the geology of the paleozoic era 7% of earth’s history permian pennsylvanian mississippian...
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The Geology of the The Geology of the Paleozoic EraPaleozoic Era
7% of Earth’s history
PermianPennsylvanianMississippianDevonianSilurianOrdovicianCambrian
Boundaries are changes in the fossil record
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Base of the Cambrian systemBase of the Cambrian system
Starts at appearance of first easily visible fossils
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Boundaries changes in fossilsBoundaries changes in fossils
Prof Adam Sedgwick (Cambridge) studied the Cambrian (including the Ordovician) based on superposition and structural geology. Roderick Murchison described and mapped the Silurian based on fossils. Together they defined the Devonian System in Devon and Cornwall.Murchison established the Permian in Russian, then returned and split up Cambrian based on fossils. Later Charles Lapworth separated out the Ordovician.
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Paleozoic OverviewPaleozoic Overview
• Global tectonic theme of the Paleozoic - Global tectonic theme of the Paleozoic - assembly of the supercontinent, Pangaea. assembly of the supercontinent, Pangaea.
• Deposition due to transgressions, and erosion - Deposition due to transgressions, and erosion - disconformities due to regressions.disconformities due to regressions.
• Transgressions caused shallow continental Transgressions caused shallow continental ((epeiricepeiric) seas. Interiors of continents were ) seas. Interiors of continents were frequently flooded.frequently flooded.
• Formation of mountain belts at edges: collisions Formation of mountain belts at edges: collisions with small and large landmasses with small and large landmasses
• Collisions resulted in assembly Collisions resulted in assembly of Pangaea.of Pangaea.
Rifting raises water, moves plates, which later collide, make foreland basins, water drops
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Paleozoic Global Geology Paleozoic Global Geology
• Six major Paleozoic continents are recognized after Rodinia breakup
• Gondwana - S. continents, India
• Laurentia - North America, Greenland, part Gr. Britain
• Baltica – Northern Europe
• Siberia – Most of Northern Asia
• Kazakhstania – part Central Asia
• China - All of SE Asia and SE China
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Paleozoic Era key eventsPaleozoic Era key eventsTransgression and Regressions
Assembly of Pangea
Avalonia collides with Laurentia
Iapetus floor subducted , Laurentia and Baltica collide - Laurasia
Continues subduction Iapetus ; South docks w/ rest of AvaloniaOld Red SS
Catskill Clastic Wedge
Gondwana/Laurasia
Extinctions: http://www.fmnh.helsinki.fi/users/haaramo/Meteor_Impacts/Middle_Paleozoic_impacts.htm
Deep
Rifting raises water, moves plates, which later collide, make foreland basins, water drops
Notice: 3 orogenies, 4 transgressions, 2 glaciations, 1 huge mass extinction
Mass Extinction
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Devonian Reconstruction
High sea levels mostly due large MORs and warm climates (no glaciers)
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How can we reconstruct past How can we reconstruct past continent positions?continent positions?
• Paleomagnetism Latitude• Biogeography - Distribution of flora and fauna. • Climatology - Climate sensitive sediments • Tectonic Patterns – continuation of mountains• Can’t use Magnetic Stripes on ocean floor- until
200 mya Triassic\Jurassic and later
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Global paleogeography for the Global paleogeography for the CambrianCambrian period period
All six continents occur at low paleolatitudes Ocean waters circulate freely/ poles appear ice-free Epeiric seas cover much of continents except Gondwana Highlands in N Gondwana, Eastern Siberia, Central Kazakhistan
Six major Paleozoic continents are recognized after Rodinia breakup Laurentia - North America, Greenland, Scotland Rotated 90o
Baltica - Russia (W of Urals), Scandinavia
Siberia - Russia (E of Urals), Part Asia Kazakhstania - Kazakhstan China - All of SE Asia and SE China
Gondwana - S. continents, India
NOTE:
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Ordovician - SilurianOrdovician - Silurian
SILURIAN– Silurian collision of Baltica/Laurentia Caledonian Orogeny, suturing forms Laurasia- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ORDOVICIAN– Ordovician Gondwana moved 40o S to a South Pole
location (Glaciers formed, we find L. Ord. tillites) – Baltica moved S, then N – Microcontinent & Island Arcs collided with Laurentia
(led to Taconic Orogeny) narrowing Iapetus
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How do we know?L. Ordovician biogeography of Carolinites genacinaca
Confirms paleomagnetic latitudes
Trilobite Paleogeography
From McCormick & Fortey 1999. From McCormick & Fortey 1999. J. Paleontol. 73(2):202-18.) J. Paleontol. 73(2):202-18.)
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Global paleogeography Global paleogeography MidMid Ordovician to SilurianOrdovician to Silurian
Baltica moved S, then N and collided with Laurentia. Note rotated 30o
Siberia moved from equatorial to northern temperate latitudes
Gondwana moved 40o S to a South Pole location (Late Ord. tillites)
Small piece of Avalonia hits in Ordovician
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M. OrdovicianM. Ordovician
http://www.geodynamics.no/Platemotions/500-400
Saucrorthis
Mostly distinct faunasContinents were not close
Note land at South Pole
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DevonianDevonian
– Acadian Orogeny in the Appalachians– Other orogenies: Antler (W. N.Am. Cordillera)
and Ellesmere (north margin of Laurentia) – Gondwana moves to higher southern
latitudes. All other continents at low northern latitudes.
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Paleogeography Early DevonianPaleogeography Early Devonian
Other orogenies: Antler (Cordillera) and Ellesmere (north margin of Laurentia) Gondwana moves to higher southern latitudes. All other continents at low northern latitudes.
Continued collision of Baltica/Laurentia formed Laurasia, closed Iapetus OceanCaledonian Orogeny in B/L finishes E. DevAcadian Orogeny in the Appalachiansfolds older rocks M. Dev.
Antler
Acadian
Caledonian
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Devonian Faunal Similarities: CONTINENTS CLOSEDevonian Faunal Similarities: CONTINENTS CLOSE
Oklahoma and Morocco Trilobites from the DevonianOklahoma and Morocco Trilobites from the Devonian
DicranurusDicranurus
ReedopsReedops
Dalmanitidae Dalmanitidae
Looks like Oklahoma was close to Morocco
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Final Assembly of PangeaFinal Assembly of Pangea• Permian – Kazakhstania collided with Baltica,
forming the Urals
• Single continent surrounded by Panthalassa Ocean w Tethys Sea
________________________________________• Pennsylvanian – Siberia collided with
Kazakhstania, forming Altai Mts.• Laurasia collides with Gondwana to reform
Appalachians and to form Hercynian Mts. in Late Paleozoic. Hercynian collision forms Europe
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Gondwana – Laurasia collision Gondwana – Laurasia collision Hercynian and Allegheny OrogeniesHercynian and Allegheny Orogenies
North and South Europe sutureHercynian Orogeny continuous w Allegheny Orogeny about 300 mya
Allegheny
Hercynian
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Final Assembly of PangaeaFinal Assembly of Pangaea
• After the suturing of Gondwana and Laurasia (includes Hercynian and Allegheny Orogenies),
• Then:
• Siberia collided with Kazakhstania in the Pennsylvanian, forming the Altai Mountains.
• Kazakhstania collided with Baltica in the Permian, forming the Ural Mountains.
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Paleogeography Late PermianPaleogeography Late Permian
HercynianN Eur-S Eur
Allegheny Orogeny
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Tectonic DetailsTectonic Details
• That’s the overview
• Now let’s look in more detail at the collision, i.e. orogenies
Angular Unconformity between Martinsburg Fm (mid-Ordovician, folded by Taconic) and overlying Shawangunk Fm (Silurian, folded by Acadian and Allegheny Orogenies)
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Paleozoic Era key eventsPaleozoic Era key eventsNext let’s look closer at the Orogenies
Rifting raises water, moves plates, which later collide, make foreland basins, water dropsAssembly of Pangea
Avalonia collides with Laurentia
Iapetus floor subducted Scotl Scan NE CanLauentia and Baltica collide - Laurasia
Continues subd Iapetus South docks rest AvaloniaOld Red SS
Catskill Clastic Wedge
Gondwana/Laurasia
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Tectonics Paleozoic North America Tectonics Paleozoic North America
• In the Cambrian, several small terranes lay to the south of Laurentia as it separated from Baltica. The shores were passive margins.
• In the Ordovician, beginning about 500 mya, the direction of plate motion reversed and Iapetus began to close.
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Global paleogeography for the Global paleogeography for the CambrianCambrian period period
Avalonia Terranes
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Development of the Taconic OrogenyDevelopment of the Taconic Orogeny
Laurentia moves toward Avalonia Africa moves toward both
Rodinia breaking up
Avalonia Terrane E. Cambrian
Plates reverse, in E. Ordovician
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Taconic orogeny (cont)Taconic orogeny (cont)
Mid – L. Ordovician, N.Avalonia
and an island arc dock with
Laurentia, beginning the Appalachians
Rocks thrust up over margin of Laurentia
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Interior of Laurentia, Ord.-SilurianInterior of Laurentia, Ord.-Silurian
• Inland, the Taconic collisions caused the crust to be warped down, forming the Appalachian FORELAND BASIN
• Deep water sediments were deposited in the basin, until sediments eroded from the Taconic mountains filled the basin, and shallow water deposits prevailed.
• The Queenston Clastic Wedge filled the foreland basin. We saw the Shawangunk and High Falls – Bloomsburg Formations at the Delaware Water Gap.
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Cambrian paleogeographyCambrian paleogeography
Pre –collisionsNote equator
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Paleogeography N. Am. M Ord-Sil.Paleogeography N. Am. M Ord-Sil.
Post collisionsBarrier Reefs HighstandEvaporites Lowstand
Queenston Clastic Wedge
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Queenston clastic wedgeQueenston clastic wedge
(Martinsburg Shale)(Allentown Dolo., Jacksonburg Ls.)
Hardyston Fmdownfolded
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The Caledonian OrogenyThe Caledonian Orogeny
• Baltica sutured onto Laurentia– Mountains - Nova Scotia to Scandinavia– Erosion resulted clastic wedge– Devonian Old Red Sandstone
• Result called Laurasia
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Late Silurian - Early DevonianLate Silurian - Early DevonianCaledonian Orogeny-Laurasia formsCaledonian Orogeny-Laurasia forms
Caledonian Orogeny
To our North
Baltica sutured onto Laurentia
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The Acadian OrogenyThe Acadian Orogeny• Continued subduction of Iapetus ocean floor in Devonian
• Additional parts of Avalonia docked with Laurentia– Re-folding of Old Mountains – Virginia to Maritimes– Old rocks even more folded and metamorphosed– Erosion resulted in Catskill clastic wedge– Facies change in foreland basin – shallow marine to
streams in Middle Devonian as basin fills– Field trip Marcellus to Mahantango => Centerfield Reef– Catskill delta as basin filled
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Early - Mid DevonianEarly - Mid DevonianAcadian Orogeny-Laurasia formsAcadian Orogeny-Laurasia forms
Acadian OrogenySouthern Avalonia into Laurasia
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Accreted terranes Accreted terranes (Does this remind you of somewhere else?)(Does this remind you of somewhere else?)
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Late Devonian paleogeography Late Devonian paleogeography of North Americaof North America
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Catskill FormationCatskill Formation
Clastic Wedge from Acadian collision w rest of Avalonia
E-Mid Devonian docking, folding.By L. Dev. filled, mostly stream
deposits, floodplains have fossils of land plants and
amphibians
Oxidation state of Iron depended on oxygen levels
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Catskill clastic wedge thicknessCatskill clastic wedge thickness
Coarse near sourceWedge thins away
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Clastic Wedges fill Foreland BasinsClastic Wedges fill Foreland BasinsHighlands source of sediment
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BIG Collision with GondwanaBIG Collision with Gondwana The Allegheny Orogeny The Allegheny Orogeny
• Initial contact Late Mississippian• Northwest Africa collided• Folding of Pennsylvanian rocks proves long duration• Deformation much more extensive than the Taconic or
Acadian – New York to Alabama
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Physiographic provinces Physiographic provinces AppalachiansAppalachians
• Piedmont Province: at collision suture, very metamorphosed and intruded
• Blue Ridge: Grenvillian rocks thrust toward craton.• Valley and Ridge: northwest thrust faults and northeast anticlines
and synclines Thin-skinned tectonics platform rx folded more than basement.
Resistant Ridges• Plateau: little deformation
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Allegheny and Ouachita OrogeniesAllegheny and Ouachita Orogenies
Allegheny
Ouchita
Hercynian
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Antler OrogenyAntler Orogeny
This is the beginning of Cordillera Construction
Antler Mts. are folded basin sediments, Devonian and Mississippian
• In the Devonian, a westward dipping subduction zone formed off Western Laurasia.An Island Arc formed, the Klamath Arc,ocean floor subducted as the arc approached and collided with the continent
• Late Devonian to Early Mississippian, Basin thrust East
• Klamath Mts. and North Sierra Nevada
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Late Devonian paleogeography Late Devonian paleogeography of North Americaof North America
Here it is
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Paleozoic structure of the WestPaleozoic structure of the West
Exposed granite eroded as arkoses(feldspar rich sandstones)
Devonian – Ouachita Orogeny creates compressional stressPennsylvanian – blocks push up along high angle faults, relieving the stress. PreCambrian basement exposed.Resulted in Front Range Uplift CO & WYUncompahgre Uplift CO & NM
Late Paleozoic also saw the beginnings of the Rockies
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Pennsylvanian arkose, COPennsylvanian arkose, COFountain Arkose, CO, deposited northeast of Front Range Uplift
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Next: Cratonic SequencesNext: Cratonic Sequences
• Laurence Sloss: Major transgressive-regressive cycles
• 4 in Paleozoic• Allow long range correlation “Sequence Stratigraphy”
• Transgression: nearshore sand covered by muds and/or carbonates
• Regression: – Nearshore: erosion and disconformity– Far offshore: sediments coarsening upward
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Paleozoic Era key eventsPaleozoic Era key eventsTransgression and Regressions
Assembly of Pangea
Sauk: High rates of sea-floor
spreading
TC: glacial melting and accelerated sea-floor spreading
KS: filling in of the Appalachian foreland basin by Late Devonian time
ABS: Sea level rise (cyclic) due Gondwana glaciation Penn-Pm regression due slowdown spreading, assembly of Pangaea, drained continent L Pm
HighLow
Rifting raises water, moves plates, which later collide, make foreland basins, water drops
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Cambrian – E Ord Sauk SequenceCambrian – E Ord Sauk Sequence
Pre-collision, dramatic transgression due active MORsNote extensive shallow carbonates and equator
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Time-transgressive Cambrian Time-transgressive Cambrian rocks Grand Canyonrocks Grand Canyon
Sauk SequenceSauk Sequence
Transgression
Note how western BAS is older than eastern BAS
LowerCambrian
MiddleCambrian
http://www.wmrs.edu/projects/trilobites/images/trilo7-2.jpg
http://www.geo-tools.com/trilobites.htm
WEST EAST
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Tippecanoe Transgression M Ord-Sil.Tippecanoe Transgression M Ord-Sil.
Reworking of Sauk sands gives pure sands Reworking of Sauk sands gives pure sands useful in glass manufacture.useful in glass manufacture.
Sands covered by carbonates Sands covered by carbonates as transgression advancesas transgression advances
Michigan Basin surrounded by reefsMichigan Basin surrounded by reefsRestricted circulation causedRestricted circulation caused
evaporite precipitationevaporite precipitationSource of Rock SaltSource of Rock Salt
About 5 smaller T-R PulsesAbout 5 smaller T-R Pulses
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Late Devonian Kaskasia Late Devonian Kaskasia TransgressionTransgression
Williston Basin surrounded by reefsWilliston Basin surrounded by reefsRestricted circulation causedRestricted circulation caused evaporite precipitationevaporite precipitation
Carbonates over pure sandsCarbonates over pure sands
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Absoroka SequenceAbsoroka Sequence
• Transgression starts M Pennsylvanian• Regression starts L Pennsylvanian• Cyclothems Reflect Glacial sea-level var.
PERMIAN• Inland sea limited to w Texas & s NM• Extensive evaporite deposits KS – OK• Redbeds over interior
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Paleozoic Era key eventsPaleozoic Era key eventsClimate/Sedimentation
Rifting raises water, moves plates, which later collide and fold. Folding makes deep basin. If fold basin sediments, uplift.
Assembly of Pangea
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Next: Paleozoic ClimatesNext: Paleozoic Climates• Paleozoic mostly warm, but two glacial times,
Ordovician and Pennsylvanian to Late Permian.
• Cool Middle Ordovician– CO2 tied up in carbonates – less greenhouse
– Extensive Gondwana tillites and striations– Sea level retreats as glacier holds water
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Late Paleozoic ClimatesLate Paleozoic Climates(1) Cool Pennsylvanian – M Permian
– CO2 tied up in carbonates
– Extensive Gondwana tillites and striations – sea-level fluctuations due glacial (slow regression) and interglacial (fast melt) “cyclothems”
– Generated Coal deposits, carbon reservoirs, low CO2
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Glacial Abrasion in BedrockGlacial Abrasion in Bedrock
Source: Tom Bean
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Pennsylvanian Glacier -GondwanaPennsylvanian Glacier -GondwanaSea-level falls/rises as glaciers grow/melt
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Pennsylvanian CyclothemsPennsylvanian Cyclothems
Rapid transgressions cover swamp as ice
melts
Slow regression as ice sheet grows
estuary
swampCoal Swamp
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Coal formation Pennsylvania cyclothemsCoal formation Pennsylvania cyclothems
Highland source to east
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Pennsylvanian-age coal depositsPennsylvanian-age coal deposits
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Late Paleozoic Climates - 2Late Paleozoic Climates - 2(2) The Late Permian WARM• Pangaea was ice-free• Warm equatorial waters from the Panthalassa
Ocean reached both poles. • No glaciers = no coal (need rapid transgression
due glacial melting)• The Gondwana landmass had drifted north into
warmer climates.• reduced coal formation caused carbon dioxide
levels to rise • Greenhouse effect
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L. Permian PangaeaL. Permian Pangaea
Pangaea is assembled, sea-level low
Ice-free, dry interiors, no coalMuch of land +/- 30 degrees
Hot, dry climateNote evaporites
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PERMIAN N. AmericaPERMIAN N. America
• Inland sea limited to w Texas & s NM
• Extensive evaporite deposits KS – OK
• Redbeds over interior – strong seasons