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The Future of Micro-gasifier Stoves: Meeting the Goals of the Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves
Keynote Presentation to the 2012 ETHOS Conference
Seattle-Kirkland, WA -- 28 January 2012 Paul S. Anderson, PhD “Dr TLUD”
Chip Energy Corp. & Biomass Energy Foundation (BEF)
Email: [email protected]
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Outline • GACC goals and Micro-gasifier
contributions • Background of Micro-gasification • Current realities
– Emissions, efficiencies, acceptance • Issues of convenience, fuels and costs. • Expectations within reason.
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Energy Issues • Important for life:
– Water, food, health, security, and energy. • Sustainable, appropriate renewable
energy solutions are in-hand. • But they need implementation. • Our specific interests here are
cookstoves and related energy issues.
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Four Essential Components in Any Successful Stove Project • Fuels: Stored and available energy.
• Combustion Devices: Release of energy.
• Applications: Uses of energy (stovetops)
• Human Factors: Cooking preferences, sizes, social perceptions, costs, availability, marketing, etc. Culture and Acceptance
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GACC Goal • GACC goal of 100 million stoves by 2020.
or “90 million stoves in the next 9 years.” • Proposing equal thirds of total = 30
million: – Stick-wood stoves (standard combustion of
solid biomass) (leadership by Rocket stoves) – Micro-gasifier stoves (combustion of gases
created by gasifiers) (mainly TLUD gasifiers) – All other technologies for making heat (solar,
biogas, electricity, LPG, alcohol, charcoal, etc)
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A Comparison of Stoves
• Major classes of fuels – featuring biomass
• Efficiencies of biomass stoves • Emissions of CO and PM • Variety of acceptable fuels
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Major Classes of Fuels: (In General) From Cleanest to Least Clean, From Most Expensive to Least Costly
• Nuclear, solar, hydro-electric
• Gases and liquids from fossil fuels
• Gases from biomass • Charcoal • Stick-wood burning
– Rocket stoves – Simple improved stoves – 3-stone fires
• Not based on combustion
• Carbon positive & non-renewable
• Biogas & Woodgas • Wasteful production • Traditional combustion
with great variability
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Major Classes of Fuels: • Nuclear, solar,
hydro-, electric • Gases and liquids
from fossil fuels
• Gases from biomass
• Charcoal • Stick-wood burning
– Rocket stoves, simple ICS, and 3-stone fires
• Not based on combustion
• Carbon positive & non-renewable
• Biogas & Woodgas
• Wasteful production • Traditional combustion
with great variability
Those above can be too expensive and/or non-renewable.
Those below can have high emissions and low efficiency.
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Background of Gasifier Stoves
• 1985 - Reed & 1990s –Wendelbo 5000
• By 2005 – Prototypes and “toys for boys”
• 2005-2009 BP Ourja Stove (w/ fan) 400,000
• Present: a few projects, but not yet 1 million TLUD cookstoves.
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Micro-Gasification Stoves • Gas-burning stoves • That make their
own gases • From low-value
biomass fuels. • And at low-cost for
the stove and the fuel!!
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Gases rise & charcoal forms from upper fuel when
pyrolysis progresses downward
into the raw fuel.
Secondary air enters
Combustion zone & heat application * * * * *
“Reactor” or gas generation device or pyrolysis unit, including fuel chamber inside. ND = Natural Draft
“Champion” TLUD-ND gasifier (2008)
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Variations of TLUD gasifier cookstoves.
[ Top row is with fans. ]
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TLUD Stove Structures: Where do you put the pot? All options are possible.
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TChar Variations of TLUDs • Originated in late June 2011. • Many refinements in recent
months. • New variations in recent weeks. • Daily innovations. • This is truly the cutting edge of
micro-gasifier cookstoves!!!
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TChar for Cooking
T-Base T-Top
Lift off the pyrolyzer T-Top and the hot charcoal falls down into the container for COOKING.
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TChar for making Biochar
Have a simple, closed box, bucket, pot, barrel, or hole-in-the-ground as the T-Base to receive the char, and then cover with a good lid.
Lift off the pyrolyzer T-Top and the hot charcoal falls down into the container for CAPTURE.
Much larger T-Top, greater safety, and cleaner operations.
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Current Status Check:
Emissions
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TLUD pyrolyzer (Burning Char)
Charcoal stoves emit 110-135 g of CO (more than any of the wood-burning stoves) and emit 250 - 590 mg of PM (more than the tested TLUD gasifier stoves).
TLUD Pyrolyzer (Saving Biochar)
CO & PM Emissions From Cook Stoves (Measured by the Standard 5-liter Water Boiling Test. )
Charcoal Stoves
TLUD pyrolytic gasifiers have extremely low emissions.
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Emissions of TLUD Stoves • Micro-gasifier stoves have the lowest
emissions of any solid-fuel cookstoves. • This issue is clearly resolved. See the data. • Further testing is for refinements and is also
verification of what is already known in quantitative terms.
• ?? Are the emissions at levels acceptable for solving health problems of Indoor Air Pollution (IAP) ?? Only when physicians know for sure.
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Discussion About Emissions . Results will even get better. And if bad emissions are
reported, a specific stove and stover are the cause, not the micro-gasification technology.
However, • Low emissions do not really drive the stove efforts.
Highly important only to select specialists and enthusiastic/believers.
• About the same importance as the ability to make biochar, and the biochar enthusiasts are divided between soil issues and atmospheric/climate issues.
• Important, YES. But are not true driving forces.
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Efficiencies of Biomass Stoves • Thermal transfer efficiency
– 20% to 40% is good. – Much depends on the stove structure, not
on the combustion technology.
• Combustion efficiency – High for most stoves. 95% and above – But even 1% released as emissions can ruin
health and the environment.
Efficiencies are NOT focal issues.
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The Real Focal Issues Are:
• Convenience for users • Fuels (types, supply, costs) • Stove costs (production & retail) • Acceptance (Inertia/Marketing)
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Convenience of TLUDs • Minimal fire tending (almost unattended). • Batch system favors some applications or
uses of heat, such as water boiling. • Different sizes for different tasks. • Portable versions are an easy option. • Cleanliness (less soot on pots). • Fast ignition to high heat. • Considerable turn-down abilities. • TChar puts charcoal into charcoal stoves.
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The Fuel Challenge • Fuels FUELS FUELS • All other cookstove technologies use
processed fuels (or at least semi-prepared fuels).
• Appropriate dry biomass fuels need to be available to the stove users.
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Abundant Renewable Dry Biomass (but people only use a highly selective small fraction for energy)
Wood is the main biomass fuel. Collecting stick-wood can lead to deforestation. If wood is plentiful, wood chips are an excellent fuel for the gasifier stoves we will discuss.
Tree-wastes sawdust (pellets), trimmings, twigs, seedpods, leaves, coconut shells/husks/fronds, etc.,
Agro-wastes stems, hulls, husks, roots, cobs, by-products, dung, etc., some into biomass briquettes,
Urban wastes discarded combustibles including paper/cardboard, some D&C, and dried sewage,
Environmental excesses bamboo, dried aquatic invaders, reeds from wetlands, etc.
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Thoughts on Fuels • “Water, water everywhere, and not
a drop to drink….” • “Biomass, biomass everywhere, and
none of it is dry. Biomass, biomass everywhere, and
how the stovers cry.” • Create fuel supply chains for sized
and dry biomass fuels. = Jobs !!!
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Future of TLUD Fuels • Supply and demand need to be balanced. • Users will expect appropriately sized, dry
biomass fuels to be conveniently available. • Fuel supply chains with planting,
harvesting, processing, distribution, and sales are BIG BUSINESS.
• Gasifier fuel supply means jobs, jobs, jobs. • More money will be made in fuel supply
than in stove production. (Chip Energy)
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Costs of TLUD Stoves • Champion TLUD in India costs $37.
– Stainless steel; includes tripod pot-stand. • Mwoto TLUD in Uganda costs US$20.
– Tinsmith labor • Tchar TLUD in Kenya costs US$22.
– Includes a charcoal-stove base. Without advantages of quantity purchase of metal .
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Product Life of TLUD Stoves • Different metals for different components.
– Thin-wall stainless in fuel cylinder. • Expect most parts to last more than 2
years, and expendable parts are easily replaced.
• Appropriate decentralized mass production into almost every country.
• Flat-pack for savings on distribution.
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Carbon credit for cookstoves:
Perhaps US$10 to $20 value
per TLUD stove per year.
Sufficient to finance nationwide dissemination!
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Expectations • Small fans for better air control. • Possible TEG for electrical support. • Specialty models for specific fuels and
conditions, such as rice husk TLUDs.
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Expectations • Small fans for better air control. • Possible TEG for electrical support. • Specialty models for specific fuels and
conditions, such as rice husk TLUDs. These are ALREADY DONE!!!! But will be done better and widely spread
by 2020.
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Acceptance • Small studies show acceptance!!!
– Malawi (ask Christa Roth); – Uganda (ask Karsten Becktel); – Central America (ask Art
Donnelly and Paul Anderson); – Indonesia (ask Nurhuda).
• Larger studies are needed!!!
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And Yet to Come: • Applications for larger systems.
– Presentation tomorrow.
• Reaching to the Developed World. – When the affluent societies face the issues of
fossil fuels, current difficulties for renewable dry biomass fuels and stoves will disappear.
• Culturally flexible designs.
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“I estimate that only 20% of what can be known about TLUD technology is currently known.”
Dr TLUD January 2012
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Predictions • Ten dollar TLUDs that will last a year. • The rise of “tincanium” when the stove
industry embraces the manufacturing potential of modern metal can production.
• T-Fuels (fuels for TLUDs) widely and inexpensively available.
• The demise of traditional charcoal stoves. • Multiple TLUD stoves in households. • Special purpose TLUDs.
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End of Presentation.
But this file contains more slides about TLUD stoves and related issues.
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Portals to TLUD information: Paul S. Anderson, PhD “Dr TLUD”
www.drtlud.com Biomass Energy Foundation (BEF)
www.biomassenergyfndn.org Chip Energy Inc.
www.chipenergy.com
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BP TLUD by IISc-Bangalore • Mentioned at PCIA-III in
Bangalore, but very little information is released.
• 400,000 units installed in India by 2008.
• Uses BP-made pellet fuel. • Control of fan-forced air. • Subsidized price of US$17.
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CHAB = Combined Heat and Biochar
TLUD cookstoves and much more!!
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A
B
J
C
F
G
I
N
M
L
E
K
L
A. Gasifier 200K BTU (60 kWthermal) B. Basic Fuel Hopper w/ Air Lock C. Primary Air Blower For the Biomass Furnace Only:K D. Secondary Air Blower E. Draft Inducer Blower K. 20-ft. Shipping Container F. Electronic System Controller L. Large main fuel hopper, with Auger G. Controller Screen M. Flash Boiler 200K BTU H. Thermal Probes & Sensors N. Hydronic Pump and Pipes I. Auger for Fuel Entry J. Auger for Biochar Removal
O. Advanced Electronic System Controller and Screen
Chip Energy Biomass Furnace and “Dragon”
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AVUD Gasifier by Chip Energy
• UpDraft • Continuous
feed • 180 K Btu/hr
(50 KW thermal)
• 500 lbs/24 hr fuel yields 100 lbs biochar
Flash boiler
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Chip Energy Biomass Furnace
(in 20 ft container)
www.chipenergy.com Goodfield, Illinois
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Medium, as in 55 gal. drums • Low overhead, simple technology – TLUD pyrolyzers • Individuals
– John Rogers www.spacecoastprogressivealliance.org/joomla/the-environment/1147-bamboo-john-makes-biochar-for-small-farms
– Doug Brethower (MO) www.freedombiomass.com
• Organizations – BEF CHAB Camps www.biomassenergyfndn.org – UB International (Ovens) www.biochar-international.org/regional/ubi – Re:Char (assisting ACON in Kenya with Nat.Geog.) www.re-char.com – SeaChar (National Geographic sponsored project in Costa Rica)
• Others www.biochar.bioenergylists.org/company
• TChar Barrel-size of the TChar cookstoves (next)
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Small, as in Cookstoves • TLUD stoves make charcoal, and there are
many projects, but not much is used as biochar. • NG projects in Kenya and Costa Rica (w/ Dr TLUD)
• The struggle against traditional charcoal stoves – To reduce or stop forest destruction, e.g. Haiti. – Alternative stove called TChar (TEE-char) makes
possible charcoal cooking with TLUD char in ONE stove that has a TLUD T-Top and a charcoal T-Base.
– Alteration for making biochar!!! Good potential where people do not cook with charcoal.
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Photos of Champion Gasifiers Made and Used in India - 2009
A humanitarian project near Chennai, India, sponsored by the Sunset Rotary Club of Bloomington-Normal (Illinois, USA).
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Anderson’s “Champion”TLUD made by Servals
Automation
Prices depend on the stove configuration, including gasifier and stove structure for heat application.
Full set in stainless steel with 2 reactors costs US$32 in Chennai..
Finalized design and production started in Chennai in January 2009. Test sites are needed.
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Nurhuda’s TLUD in Indonesia 2500 units of model UB-02 have been produced and sold at $10.
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Reed’s Woodgas Campstove
• Now produced in three sizes in India with 100% stainless steel construction.
• Price: US$55. • Several thousand
have been sold.
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Belonio’s Rice Hull TLUD – 2008 Stainless steel; now being produced in Vietnam.
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Models of Rice Husk Gas Stoves
With Drum-Type Burner With Plate-Type Burner With Open-Type Burner
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The MJ Rice Husk Gas Stove • The MJ Rice Husk Gas Stove is
an improved version of the Rice Husk Gas Stove developed in the Philippines in 2005 by Belonio.
• Gaseous fuel with luminous bluish pink color flame is produced by burning rice husk with limited amount of air.
• A small computer fan supplies the air into the bed of burning rice husk.
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Water Heaters with TLUD Gasifiers – India 2004 Stove Tops for Sunken Pots
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Belonio’s Rice Husk TLUD gasifier [with forced air]
• Achieved the first consistently successful TLUD combustion of a fine-particle biomass waste, specifically rice husks.
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Belonio’s Rice Husk TLUD gasifier [with forced air]:
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Belonio’s Rice Husk TLUD Gasifier [with forced air]
• The first TLUD gasifier yielding a consistent light-blue flame and low emissions. Suspected to be because of the characteristics of rice husks.
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Belonio’s Rice Husk T-LUD Gasifier [with forced air]
• Successfully demonstrated remote (delayed) combustion of gases from a TLUD gasifier (all others use close-coupled combustion).
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Belonio’s Rice Husk T-LUD Gasifier [with forced air]:
• Began limited production in the Philippines, with a cost of US$200 per unit, now less than $40.
Alexis Belonio and some of his stoves.
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<US$10
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With more features $20 to $50.