the future of data storage · perspective45 years of technology progress ibm ramac (first hard disk...

The Future of Data Storage

IBM Almaden Research Center

Principles, Potential and Problems

Hans Coufal

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Production Year

1E-3

1E-2

1E-1

1E+0

1E+1

1E+2

1E+3

1E+4

1E+5

1E+6A

real

Den

sity

M

egab

its/

in2

IBM Areal Density Perspective45 Years of Technology Progress

IBM RAMAC (First Hard Disk Drive)

~17 Million X Increase

1st MR Head

1st GMR Head

1st Thin Film Head

105

104

103

102

10

1

10-1

10-2

10-3

Ed Grochowski at Almaden

25% CGR

60% CGR

arpe

rs20

01ab

2.pr

z

Travelstar 40GN

Ultrastar 73LZX

Deskstar 120GXP

100% CGR

106

Microdrive II

IBM Disk Drive Products

Industry Lab Demos

1st AFC Media

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Availability Year

1

10

100T

ime,

mill

isec

on

ds

IBM Server HDD Access/Seek TimePerformance Increase

Accessing

Seeking

Rotating

Ultrastar 36ZX

Ultrastar 36XPUltrastar 18ZX

Ultrastar 18XPUltrastar 2XP

Ultrastar XP

Ultrastar 9ZX

seek time ~(inertia/power)1/3

x (data band)2/3

rotational time ~ (RPM)-1

(latency)

SE

EK

2001

A.P

RZ

Ultrastar 36LZXUltrastar 73LZX

Ultrastar 36Z15

90 95 100 105

Availability Year

1

10

100

Max

imu

m In

tern

al D

ata

Rat

e, M

Byt

es/s

90 95 2000 2005

Magnetic Hard Disk Drive Internal Data Rate IBM Products

2.5 inch Mobile Products

3.5 inch Server Products

40 % CGR Ultrastar 18XPUltrastar 9ZX

Travelstar 10GTTravelstar 14GSUltrastar 2XP

Travelstar 6GTTravelstar 8GS

Travelstar 3GNTravelstar 5GS

Travelstar 4GT

Travelstar VP

Travelstar 3XP

Travelstar 2XP

Ultrastar XP

Travelstar 2LPTravelstar XP

Travelstar Travelstar LP

SpitfireAllicat

Sawmill

Corsair 1,2

Ultrastar 18ZXUltrastar 36XP

1 GHz

100 MHz

10 MHz

Data Channel Performance

Ultrastar 36ZX


Travelstar 25GS

Ultrastar 36 LZX

Data rate = Linear x RPM x Disk Density Diam.

.

Deskstar 75GXP

Travelstar 32GH

Ultrastar 73 LZX

drt

rd20

01va

.prz

Ultrastar 36Z15

Travelstar 48GHTravelstar 60GH

Deskstar 120GXP

IBM 9.1GB Ultra 2XP

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Year

0.0001

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

1000 P

rice

/MB

yte,

Do

llars

HDD DRAM Flash Paper/Film

Average Price of Storage

IBM 18.2GB Ultrastar

IBM Deskstar 37GB

Toshiba 6.4GBIBM Deskstar4

IBM Deskstar3

IBM 16.8GB Deskstar

IBM 8.1GB Travelstar

Seagate 8.6GB

Quant 4.5GB

64MB

IBM 9.1GB Ultrastar

96 MB Flash Camera Mem.

64MB Flash

4MB Flash

16MB Flash1MB Flash

512KB Flash256KB Flash

128KB Flash

8KB

32KB64KB

128KB

512KB 1MB 2MB

4MB

IBM6150

Wren II Seagate ST125

Maxt170IBM0615

IBM0663

Seagate B'cuda4

Seagate ST500

oem

prc2

001a

1.pr

z

128MB Flash

64MB


128MB Flash

Travelstar 25GS

IBM 340 MB Microdrive

IBM Deskstar 25GB

IBM Deskstar 75GXP

IBM 1 GB Microdrive

1" HDD ProjectionDataQuest 2000

Flash ProjectionDataQuest 2000

Range of Paper/Film

3.5 " HDD

2.5 " HDD1 " HDD

Flash

DRAM

Maxtor 60GB

Desktop HDD Projection IDC 2000

Travelstar 30GNSeagate 36GB 15K

IBM Deskstar 120 GXP

Travelstar 60GH

92 94 96 98 100 102 104

Year

1

10

100P

hysi

cal S

paci

ng, n

m

2000 02 04

Ultrastar 36ZX Ultrastar 36XP

Ultrastar 18ZX Ultrastar 18XP

Ultrastar 2XP Ultrastar XP

3 Gbits/in2

5 Gbits/in2

12.1 Gbits/in2 20.3 Gbits/in2

Travelstar 18GT Travelstar 6GN

Travelstar 4GT

Travelstar 4LP Travelstar 2XP

Server Products-3.5 InchesMobile Products-2.5 Lab Demos

Physical spacing and disk surface evolution

Travelstar 6GT

Textured Disk

Smooth DiskLoad/Unload

Travelstar 3GN

spac

2000

f.prz

35.3 Gbits/in2 demo

High ID/low OD air bearing surfaceSupersmooth disk/substrate

Magnetic Spacing

Lube

Slider Overcoat

Magnetic Element

Recession

Physical Spacing

Magnetic Film

Disk Substrate

Overcoat

Ultrastar 73LZX

Ultrastar 36LZX

Travelstar 30GT

85 90 95 100 105 110 115

Availability Year

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

1000

10000

Are

al D

ensi

ty, G

bits

/in2

IBM Advanced Storage Roadmap

Superparamagnetic Effect

1 Gbit/in2 Demo

3 Gbits/in2 Demo 5 Gbits/in2 Demo

12.1 Gbits/in2 20.3 Gbits/in2 Deskstar 120GXP

Ultrastar 73LZX

Enhanced Magnetic Disk Drive

Advanced Storage Technology

2000 05 10 15

Milliactuator AFC media 15K RPM Microdrive 10K RPM Integrated Head/Suspension Giant MR Head/Pico Slider Ramp Load/Unload, Glass Substrates No-ID MR Head/Nano-slider PRML Data Channel Thin Film/High Coercivity DisksSmall Form Factor

Lab Demos

3.5 Inch FF2.5 Inch FF>10 Inch FF

ED GROCHOWSKI at ALMADENadvr

dmp2

1a.p

rz

35.3 Gbits/in2 Travelstar40GN

63.2 Gbits/in2 106 Gbits/in2 130 Gbits/in2

Non-Volatile Magnetic Memory

I B

WI

WL

WL

SLSL

Amplifier

Current for write

Sense path

Select column

Select rowSLm-1

SLm+1

SLm

WLn-1

WLn+1

WL n

Tunneling

Barrier

pn

MagneticTunnel

Junction

Diode

Moving Atoms

"Millipede" Nanoscale Mechanical Data StorageNanoscale Mechanical Data Storage

Single Lever Write / Read Single Lever Write / Read PrinciplePrinciple

Video AnimationVideo Animation

Nanoscience and NanotechnologyNanoscience and NanotechnologyIBM Zurich Research LaboratoryIBM Zurich Research Laboratory

Nanoscale MechanicalNanoscale MechanicalData StorageData Storage

Single Lever Write / Read PrincipleSingle Lever Write / Read Principle


Single Lever Write / Read Single Lever Write / Read PrinciplePrinciple



Highly Parallel Highly Parallel RecordingRecording


Nanoscience and NanotechnologyNanoscience and NanotechnologyIBM Zurich Research LaboratoryIBM Zurich Research Laboratory

Nanoscale MechanicalNanoscale MechanicalData StorageData Storage

Highly Parallel RecordingHighly Parallel Recording


Highly Parallel Highly Parallel RecordingRecording


Thermomechanical read/write Results

400 Gbits/inch2

40 nm bit size

120 nm pitch


erasing two lines erasing two lines


keeping one line keeping one line


erasing line but keeping one lineerasing line but keeping one line

Fabricated "Millipede" ChipIntegration in a 7 × 14 mm2 chip size of:• An array of 32 × 32 (1024) Cantilever• Approaching, leveling sensors (4)• Thermal sensors (4)• Heaters

Microfabricated Si / Cu Scanner

30 mm

suspendedplatform

fixed frameCu springs

Experimental System

Millepede

Magnetic xyzactuators

Magnetscoated in Ferro-fluid

Polymerdamped

springsupport

Science & Technology

spatial lightmodulator

referencebeam(s)

laserlight

record one page at a time,each with a different reference beam

electronic p

ages from

cpu

recordingmedium

Holographic Storage - Recording Data

Science & Technology

electronic p

ages to cpu

retrieve one page from manyby using corresponding reference beam

detectorarray

Holographic Storage - Retrieving Data

recordingmedium

referencebeam

DEMON I

Science & Technology M. Sanchez - ln98.prz

Retrieve by Content

referencebeam

recordingmedium

searchpattern correlation

peaks

Associative Retrieval

Searchpattern

Correlationpeaks

Retrieveddata

Decoded images

Holographic Storage4 Product Scenarios

ED

GR

OC

HO

WS

KI a

t A

LM

AD

EN

Hard Disk Drive (DASD) Product

High Capacity: 1 TB

Access Time: 10 ms

High Reliability/Availability

Hard Disk Drive (CDROM-Type) Product

High Capacity: 1 TB

Access Time: 10 ms

High Capacity/Low Cost

HO

LO

HD

9.C

DR

Total Capacity: 25 GB

Access Time: 10 s

Non Volatile Cache

l

Extended DRAM Product

IBM Advanced Technology

High Capacity: 1 PB

Access Time: 10 s

High Volumetric Density

Rack Mounted Archive Product

Demon IDemon I(first test bed)(first test bed)

Associative Associative RetrievalRetrieval

PRISMPRISM

(media tester)(media tester)

Optical BeamOptical Beam

Apodizer ApodizerDemon IIDemon II

(second test bed)(second test bed)

85 90 95 100 105 110 115

Availability Year

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

1000

10000

Are

al D

ensi

ty, G

bit

s/in

2

IBM Advanced Storage Roadmap

Superparamagnetic Effect

1 Gbit/in2 Demo

3 Gbits/in2 Demo 5 Gbits/in2 Demo

12.1 Gbits/in2 20.3 Gbits/in2 Deskstar 40GV

Ultrastar 73LZX Enhanced Magnetic Disk Drive

Advanced Storage Technology/Holography

2000 05 10 15

AFC media 15K RPM Microdrive 10K RPM Integrated Head/Suspension Giant MR Head/Pico Slider Ramp Load/Unload, Glass Substrates No-ID MR Head/Nano-slider PRML Data Channel Thin Film/High Coercivity DisksSmall Form Factor

Lab Demos

3.5 Inch FF2.5 Inch FF>10 Inch FF

ED GROCHOWSKI at ALMADEN

advr

dmp2

1a.p

rz

35.3 Gbits/in2 Travelstar30GN

>60 Gbits/in2

the future of data storage · perspective45 years of technology progress ibm ramac (first hard disk...

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