDQXOHV
ZHUHSRXUHGRXWDQGDOVRWKH6RQGHUNRPPDQGRZRXOGKDYHKDGWRZDLWD
FRQVLGHUDEOHWLPHIRUWKHYHQWLODWLRQWRFRPSOHWHEHIRUHWKH\FRXOGHQWHUWKH
FKDPEHU7KLVWKH\FRXOGKDYHGRQHRQO\ZKHQZHDULQJJDVPDVNV$OVR
WKH\ZRXOGFHUWDLQO\KDYHQHHGHGSURWHFWLYHVXLWVEHFDXVHWKHFOHDULQJRI
URRPV FUDPPHG IXOO RI FRUSVHV ZRXOG EH VZHDW\ ZRUN DQG GDQJHURXV
EHFDXVHK\GURJHQF\DQLGHLVDFRQWDFWSRLVRQZKLFKFDQEHHDVLO\DEVRUEHG
E\PRLVWVNLQ
7KHZLWQHVVVWDWHPHQWVVWDQGLQLUUHFRQFLODEOHFRQWUDGLFWLRQWRWKHVH
UHTXLUHPHQWV,IVHYHUDOPLOOLRQVRISHRSOHZHUHPXUGHUHGLQ$XVFKZLW]²
DQGVXFKQXPEHUVZHUHJLYHQLQDOPRVWDOORIWKHZLWQHVVVWDWHPHQWVFLWHG
E\+LOEHUJIURPWKHLPPHGLDWHSRVWZDUSHULRGHYHQLIKHZLOOQRWPHQWLRQ
LW²WKHJDVVLQJPXVWKDYHEHHQGRQHTXLFNO\ZLWKKLJKWKURXJKSXW/HWXV
ORRNDWZKDWDIHZRI+LOEHUJ¶VZLWQHVVHVVD\RQWKLVVXEMHFW
2QWKLVVHH-*UDIDQG&0DWWRJQRRSFLWQRWH&KDSWHU
:HDULQJRIJDVPDVNVZDVUHTXLUHGGXULQJWKLVSURFHGXUH1,
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 100/129
- h5*(1 * 5$) Â7 +( * ,$17 : ,7+ ) ((7 2) & /$<
) ,/,3 0 h//(5
³$OUHDG\WKHHYHQLQJEHIRUH>WKHGLJJLQJRIWKHSLWV@WKUHHWUDQVSRUWVDWDERXWIRXUKRXU LQWHUYDOV KDG GLVDSSHDUHGLQWR &UHPDWRU\ 9DQG ZHUH
JDVVHG$IWHUWKHVFUHDPLQJJURDQLQJDQGUDWWOLQJKDGGLHGGRZQWKHJDVFKDPEHUVZHUHYHQWLODWHGIRUDFRXSOHRIPLQXWHV7KHQWKH66VHQWWKHSULVRQHUNRPPDQGRVLQVLGHWRWDNHRXWWKHERGLHV´
58'2/) 9 5%$
³%XWE\HOHYHQR¶FORFNMXVWWZRKRXUVODWHDFDUGUHZXS+LPPOHU DQG+RHVVJRWRXWDQGFKDWWHGIRUDZKLOHWRWKHVHQLRURIILFHUVSUHVHQW>«@
$W ODVWKRZHYHUHYHU\WKLQJ ZDV UHDG\ IRU DFWLRQ$VKDUSFRPPDQGZDV JLYHQWRWKH66PDQRQWKHURRI+HRSHQHGDFLUFXODUOLGDQGGURSSHGWKH SHOOHWVTXLFNO\RQWRWKHKHDGVEHORZKLP >«@ ZKHQHYHU\RQHLQVLGHZDVGHDG>+LPPOHU@WRRNDNHHQLQWHUHVWLQWKHSURFHGXUHWKDWIROORZHG6SHFLDO HOHYDWRUVWRRNWKHERGLHVWRWKHFUHPDWRULXPEXWWKHEXUQLQJGLGQRWIROORZLPPHGLDWHO\*ROGWHHWKKDGWREHUHPRYHG+DLUZKLFKZDVXVHGWRPDNHWKHZDUKHDGVRIWRUSHGRHVZDWHUWLJKWKDGWREHFXW IURPWKHKHDGVRIWKHZRPHQ7KHERGLHVRIZHDOWK\-HZVQRWHGHDUO\IRUWKHLUSRWHQWLDOKDGWREHVHWDVLGHIRUGLVVHFWLRQLQFDVHDQ\RIWKHPKDGEHHQFXQQLQJHQRXJKWRFRQFHDOMHZHOU\²GLDPRQGVSHUKDSV²DERXWWKHLUSHUVRQ,WZDVLQGHHGDFRPSOLFDWHGEXVLQHVVEXWWKHQHZPDFKLQHU\ZRUNHGVPRRWKO\XQGHUWKH
KDQGVRIVNLOOHGRSHUDWRUV+LPPOHUZDLWHGXQWLOWKHVPRNHEHJDQWRWKLFNHQRYHU WKH FKLPQH\VDQG WKHQKH JODQFHG DW KLVZDWFK,W ZDVRQHR¶FORFN /XQFKWLPHLQIDFW´
) ,/,3 ) 5,('0$1
³7KHJDVZRUNHGTXLFNO\$IWHUWKUHHWRILYHPLQXWHVQRRQHZDVOHIW DOLYH$IWHUWKHERGLHVZHUHWDNHQDZD\WKHURRPZDVDLUHGDQGDQHZJURXSRIYLFWLPVZDVOHGLQ$WWKLVWHPSRWKHJDVFKDPEHUVFRXOGKDQGOHWRSHUVRQVSHUKRXU´
58'2/) + g66
³:KHQ,EXLOWWKHDQQLKLODWLRQEXLOGLQJLQ$XVFKZLW],QHHGHG=\NORQ%DFU\VWDOOL]HGK\GURJHQF\DQLGHZKLFKZHWKUHZLQWRWKHGHDWKFKDPEHUWKURXJKDVPDOORSHQLQJ,WWRRNWRPLQXWHVGHSHQGLQJRQFOLPDWLFFRQGLWLRQVWRNLOOWKHSHRSOHLQWKHGHDWKFKDPEHU:HNQHZZKHQWKHSHRSOHZHUHGHDGEHFDXVHWKHLUVFUHDPLQJVWRSSHG:HXVXDOO\ZDLWHGDKDOIKRXU EHIRUHZHRSHQHGWKHGRRUVDQGWRRNDZD\WKHERGLHV´
)LOLS0OOHURSFLWQRWHS ($QD
))ULHGPDQRSFLWQRWHS
36
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 101/129
9,,7 +( . ,//,1*& (17(56
& +$5/(6 6 ,*,6081'% (1'(/
³:LWKEORZVIURPGLIIHUHQWNLQGVRIVWLFNVWKH\ZHUHIRUFHGWRJRLQDQGVWD\WKHUHEHFDXVHZKHQWKH\UHDOL]HGWKDWWKH\ZHUHJRLQJWRWKHLU
GHDWKWKH\WULHGWRFRPHRXWDJDLQ)LQDOO\WKH\>WKH66@VXFFHHGHGLQORFNLQJWKHGRRUV2QHKHDUGFULHVDQGVKRXWVDQGWKH\VWDUWHGWRILJKWDJDLQVW HDFKRWKHUNQRFNLQJRQWKHZDOOV7KLVZHQWRQIRUWZR PLQXWHVDQGWKHQWKHUHZDVFRPSOHWHVLOHQFH)LYHPLQXWHVODWHUWKHGRRUVZHUHRSHQHGEXWLW ZDVTXLWHLPSRVVLEOHWRJRLQIRUDQRWKHUWZHQW\PLQXWHV7KHQWKH6SHFLDO
.RPPDQGRVVWDUWHGZRUN´
:HUHFDSLWXODWH
± 0OOHU VD\V WKH JDV FKDPEHUV ZHUH YHQWLODWHG ³ IRUDFRXSOHRI PLQXWHV´EHIRUHWKH6RQGHUNRPPDQGRFUHZZHQWLQ
± 9UEDVD\VWKDWWKHJDVVLQJEHJDQDURXQGHOHYHQR¶FORFNDIWHUWKHYLFWLPVZHUHGHDGWKHLUJROGWHHWKZHUHSXOOHGWKHLUKDLUFXWRII
DQGWKH³ZHDOWK\-HZVQRWHGHDUO\IRUWKHLUSRWHQWLDO VRWKDWRQH
FRXOGILQGWKHPZLWKRXWWKHLUFORWKHVRQDPRQJFRUSVHV
ZHUHGLVVHFWHG7ZRKRXUVDIWHUWKH\VWDUWHGWKHZKROHRSHUDWLRQ
LVRYHUDQG+LPPOHUFDQGULYHRIIWROXQFK
± )ULHGPDQVD\VWKDWWKHJDVFKDPEHUVFRXOGKDQGOHWR
YLFWLPV SHUKRXU :LWKLQWKLVWLPHWKHUHIRUHWKHJDVVLQJSURFHVV
WKHYHQWLODWLRQDQGWKHFOHDULQJRIWKHFKDPEHUDOOWRRNSODFH ± +|VD\V WKH\ ZDLWHG IRU³DKDOIKRXU DIWHUWKHGHDWKRIWKRVH
VKXWLQVLGHEHIRUHWKH\FOHDUHGWKHJDVFKDPEHU
± %HQGHOVD\VWKHGRRUVZHUHRSHQHGILYHPLQXWHVDIWHUWKHYLFWLPV
KDGGLHGDQGWKHFKDPEHUZDVYHQWLODWHGLQWRWKHFRUULGRUZKHUH
WKHK\GURJHQF\DQLGHSURRI66PHQDQG 6RQGHUNRPPDQGRFUHZ
ZDLWHG 7KHQ WKH\ ZDLWHG DQRWKHU WZHQW\ PLQXWHV EHIRUH WKH
6RQGHUNRPPDQGRVWRUPHGLQWRWKHJDVFKDPEHU
,QRWKHUZRUGVZKDWWKHZLWQHVVHVVD\LVQRWFRQVLVWHQWZLWKRUGLQDU\
VFLHQFHDQGOLIH¶VQRUPDOH[SHULHQFHV<HW+LOEHUJLVDµWUXHEHOLHYHU¶
7KHSLFWXUHLVFRPSOHWHGE\WKHDQDO\VHV²ZKLFKDSSHDUHGDIWHUWKH
³GHILQLWLYH´+LOEHUJHGLWLRQFDPHRXW²XQGHUWDNHQE\)UHG/HXFKWHU DQG
*HUPDU5XGROI RQPRUWDUVDPSOHVWDNHQIURPWKHZDOOVRIWKHURRPVLQ
7ULDORI-RVHI.UDPHUDQGRWKHUV7KH%HOVHQ7ULDO:LOOLDP+RGJHDQG&RPSDQ\/RQGRQ
(GLQEXUJK*ODVJRZS
)UHG $ /HXFKWHU $Q(QJLQHHULQJ5HSRUWRQWKHDOOHJHG([HFXWLRQ*DV&KDPEHUVDW$XVFKZLW]
%LUNHQDX DQG 0DMGDQHN 3RODQG 6DPLVGDW 3XEOLVKHUV 7RURQWR RQOLQH KWWSZZZ]XQGHOVLWHRUJHQJOLVKOHXFKWHUUHSRUWOHXFKWHUWRFKWP7KLVZRUNKDVLWVZHDNQHVVHVEXWVLQFHLW
LVWKHILUVWIRUHQVLFVWXG\RIWKLVVXEMHFWLWGHVHUYHVWREHPHQWLRQHG
*HUPDU 5XGROI 7KH5XGROI5HSRUW 7KHVHV 'LVVHUWDWLRQV3UHVV &DSVKDZ $/ RQOLQH
KWWSYKRRUJ*%%RRNVWUU
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 102/129
- h5*(1 * 5$) Â7 +( * ,$17 : ,7+ ) ((7 2) & /$<
%LUNHQDXLGHQWLILHG DVFRQWDLQLQJ WKH DOOHJHG KRPLFLGDO JDV FKDPEHUV,Q
FRQWUDVWWRWKHVDPSOHVIURPWKHGLVLQIHVWDWLRQFKDPEHUVWKH\VKRZHGQR
VLJQLILFDQWFRQFHQWUDWLRQVRIF\DQLGH
G 7KH3UDFWLFDO&RXUVHRIWKH*DVVLQJVLQ&UHPDWRULHV,,DQG,,,LQ%LUNHQDXDV7ROGE\+LOEHUJ
+LOEHUJUHFDSLWXODWHVWKHZLWQHVVWHVWLPRQ\EULHIO\DVIROORZV
³$Q66PDQ>«@OLIWHGWKHJODVVVKXWWHURYHUWKHODWWLFHDQGHPSWLHG RQH FDQ DIWHU DQRWKHU LQWR WKH JDV FKDPEHU >«@ :LWKLQ ILIWHHQ PLQXWHVVRPHWLPHVILYHHYHU\RQHLQWKHJDVFKDPEHUZDVGHDG
7KHJDVZDVQRZDOORZHGWRHVFDSHDQGDIWHUDERXWKDOIDQKRXUWKHGRRUZDVRSHQHG>«@7KH-HZLVKZRUNSDUWLHV6RQGHUNRPPDQGRV ZHDU
LQJJDVPDVNVGUDJJHGRXWWKHERGLHVQHDUWKHGRRUWRFOHDUDSDWK >«@´SSI '(- SSI
2QWKHVL]HDQGKROGLQJFDSDFLW\RIWKHPRUJXHFHOODUVXVHGDVJDV
FKDPEHUVKHZULWHV
³7KH/HLFKHQNHOOHUZHUHYHU\ODUJHVTXDUH\DUGV >P@ DQG SHUVRQVFRXOGEHSDFNHGLQWRHDFKRIWKHP´S '(- S
7KH LPSRVVLELOLW\ RI WKH JDVVLQJ SURFHVV DV GHVFULEHG E\ WKH ZLW
QHVVHVFDQEHVHHQE\H[DPLQLQJWKHDFFRPSDQ\LQJLOOXVWUDWLRQ$QDO\VLV
RI DLUUHFRQQDLVVDQFH SKRWRJUDSKV IURP VWXG\ RI WKH RULJLQDO FRQVWUXFWLRQ SODQV RI WKH 66 &HQWUDO &RQVWUXFWLRQ 2IILFH LQ $XVFKZLW] DQG
DUFKLWHFWXUDOLQYHVWLJDWLRQRIWKHSUHVHQWVWUXFWXUHVSURYHVWKDWWKHUHZHUH
QRKROHVLQWKHURRIRIWKHVXSSRVHGJDVFKDPEHUGXULQJWKHZDU7KLVOHG
3URIHVVRU5REHUW)DXULVVRQWRFRPSRVHKLVQRZIDPRXVIRXUZRUGPRWWR
1R+ROHV"1Rµ+RORFDXVW¶$SDUWIURPWKHIDFWWKDWWKHUHSRUWHGH[HFXWLRQDQGYHQWLODWLRQSHUL
RGVDUHWHFKQLFDOO\WRREULHIDQGWKDWWKHUHZHUHQRKROHVLQWKHURRIVRIWKH
µJDVFKDPEHUV¶PRUJXH,PDUNHGQRRQWKHGUDZLQJWKHH[WHUPLQD
WLRQPHWKRGGHVFULEHGKHUHLV DEVXUG7KHFUHZVRI WKH6RQGHUNRPPDQGRZHUHSUHVHQWHGZLWKDURRPFUDPPHGIXOORIFRUSVHVFRUSVHVLQ
PPHDQVWKHUHZHUHWHQFRUSVHVSHUP DQGQRZWKH\IDFHGWKHWDVNRI
KDXOLQJWKHPXSVWDLUVWRWKHRYHQURRP7KLVWKH\GLGZLWKDHOHYDWRUZKLFK
FRXOGKROGDWPRVWFRUSVHVDWRQHWLPHZKLFKPHDQVLWPXVWKDYHKDGWR
-RKQ&%DOO7KH%DOO5HSRUW %DOO5HVRXUFH6HUYLFHV'HOWDR''UDZLQJS3URI'U5REHUW
YDQ3HOWKDVSXEOLVKHGDGUDZLQJZKLFKLVPXFKEHWWHUIURPDQDUFKLWHFWXUDOVWDQGSRLQWLQ5REHUW
YDQ3HOW'HERUDK'ZRUN $XVFKZLW]WRWKH3UHVHQW <DOH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV1HZ+DYHQDQG/RQGRQS+RZHYHULWKDVWKHFULWLFDOGHIHFWWKDWWKHGUDIWVZRPDQ.DWH0XOOLQKDV
IUDXGXOHQWO\DGGHGWKHRPLQRXV=\NORQ%ILOOLQJFROXPQVRQ0RUJXH&HOODUPRVWOLNHO\DWWKH
GLUHFWLRQRI3URIYDQ3HOW)RUWKLVUHDVRQZHGRQRWVKRZLWKHUH
)RUWKHGHWDLOVVHH*5XGROIRSFLWQRWH
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 103/129
9,,7 +( . ,//,1*& (17(56
F-RKQ&%DOO
0DUFK
ULVHDQGIDOOEHWZHHQWKHRYHQURRPDQGWKHJDVFKDPEHUDURXQGWLPHV
SHUJDVVLQJ,IHDFKRIWKHPXIIOHVFUHPDWHGRQHFRUSVHSHUKRXUDIWHU
KRXUVWKHUHZRXOGVWLOOEHPLQXVGHDGLQWKHJDVFKDP
EHU²DQGQRZWKHQH[WZRXOGEHFRPLQJLQVLQFHLIWKHZKROHWKLQJ
WRRN SODFH LQ VSULQJ RU VXPPHU WKHUH ZHUH DSSUR[LPDWHO\
-HZVJDVVHGGDLO\DPRQJWKHIRXUFUHPDWRULHV+RZGLGWKH66SXWWKHVH -HZV LQWR D JDV FKDPEHU FRQWDLQLQJ ERGLHV IURP WKH GD\
EHIRUH"
5DXO +LOEHUJ KDV VWXGLHG PDQ\ ZLWQHVV VWDWHPHQWV 8VLQJ WKHP KH
KDVFRQVWUXFWHGDJURWHVTXHVFKHPHRIPDVVH[WHUPLQDWLRQLQµH[WHUPLQD
WLRQ FDPSV¶ZLWKRXWSDXVLQJIRU DPRPHQW WRZRQGHUZKHWKHU WKH ZKROH
WKLQJFRXOGKDYHKDSSHQHGWKDWZD\DWDOO+HLVWRTXRWH5REHUW)DXULVVRQ
DJDLQD³ SDSHUKLVWRULDQ´ZKROLYHVIDUIURPWKHSK\VLFDOUHDOLW\RIVFLHQFH
DQGFUHGLEOHHYLGHQFH
3URI 5REHUW )DXULVVRQ ZDV WKH ILUVW WR SRLQW RXW WR PH WKH DEVXUGLW\ RI WKH FODLPHG JDVVLQJ
SURFHGXUHFRQYHUVDWLRQLQ9LFK\0DUFK
&URVVVHFWLRQDOGUDZLQJRI&UHPDWRU\,,LQ$XVFKZLW]%LUNHQDXEDVHGRQGRFXPHQWDU\FRQVWUXFWLRQSODQVDLUUHFRQQDLVVDQFHSKRWRJUDSKVDQG
LQYHVWLJDWLRQVRIWKHSUHVHQWVWUXFWXUHV )HQFHSRVWV 2SHQJDWH *DUGHQ $FFHVVVWDLUZD\WR0RUJXH&HOODU :DWFKWRZHU
0RUJXH,,VXSSRVHGXQGUHVVLQJURRP 0RUJXH,VXSSRVHGNLOOLQJJDVFKDPEHUZLWKKROHVLQWKHURRIIRULQWURGXFWLRQRI=\NORQ%²WKHKROHVDUHQRWWKHUH
RYHQVWKUHHPXIIOHVHDFK
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 104/129
- h5*(1 * 5$) Â7 +( * ,$17 : ,7+ ) ((7 2) & /$<
H 7KH&ODLPHG,QFLQHUDWLRQRI6RPHWLPHV&RUSVHV'DLO\LQ%LUNHQDX
,QGHHGDV+LOEHUJVWDWHVRQS '(- SWKHIRXUFUHPDWR
ULHVLQ%LUNHQDXSXWLQWRRSHUDWLRQIURP0DUFKSRVVHVVHGILULQJ
FKDPEHUVLQDOOHDFKLQ&UHPDWRULHV,,DQG,,,HDFKLQ&UHPDWRULHV,9
DQG97KHFUHPDWLRQRIRQHFRUSVHLQDPXIIOHWDNHVDVKDVDOUHDG\EHHQ
PHQWLRQHGRQDYHUDJHRQHKRXU&RQVLGHULQJWKHIDFWWKDWDFRNHEXUQLQJ
RYHQVXFKDVLQVWDOOHGE\WKH7RSIILUPLQ%LUNHQDXFDQQRWEHRSHUDWHGFRQ
WLQXRXVO\WZHQW\IRXUKRXUVDGD\GD\LQDQGGD\RXW²LWPXVWEHFOHDQHG
UHJXODUO\ DQG LW QHHGV WR FRRO RII EHIRUH EHLQJ FOHDQHG²ZH DVVXPH D
WZHQW\KRXUSHULRGRIRSHUDWLRQDQGHYHQWKDWLVSUREDEO\WRRKLJK,QWKDW
FDVH WKH PXIIOHV DW %LUNHQDX KDG D PD[LPXP GDLO\ FDSDFLW\ RI FRUSVHVSHUGD\îZHURXQGWKLVRIIWRWRDOORZIRUWKHSUHV
HQFHRIFKLOGUHQ¶VFRUSVHV
,QYLHZRIWKHVHSODLQIDFWVWKHGRFXPHQWFLWHGE\+LOEHUJRQS
'(- SVXSSRVHGO\DOHWWHUGDWHGWK-XQHIURPWKH&HQWUDO
&RQVWUXFWLRQ2IILFHDW$XVFKZLW]LQZKLFKWKHGDLO\WKURXJKSXWIRU&UHPD
WRULHV,,DQG,,,ZDVSXWDWHDFKDQGIRU&UHPDWRULHV,9DQG9DW
HDFKLVFHUWDLQO\DIRUJHU\²SUREDEO\RI6RYLHWRULJLQ '(- KDVDQHUURU
JLYLQJDVFDSDFLW\RI&UHPDWRULHV,9DQG9HDFKLQVWHDGRI(YHQLQWKH7KLUG5HLFKWHFKQLFDOO\LPSRVVLEOHWKLQJVGLGQRWKDSSHQ
%HFDXVH WKH H[LVWHQFH RI WKH LQFLQHUDWLRQ SLWV UHSRUWHG E\ )LOLS
0OOHU DQG RWKHU ZLWQHVVHV LV UHIXWHG E\ WKH DLUUHFRQQDLVVDQFH SKRWR
JUDSKV WKH LQFLQHUDWLRQ FDSDFLW\ FODLPHG E\ +LOEHUJ FRUSVHV RU
PRUHSHUGD\LVJUHDWHUWKDQWKHWKHRUHWLFDOPD[LPXPSRVVLEOHE\DIDFWRU
RIWHQ²DQGDVDSUDFWLFDOPDWWHUYHU\PXFKPRUHVLQFHZHNQRZIURPWKH
LQYHVWLJDWLRQV RI 0DWWRJQR'HDQD DQG 3UHVVDF WKDW WKH FUHPDWRULHV ZHUH
QRWHG IRU WKHLU IUHTXHQW EUHDNGRZQV ZKLFK ZRXOG UHGXFH WKHLU FDSDFLW\GUDVWLFDOO\
7KH RQO\ SRVVLEOH VFLHQWLILF FRQFOXVLRQ LV WKDW WKH VXSSRVHG PDQ\
KXQGUHG WKRXVDQGIROG PXUGHURI -HZV LQ VSULQJ DQG IDOO FRXOG QRW
KDYHKDSSHQHGEHFDXVHFUHPDWLRQVRIWKLVTXDQWLW\ZHUHWHFKQLFDOO\LPSRV
VLEOH%RGLHVGRQRWJHQHUDOO\GLVDSSHDUDOORQWKHLURZQHYHQLQWKH7KLUG
5HLFK
2QWKLV FI 0DQIUHG *HUQHU ³6FKOVVHOGRNXPHQWLVW)lOVFKXQJ 9II*SS
RQOLQHKWWSYKRRUJ9II**HUQHUKWPO FI & 0DWWRJQR³µ6FKOVVHOGRNXPHQW¶±HLQHDOWHUQDWLYH ,QWHUSUHWDWLRQ´ 9II* SS RQOLQH KWWSYKRRUJ9II*
0DWWRJQRKWPO(QJOKWWSZZZUXVVJUDQDWDFRPODOHWWKWPO
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 105/129
9,,,+LOEHUJ¶V6WDWLVWLFVRQ-HZLVK9LFWLPV
$QDWRP\RI$QRWKHU)UDXG
7KHµ7KUHH&DWHJRULHVRI9LFWLPV¶
,QKLVWKLUGYROXPH+LOEHUJGLVFXVVHVWKH-HZLVKSRSXODWLRQORVVHVLQ
WKHDUHDVXQGHU*HUPDQUXOHSS '(- SS7KHUHO
HYDQWVXEFKDSWHULVHQWLWOHG³6WDWLVWLFVRI.LOOHG-HZV´DOWKRXJKµ6WDWLVWLFV
RI 'HDWKV RI -HZV¶ ZRXOG EH PRUH SUHFLVH EHFDXVH WKH VWDWLVWLFV DOVR
LQFOXGH-HZVZKRGLHGLQWKHFDPSVDQGJKHWWRVIURPHSLGHPLFVH[KDXVWLRQ
DQGRWKHUFDXVHV,Q '(- WKLVVXEMHFWLVSXWLQDQDSSHQGL[HQWLWOHG³6WDWLVWLFVRI-HZLVK'HDG ´+LOEHUJFRXQWVPLOOLRQ-HZLVKYLFWLPVS
'(- SDQGPLVVHVWKHFODVVLFDOQXPEHUVL[PLOOLRQE\DOPRVWDPLO
OLRQ2QS '(- SKHZULWHV
³$Q\ DVVHVVPHQW EDVHG RQ DGGLWLRQV PXVW UHIOHFW WKH RULJLQV DQG PHDQLQJVRIWKHQXPEHUVIRXQGLQZDUWLPHGRFXPHQWV7KHODUJHPDMRULW\RI WKHVHILJXUHVVWHPVIURPDQDFWXDOFRXQWRIWKHYLFWLPV%\DQGODUJHWKHQXPEHUVIDOOLQWRWKUHHFDWHJRULHVGHDWKVDVDUHVXOWRISULYDWLRQSULQFL
SDOO\KXQJHUDQGGLVHDVHLQJKHWWRVVKRRWLQJVDQGGHSRUWDWLRQVWRGHDWKFDPSV´
7KDWWKHYLFWLPFRXQWV+LOEHUJSRVWXODWHV³UHIOHFW«QXPEHUVIRXQGLQZDUWLPHGRFXPHQWV´RIZKLFK³WKHODUJHPDMRULW\«VWHPVIURPDQDFWXDO FRXQW LVDVZHKDYHVDLGVHYHUDOWLPHVSXUHIOLPIODP
2QS '(- S+LOEHUJLGHQWLILHVKRZYLFWLPVLQWKHVHWKUHHFDWHJRULHVPHWWKHLUGHDWKV+HUHLVKLVWDEOHLQVLPSOLILHGIRUP
'HDWKFDPSV GHDGRUOHVV
&DPSVZLWKORZGHDWKFRXQWV
LQFOXGLQJODERUDQGWUDQVLWFDPSV GHDG
5RPDQLDQDQG&URDWLDQFDPSV GHDGRUOHVV
*KHWWRVLQFOXGLQJ7KHUHVLHQVWDGW
DQGSULYDWLRQRXWVLGHJKHWWRV GHDGRUPRUH
2SHQDLUVKRRWLQJV86656HUELDDQG³HOVHZKHUH´GHDG727$/$3352;,0$7(/< '($'
)LUVWRQWKHYLFWLPVRIRSHQDLUVKRRWLQJVEHFDXVHRIWKHLQVLJQLIL
FDQWQXPEHURI6HUELDQ-HZVZHUHVWULFWRXUVHOYHVWRWKH6RYLHW8QLRQ
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 106/129
- h5*(1 * 5$) Â7 +( * ,$17 : ,7+ ) ((7 2) & /$<
2QSSI '(- S+LOEHUJKDVDWWULEXWHGVKRRWLQJVRIPRUH
WKDQ6RYLHW-HZVWRWKH(LQVDW]JUXSSHQDQGDGGVWKHVHFRUUHVSRQG
WR³RQO\DERXWWZRWKLUGVRIWKHWRWDOQXPEHURI-HZLVKYLFWLPVLQPRELOH
RSHUDWLRQV´7KHUHIRUHPLOOLRQ6RYLHW-HZVPXVWKDYHEHHQNLOOHG2Q S '(- SKHJLYHVDIDUVPDOOHUQXPEHUKHFRXQWVWKHQXPEHU
RI-HZLVKYLFWLPVLQWKH6RYLHW8QLRQDV³RYHU´RIZKLFK³XSWR´ZHUHLQ/LWKXDQLDZHUHLQ/DWYLDDQG³ RYHU´ZHUHLQ
(VWRQLDLQ '(- JLYHQWKHVHVWDWLVWLFVWKHQXPEHURI-HZVNLOOHGLQ
WKHWHUULWRULHVRIWKH6RYLHW8QLRQLQFOXGLQJWKH%DOWLFDUHDFDQKDUGO\KDYH
H[FHHGHG :KDW DFFRXQWV IRU WKH GLIIHUHQFH RI DV FRP
SDUHGWRWKHHDUOLHUQXPEHU"
3RVVLEO\+LOEHUJKDVOXPSHGLQWKH-HZVZKRIOHGIURPZHVWWRHDVW
LQ3RODQGIROORZLQJWKHSDUWLWLRQRI3RODQGLQIDOOZKRZHUHRYHUWDNHQ
DQG NLOOHG E\ WKH *HUPDQ DUP\ DIWHU QG -XQH ZLWK WKH ILJXUH RI
6RYLHW-HZLVKYLFWLPVLQWKHVHFRQGVHWRIVWDWLVWLFV,IWKHUHZHUH
RIWKHPWKH\VKRXOGKDYHEHHQVXEWUDFWHGIURPWKHQXPEHURI3RO
LVK-HZLVKYLFWLPVEXWRQS '(- S+LOEHUJVD\VWKHUHZHUH
³XSWRPLOOLRQ´RIWKHODWWHU6LQFHDVKHWHOOVXVWKHUHZHUHPLOOLRQ
-HZV LQ 3RODQG LQ $XJXVW VKRUWO\ EHIRUH WKH *HUPDQ LQYDVLRQ S
'(- QDWKHUHFDQQRWKDYHEHHQPLOOLRQRIWKHVHDQQLKLODWHGLQ
3RODQGLWVHOIDQGLQWKH8665LIWKH*HUPDQVKDGH[WHUPLQDWHGDOORI3ROLVK-HZU\ZLWKRXWH[FHSWLRQ
6RLWLVFOHDUIURPWKHVWDUWWKDW+LOEHUJLVSOD\LQJZLWKPDUNHGFDUGV
+LOEHUJVD\VWKHQXPEHURI-HZVZKRGLHGLQWKHµFRPPRQ¶FRQFHQ
WUDWLRQFDPSV'DFKDX%XFKHQZDOG0DXWKDXVHQDQG6WXWWKRIDQGDOVRLQ
ZRUNDQGWUDQVLWFDPSVZDVZKLFKLVLQWKHUHDOPRISRVVLELOLW\
:HFDQVD\QRWKLQJRQWKHYLFWLPFRXQWRIDVFULEHGWR5RPDQLDQ
DQG&URDWLDQFDPSVEHFDXVHZHKDYHQRWVWXGLHGWKHVHFDPSV
7KHUHUHPDLQWKHYLFWLPVLQWKHJKHWWRVDQGWKRVHUHVXOWLQJIURP SULYDWLRQ RXWVLGH WKH JKHWWRV +RZ LQ KHDYHQ¶V QDPH GRHV +LOEHUJ
DUULYHDWWKLVQXPEHU"0RVW3ROLVK-HZVZHUHVXSSRVHGO\IHWFKHGIURPWKH
JKHWWRVDQGWUDQVSRUWHGWRWKHµH[WHUPLQDWLRQFDPSV¶DQGJDVVHGWKHUHDQG
WKH-HZVIURPWKHJKHWWRVLQWKH8665ZHUHDOOHJHGO\VKRWZKHQWKHJKHWWRV
ZHUHEURNHQXS'RHV+LOEHUJFRXQWWKHVHGHDWKVWZLFH"$SSDUHQWO\\HV
EHFDXVHRWKHUZLVHWKHGHVLUHGILQDOWRWDOVZRXOGQHYHUEHUHDFKHG
,Q3RODQGWKHUHZHUHKXQGUHGVRIVPDOOZRUNFDPSVZKLFKZHUHQRWFRQVLGHUHGRXWO\LQJFDPSVRI WKHRIILFLDOFRQFHQWUDWLRQFDPSV$QRYHUYLHZRIWKHVHFDPSVFDQEHIRXQGLQWKHZRUNSXEOLVKHG
E\ WKH *åRZQD .RPLVMD %DGDQLD =EURGQL +LWOHURZVNLFK Z 3ROVFH +HDG &RPPLVVLRQ IRU WKH
,QYHVWLJDWLRQ RI +LWOHU &ULPHV LQ 3RODQG HQWLWOHG 2ER]\ +LWOHURZVNLH QD =LHPLDFK 3ROVNLFK
3DQVWZRZH:\GDZQLFWZR1DXNRZH:DUVDZ
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 107/129
9,,,+ ,/%(5*¶ 6 6 7$7,67,&6 21 - (:,6+ 9 ,&7,06 $ 1$720< 2) $) 5$8'
2YHU PLOOLRQ LPDJLQDU\ JDVVLQJ YLFWLPV D PDVVLYHO\ LQIODWHG
QXPEHU RIVKRRWLQJYLFWLPVD PDVVLYHO\LQIODWHG QXPEHU RIGHDWKVLQWKH
JKHWWRV DQG GXH WR SULYDWLRQ RXWVLGH JKHWWRV²E\ WKHVH PHDQVWKH µ+ROR
FDXVW¶SRSHVHHVWRLWWKDWKHFDQFRXQWLIQRWVL[DWOHDVWRYHUILYHPLOOLRQGHDG-HZV
/HWXVH[DPLQH+LOEHUJ¶VVWDWLVWLFVIRUWKUHHFULWLFDOFRXQWULHV
+XQJDU\
,Q +XQJDULDQ -HZV ZHUH LQGLVSXWDEO\ YLVLWHG ZLWK WZR JUHDW
GHSRUWDWLRQV%HWZHHQ0D\DQG-XO\PRVWRIWKH-HZVOLYLQJRXWVLGH%XGDS
HVWZHUHGHSRUWHGPRVWO\WR$XVFKZLW]$FFRUGLQJWRWKHGLVSDWFKHVRIWKH
*HUPDQVSHFLDODPEDVVDGRULQ%XGDSHVW(GPXQG9HHVHQPD\HUWKHQXP EHURIGHSRUWHHVZDV7KHRSHUDWLRQZDVVWRSSHGRQWK-XO\E\
+XQJDULDQ 5HJHQW 0LNORV +RUWK\ DQG WKH -HZV RI%XGDSHVW ZHUH VSDUHG
IXUWKHUGHSRUWDWLRQ,Q2FWREHUDIWHUWKHIDOORI+RUWK\DQGWKH VHL]XUHRI
SRZHUE\$UURZ&URVVIRUFHV+XQJDULDQ1DWLRQDO6RFLDOLVWVXQGHU)HUHQF
6]DODVLPDQ\WKRXVDQG+XQJDULDQ-HZVZHUHGULYHQWRWKHERUGHUVRIWKH
5HLFKLQIRUFHGPDUFKHVWREXLOGIRUWLILFDWLRQVDJDLQVWD6RYLHWLQYDVLRQ
2IWKHILUVWGHSRUWDWLRQVWKH (Q]\NORSlGLHGHV+RORFDXVW ZULWHV
³0RVWRIWKH+XQJDULDQ-HZVZHUHJDVVHGVKRUWO\DIWHUWKHLUDUULYDO LQ$XVFKZLW]%LUNHQDX´
+LOEHUJDOVRDVVHUWVRQS '(- SWKDW³WKHJUHDWEXON RI
+XQJDULDQGHSRUWHHVLQ³ZHUHJDVVHGLQWKH$XVFKZLW]NLOOLQJFHQWHU XSRQDUULYDO 2QWKHRWKHUKDQGLQDWDEOHRQS '(- SGHDO
LQJZLWK³ 'HDWKVE\&RXQWU\´KHJLYHVWKHWRWDOQXPEHURI+XQJDULDQ-HZ
LVKYLFWLPVDV³RYHU´%HFDXVHWKLVPXVWLQFOXGHWKHGHDWKVIURP
WKH VHFRQGGHSRUWDWLRQ FDUULHG RXW LQ2FWREHUWKHQRIWKH
GLVSODFHGEHWZHHQ0D\DQG-XO\FOHDUO\OHVVWKDQPHWWKHLUGHDWKVDQGWKXVPDQ\PRUHWKDQKDOIVXUYLYHGWKHZDU7KHUHE\+LOEHUJXQGHUFXWV
KLVRZQDVVHUWLRQWKDW³WKHJUHDWEXON ZDVJDVVHG:KHUHZHUHSHRSOHVHQW
ZKR GLG QRW GLH LQ $XVFKZLW]"+LOEHUJ PHQWLRQV VHYHUDO WKRXVDQG WUDQV
IHUUHGHOVHZKHUHSSI '(- QD:KDWKDSSHQHGWRWKHRWKHUV"7KH
UHDGHUVDUHQHYHUWROG
1RU DUH WKH\ WROG ZKHUH +LOEHUJ KDV JRWWHQ KLV ILJXUH RI
+XQJDULDQ-HZLVKYLFWLPV
%HFDXVHWKHFODLPHGPDVVDQQLKLODWLRQLQ%LUNHQDXFDQQRWKDYHWDNHQ
SODFH GXH WR LWV UDGLFDO WHFKQLFDO LPSRVVLELOLW\ LW LV OLNHO\ WKDW WKH DFWXDO
Y,,,S
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 108/129
- h5*(1 * 5$) Â7 +( * ,$17 : ,7+ ) ((7 2) & /$<
SRSXODWLRQORVVHV RI+XQJDULDQ -HZVGLG QRW H[FHHG VHYHUDOWHQV RIWKRX
VDQGV$XVFKZLW]ZDVSUREDEO\DWUDQVLWFDPS 'XUFKJDQJVODJHU IRUWKH
+XQJDULDQ-HZVZKRZHUHQRWUHJLVWHUHGWKHUH7KHSURYHQWUDQVIHUVIURP
$XVFKZLW]WR6WXWWKRI
PHVKZLWKWKLVGHVFULSWLRQFORVHO\
3RODQG
6RPHRQH QRW IDPLOLDU ZLWK WKH GLIILFXOWLHV RI SRSXODWLRQ VWDWLVWLFV
PLJKWWKLQNWKDWWKHGHPRJUDSKLFORVVHVRI-HZVLQ3RODQGFRXOGEHGHWHU
PLQHGE\VXEWUDFWLQJWKHQXPEHURI-HZVOLYLQJWKHUHDIWHU WKHZDUIURPWKH
QXPEHUOLYLQJWKHUHEHIRUHWKHZDU7KLVLVWKHPHWKRGXVHGLQDPRQJRWK
HUV WKH FROOHFWHG ZRUN HGLWHG E\ WKH QRWRULRXV 3URI :ROIJDQJ %HQ]
'LPHQVLRQGHV9|ONHUPRUGVLQZKLFKWKHFRQFHSWRI-HZLVKHPLJUDWLRQGRHVQRWDSSHDU+LOEHUJFRQFHGHVPDJQDQLPRXVO\WKDW3ROLVK-HZV
HPLJUDWHG ³WR3DOHVWLQHDQGRWKHUDUHDV´GXULQJWKHZDUDQGWKDW³ WKRX VDQGV´ VXUYLYHG LQ WKH WHUULWRULHV DQQH[HG E\ WKH 6RYLHW 8QLRQ RU ZHUH
GHSRUWHGE\WKH6RYLHWVS '(- S+HVD\V³XSWRPLOOLRQ´
3ROLVK -HZV GLHG S '(- S ZKLFK LV DOPRVW RI WKH
FODLPHGPLOOLRQDOLYHEHIRUHWKHZDU
7KLVWKUHHPLOOLRQQXPEHULVDSXUHIDQWDV\)RURQHWKLQJWKHVWDUW
LQJQXPEHULVWRRKLJKVLQFHWKHODVW3ROLVKFHQVXVEHIRUHWKHZDUDFFRUGLQJ WR ZKLFK -HZV OLYHG LQ 3RODQG WRRN SODFH LQ DQG
DFFRUGLQJWRWKH,QVWLWXWHIRU&RQWHPSRUDU\+LVWRU\LQ0XQLFKGXULQJWKH
GHFDGH RI WKH µV VRPH -HZV D \HDU HPLJUDWHG IURP 3RODQG
$IWHU3RODQGZDVSDUWLWLRQHGLQIDOOWKHUHZDVDPDVVLYHIOLJKWRI-HZV
RXWRIWKH*HUPDQKDOILQWRWKH6RYLHWKDOI,QKLVVWXG\ 7KH'LVVROXWLRQ
6DQQLQJQDPHVQXPHURXV WRZQVIURPZKLFKPRUHWKDQKDOIWKH-HZVKDG
PRYHGWRWKHHDVW$OWKRXJKRQQG-XQHWKH6RYLHWRFFXSLHGDUHDRI
3RODQGFDPHTXLFNO\XQGHUWKHFRQWURORIWKH:HKUPDFKWDODUJHVKDUHRI
WKH -HZV WKHUH IOHG ZLWK WKH 5HG $UP\ DQG VRPH KDG SUHYLRXVO\ EHHQGHSRUWHGIXUWKHUHDVWE\6WDOLQ¶VZLOOLQJH[HFXWLRQHUV
$FFRUGLQJWRDUHSRUWLQWKH8QLWHG3UHVVLQ)HEUXDU\
-HZVVWLOOOLYHGLQ3RODQG7KHIROORZLQJIDFWVVKRXOGDOVREHQRWHG
± LPPHGLDWHO\DIWHUWKHHQGRIWKHZDUQXPHURXV3ROLVK-HZVHPL
JUDWHGWR$PHULFD3DOHVWLQHDQGRWKHUSODFHV
&IFKDSWHU9, 3XEOLVKHGE\52OGHQERXUJ
([SHUWUHSRUWRIWKH,QVWLWXWHRI&RQWHPSRUDU\+LVWRU\0XQLFKFLWHGE\:6DQQLQJRSFLWQRWHS
.HHVLQJV$UFKLYGHU*HJHQZDUW WKWK\HDU(VVHQ5HSRUWHGRQ
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 109/129
9,,,+ ,/%(5*¶ 6 6 7$7,67,&6 21 - (:,6+ 9 ,&7,06 $ 1$720< 2) $) 5$8'
± PRVW3ROLVK-HZVZKRKDGIOHGWRWKH8665VWD\HGWKHUH
± PDQ\3ROLVK-HZVZKRUHPDLQHGLQ3RODQGDIWHUWKHZDUFKDQJHG
WKHLUQDPHVDQGEHFDPHGLIILFXOWWRUHFRJQL]HDV-HZV
:HGRQRWSRVVHVVUHOLDEOHILJXUHVIRUWKLVSUREOHPVRLWLVQRWSRVVL EOHWRFDOFXODWH-HZLVKSRSXODWLRQORVVHVLQ3RODQGHYHQDSSUR[LPDWHO\,Q
DQ\FDVHRI+LOEHUJ¶VXSWRWKUHHPLOOLRQGHDWKVWKHLPDJLQDU\JDVVLQJYLF
WLPVVKRXOGEHVXEWUDFWHGPRVWRIWKHH[WHUPLQDWHGLQWKHµSXUHH[WHU
PLQDWLRQ FDPSV¶ DQG D VXEVWDQWLDO QXPEHU RI WKRVH NLOOHG LQ $XVFKZLW]
ZHUHVXSSRVHGO\3ROLVK-HZV7KHSUREDEOHPDJQLWXGHRI-HZLVKORVVHVLQ
3RODQGLVXSWRVHYHUDOKXQGUHGWKRXVDQGDQGWUXO\DWUDJHG\
7KH6RYLHW8QLRQ7KHFHQVXVRIVKRZHGPLOOLRQ6RYLHW-HZVEXWLQWKH
$PHULFDQ-HZLVK<HDUERRN UHSRUWHGWKDWWKHUHZHUHPLOOLRQ7KLVFDQ
RQO\ EH H[SODLQHG LI D ODUJH VKDUH RI3ROLVK %DOWLF DQG 5RPDQLDQ -HZU\
ZHUHDEVRUEHGE\ WKH8665%XWDFFRUGLQJWRWKHFHQVXVRI
PLOOLRQ-HZVOLYHGLQ6RYLHWODQGV+RZHYHULQWKH6RYLHWFHQVXVHYHU\FLW
L]HQ FRXOG JLYH WKH QDWLRQDOLW\ WKDW KH WKRXJKW KH EHORQJHG WR DQG ODUJH
QXPEHUVRI6RYLHW-HZVKDGDVVLPLODWHGWKHODWWHUQRORQJHUUHJDUGHGWKHP
VHOYHVDV-HZVEXWDV5XVVLDQV8NUDLQLDQVDQGVRRQ,QDGGLWLRQDSRZHUIXOO\ DQWL=LRQLVW PRRG ZDV SUHYDOHQW DQG DQDFNQRZOHGJHPHQW RIEHLQJ
-HZLVKPLJKWKDYHEURXJKWKDUDVVPHQWZLWKLW
$PD]LQJO\KRZHYHURQVW-XO\²ORQJDIWHUWKHEHJLQQLQJRI
HPLJUDWLRQWR,VUDHODQGWRWKH86$²WKH 1HZ<RUN3RVW UHIHUUHGDJDLQWR
ILYH PLOOLRQ 6RYLHW -HZV %HFDXVH RI WKLV XQKRO\ FKDRV RI QXPEHUV LW LV
FOHDUWKDWLWLVQRWSRVVLEOHWRFRPHWRDUHOLDEOHHVWLPDWHRIWKHH[WHQWRI
6RYLHW-HZLVKSRSXODWLRQORVVHVLQWKH6HFRQG:RUOG:DU²TXLWHDSDUWIURP
WKH IDFW WKDW RQH DOVR PXVW WDNH DFFRXQW RI -HZLVK PHPEHUV RI WKH 5HG
$UP\IDOOHQLQEDWWOHDVZHOODV-HZLVKFLYLOLDQVZKRGLHGRIVWDUYDWLRQLQ
DUHDVWKDWZHUHQRW*HUPDQRFFXSLHGZKRVHGHDWKVZHUHQRWGXHWR*HU
PDQSHUVHFXWLRQPHDVXUHVDQGKDGQRWKLQJWRGRZLWKWKHµ+RORFDXVW¶
6XPPDU\
+LOEHUJ¶VILJXUHRIDSSUR[LPDWHO\GHDWKVRI-HZVLQ*HUPDQ
FRQFHQWUDWLRQ ZRUN DQG WUDQVLW FDPSV²WR EH FOHDUO\ GLVWLQJXLVKHG IURP
2Q WKLV FI IRU H[DPSOH -R]HI 3DZOLNRZVNL ³ (LQLJH $QPHUNXQJHQ ]X MGLVFKHQ %HY|ONHUXQJV VWDWLVWLNHQ´9II*SSIRQOLQHKWWSYKRRUJ9II*3DZOLNRZVNLKWPO
YS
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 110/129
- h5*(1 * 5$) Â7 +( * ,$17 : ,7+ ) ((7 2) & /$<
µH[WHUPLQDWLRQFDPSV¶²LV DOPRVW FHUWDLQO\ WRR KLJKEXW LWPD\EHLQ WKH
ULJKWUDQJH-HZVZKRGLHGLQ$XVFKZLW]DQG0DMGDQHNRIVLFNQHVVH[KDXV
WLRQDQGVRRQVKRXOGDOVREHLQFOXGHGLQWKLVQXPEHU2IWKHPD[LPXP
GHDWKVLQFXUUHGDWWKHVHWZRFDPSV
VRPHZHUHSUREDEO\-HZLVK7KLVPHDQVWKDWDWPRVWVRPH -HZVFRXOGKDYH PHWWKHLU
GHDWKVLQ*HUPDQFDPSV7KHPDVVVKRRWLQJVLQWKH6RYLHW8QLRQWKHPLV
HU\LQWKHJKHWWRVDQGWKHHYDFXDWLRQRIWKHFDPSVLQWKHODVWPRQWKVRIWKH
ZDUFRXOGQRWKDYHFRVWPRUHWKDQVHYHUDOKXQGUHGWKRXVDQG-HZLVKOLYHV
7KHILQDOILJXUHRI-HZLVKSRSXODWLRQORVVHVPXVWEHPXFKOHVVWKDQRQHPLOOLRQ
7KLV HVWLPDWH LV FRQILUPHG E\ WKH LQYHVWLJDWLRQV RI 6ZHGLVK
UHVHDUFKHU &DUO 1RUGOLQJ %DVHGRQWKH ELRJUDSKLFDO GDWD RI WKH ILUVW
-HZLVKSHUVRQDOLWLHVOLVWHGLQWKH (QF\FORSDHGLD-XGDLFDLQZKROLYHGLQWKHLU (XURSHDQ KRPHODQGV ZKHQ WKH ZDU EHJDQ KH GHWHUPLQHG WKDW RI
WKHVH HPLJUDWHGUHPDLQHGLQWKHLUKRPHODQGV EXW ZHUHVSDUHG
GHSRUWDWLRQV RU LQWHUQPHQW ZHUH GHSRUWHG EXW VXUYLYHG DQG
GLHG
,Q KLV VWXG\ EDVHG H[FOXVLYHO\ RQ -HZLVK DQG $OOLHG VWDWLVWLFV :
6DQQLQJFRPHVWRWKHFRQFOXVLRQWKDWQRWPRUHWKDQPLOOLRQ-HZVZHUH
VXEMHFWWR*HUPDQSRZHUPHDQLQJWKDWWKH\OLYHGLQWKH*HUPDQDUHDRI
LQIOXHQFHDWWKHWLPHZKHQWKHµ+RORFDXVW¶ZDVVXSSRVHGO\WUDQVSLULQJ
/HWXVDVVXPHWKDW6DQQLQJ¶VQXPEHULVWRRORZDQGWKDWWKHQXPEHURI-HZV
OLYLQJLQWKH*HUPDQDUHDRIFRQWUROZDVPLOOLRQ/HWXVDOVRDVVXPHWKDW
1RUGOLQJ¶V VWDWLVWLFV DUH QRW UHSUHVHQWDWLYH DQG WKDW QRW EXW RI
-HZVGLHGLQWKH*HUPDQDUHDRIFRQWURO,QWKLVFDVHWKHQXPEHURI-HZLVK
YLFWLPVZRXOGUXQWRRQHPLOOLRQ²RQO\DILIWKRI+LOEHUJ¶VµFDOFXODWHG¶RU
LQYHQWHGQXPEHU
+LOEHUJ¶VPHWKRGVFDQEHTXLWHFOHDUO\VHHQLQKLVWUHDWPHQWRIWKH
GHPRJUDSKLFDOO\NH\FRXQWU\3RODQG+HLJQRUHVWKHPDVVLYHHPLJUDWLRQRI
-HZV RXW RI3RODQG EHIRUH WKH ZDU SOD\V GRZQ WKH PDVVIOLJKW RI 3ROLVK-HZVLQWRWKH8665LQOHWVLQQXPHUDEOHµYLFWLPVRIJDVVLQJLQWKH
H[WHUPLQDWLRQFDPSV¶GLHDVHFRQGWLPHDVµNLOOHGLQVKRRWLQJVEHKLQGWKH
HDVWHUQIURQW¶RU µSHULVKHG LQWKHJKHWWRV¶GRHVQRW ERWKHU WRPHQWLRQWKH
PDQ\KXQGUHGVRIWKRXVDQGVRI3ROLVK-HZVZKRHPLJUDWHGDIWHUWKHZDU
DQGSD\VQRDWWHQWLRQWRWKHIDFWWKDWPDQ\3ROLVK-HZVZHUHQRORQJHUUHF
RJQL]HGDVVXFKDIWHU2QHFRXOGQRWVKLIWDQGFKRSVWDWLVWLFVDQ\PRUH
GLVKRQHVWO\WKDQRXU*LDQWKDVGRQH
&IQRWHVDQGLQFKDSWHU9,,
5HYXHG¶+LVWRLUH5pYLVLRQQLVWHSSKWWSYKRRUJ)M5+51RUGOLQJKWPO
:6DQQLQJRSFLWQRWHS
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 111/129
,;+LOEHUJ¶V'HEDFOHDWWKH)LUVW=QGHO7ULDO
,Q7RURQWRLQDWULDOWRRNSODFHDJDLQVWWKH*HUPDQ&DQDGLDQ
(UQVW =QGHO $W WKH LQVWLJDWLRQ RI D ³ +RORFDXVW 5HPHPEUDQFH $VVRFLDWLRQ´ KH KDG EHHQ DFFXVHG RI EUHDNLQJ D ODZ DJDLQVW ³ VSUHDGLQJ IDOVHQHZV´²ZKLFKZDVODWHUGHFODUHGE\&DQDGD¶V6XSUHPH&RXUWWREHXQFRQ
VWLWXWLRQDO²EHFDXVH KH KDGGLVWULEXWHG5LFKDUG +DUZRRG¶V SDPSKOHW 'LG 6L[ 0LOOLRQ 5HDOO\ 'LH" 7KH WULDO HQGHG ZLWK =QGHO VHQWHQFHG WR D
PRQWKVSULVRQWHUP7KHVHQWHQFHZDVUHDIILUPHGE\DWULDORQDSSHDO²LQ
²EXW WKH WHUP RI LPSULVRQPHQW ZDV UHGXFHG WR PRQWKV DQG RQ
$XJXVWWKH&DQDGLDQ6XSUHPH&RXUWWKUHZRXWWKHFRQYLFWLRQ
5DXO +LOEHUJ KDG EHHQ FDOOHG LQ WKH ILUVW WULDO DV D ZLWQHVV IRU WKH
SURVHFXWLRQ0HUFLOHVVO\SUHVVHGE\=QGHO¶VFRPEDWLYHDWWRUQH\'RXJODV
&KULVWLH WRZKRP 5REHUW )DXULVVRQ SUHVHQW LQWKH FRXUWURRP IUHTXHQWO\
SDVVHGQRWHVZLWKSHUWLQHQWTXHVWLRQVWKH*LDQWRIWKH³ VWDQGDUGZRUN RQWKHµ+RORFDXVW¶PHWKLV:DWHUORR+HUHMHFWHGDQLQYLWDWLRQWRWHVWLI\DWWKH
WULDORQDSSHDOWKUHH\HDUVODWHUEXWSURVHFXWRU3HWHU*ULIILWKVUHTXHVWHGWKDW
KLVVWDWHPHQWVJLYHQLQWKH LQLWLDOWULDOWKUHH\HDUVEHIRUHEHUHDG DJDLQLQ
FRXUW
,QKHUH[FHOOHQWQDUUDWLYH 'LG6L[0LOOLRQ5HDOO\'LH"² EHDULQJWKH
VDPH WLWOH DV WKH +DUZRRG SDPSKOHW WKDW KDG OHG WR WKH WULDO²%DUEDUD
.XODV]ND KDV SDUWLDOO\ VXPPDUL]HG +LOEHUJ¶V VWDWHPHQWV DQG SDUWLDOO\
TXRWHGWKHPGLUHFWO\IURPWKHWUDQVFULSWRIWKHWULDO&KULVWLHDVNHG+LOEHUJDERXWWKH+LWOHURUGHUIRUWKHH[WHUPLQDWLRQRI
DOO-HZVZKLFKKDGDSSHDUHGLQKLVILUVWHGLWLRQWKHVHFRQGHGLWLRQZDVWKHQ
LQSUHSDUDWLRQ$IWHUHQGOHVVH[FXVHV+LOEHUJILQDOO\FRQFHGHGWKDWWKHUH
ZDVQRSURRIIRUVXFKDQRUGHU
/DWHU WKH IROORZLQJ H[FKDQJH RFFXUUHG EHWZHHQ &KULVWLH DQG +LO
EHUJ
³µ:KDWGR\RXPHDQE\DVFLHQWLILFUHSRUW"¶DVNHG+LOEHUJ
%DUEDUD.XODV]NDRSFLWQRWHSS
,ELGS
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 112/129
- h5*(1 * 5$) Â7 +( * ,$17 : ,7+ ) ((7 2) & /$<
,GRQ¶WXVXDOO\KDYHWRGHILQHVLPSOHZRUGVVDLG&KULVWLHEXWE\µVFLHQWLILFUHSRUW¶,PHDQDUHSRUWFRQGXFWHGE\DQ\RQHZKRSXUSRUWHGWREHD
VFLHQWLVWDQGZKRH[DPLQHGSK\VLFDOHYLGHQFH1DPHRQHUHSRUWRIVXFKDNLQGWKDWVKRZHGWKHH[LVWHQFHRIJDVFKDPEHUVDQ\ZKHUHLQ1D]LRFFXSLHG WHUULWRU\
µ,VWLOOGRQ¶WTXLWHXQGHUVWDQGWKHLPSRUWRI\RXUTXHVWLRQ¶VDLG+LOEHUJµ$UH\RXUHIHUULQJWRD*HUPDQRUDSRVWZDU²¶
,GRQ¶WFDUHZKR²*HUPDQSRVWZDU$OOLHG6RYLHW²DQ\VRXUFHDW
DOO1DPHRQHVDLG&KULVWLHµ7RSURYHZKDW"¶DVNHG+LOEHUJ
7RFRQFOXGHWKDWWKH\KDYHSK\VLFDOO\VHHQDJDVFKDPEHU2QHVFLHQWLILFUHSRUWUHSHDWHG&KULVWLH
µ,DPUHDOO\DWDORVV,DPYHU\VHOGRPDWVXFKDORVVEXW«>«@
-XGJH/RFNHLQWHUUXSWHGµ'RFWRU«GR\RXNQRZRIVXFKDUHSRUW"¶
µ1R¶UHSOLHG+LOEHUJ´
:LWKUHVSHFWWR.XUW*HUVWHLQZKRLVTXRWHGDVDVRXUFHLQKLVERRNDQXPEHU RI WLPHV &KULVWLH DVNHG +LOEHUJ ZKHWKHU KH ZRXOG QRW QRUPDOO\
FRQVLGHUVRPHRQHWREHFUD]\RUDOLDUZKRPDLQWDLQHGWKDWRQHFRXOGVWXII
EHWZHHQDQGSHUVRQVSHUVTXDUHPHWHULQDURRPPKLJK
³µ:HOORQWKLVSDUWLFXODUGDWXP,ZRXOGEHYHU\FDUHIXO¶VDLG+LOEHUJµEHFDXVH*HUVWHLQDSSDUHQWO\ZDVDYHU\H[FLWDEOHSHUVRQ+HZDVFDSDEOHRIDOONLQGVRIVWDWHPHQWV>«@
&KULVWLHSURGXFHGWKH*HUVWHLQVWDWHPHQWDQGSURFHHGHGWRDVN+LOEHUJZKHWKHUFHUWDLQVWDWHPHQWVDSSHDUHGLQWKHVWDWHPHQW+LOEHUJDJUHHG WKDWLQKLVVWDWHPHQW*HUVWHLQDOOHJHGWKDWSHUVRQVZHUHFUXVKHG
,ELGSSII
5DXO+LOEHUJGXULQJWKH=QGHOWULDOLQ7RURQWR
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 113/129
,;+ ,/%(5*¶ 6 ' (%$&/( $7 7+( ) ,567 = h1'(/7 5,$/
WRJHWKHULQVTXDUHPHWUHVLQFXELFPHWUHVKHDOVRDJUHHGWKDWKHKDG LJQRUHGWKLVSDUWRI*HUVWHLQ¶VVWDWHPHQWLQKLVERRN>«@
$QG KH UHIHUV WR +LWOHU DQG +LPPOHU ZLWQHVVLQJ JDVVLQJV ULJKW"
DVNHG&KULVWLH +LOEHUJDJUHHGWKDW*HUVWHLQKDGPDGHWKLVVWDWHPHQWDQGWKDWLWZDV
µDEVROXWHO\¶DQGµWRWDOO\¶IDOVH>«@
&KULVWLHDVNHG+LOEHUJZKHWKHUKHFRQVLGHUHG*HUVWHLQ¶VVWDWHPHQW² WKDWDW%HæHFDQG7UHEOLQNDQRERG\ERWKHUHGWRPDNHDFRXQWDQGWKDWLQ
IDFWDERXWPLOOLRQSHRSOHQRWRQO\-HZVZHUHDFWXDOO\NLOOHG²ZDVFUHGLEOH"
µ:HOOSDUWVRILWDUHWUXHDQGRWKHUSDUWVRILWDUHVKHHUH[DJJHUDWLRQPDQLIHVWDQGREYLRXVH[DJJHUDWLRQ7RPHWKHLPSRUWDQWSRLQWPDGHLQ
WKLVVWDWHPHQWLVWKDWWKHUHZHUHQRFRXQWLQJDWWKHSRLQWDWZKLFKSHRSOHHQWHUHGWKHJDVFKDPEHU¶VDLG+LOEHUJ
6R\RXWDNHWKHREYLRXVO\H[DJJHUDWHGSDUWRXWDQGXVHWKHSDUWWKDW \RX WKRXJKW ZDV FUHGLEOH WKDW WKHUH ZDV QR FRXQWLQJ 5LJKW" DVNHG &KULVWLH
µ<HV¶´
+LOEHUJKDGWRDGPLWWKDWDOOWKHµSURRIV¶IRUPDVVPXUGHULQWKHHDVW
HUQFDPSVVWHPPHGIURP6WDOLQLVW6RYLHWVRXUFHV
³7KHZKROHVLWHVXJJHVWHG&KULVWLHZDVZLWKLQWKH6RYLHWVSKHUHRI FRQWURODQGQRERG\IURPWKHZHVWZDVDOORZHGLQWRWKRVHFDPSVWRLQYHVWL
JDWHLVQ¶WWKDWULJKW"
µ:HOO,GRQ¶WNQRZRIDQ\UHTXHVWVPDGHWRLQYHVWLJDWH«:KHQ\RX VD\QRRQHZDVDOORZHGLWLPSOLHVVRPHUHTXHVW¶VDLG+LOEHUJµ«$OO, FRXOGVD\LV,NQRZRIQR:HVWHUQLQYHVWLJDWRUVHDUO\RQLQ$XVFKZLW]RU DQ\RI«¶
7UHEOLQND"DVNHG&KULVWLH
µ:HOOWKHUHZDVQRPRUH7UHEOLQNDLQ¶
6RELEyU"
µ7KDWZDVQRPRUH¶
0DMGDQHN"
µ0DMGDQHNLVDQRWKHUPDWWHU¶
:DV WKHUH DQ\ERG\ IURP WKH :HVW WKDW ZHQW WR 0DMGDQHN" DVNHG &KULVWLH
µ1RWWRP\NQRZOHGJH¶
%HæHF"
,ELGS
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 114/129
- h5*(1 * 5$) Â7 +( * ,$17 : ,7+ ) ((7 2) & /$<
µ%HæHFZDVWKHILUVWFDPSWRKDYHEHHQREOLWHUDWHG¶
&KHæ PQRRU6WXWWKRI"
µ1RVLU¶
$XVFKZLW]RU%LUNHQDX"µ1R¶´
&RQFHUQLQJ5XGROI+|+LOEHUJ¶VVWDUZLWQHVVIRUWKHPDVVPXUGHU
DW$XVFKZLW]ZKRPKHFLWHVPDQ\WLPHV&KULVWLHDVNHGZK\KHKDGPHQ
WLRQHGDQRQH[LVWHQWFDPS:RO]HN
³µ<HV,KDYHVHHQWKDWJDUEOHGUHIHUHQFH¶VDLG+LOEHUJµ,WPD\KDYHEHHQ%HæHF,W¶VYHU\KDUGLIWKHPDQGLGQRWZULWHDQ\WKLQJLIKHVDLG WKLQJVLIKHZDVWLUHGLIKHZDVPLVXQGHUVWRRGLIKHPLVVSRNHKLPVHOI«¶
&KULVWLHSRLQWHGRXWWKDW+|UHIHUUHGWR%HæHFDVZHOODV:RO]HN ,VXJJHVWWR\RXKHVDLGWR+LOEHUJWKDWWKHUHLVDUHDVRQWREHOLHYH
WKDWWKLVPDQZDVQRWRQO\EHLQJREOLJHGWRVLJQDFRQIHVVLRQLQDODQJXDJHKHGLGQ¶WXQGHUVWDQGEXWWKLQJVZHUHEHLQJSXWLQWRDVWDWHPHQWIRUKLPWKDW ZHUHSDWHQWO\DEVXUGOLNH*HUVWHLQ
µ7KHUHZDVREYLRXVFRQIXVLRQLQWKLVRQHVWDWHPHQW¶VDLG+LOEHUJ
&KULVWLHSURGXFHG1XUHPEHUJGRFXPHQW36WKH+|DIILGDYLW +LOEHUJDJUHHGKHKDGVHHQWKHGRFXPHQWEHIRUHDQGDJUHHGKHKDGVHHQWKH:RO]HNUHIHUHQFHµ<HV,¶YHVHHQWKDWUHIHUHQFH,W¶VWHUULEOH¶
,W¶VREYLRXVWKDWVRPHWKLQJZDVQ¶WTXLWHULJKWDERXWWKDWLQGLYLGXDOZRXOG\RXDJUHH"DVNHG&KULVWLH
µ1R,ZRXOGQ¶WVD\WKDWVRPHWKLQJZDVQ¶WTXLWHULJKWDERXWWKHLQGLYLGXDO¶VDLG+LOEHUJµ,ZRXOGVD\WKDWVRPHWKLQJZDVQ¶WTXLWHULJKWDERXW WKHFLUFXPVWDQFHVXQGHUZKLFKWKLVZDVPDGHDVDQDIILGDYLW>«@´
:LWK WKH ³FLUFXPVWDQFHV >DERXW ZKLFK@ VRPHWKLQJ ZDVQ¶W TXLWHULJKW +LOEHUJXQGRXEWHGO\PHDQWWKHWKUHHGD\VRIWRUWXUHZLWKZKLFKWKH
FRQIHVVLRQZDVZUXQJIURP5XGROI+|ZKRPKHTXRWHVWZHQW\VL[WLPHV
DVWKHVWDUZLWQHVVIRUWKHDQQLKLODWLRQRIWKH-HZV
,ELGS
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 115/129
;&RQFOXVLRQV
'XULQJWKH6HFRQG:RUOG:DUWKH-HZVLQWKHFRXQWULHVRI(XURSH
FRQWUROOHGE\*HUPDQ\VXIIHUHGPDVVLYHSHUVHFXWLRQVDQGSDLGDKLJKSULFH
LQEORRG
,QDODERURYHUIRUW\\HDUV5DXO+LOEHUJKDVDVVHPEOHGDQLPPHQVHQXPEHURIGRFXPHQWVRQWKHVHHYHQWV%DVHGRQWKHVHGRFXPHQWVKHFRXOG
KDYH ZULWWHQ D ZRUN HQWLWOHG7KH3HUVHFXWLRQRIWKH(XURSHDQ-HZV 'LH9HUIROJXQJGHUHXURSlLVFKHQ-XGHQWKDWZRXOGKDYHVWRRGWKHWHVWRIWLPH
DQGHDUQHGKLPDQDPHDVDKLVWRULDQRIWKHILUVWUDQN
5DXO+LOEHUJKDVVSRLOHGKLVFKDQFH+HZDQWHGWRGRFXPHQWQRWRQO\
WKH SHUVHFXWLRQRIWKH(XURSHDQ-HZVEXWDOVRDQGPDLQO\WKH GHVWUXFWLRQRIVDPHE\ZKLFKKHPHDQWPDLQO\WKHLQGXVWULDOL]HGPDVVPXUGHULQFKHP
LFDOVODXJKWHUKRXVHV+HKDGDKLGGHQDJHQGD
7KHUH LV QR WDQJLEOH SK\VLFDO HYLGHQFH RI DQ\ VXFK LQGXVWULDOL]HG
PDVVPXUGHUDQGLQWKHPRXQWDLQVRIGRFXPHQWVWKDWKDYHEHHQVDYHGIURP
WKHZDU\HDUVWKHUHLVQRWWKHOHDVWLQGLFDWLRQIRUVXFKDKRUUHQGRXVFKDUJH
,QRUGHUWRµSURYH¶WKLVPDVVPXUGHU+LOEHUJKDVKDGWRLQYHUWWKHORQJ
VWDQGLQJKLHUDUFK\RIHYLGHQFHDQGPDNHZLWQHVVWHVWLPRQ\WDNHSUHFHGHQFH
RYHUSK\VLFDODQGGRFXPHQWDU\HYLGHQFH,QVWHDGRIWKHODWWHUZHKDYHWKH
WHVWLPRQ\RID5XGROI+|ZKRFRQIHVVHGWRKDYLQJYLVLWHGLQ-XQH
WKHFDPS7UHEOLQNDZKLFKRQO\RSHQHGLQ-XO\RID.XUW*HUVWHLQ
ZKRPDLQWDLQVWKDWLQ%HåìHFRQHFRXOGVTXHH]HSHUVRQVLQWRDVTXDUHPHWHURID)LOLS0OOHUZKRWHOOVXVWKDWZKHQFRUSVHVZHUHLQFLQHUDWHGWKH
IDWUDQGRZQLQFKDQQHOVIURPZKLFKRQHFRXOGVFRRSLWRXWZLWKGLSSHUV
,Q+LOEHUJUHVSRQGHGWRWKH5HYLVLRQLVWVZKRKDGUHSURDFKHG
KLPZLWKIDXOW\PHWKRGRORJ\ZLWKWKHIROORZLQJDUJXPHQW
³7KHFULWLFVFDQQRWH[SODLQRQHYHU\VLPSOHIDFW:KDWEHFDPHRIWKH SHRSOH ZKR ZHUH GHSRUWHG" 7KH GHSRUWDWLRQV ZHUH QRW NHSW VHFUHW 7KH\ZHUH DQQRXQFHG 0DQ\ PLOOLRQV RI SHRSOH ZHUH VKLSSHG WR YHU\ VSHFLILF
SODFHV:KHUHDUHWKHVHSHRSOH"7KH\DUHFHUWDLQO\QRWKLGLQJLQ&KLQD´
/H1RXYHO2EVHUYDWHXU UGWK-XO\SSII
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 116/129
- h5*(1 * 5$) Â7 +( * ,$17 : ,7+ ) ((7 2) & /$<
,QGHHGZKHUHDUHWKHVHSHRSOH"+LOEHUJLVULJKWWKDWWKH\DUHQRWKLG
LQJ LQ &KLQD :KHUH WKH\ HQGHG XS LV LOOXVWUDWHG E\ DQ DUWLFOH RQ WK
1RYHPEHULQWKH6WDWH7LPHV%DWRQ5RXJH/RXLVLDQDSD
³7KH6WHLQEHUJVRQFHIORXULVKHGLQDVPDOO-HZLVKYLOODJHLQ3RODQG7KDWZDVEHIRUH+LWOHU¶VGHDWKFDPSV1RZPRUHWKDQIDUIOXQJVXUYLYRUVDQGGHVFHQGDQWVDUHJDWKHUHGKHUHWRVKDUHDVSHFLDOIRXUGD\FHOHEUDWLRQ WKDW EHJDQ DSSURSULDWHO\ RQ 7KDQNVJLYLQJ GD\ 5HODWLYHV FDPH7KXUVGD\IURP&DQDGD)UDQFH(QJODQG$UJHQWLQD&ROXPELD,VUDHODQG DWOHDVWFLWLHVDFURVVWKH8QLWHG6WDWHVµ,W¶VIDEXORXV¶VDLG,ULV.UDVQRZRI&KLFDJRµ7KHUHDUHILYHJHQHUDWLRQVKHUH²IURPPRQWKVROGWR3HR
SOHDUHFU\LQJDQGKDYLQJDZRQGHUIXOWLPH,W¶VDOPRVWOLNHD:RUOG:DU,, UHIXJHHUHXQLRQ¶´
7KHVHDUHFRQFUHWHH[DPSOHVRI+LOEHUJ¶VµJDVVLQJYLFWLPV¶
,QDVRFLHW\ZKLFKKDVFKRVHQWKHOLHDVLWVOHLWPRWLI 5DXO+LOEHUJLV
KRQRUHGIRUKLVZRUN<HWKLVIDPHLVEXLOWRQVDQGDQGKHLVDJLDQWZLWK
IHHWRIFOD\ZKRVHIDOOLVRQO\DTXHVWLRQRIWLPH
$IDLUMXGJPHQWRI+LOEHUJ¶VZRUNZDVXQZLWWLQJO\PDGHE\KLPVHOI
,QDOHWWHUWR'U5REHUW+&RXQWHVVWKHUHVSRQVLEOHSXEOLVKHURIWKLVERRN
3URI5DXO+LOEHUJZURWH
³6XSHUILFLDOLW\LVWKHPDMRUGLVHDVHLQWKHILHOGRI+RORFDXVWVWXGLHV´
:KHQDVNHGZKHWKHUKHRQFHVWDWHGWKDWWKHUHLVQRTXDOLW\FRQWUROLQ
KRORFDXVWVWXGLHVKHFRQILUPHGWKLVLQ
³7KDWLVFRUUHFWHVSHFLDOO\DWVHYHUDO86HOLWHXQLYHUVLWLHV´
$QGWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI9HUPRQW+LOEHUJ¶V$OPD0DWHULVGHILQLWHO\
RQHRIWKHP/HWXVFRQFOXGHZLWKDSDVVDJHIURP5REHUW)DXULVVRQ
³5+LOEHUJ¶VKXJHZRUNLVUHPLQLVFHQWRIWKHHUXGLWHXQGHUWDNLQJVRI E\JRQHHUDVZKHQ&KULVWLDQ-HZLVKDQG%\]DQWLQHVFKRODUVFRPSHWHGZLWKHDFKRWKHULQWKHSURGXFWLRQRIDOONLQGVRIOLWHUDU\RUKLVWRULFDOIRUJHULHV7KHLUNQRZOHGJHH[FLWHGDGPLUDWLRQEXWZKDWWKH\ODFNHGZDVFRQVFLHQFH7KHUHLVDVWULNLQJVLPLODULW\EHWZHHQ5+LOEHUJZLWKKLVµUHPDUNDEOHFDEDOLVWLFPHQWDOLW\¶²WR ERUURZ D SKUDVH IURP $5 %XW]²DQG WKRVH -HZV RI
$OH[DQGULD ZKR %HUQDUG /D]DUH WHOOV XV µH[SHQGHG DQ H[WUDRUGLQDU\DPRXQWRIODERUWRIRUJHWKHYHU\WH[WVZKLFKWKH\XVHGWRVXSSRUWWKHP
VHOYHVLQWKHLUILJKWIRUWKHLUFDXVH¶´
3HUVRQDOFRUUHVSRQGHQFHZLWK5+&RXQWHVV-XQH
(YD6FKZHLW]HU³ 5FNVLFKWDXIGLH9HUEQGHWHQ´ %HUOLQHU=HLWXQJ 6HSW
5REHUW)DXULVVRQ eFULWVUpYLVLRQQLVWHV«RSFLWQRWHS
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 117/129
7KH2SSRQHQWV
5DXO +LOEHUJ ERUQ LQ $XVWULD HPL
JUDWHG WR WKH 86$ %$ LQ SROLWLFDO VFLHQFH
0$ DQG 3K' LQ3XEOLF /DZ DQG $GPLQLVWUDWLRQ
,QVWUXFWRUDWWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI9HUPRQWODWHU
3URIHVVRU RI ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 5HODWLRQV 86 )RUHLJQ3ROLF\DQGWKH+RORFDXVW
%RRNV 7KH 'HVWUXFWLRQ RI WKH (XURSHDQ -HZV 'LH 9HUQLFKWXQJ GHU HXURSlLVFKHQ -XGHQ 'RFXPHQWV RI 'HVWUXFWLRQ *HUPDQ\ DQG
-HZU\ 6RQGHU]JH QDFK $XVFKZLW] 7KH +RORFDXVW 7RGD\*HKRUVDPRGHU,QLWLDWLYH"=XUDUEHLWVWHLOLJHQ7lWHUVFKDIWLP1DWLRQDOVR]LDOLVPXV 3HUSHWUDWRUV9LFWLPV%\VWDQGHUV7KH-HZLVK&DWDVWURSKH7lWHU2SIHU=XVFKDXHU'LH9HUQLFKWXQJGHU-XGHQ 8QHUEHWHQH (ULQQHUXQJ GHU :HJ HLQHV +RORFDXVW)RUVFKHUV
/¶,QVXUUHFWLRQGXJKHWWRGH9DUVRYLH ZLWKRWKHUV7KH3ROLWLFVRI0HPRU\
-UJHQ*UDI ERUQLQ6ZLW]HUODQGVWXGLHG
6FDQGLQDYLDQ(QJOLVKDQG5RPDQODQJXDJHVDWWKH8QL
YHUVLW\RI%DVHODZDUGHGGHJUHHRI0DJLVWHULQVWUXFWRU
E\SURIHVVLRQIRUIRXU\HDUV*HUPDQLQVWUXFWRUDW&KL
QHVH &XOWXUH 8QLYHUVLW\ 7DLSHL 7DLZDQ 5HYLVLRQLVWUHVHDUFKHUDQGKLVWRULDQVLQFH
%RRNV 'HU +RORFDXVW DXI GHP 3UIVWDQG
/¶+RORFDXVW DX VFDQQHU 'HU +RORFDXVW6FKZLQGHO $XVFKZLW]7lWHUJHVWlQGQLVVHXQG$XJHQ]HXJHQGHV
+RORFDXVW 7RGHVXUVDFKH =HLWJHVFKLFKWVIRUVFKXQJ 'DV 5RWEXFK 9RP 8QWHUJDQJ GHU 6FKZHL]HULVFKHQ )UHLKHLW ./0DMGDQHN(LQHKLVWRULVFKHXQGWHFKQLVFKH6WXGLHZLWK&0DWWRJQR 'DV
./6WXWWKRIXQGVHLQH)XQNWLRQLQGHUQDWLRQDOVR]LDOLVWLVFKHQ-XGHQSROLWLNZLWK&
0DWWRJQR 5LHVHDXI7|QHUQHQ)HQ5DXO+LOEHUJXQGVHLQ6WDQGDUGZHUN EHUGHQµ+RORFDXVW¶7KH*LDQW:LWK)HHWRI&OD\5DXO+LOEHUJDQGKLV6WDQGDUG :RUNRQ WKH µ+RORFDXVW¶ &RQFHQWUDWLRQ &DPS 6WXWWKRI DQGLWV
)XQFWLRQLQ1DWLRQDO6RFLDOLVW-HZLVK3ROLWLFVZLWK&0DWWRJQR
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 118/129
6RXUFHV
± $PHULFDQ-HZLVK<HDUERRN Y
± $URQHDQX(XJqQH&DPSV GH&RQFHQWUDWLRQ 2IILFH )UDQoDLV G¶(GLWLRQ 3DULV
± $URQVRQ*UHJRU6RYLHW5XVVLDDQG7KH-HZV1HZ<RUN
± $\QDW (QULTXH (VWXGLRV VREUH HO ³+RORFDXVWR *UiILFDV +XUWDGR 9DOHQFLD
± /RVSURWRFRORVGH$XVFKZLW]¢8QDIXHQWHKLVWyULFD"*DUFLD+LVSiQ$OLFDQWH
± %DXHU<HKXGD&DQDGLDQ-HZLVK1HZVWK-DQXDU\
± %D\QDF-DFTXHV /H1RXYHDX4XRWLGLHQ/DXVDQQHUG6HSWHPEHU
± %HFNHU )ULW] ,P .DPSI XP (XURSD /HRSROG 6WRFNHU 9HUODJ *UD]6WXWWJDUW
± 6WDOLQV%OXWVSXUGXUFK(XURSD$UQGW9HUODJ.LHO ± %HJXQRY-XUL.7DMQ\H6LO\Z,VWRULL5RVVLM ,VGDWHOVWZR,PHQL$66\ERULQD
6W3HWHUVEXUJ
± %HQ]:ROIJDQJ 'LPHQVLRQGHV9|ONHUPRUGV52OGHQERXUJ
± %HUEHQ3DXO 'DFKDX7KH2IILFLDO+LVWRU\7KH1RUIRON3UHVV
± %ODFN(GZLQ7KH7UDQVIHU$JUHHPHQW 1HZ<RUN/RQGRQ
± %OXPHQWKDO1HG 'RNXPHQW\LPDWHULDæ \áyGé
± %RRJ+RUVWDQGRWKHUV 'DV'HXWVFKH5HLFKXQGGHU=ZHLWH:HOWNULHJ Y 'HU $QJULIIDXIGLH6RZMHWXQLRQ'HXWVFKH9HUODJV$QVWDOW6WXWWJDUW
± %URV]DW0DUWLQ 'LH=HLW WK$XJXVW
± %URZQLQJ&KULVWRSKHU³7KH5HYLVHG+LOEHUJ LQ6LPRQ:LHVHQWKDO&HQWHU$QQXDO
± %XWOHU5XSHUW /HJLRQVRI'HDWK$UURZ%RRNV/RQGRQ
± %XW]$UWKXU57KH+RD[RIWKH7ZHQWLHWK&HQWXU\,QVWLWXWHIRU+LVWRULFDO5H
YLHZ1HZSRUW%HDFK&DOLI
± ³&RQWH[W DQG 3HUVSHFWLYH LQ WKH µ+RORFDXVW¶ &RQWURYHUV\´ 7KH -RXUQDO RI +LVWRULFDO5HYLHZSS
± ³2QWKH'HSRUWDWLRQVRI+XQJDULDQ-HZV 7KH-RXUQDORI+LVWRULFDO 5HYLHZ-XO\$XJXVWSS
± &ROORTXHGHO¶(FROHGHV+DXWHV(WXGHVHQVFLHQFHVVRFLDOHV /¶$OOHPDJQHQD]LHHWOHJpQRFLGHMXLI *DOOLPDUG/H6HXLO3DULV
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 119/129
- h5*(1 * 5$) Â7 +( * ,$17 : ,7+ ) ((7 2) & /$<
± &]HFK 'DQXWD ³ .DOHQGDULXP GHU (UHLJQLVVH LP .RQ]HQWUDWLRQVODJHU $XVFKZLW]%LUNHQDX´LQ +HIWHYRQ$XVFKZLW]YVWHGLWLRQ
± .DOHQGDULXP GHU (UHLJQLVVH LP .RQ]HQWUDWLRQVODJHU $XVFKZLW]%LUNHQDX
5RZRKOW5HLQEHN ± $XVFKZLW]&KURQLFOH,%7DXULV/RQGRQ1HZ<RUN
± 'DZLGRZLF]/XF\7KH:DUDJDLQVWWKH-HZV 3HQJXLQ%RRNV1HZ<RUN
± 'RQDW $OH[DQGHU7KH 'HDWK &DPS 7UHEOLQND +RORFDXVW /LEUDU\ 1HZ <RUN
± 'DQXWD'U\ZD³ 5XFKWUDQVSRUWyZPLG]\6WXWWKRILLQQ\PLRER]DPL LQ6WXWWKRI=HV]\W\0X]HXPQR6WXWWKRI
± 'XQLQ: VRZLF].U]\V]WRI³ \GRZVF\:LêQLRZLH./6WXWWKRI LQ %LXæ HW\Q \GRZVNLHJR,QVW\WXWX+LVWRU\F]QHJRQR:DUVDZ
± (LFKPDQQ$GROI ,FK$GROI(LFKPDQQ'UXIIHO/HRQL
± )DXULVVRQ 5REHUW ³0RQH[SpULHQFHGXUpYLVLRQQLVPH´LQ $QQDOHVG¶+LVWRLUH 5pYLVLRQQLVWHQRVSULQJ
± ³ $XVFKZLW]7HFKQLTXHDQG2SHUDWLRQRIWKH*DV&KDPEHUVRX%ULFRODJHHW µJD]RXLOODJHV¶j$XVFKZLW]HWj%LUNHQDXVHORQ-&3UHVVDF ´ 5HYXHG¶+LVWRLUH5pYLVLRQQLVWH
± eFULWVUpYLVLRQQLVWHVYROVSXEOLVKHGE\DXWKRU9LFK\
± )ULHGPDQ)LOLS7KLV:DV2VZLHFLP7KH8QLWHG-HZLVK5HOLHI$SSHDO/RQGRQ
± *DXVV(UQVWHG 'LVVHFWLQJWKH+RORFDXVW 7KHVHV'LVVHUWDWLRQV3UHVV&DS
VKDZ$/
± *HUQHU0DQIUHG³6FKOVVHOGRNXPHQWLVW)lOVFKXQJ 9LHUWHOMDKUHVKHIWHIUIUHLH*HVFKLFKWVIRUVFKXQJ SS
± *åRZQD .RPLVMD %DGDQLD =EURGQL +LWOHURZVNLFK Z 3ROVFH HG2ER]\KLWOHURZVNLHQD]LHPLDFKSROVNLFK3DQVWZRZH:\GDZQLFWZR1DXNRZH
:DUVDZ
± *UDI -UJHQ $XVFKZLW] 7lWHUJHVWlQGQLVVH XQG $XJHQ]HXJHQ GHV +RORFDXVW 1HXH9LVLRQHQ:UHQORV
± 'HU+RORFDXVW6FKZLQGHO *XLGHRQ%XUJ9HUODJ%DVHO
± ³:KDW+DSSHQHGWRWKH-HZV:KR:HUH'HSRUWHGWR$XVFKZLW]EXW:HUH1RW 5HJLVWHUHG7KHUH"´7KH-RXUQDORI+LVWRULFDO5HYLHZSS
± DQG &DUOR0DWWRJQR&RQFHQWUDWLRQ&DPS6WXWWKRIDQGLWV)XQFWLRQLQ1DWLRQDO6RFLDOLVW-HZLVK3ROLWLFV7KHVHV'LVVHUWDWLRQV3UHVV&DSVKDZ$/
± DQG&DUOR0DWWRJQR ./0DMGDQHN &DVWOH+LOO3XEOLVKHUV+DVWLQJV
± *URVVPDQ :DVVLOL 'LH +|OOH YRQ 7UHEOLQND )RUHLJQ /DQJXDJH 3XEOLFDWLRQ+RXVH0RVFRZ
± +LOEHUJ5DXO7KH'HVWUXFWLRQRIWKH(XURSHDQ-HZV4XDGUDQJOH%RRNV&KL
FDJR
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 120/129
6 285&(6
± 7KH'HVWUXFWLRQRIWKH(XURSHDQ-HZVYROV+ROPHVDQG0HLHU3XEOLVKHUV
1HZ<RUN
± 'LH9HUQLFKWXQJGHUHXURSlLVFKHQ-XGHQ YROV)LVFKHU7DVFKHQEXFK9HU
ODJ)UDQNIXUW ± /H1RXYHO2EVHUYDWHXUUGWK-XO\SSII
± 1HZVGD\UG)HEUXDU\S,,
± +LWOHU$GROI0HLQ.DPSI )UDQ](KHU9HUODJ0XQLFK
± +LWOHU$GROI9|ONLVFKHU%HREDFKWHUWK6HSWHPEHU
± +RIIPDQQ -RDFKLP ³ 'LH 6RZMHWXQLRQ ELV ]XP 9RUDEHQG GHV GHXWVFKHQ $Q JULIIV´ LQ+RUVW %RRJ DQG RWKHUV 'DV'HXWVFKH5HLFKXQGGHU=ZHLWH:HOWNULHJ YRO 'HU $QJULII DXI GLH 6RZMHWXQLRQ 'HXWVFKH 9HUODJV$QVWDOW
6WXWWJDUW
± 6WDOLQ¶V:DURI([WHUPLQDWLRQ 7KHVHV'LVVHUWDWLRQV3UHVV&DSVKDZ$/
± ³7KH6RYLHW8QLRQ¶V2IIHQVLYH3UHSDUDWLRQVLQ LQ )URP3HDFHWR:DU 3URYLGHQFH2[IRUGSS
± +|5XGROI .RPPDQGDQWLQ$XVFKZLW]HGLWHGE\0DUWLQ%URV]DWGWY0XQLFK
± ,QWHUQDWLRQDO 0LOLWDU\ 7ULEXQDO7ULDO RI WKH 0DMRU :DU &ULPLQDOV YROV
1XUHPEHUJ
± -lFNHO (EHUKDUG 3HWHU /RQJHULFK -XOLXV +6FKRHSV HGV (Q]\NORSlGLHGHV +RORFDXVW $UJRQ9HUODJ%HUOLQ
± -lFNHO(EHUKDUGDQG-UJHQ5RKZHU 'HU0RUGDQGHQ-XGHQLP=ZHLWHQ:HOWNULHJ 'HXWVFKH9HUODJVDQVWDOW6WXWWJDUW
± .DUVNL-DQ6WRU\RID6HFUHW6WDWH7KH5LYHUVLGH3UHVV&DPEULGJH
± .HHVLQJV$UFKLYGHU*HJHQZDUW WKWK\HDU(VVHQ
± .ODUVIHOG%HDWHDQG6HUJH /H0pPRULDOGHOD'pSRUWDWLRQGHV-XLIVGH)UDQFH
3DULV
± .RJRQ (XJHQ+HUPDQQ/DQJEHLQDQG$GDOEHUW5FNHUO HG 1DWLRQDOVR]LD
OLVWLVFKH0DVVHQW|WXQJHQGXUFK*LIWJDV )LVFKHU7DVFKHQEXFK9HUODJ)UDQNIXUW
± .UDXVQLFN+HOPXWDQG +DQV+HLQULFK:LOKHOP 'LH7UXSSHGHV:HOWDQVFKDXXQJVNULHJHV6WXWWJDUW
± .XODV]ND%DUEDUDHG 'LG6L[0LOOLRQ5HDOO\'LH"6DPLVGDW3XEOLVKHUV7RU
RQWR
± /DPEUHFKW:ROIJDQJ³ =\NORQ%±HLQH(UJlQ]XQJ 9LHUWHOMDKUHVKHIWHIUIUHLH*HVFKLFKWVIRUVFKXQJ SS
± /HQJ\HO2OJD )LYH&KLPQH\V&KLFDJR1HZ<RUN
± /HXFKWHU)UHG$ $Q(QJLQHHULQJ5HSRUWRQWKH$OOHJHG([HFXWLRQ*DV&KDPEHUVDW$XVFKZLW]%LUNHQDXDQG0DMGDQHN3RODQG 6DPLVGDW3XEOLVKHUV7RU
RQWR
± 0DUDLV3LHUUH /HVFDPLRQVjJD]HQTXHVWLRQ3ROpPLTXHV3DULV
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 121/129
- h5*(1 * 5$) Â7 +( * ,$17 : ,7+ ) ((7 2) & /$<
± 0DVHU :HUQHU 'HU:RUWEUXFK+LWOHU6WDOLQXQGGHU=ZHLWH:HOWNULHJ 2O]RJ
9HUODJ0XQLFK
± 0DWWRJQR&DUOR ,OUDSSRUWR*HUVWHLQ$QDWRPLDGLXQIDOVR 6HQWLQHOODG¶,WDOLD
0RQIDOFRQH ± /DVROX]LRQHILQDOH(GL]LRQLGL$U3DGXD
± ³µ6FKOVVHOGRNXPHQW¶±HLQHDOWHUQDWLYH,QWHUSUHWDWLRQ 9LHUWHOMDKUHVKHIWHIU IUHLH*HVFKLFKWVIRUVFKXQJ SS
± 0OOHU)LOLS (\HZLWQHVV$XVFKZLW]6WHLQDQG'D\1HZ<RUN
± 6RQGHUEHKDQGOXQJ 6WHLQKDXVHQ)UDQNIXUW
± 0XVLDO %RJGDQ .RQWHUUHYROXWLRQlUH(OHPHQWHVLQG]XHUVFKLHHQ3URS\OlHQ
%HUOLQ
± 1LFRVLD)UDQFLV +LWOHUXQGGHU=LRQLVPXV'UXIIHO/HRQL ± 1RUGOLQJ&DUO³ /¶eWDEOLVVPHQWMXLIVRXVODPHQDFHHWODGRPLQDWLRQQD]LHVGH
j´ 5HYXHG¶+LVWRLUH5pYLVLRQQLVWHQR
± 1\LV]OL0LNORV ,P-HQVHLWVGHU0HQVFKOLFKNHLW 'LHW]9HUODJ%HUOLQ
± 3DXO$OOHQ .DW\Q7KH8QWROG6WRU\RI6WDOLQ¶V3ROLVK0DVVDFUH&KDUOHV6FULE
QHU¶V6RQV1HZ<RUN
± 3DZOLNRZVNL -R]HI ³ (LQLJH $QPHUNXQJHQ ]X MGLVFKHQ %HY|ONHUXQJVVWDWLVWLNHQ´9LHUWHOMDKUHVKHIWHIUIUHLH*HVFKLFKWVIRUVFKXQJ SI
± 3ROLDNRY/pRQ +DUYHVWRI+DWH+RORFDXVW/LEUDU\1HZ<RUN
± 3RUWHU&DUORV:DQG9LQFHQW5H\QRXDUG0HQWHXUj1XUHPEHUJ $1(&3DULV
± 3RVW:DOWHU8QWHUQHKPHQ%DUEDURVVD0LWWOHU+DPEXUJ
± 3UHVVDF -HDQ&ODXGH $XVFKZLW]7HFKQLTXHDQG 2SHUDWLRQRI WKH*DV &KDPEHUV%HDWH.ODUVIHOG)RXQGDWLRQ1HZ<RUN
± /HV&UpPDWRLUHVG¶$XVFKZLW]&1563DULV
± 5DVVLQLHU3DXO /H'UDPHGHV-XLIVHXURSpHQV/HV6HSW&RXOHXUV3DULV
UHSULQWHGE\/D9LHLOOH7DXSH3DULV
± /H0HQVRQJHG¶8O\VVH3DULV
± 5HGHU5XGROI %HæHF&UDFRZ
± 5HLWOLQJHU*HUDOG7KH)LQDO6ROXWLRQ7KH$WWHPSWWR([WHUPLQDWHWKH-HZVRI (XURSH-DVRQ$URQVRQ1RUWKJDWH1HZ-HUVH\
± 5RTXHV+HQUL7KH³&RQIHVVLRQV´RI.XUW*HUVWHLQ ,QVWLWXWHIRU+LVWRULFDO5H
YLHZ&RVWD0HVD&$
± 5XGROI *HUPDU7KH 5XGROI 5HSRUW 7KHVHV 'LVVHUWDWLRQV 3UHVV &DSVKDZ
$/
± DQG 6FKU|GHU6LE\OOH³ 3DUWLVDQHQNULHJXQG5HSUHVVDOW|WXQJHQ ´9LHUWHOMDKUHVKHIWHIUIUHLH*HVFKLFKWVIRUVFKXQJ SS
± 6DQQLQJ:DOWHU17KH'LVVROXWLRQRIWKH(DVWHUQ(XURSHDQ-HZU\,QVWLWXWHIRU
+LVWRULFDO5HYLHZ1HZSRUW%HDFK&$
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 122/129
6 285&(6
± 6FKZHLW]HU (YD ³ 5FNVLFKWDXIGLH9HUEQGHWHQ(LQ*HVSUlFKPLW5DXO+LOEHUJEHU1RUPDQ)LQNHOVWHLQV%XFKµ7KH+RORFDXVW,QGXVWU\ ¶´ %HUOLQHU=HLWXQJ 6HSW
± 6HLGOHU )UDQ] : 'LH:HKUPDFKWLP3DUWLVDQHQNULHJ 3RXU OH0pULWH 6HOHQW
± 6HUHQ\*LWWD $P$EJUXQG(LQH*HZLVVHQVIRUVFKXQJ 8OOVWHLQ)UDQNIXUW
± 6KLUHU:LOOLDP/ 5LVHDQG)DOORIWKH7KLUG5HLFK6LPRQDQG6FKXVWHU1HZ
<RUN
± 6ROVFKHQL]\Q$OH[DQGHU 'HU$UFKLSHO*XODJ 6FKHU]9HUODJ%HUQ
± 6WlJOLFK:LOKHOP $XVFKZLW]$-XGJH/RRNVDWWKH(YLGHQFHQGHG,QVWLWXWH
IRU+LVWRULFDO5HYLHZ&RVWD0HVD&$
± 6XKO<XUL (GHVVLVLULEHOODURQR6WRULDGHOODUHVLVWHQ]DHEUHDFRQWURLOQD]LVPR
0LODQ ± 6XYRURY9LFWRU ,FHEUHDNHU:KR6WDUWHGWKH6HFRQG:RUOG:DU" +DPLVK+D
PLOWRQ/RQGRQ
± 'HU7DJ0 .OHWW&RWWD6WXWWJDUW
± 6WDOLQVYHUKLQGHUWHU(UVWVFKODJ 3RXUOH0HULWH6HOHQWH
± 6]HQGH 6WHIDQ 'HU OHW]WH -XGH DXV 3ROHQ (XURSD 9HUODJ =ULFK1HZ <RUN
± 7KH %ODFN %RRN²7KH 1D]L &ULPH DJDLQVW WKH -HZLVK 3HRSOH 5HSULQW 1H[XV
3UHVV1HZ<RUN
± 7RSLWVFK(UQVW6WDOLQ¶V:DU )RXUWK(VWDWH/RQGRQ
± 7ULDO RI -RVHI .UDPHU DQG RWKHUV 7KH %HOVHQ 7ULDO :LOOLDP +RGJH DQG
&RPSDQ\/RQGRQ(GLQEXUJK*ODVJRZ
± 5REHUWYDQ3HOW'HERUDK'ZRUN $XVFKZLW]WRWKH3UHVHQW <DOH8QLYHU
VLW\3UHVV1HZ+DYHQDQG/RQGRQ
± 9HUEHNH+HUEHUW $XVFKZLW]1DFNWH)DNWHQ9+2%HUFKHP
± 9UED5XGROI ,&DQQRW)RUJLYH%DQWDP7RURQWR
± :DOHQG\ 8GR³ %DEL-DU±GLH6FKOXFKWµPLWHUPRUGHWHQ-XGHQ¶" ´LQ
+LVWRULVFKH7DWVDFKHQ QR9HUODJIU9RONVWXPXQG=HLWJHVFKLFKWVIRUVFKXQJ9ORWKR
± ³ 'HU)DOO7UHEOLQND´ +LVWRULVFKH7DWVDFKHQQR9HUODJIU9RONVWXPXQG
=HLWJHVFKLFKWVIRUVFKXQJ9ORWKR
± :HJQHU%HUQGHG =ZHL:HJHQDFK0RVNDX 3LSHU0XQLFK
± :LHQ(5 'LH6KRDYRQ%DEL-DU +DUWXQJ*RUUH&RQVWDQFH
± :LHVHO(OLH 'LH1DFKW]XEHJUDEHQ(OLVFKD8OOVWHLQ)UDQNIXUW
± 1LJKW +LOODQG:DQJ1HZ<RUN
± :LHVHQWKDO6LPRQ 'HUQHXH:HJ 9LHQQDQRDQG
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 123/129
,QGH[RI1DPHV3DJHQXPEHUVLQLWDOLFVLQGLFDWHRFFXUHQFHVLQIRRWQRWHVRQO\
$
$GDP8ZH'LHWULFK$LWNLQV9HUD $PEURV2WWR$QWRQHVFX,RQ$URQHDQX(XJqQH$URQVRQ*UHJRU $\QDW(QULTXH
%
%D\QDF-DFTXHV%HFNHU)ULW]%HFNHU+HUEHUW%HJXQRY<XUL. %HQGHO&KDUOHV6LJLVPXQG
%HQ]:ROIJDQJ%HUEHQ3DXO%HUJ)ULHGULFK3DXO
%HUJHOVRQ'DYLG%LHERZ+DQV%LHOIHOG*LHVEHUW%ODFN(GZLQ%OREHO3DXO
%RRJ+RUVW%yU.RPRURZVNL7DGHXV]
%RUPDQQ0DUWLQ%UDFKHU.DUO'LHWULFK%URV]DW0DUWLQ
%URZQLQJ&KULVWRSKHU
%UFNHO-RVHI%XWOHU5XSHUW %XW]$UWKXU5REHUW
&
&KULVWLH'RXJODV
&ODUNH%HUQDUG
&RXQWHVV5REHUW+&]HFK'DQXWD
'
'DQLHO3URSKHW
'DZLGRZLF]/XF\
'HDQD)UDQFR'RQDW$OH[DQGHU 'UDSHU*,''URVLKQ-RDFKLP'U\ZD'DQXWD'XQLQ: VRZLF].U]\V]
WRI'ZRUN'HERUDK
(
(FNDUGW(LFKPDQQ$GROI
)
)DQJHU9L]HDGPLUDO)DXULVVRQ5REHUW
)HOGHUHU'LHWOLHE)UDQ]-RVHI.DLVHURI$XV
WULD)UHLWDJ+HOPXW)ULHGPDQ)LOLS
)UNRYLF)XFKV(ULFK
*
*DUILQNLHO0LHF]\VåDZ
*DXVV(UQVW
*HUQHU0DQIUHG *HUVWHLQ.XUW
*ORERFQLN2GLOR*OFNV5LFKDUG*RUEDFKHY0LNKDLO*|ULQJ+HUPDQQ
*UDI-UJHQ
*ULIILWKV3HWHU*URVVPDQ:DVVLOL
+
+lIHOL+DQV+DIIQHU6HEDVWLDQ+DUWO+DUZRRG5LFKDUG+H\GULFK5HLQKDUG7ULVWDQ
(XJHQ
+LOGHEUDQG.ODXV+LOOJUXEHU$QGUHDV+LPPOHU+HLQULFK
+LWOHU$GROI
+RIIPDQQ-RDFKLP
+|IOH+DQV+RUWK\0LNORV+|5XGROI
+|WWO:LOKHOP
-
-lFNHO(EHUKDUG
-DFNVRQ5REHUW
.
.DUVNL-DQ
.DVWQHU5XGROI
.HPSQHU5REHUW
.LWW%UXQR
.ODUVIHOG%HDWH
.ODUVIHOG6HUJH
.RJRQ(XJHQ
.|KOHU0DQIUHG
.UDPHU-RVHI
.UDVQRZ,ULV
.UDXFK&DUO
.UDXVQLFN+HOPXW
.XODV]ND%DUEDUD
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 124/129
- h5*(1 * 5$) Â7 +( * ,$17 : ,7+ ) ((7 2) & /$<
/
/DPEUHFKW:ROIJDQJ/DQJEHLQ+HUPDQQ /D]DUH%HUQDUG
/HQJ\HO2OJD/HXFKWHU)UHG$
/HYDL-HQ|
/H\5REHUW
/LQGHQ+HUEHUW
/RFNH+XJK
/|KQHU%HGD)ULW]
/RQJHULFK3HWHU /XWKHU0DUWLQRIILFLDORI
WKH)RUHLJQ2IILFH
/XWKHU0DUWLQUHIRUPHU
0
0DUDLV3LHUUH
0DVHU:HUQHU0DVRQ7LP
0DWWRJQR&DUOR
0HQJHOH-RVHI
0ROO2WWR0OOHU)LOLS
0OOHU+HLQULFK
0XOOLQ.DWH 0XVLDO%RJGDQ
1
1HEH$UWKXU
1HXPDLHU$UQXOI
1LFRVLD)UDQFLV 1RUGOLQJ&DUO
1\LV]OL0LNORV
2
2EHUKDXVHU-RVHI
2KOHQGRUI2WWR
3
3DXO$OOHQ3DYHOLF$QWH
3DZOLNRZVNL-R]HI3HFKHUVN\$OH[DQGHU
3HWHUV*HUKDUG
3RKO2VZDOG
3ROHYRL%RULV
3ROLDNRY/pRQ
3RUWHU&DUORV:
3RVW:DOWHU3UHVVDF-HDQ&ODXGH
3URYDQ&KDUOHV
5
5DGHPDFKHU)UDQ]
5DVVLQLHU3DXO5DXII:DOWHU
5HGHU5XGROI
5HLWOLQJHU*HUDOG
5HXWHU)ULW]
5H\QRXDUG9LQFHQW
5RKZHU-UJHQ 5RTXHV+HQUL
5RVHQEHUJ:DOWHUVHHDOVR9UED5XGROI
5FNHUO$GDOEHUW
5XGROI*HUPDU
6
6DQQLQJ:DOWHU1
6FKLQGOHU0D[
6FKPDXVHU(UQVW+HLQULFK
6FKRHSV-XOLXV+ 6FKU|GHU6LE\OOH 6FKZHLW]HU(YD6HLGOHU)UDQ]:
6HUHQ\*LWWD6KDZFURVV+DUWOH\
6KLUHU:LOOLDP/
6LHJHUW.DUO6LPSVRQ*RUGRQ
6ROVFKHQL]\Q$OH[DQGHU
6RVVHQKHLPHU+HLQULFK
6SHHU$OEHUW
6WlJOLFK:LOKHOP6WDKOHFNHU)UDQ]:DOWHU
6WDOLQ-RVHSK
6WDQJO)UDQ]
6WDQR6WDUN
6WHLQEHUJ
6WUDXFK55
6XKO<XUL6XYRURY9LNWRU
6]DODVL)HUHQF6]HQGH6WHIDQ
7
7HOSXFKRZVNL%RULV67HQHQEDXP-RVHSK
7HU0HHU)ULW]
7HVFK%UXQR
7LHGHPDQQ+HUEHUW
7LVR-RVHI
7RPHVFX
7RSLWVFK(UQVW
9
YDQGHQ6WUDDWHQ5D\PRQG
YDQ3HOW5REHUW-DQYDQ5RGHQ(GZDUG
9HHVHQPD\HU(GPXQG
9HQW]NL:HUQHU
9HUEHNH+HUEHUWYRQGHP%DFK=HOHZVNL(ULFK
YRQ*LHQDQWK.XUW
9UED5XGROI
:
:DOHQG\8GR:HEHU%UXQR
:HFNHUW,QJULG
:HLQEDFKHU.DUO
:HOOHUV*HRUJHV:HW]OHU$OIUHG
:LHQ(5:LHUQLN<DQNLHO
:LHVHO(OLH
:LHVHQWKDO6LPRQ
:LOKHOP+DQV+HLQULFK
:ROII.DUO
:ROV]WD\Q
=
=LSSHO
=QGHO(UQVW
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 125/129
Prices do not include postage; for postage and availability see www.Barneseview.org or write to:TB Books The Barnes eview P.. Box 77 ashington .C. 2000or deliveries outside of America see also www.olocaustandbooks.com
CAT AB — The eries that Makes a ifference!
This ambitious series of scholarly books addresses various topics of the socalled ewish “olocaust” of
the era. They all have a highly critical, if not skeptical attitude toward the commonly held views
on this topic and are usually referred to as “revisionist” in nature. These books are designed to have the
power to both convince the common reader as well as academics in this ¿eld. The following books have
appeared so far
ermar udolf: ectures on the olocaust. Controversial ssues Cross xamined Between 992 and 200 erman scholar ermar udolf has lectured to various audi-
ences about the olocaust in the light of new ¿ndings. udolf’s sometimes astounding
facts and arguments fell on fertile soil among his listeners as they were presented in a
very sensitive and scholarly way. This book is the literary version of udolf’s lectures
enriched with the most recent ¿ndings of historiography. t is a dialogue between the lec-
turer and the reactions of the audience. udolf introduces the most important arguments
for his ¿ndings and his audience reacts with supportive skeptical and also hostile ques-
tions. The ectures read like an exciting real-life exchange between persons of various
points of view. The usual arguments against revisionism are addressed and refuted. This
book resembles an entertaining collection of answers to frequently asked questions on the
olocaust. t is the best introduction into this taboo topic for both readers unfamiliar with
the topic and for those wanting to know more.
nd, revised edition, 00 pp. pb., ”×”, bw ill., bibl., indices, 0.
Arthur . Butz: he oax of the wentieth Centuryith this book r. Butz Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer cience
has been the ¿rst writer to treat the entire olocaust complex from the revisionist perspec-
tive in a precise scienti¿c manner. The oax exhibits the overwhelming force of historical
and logical arguments which revisionism had accumulated by the middle of the 970s. t
was the ¿rst book published in the which won for revisionism the academic dignity to
which it is entitled. t continues to be a major revisionist reference work frequently cited
by prominent personalities. This new edition comes with several supplements adding new
information gathered by the author over the last 2 years. t is a “must read” for every revi-
sionist and every newcomer to the issue who wants to learn about revisionist arguments.
0 pp. pb., ”×” pb., bw ill., bibl., index, 0.
. udolf ed.): issecting the olocaust. he rowing Critique of ‘ruth’ and ‘emory’
issecting the olocaust applies state-of-the-art scienti¿c technique and classic meth-
ods of detection to investigate the alleged murder of millions of Jews by ermans during
orld ar . n 22 contributions of each ca. 0 pages the 7 authors dissect generally
accepted paradigms of the “olocaust.” t reads as exciting as a crime novel: so many
lies forgeries and deceptions by politicians historians and scientists. This is the intel-lectual adventure of the 2st century. Be part of it!
“There is at present no other single volume that so provides a serious reader with
a broad understanding of the contemporary state of historical issues that inÀuential
people would rather not have examined.” —Prof. r. A. . Butz Evanston
“Read this book and you will know where revisionism is today.... revisionism has
done away with the exterminationist case.” —Andrew ray The Barnes Review
nd, revised edition, 1 pp. pb., ”×”, bw ill., bibl., index, 0.
ngrid eckert: ewish migration from the hird eichCurrent historical writings about the Third eich paint a bleak picture regarding its
treatment of Jews. Jewish emigration is often depicted as if the Jews had to sneak over theerman borders leaving all their possessions behind. The truth is that the emigration was
welcomed and supported by the erman authorities and occurred under constantly in-
creasing pressure. eckert’s booklet elucidates the emigration process in law and policy
thereby augmenting the received picture of Jewish emigration from ermany.
pp. pb., ”×”, index, .
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 126/129
Prices do not include postage; for postage and availability see www.Barneseview.org or write to:TB Books The Barnes eview P.. Box 77 ashington .C. 2000or deliveries outside of America see also www.olocaustandbooks.com
on eddesheimer: he irst olocaust. ewish und aising Campaigns ith
olocaust Claims uring And After orld ar neix million Jews in Europe threatened with a holocaust: this allegation was spread by
sources like The New ork Times – but the year was 99! on eddesheimer’s compact
but substantive irst olocaust documents post- propaganda that claimed East Eu-
ropean Jewry was on the brink of annihilation regularly invoking the talismanic six mil-
lion ¿gure); it details how that propaganda was used to agitate for minority rights for Jews
in Poland and for Bolshevism in ussia. t demonstrates how Jewish fund-raising opera-tions in America raised vast sums in the name of feeding Polish and ussian Jews then
funneled much of the money to ionist and Communist “constructive undertakings.”
The irst olocaust is a valuable study of American Jewish institutional operations at
a fateful juncture in Jewish and European history an incisive examination of a cunningly
contrived campaign of atrocity and extermination propaganda two decades before the al-
leged olocaust – and an indispensable addition to every revisionist’s library.
144 pp. pb., ”×”, bw ill., bibl., index, 10.
C. Mattogno J. raf: reblinka. xtermination Camp or ransit Camp?t is alleged that at Treblinka in East Poland between 700000 and 000000 persons
were murdered in 942 and 94. The weapons used were said to have been stationaryand/or mobile gas chambers fast-acting or slow-acting poison gas unslaked lime super-
heated steam electricity diesel exhaust fumes etc. olocaust historians alleged that bod-
ies were piled as high as multi-storied buildings and burned without a trace using little
or no fuel at all. raf and Mattogno have now analyzed the origins logic and technical
feasibility of the of¿cial version of Treblinka. n the basis of numerous documents they
reveal Treblinka’s true identity: it was a transit camp. Even longtime revisionism buffs
will ¿nd a lot that is new in this book while raf’s animated style guarantees a pleasant
reading experience. The original testimony of witnesses enlivens the reader as does the
skill with which the authors expose the absurdities of olocaust historiography.
0 pp. pb., ”×”, bw ill., bibl., index, .
J. raf T. ues C. Mattogno: obibor. olocaust ropaganda and eality
Between 2000 and 2000000 Jews are said to have been killed in gas chambers in
the obibór camp in eastern Poland in 942 and 94. The corpses were allegedly buried
in mass graves and later incinerated on pyres. This book investigates these claims and
shows that they are not based on solid evidence but on the selective use of absurd and
contradictory eye-witness testimonies. Archeological surveys of the camp in 2000-200
are analyzed with fatal results for the extermination camp hypothesis. The book also
thoroughly documents the general N policy toward Jews which never included an ex-
termination plan.
44 pp. pb., ”×”, bw ill., bibl., index, .
C. Mattogno: Belzec in ropaganda estimonies Archeological esearch
and istory itnesses report that at least 00000 if not as many as three million Jews were mur-
dered in the Belzec camp located in eastern Poland between 94 and 942. arious
murder weapons are claimed to have been used: diesel gas chambers; unslaked lime in
trains; high voltage; vacuum chambers. According to witnesses the corpses were inciner-
ated on huge pyres without leaving any traces. or those who know the stories about Tre-
blinka this all sounds too familiar. The author therefore restricted this study to the aspects
which are different and new compared to Treblinka but otherwise refers the reader to his
Treblinka book. The development of the of¿cial image portrait about Belzec is explainedand subjected to a thorough critique. n contrast to Treblinka forensic drillings and exca-
vations were performed in the late 990s in Belzec the results of which are explained and
critically reviewed. These ¿ndings together with the absurd claims by “witnesses” refute
the thesis of an extermination camp.
1 pp. pb., ”×”, bw ill., bibl., index, 1.
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 127/129
Prices do not include postage; for postage and availability see www.Barneseview.org or write to:TB Books The Barnes eview P.. Box 77 ashington .C. 2000or deliveries outside of America see also www.olocaustandbooks.com
J. raf C. Mattogno: Concentration Camp ajdanek ittle research had been directed toward the concentration camp Majdanek in central
Poland even though it is claimed that up to a million Jews were murdered there. The
only information available is discredited Polish Communists propaganda. This glaring re-
search gap has ¿nally been ¿lled. After exhaustive research of primary sources Mattogno
and raf created a monumental study which expertly dissects and repudiates the myth
of homicidal gas chambers at Majdanek. They also critically investigated the legendary
mass executions of Jews in tank trenches “peration arvest estival”) and prove themgroundless. The authors’ investigations lead to unambiguous conclusions about the camp
which are radically different from the of¿cial theses. Again they have produced a standard
and methodical investigative work which authentic historiography cannot ignore.
nd ed., 0 pp. pb., ”×”, bw color ill., bibl., index, .
. udolf C. Mattogno: Auschwitz ies. egends ies and rejudices on the olocaust
“rench biochemist . ellers exposed the euchter eport as fallacious” – he ex-
posed only his own grotesque incompetence. “Polish researcher Prof. J. Markiewicz
proved with analysis that yklon B was used in the gas chambers of Auschwitz” – Mar-
kiewicz fabricated his results. “Chemist r. ichard reen showed that the revisionists’
chemical arguments are Àawed” – reen actually had to admit that the revisionists areright. “Prof. immerman proved that the crematories in Auschwitz could cremate all vic-
tims of the claimed mass murder.” – as an accountant immerman proved only his lack
of knowledge. “Profs. M. hermer and A. robman refuted the entire array of revisionist
arguments” – they merely covered a tiny fraction of revisionist arguments and botched
their attempt at refutation. “eren McCarthy and Mazal found the ‘oles of eath’
proving the existence of the Auschwitz gas chambers” – they twisted evidence to support
their case and suppressed facts refuting it. These and other untruths are treated in this book and exposed for
what they really are: political lies created to ostracize dissident historians and to keep the entire western world
in merciless olocaust servitude.
pp. pb., ”×”, bw ill., index, .
. euchter . aurisson: . udolf he euchter eports. Critical dition
Between 9 and 99 American expert on execution technologies red euchter
wrote four expert reports addressing the question whether or not the Third eich oper-
ated homicidal gas chambers. The ¿rst report on Auschwitz and Majdanek became world
famous. Based on chemical analysis of wall samples and on various technical arguments
euchter concluded that the locations investigated “could not have then been or now be
utilized or seriously considered to function as execution gas chambers.” n subsequent
years this ¿rst euchter eport was the target of much criticism some of it justi¿ed. This
edition republishes the unaltered text of all four reports and accompanies the ¿rst one with
critical notes and research updates backing up and supporting those of euchter’s claims
that are correct and correcting those that are inaccurate or false.
pp. pb., ”×”, bw ill., .
. udolf ed.): Auschwitz: lain acts. A esponse to eanClaude ressac
rench pharmacist Jean-Claude Pressac tried to refute revisionists with their own
technical methods. or this he was praised by the mainstream and they proclaimed vic-
tory over the revisionists. n Auschwitz: Plain acts Pressac’s works are subjected to
a detailed critique. Although Pressac deserves credit for having made accessible many
hitherto unknown documents he neither adhered to scienti¿c nor to formal standards
when interpreting documents: e made claims that he either could not prove or whichcontradict the facts; documents do not state what he claims they do; he exhibits massive
technical incompetence and he ignores important arguments. Auschwitz: Plain acts is
a must read for all those who want to argue against the lies and half truth of established
historiography.1 pp. pb., ”×”, bw ill., bibl., index, 0.
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 128/129
Prices do not include postage; for postage and availability see www.Barneseview.org or write to:TB Books The Barnes eview P.. Box 77 ashington .C. 2000or deliveries outside of America see also www.olocaustandbooks.com
Jürgen raf: he iant with eet of Clay. aul ilberg and his tandard ork on the
“olocaust”
aul ilberg’s major work The estruction of European Jewry is generally considered
the standard work on the olocaust. The critical reader might ask: what evidence does
ilberg provide to back his thesis that there was a erman plan to exterminate Jews to
be carried out in the legendary gas chambers? And what evidence supports his estimate
of . million Jewish victims? Jürgen raf applies the methods of critical analysis to
ilberg’s evidence and examines the results in the light of revisionist historiography. The
results of raf’s critical analysis are devastating for ilberg. raf’s Giant With Feet of
Clay is the ¿rst comprehensive and systematic examination of the leading spokesperson
for the orthodox version of the Jewish fate during the Third eich.
1 pp. pb., ”×”, bw ill., bibl., index, 11.
ermar udolf: he udolf eport. xpert eport on Chemical and echnical Aspects of
the ‘as Chambers’ of Auschwitz n 9 red euchter American expert for execution technologies investigated the
alleged gas chambers of Auchwitz and Majdanek and concluded that they could not have
functioned as claimed. Ever since euchter’s claims have been massively criticized. n
99 udolf a researcher from a prestigious erman Max-Planck-nstitute published a
thorough forensic study about the alleged gas chambers of Auschwitz which irons out the
de¿ciencies and discrepancies of the euchter eport.
The Rudolf Report is the ¿rst English edition of this sensational scienti¿c work. t
analyzes all existing evidence on the Auschwitz gas chambers. The conclusions are quite
clear: The alleged gas chambers of Auschwitz could not have existed. n the appendix
udolf describes his unique persecution.
4 pp. ¾”×¼”, bw color ill., bibl., index; pb. or hardcover, .
Carlo Mattogno: pecial reatment in Auschwitz. rigin and eaning of a ermhen appearing in erman wartime documents terms like “special treatment” “spe-
cial action” and others have been interpreted as code words signifying the murder of
inmates. hile the term “special treatment” in many such documents did indeed mean
execution the term need not always have had that meaning in erman records. This book
is the most thorough study of this textual problem to date. Publishing and interpreting nu-
merous such documents about Auschwitz – many of them hitherto unknown – Mattogno
shows that while “special” had many different meanings not a single one meant “execu-
tion.” This important study demonstrates that the practice of deciphering an alleged “code
language” by assigning homicidal meaning to harmless documents is no longer tenable
11 pp. pb., ”×”, bw ill., bibl., index, 1.
C. Mattogno: he Bunkers of Auschwitz. Black ropaganda vs. istoryThe so-called “Bunkers” at Auschwitz are claimed to have been the ¿rst homicidal gas cham-
bers at Auschwitz speci¿cally equipped for this purpose in early 942. ith the help of original
erman wartime ¿les this study shows that these “Bunkers” never existed; how the rumors
about them evolved as black propaganda created by resistance groups within the camp; how
this propaganda was transformed into ‘reality’ by historians; and how material evidence aerial
photography and archeological research) con¿rms the publicity character of these rumors.
4 pp. pb., ”×”, bw ill., bibl., index, 0.
Carlo attogno Auschwitz: he Central Construction f¿ceBased upon mostly unpublished erman wartime documents from Moscow archives this
study describes the history organization tasks and procedures of the Central Constructionf¿ce of the affen- and Police Auschwitz. espite a huge public interest in the camp next
to nothing was really known about this of¿ce which was responsible for the planning and con-
struction of the Auschwitz camp complex including those buildings in which horrendous mass
slaughter is erroneously said to have occurred.
1 pp. pb., ”×”, bw ill., glossary, 1.
8/3/2019 The Giant With the Feets of Clay - Raul Hilberg and His Standard Work on the Holocaust - Juergen Graf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-giant-with-the-feets-of-clay-raul-hilberg-and-his-standard-work-on-the 129/129
Carlo Mattogno: Auschwitz: he irst assing. umor and ealityThe ¿rst gassing of human beings in Auschwitz is claimed to have occurred on ept. 94
in a basement room. The accounts reporting it are the archetypes for all later gassing accounts.
This study analyzes all available sources about this alleged event. t shows that these sources
contradict each other in location date preparations victims etc. rendering it impossible to
extract a consistent story. riginal wartime documents inÀict a ¿nal blow to the tale of the ¿rst
homicidal gassing.
1 pp. pb., ”×”, bw ill., bibl., index, 1.C. Mattogno: Auschwitz: Crematorium and the Alleged omicidal assings
The morgue of Crematorium in Auschwitz is claimed to have been the ¿rst homicidal gas
chamber in that camp. This study thoroughly investigates all accessible statements by witnesses
and analyzes hundreds of wartime documents in order to accurately write a history of that build-
ing. Mattogno proves that its morgue was never used as a homicidal gas chamber nor could it
have served as such.
1 pp. pb., ”×”, bw ill., bibl., index, 1.
Carlo Mattogno: Auschwitz: pen Air ncinerationsundreds of thousands of corpses of murder victims are claimed to have been incinerated in
deep ditches in Auschwitz. This book examines the testimonies and establishes whether these
claims were technically possible. sing air photo evidence physical evidence as well as war-
time documents the author shows that these claims are untrue.
1 pp. pb., ”×”, bw ill., bibl., index, 1.
Jürgen raf Carlo Mattogno: Concentration Camp tutthof and its
unction in ational ocialist ewish olicy
The concentration camp at tutthof near anzig in western Prussia has never before been
scienti¿cally investigated by estern historians. Polish authors of¿cially sanctioned by their
Communist government long maintained that tutthof was converted to an “auxiliary extermi-
nation camp” in 944 with the mission to murder Jews. This book subjects this concept to rigor-ous critical investigation based on literature and documents from various archives. t shows that
extermination claims contradict reliable sources.
nd ed., 1 pp. pb., ”×”, bw color ill., bibl., index, 1.
Carlo Mattogno: Auschwitz: he Case for anityBecause Jewish theologian eborah ipstadt had called British historian avid rving a
“olocaust denier ” he sued her for libel n her defense ipstadt presented Prof obert van