the geography of slavery exploring the effects of geography on patterns of african slavery and slave...
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The Geography of Slavery
Exploring the Effects of Geography
on Patterns of African Slavery and Slave Trade
Utah Geographic Alliance Spring ConferenceMarch 13, 2009Jeffery D Nokes PhDBrigham Young [email protected]
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Why were Africans brought as slaves by Europeans to the
Americas?
• Why not Europeans brought as slaves by Asians to Australia, for example?
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Reason 1: Because they could
• Some regions geographically blessed– Wild species suitable
for agriculture– Ease of spreading
agriculture
• Inequalities among societies– Some get guns,
germs, and steel
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Wild species suitable for agriculture
• Sheep• Goat• Cow• Pig• Horse• Arabian Camel• Bactrian Camel• Llama/alpaca• Donkey• Reindeer• Water Buffalo• Yak• Bali Cattle• Mithan
Where did these animals’ wild ancestors originate?
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Why didn’t Sub-Saharan Africans domesticate their
native animals?• Constraints on
domestication:– diet– growth rate– captive breeding– nasty disposition– tendency to panic– social structure
• Of 148 candidates only 14 meet all requirements
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Spread of Agriculture
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Spread of Agriculture
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Reason 1: Because they could
• Inequalities among societies– Some get guns,
germs, and steel
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Why were Africans brought as slaves by Europeans to the
Americas?
• What motivated people from one region to force the migration of millions from another region into a third region?
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Reason 2: Because it was profitable
• Plantation system to produce cash crops– Sugar– Tobacco– Cotton
• Plantation needs– Land– Labor
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American Plantations
• Portuguese plantations in Brazil (Engenho)– Agriculture– Industrial– Slaves imported in
1530s– High death rates of
slaves (5-10% annually)
• French Haiti• Spanish Caribbean and
Mexico• English North America
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Reason 2: It was profitable
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The Atlantic Slave Trade•Where to?
5%
60%
35%
65%
30%5%
Where from?
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Triangular trade and the movement of people and goods
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Triangle TradeNorth America
The Carribean Africa
Molasses Rum, weapons
Slaves
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Number of people enslaved•30 million taken from their homes
•10 million die during capture phase
•10 million die during middle passage
•10 million survive to make it over the ocean
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Capture Phase
•Tribes often did not have a choice in helping capture neighbors “divide and conquer”
•Most captured 50-100 miles inland
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West African expectations about slavery
•A slave’s child would not be a slave
•Slaves were not slaves for life
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Phases of the Slave Trade•Capture:
Christiansborg Castle, Gold Coast, ca. 1750 Cape Coast Castle, Gold Coast, 1727
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The Middle Passage•Journey over the Atlantic Ocean•400-500 people in a boat with little air & much disease
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Why were Africans brought as slaves by Europeans to the
Americas?
• Why not just use the people who were already there?
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Reason 3: Because Native Americans weren’t as profitable
slaves• Native Americans
have no immunity to European diseases– 50-90% died– Taino extinct
• Nomadic Native Brazilians migrated into interior
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Why didn’t Europeans die from Native American diseases?
• Geographic influences on disease– Animal domestication– Population density– Movement of people and
goods (the plagues of the Middle Ages)
– Geographic proximity/isolation
• Native Americans were relatively disease free
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Why were Africans brought as slaves by Europeans to the
Americas?
• Why not create the plantations in Africa?
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Reason 4: Tropical Africa was too difficult to colonize
• Malaria• Less arable land• African resistance
to European diseases
• European colonies restricted to coastal areas until Industrial Revolution
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Reason 4: Tropical Africa was too difficult to colonize
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European Influence on the Interior of Africa
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Why were Africans brought as slaves by Europeans to the
Americas?• Geography advantaged Europeans over Africans
and Native Americans– Agriculture– Technology
• Geography created an economic opportunity• Geography eliminated Native Americans as a slave
force • Geography promoted Africans as a viable slave
force• Geography eliminated Africa as a viable location
for plantations
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The impact of the slave trade on world geography
today• Caribbean culture• Brazilian culture• North American
culture
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The impact of the slave trade on world geography
today• Challenges facing
African nations and cultures today– poverty– illiteracy– ethnic conflict
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Sources• Guns, Germs, Steel:
http://science.csumb.edu/~hkibak/200/
• Sheep: http://www.realclimate.org/images/Sheep.jpg
• Chart: http://roboconsumer.files.wordpress.com/2007/08/guns_germs_steel.png?w=499&h=485
• African school: http://www.fao.org/sd/erp/img/school-africa.jpg
• Farming: http://skyeome.net/BenderdeMoll01/thesisImages/Cavalli.JPG
• World map: http://www.wall-maps.com/World/NGPhysicalWorld-over-f.htm
• Smallpox: http://www.rense.com/1.imagesH/smallpox.jpg
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Sources• Triangular trade:
http://www.vanderbilt.edu/AnS/Anthro/Anth234/triangle.jpg
• Africa: http://www.mara.org.za/images/picdistr.gif
• Zebras: http://www.outdoorphoto.co.za/cms/files/odp/imagecache/full/files/odp/Zebra%20fight.jpg
• Africa old: http://www.maps-charts.com/images/800.25%20Afrique%20-%201669%20-%20Sanson.jpg
• Slave graph: http://web000.greece.k12.ny.us/SocialStudiesResources/GlobalHistoryandGeographyResources.htm
• Slave trade: http://xenohistorian.faithweb.com/africa/slaves.JPG
• Middle passage: http://faculty.lacitycollege.edu/moonmc/html/slavepic2.html
• Haiti: http://www.greaterworksoutreach.org/pictures/Haiti.jpg