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TRANSCRIPT
1
Earth HistoryMrs. Burkey
ESS Cy Creek HS
17-18
The Earth is 4.6 billion years
old!
If the Earth formed at midnight…
• 6:00 am – First life appears
• 10:00 pm – First animals/plants
on land
• 11:59 pm – First humans evolve
What is the Earth’s time scale?
The Geological time scale is a record of
the life forms and geological events in
Earth’s history.
Scientists developed the time scale by
fossils world wide.
Radioactive dating (like Carbon Dating)
helped determine the absolute divisions
in the time scale.
Geological time Scale
(largest to smallest)
Super-eon
Eon
Era* - 4
Period* -11
Epoch - Current
Age - Current
Past
Middle
Current Q
T
C
J
T
P
C
D
S
O
C
Question?
Tough
Contest
Judge
To
Pizza
Cook
Deliciously
So
Oscar
Could
Other Mnemonic Devices
Chris Ordered Some Delicious Pizza That Just Cost
Twenty Quarters
Cold Oysters Seldom Develop Many Precious Pearls, Their Juices Congeal To Quickly
(Parents) Can Only Sit Down Carefully; Perhaps Their
Joints Can't Tolerate Quickness
2
FOUR Eras…
PRE-CAMBRIAN – 88% of earth’s history
Paleozoic (ancient life) 544 million years ago…lasted 300 million yrs
Mesozoic (middle life) 245 million years ago…lasted 180 million yrs
Cenozoic (recent life) 65 million years ago…continues through
present day
Pre-Cambrian
Began with the formation
of the Earth 4.6 billion
years ago.
Accounts for 88% of whole
Earth History.
Simple bacteria only.
Paleozoic Era “Ancient Life”
Explosion of life in the oceans began
during this era.
Most of the continents were covered in
warm, shallow seas.
Invertebrates were dominate
Fish emerged which led to the arrival of
amphibians
The early coal forming forests were also
formed during this time. Carboniferous
Period
Paleozoic Era
Divided into 5 periods:
Cambrian period - “Age of
the Trilobites”
Ordovician period - First
fishes evolved and other
species become extinct
Silurian period - Land
plants, insects and spiders
appear
Devonian period -Amphibians evolve and cone-bearing plants start to appear.
Carboniferous period -Tropical forests appear and reptiles evolve. Where we get most of our coal/fossil fuel now. (also Penn. Miss. Together)
Permian period - Seed plants become common and insects and reptiles become widespread.
Trilobites
Lived in Earth’s ancient seas
Extinct before the dinosaurs
came into existence
Cambrian Period is know as
the “Age of the Trilobites”
3
Meganeura Arthropleura
END of the Paleozoic Era
the largest mass extinction in history wiped out
approximately 90% of all marine animal species
and 70% of land animals.
Possible causes of this Mass Extinction Event
Lowering of sea levels when the continents
were rejoined as Pangaea (convergent
boundary)
Increased volcanic activity (ash and dust)
Climate changes – cooler climate
Mesozoic Era “Middle Life”
Dinosaurs were also very active in this era.
First small dinosaurs appeared in the Triassic Period.
Larger and more abundant dinosaurs appeared in the Jurassic Period.
Small mammals and birds also appeared during this era.
Mesozoic Era
Divided into 3 periods:
Triassic period - Turtles and crocodiles evolve and dinosaurs appear.
Jurassic period - Large dinosaurs roam the world. First mammals and birds appear.
Cretaceous period -Flowering plants appear, mammals become more common, dinosaurs
become extinct.
4
Mesozoic Mammals
Mesozoic Reptiles
End of the Mesozoic Era
This era ended with a mass extinction event about 65
million years ago.
Many groups of animals, including the dinosaurs
disappeared suddenly at this time.
Many scientists believe that this event was caused by
a comet or asteroid colliding with the Earth.
*Not actual crater from 65mya
Cenozoic Era – “Recent Life”
Began about 65 million years ago and continues today!!!!!
Climate was warm and mild.
Marine animals evolved.
Mammals began to increase and evolve adaptations that allowed them to live in many different environments – land, air and the sea.
This era is sometimes called the “Age of Mammals”
Cenozoic Era
Divided into 2 periods:
Tertiary period - First
primates appear and
flowering plants
become the most
common.
Quaternary period -
Humans evolve and
large mammals like
woolly mammoths
become extinct.
5
Today…Today we are in the
Holocene Epoch of the
Quaternary Period of the
Cenozoic Era.
Which unit is the largest?
Which unit is the smallest?
Mass Extinctions
Source:
http://dsc.discovery.com/earth/wide-angle/mass-
extinctions-timeline.html
#37-40, #6
Mass extinctions are NOT unusual
99% of all things that have ever lived, have gone extinct
There have been 5-6 major mass extinction events
Causes of Mass Extinctions
1. Asteroid or comet impacts
2. Climate changes
3. Volcanic eruptions
4. Sea level changes
5. Oxygen in the atmosphere
#37Asteroid or Comet Impacts
Dust kicked up may block
out the Sun for years
Perennial winter
Global wildfires from
molten impact debris
6
Climate Changes
Shifts in climates can eliminate or
move entire habitats.
Plate Tectonics
Alters major circulation patterns
Volcanic eruptions
Living organisms can alter
atmospheric gas concentrations and
global thermostat
Volcanic Eruptions
Some last hundreds or
thousands of years
Areas covered by vast deposits
of lava (flood basalts, traps)
Change global climate by
releasing large amounts of
carbon dioxide into atmosphere
Sea Level Changes
Affects mostly shallow coastal areas
Caused by climate change (melting/freezing of ice caps and glaciers) and tectonic activity
Oxygen in the Atmosphere
Highly variable, current level is 21%
Unicellular photosynthetic organisms
added oxygen for 2 billion years
(600 mya ~15%)
Explosion of multicellular life
2.5-2.2 bya(Precambrian era)
Almost all anaerobes
“Oxygen Holocaust”
Evolution of
photosynthetic organisms
added oxygen to the
atmosphere killing most
anaerobic organisms
445 mya(Late Ordovician period)
57% extinction
Most organisms lived in
the sea at this time
Causes
Sea level drop caused by
plate tectonics
Pangea over south pole
at this time – large
glacier
7
370 mya(Late Devonian period)
50% extinction
Causes
Fluctuating sea
levels
Land plants
removed CO2 from
atmosphere (global
cooling)
More glaciers
pulled water from
the oceans
250 mya(End of Permian period)
83% extinction
The “Great Dying” event
96% of all marine species
70% of all land vertebrates
Arthropods
Land plants
Likely causes
Eruption of Siberian Traps
Formation of Pangaea – disrupted ocean currents
Possible meteor impact
#38, 40
200 mya(end of Triassic period)
48% extinction
Large marine extinction
Ammonites
Corals
Seed ferns
Likely caused by eruption of the
Central Atlantic province
Sulfur gas – blocked Sun
Large amount of lava released over
several centuries
K-T Boundary ~65 mya
50% extinction Asteroid impact
Break up of Pangaea
Eruption of Deccan Traps in India
Marks the end of the
Cretaceous period,
Mesozoic era
End of the “age of
reptiles” / dinosaurs
K
T
How could volcanic eruptions
lead to sea level changes?
#39
Ash
blocks
out
sun
Gases
(SO2,
CO2)
add to
global
warmin
g
Temp
↓,
glacier
s form
Temp
↑,
glacier
s melt
SO2
gas
Ash Sea
level
drops
Sea
level
rises
Types of Unconformities
A. NonconformityB. Angular unconformityC. Disconformity
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A. Angular Unconformity
Horizontal
layers of
rock rest on
top of tilted
layers of
rock.
B. Nonconformity
B. Nonconformity
Strata
(sedimentary
layers) rest on
non-strata rock
(igneous).
C. Disconformity
C. Disconformity
Younger rock is
layered on top
of, and parallel
to, older rock
that has already
been eroded.
http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es2902/es2902page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization
Law of Crosscutting Relationships
9
Law of Crosscutting Relationships• A fault or igneous intrusion is always younger
than the rocks it cuts through.
Principle of Inclusions
Included rock fragments must be older than the rock in which they are found.
Principle of Faunal Succession
• Fossils in rocks occur in a fixed sequence world-wide.
• Index Fossil – abundant, widespread, and lived for a short span of geologic time
• These fossils can be used to correlate and relatively date rocks in which they are found.
Which would make the
best index fossil?
Absolute Age
Absolute Age
the numeric age of an object, or event, often stated in years before the present.
10
Ways to Determine Absolute Age
1. Rates of Erosion
2. Rates of Deposition
3. Varve Count
4. Radioactive Dating
#23 1. Rates of Erosion
By measuring how fast a river erodes, geologists can estimate how old it must be.
Only accurate for 10,000 – 20,000 years old.
Niagara Falls erodes at the rate of 1.3 meters per year
Erosion of Niagara Falls 2. Rates of Deposition
Geologists estimate that it takes about 1,000 years to deposit 30 centimeters of sedimentary rock.
This is not a highly accurate way of measuring age but can give useful estimates.
3. Varve Count
Varves are sedimentary rock layers that occur annually.
Caused by glaciers freezing and thawing. Just like tree rings!
(Dendrochronology)
Ice core section showing annual
layers.
11
4. Radioactive dating: History
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:
Henri_Becquerel.jpg
Henri Becquerel
(1852-1908)
• In 1896, Discovery of radioactivity paved
the way for the precise dating of events
in the geological record
• SI unit for radioactivity= becquerel (Bq)
Radioactive dating: Decay
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Alpha_Decay.svg
• Radioactive ‘parent isotopes’ spontaneously emit
protons and neutrons and decay into ‘daughter
isotopes’• E.g., Uranium-238 decays into Lead-206
Radioactive dating: Half life
• the amount of time needed for half the
parent isotope to decay to daughter isotope
•Does Not Change- intensive property
Start 1 2 3 4
0 half-life half-life half-life half-life
100% 50% 25% 12.5% 6.25%
#24
How to calculate Half-lives
Find % of
parent
material
remaining
# of half-
lives
completed
Determine
amount of
time that
has past
12
Example:
The half-life of radon-222 is 3.8
days. How much of a 100g sample
is left after 15.2 days?
Find % of
parent material
remaining
# of half-lives
completed
Determine
amount of time
that has past