The FurnaceCompany

SELAS-LINDE GmbH

3 Introduction

4 SELAS-LINDE GmbH

5 Company history

6 Pyrolysis-furnaces for ethylene production

7 EDC-cracking furnaces

8 Steam reformer

9 Refinery heaters

10 Furnaces for direct-reduction plants

11 Other furnaces

12 Environmental technology

13 Thermal oxidation

14 Submerged combustion vaporiser system

15 The main advantages of the submerged combustion Sub-X® vaporiser system

16 Contact

2

Sub-X® is a registered trademark of The Linde Group

Cover photo: ethylene furnaces

Contents.

SELAS-LINDE GmbH – a wholly-owned sub-sidiary of The Linde Group, EngineeringDivision – is one of the world‘s leadingsuppliers of process plants in the fields of:

Process furnaces for the chemical

and petrochemical industry:

– Pyrolysis furnaces for ethylene production

– EDC cracking furnaces

– Cracking furnaces for special chemicals,

such as acetic acid and freon

Reformer

– Steam reformers for hydrogen and

synthesis gas production

Fired heater units for refineries:

– Crude oil heaters

– Vacuum oil heaters

– Visbreaker

– Platformer

– HDS heaters

– Reboilers

– Superheaters

Special-purpose furnace equipment:

– Furnaces for iron direct reduction processes

– Steam superheaters

– Waste recovery units for gas turbines

Environmental technology

In addition to these fields, SELAS-LINDE is also a

leader in the design and construction of plants

for oxidizing gaseous and liquid wastes, includ-

ing waste heat recovery, flue gas treatment, by-

product recovery for:

– Halogenated hydrocarbons

– PCBs

– Pesticides

– Dioxines

– Pharmaceutical wastes

– Aqueous salt laden wastes

– Nitrogen-bound organics

Vaporisation of cryogenic fluids

Submerged combustion vaporiser system

(Sub X®) for:

– LNG

– LPG

– Nitrogen

– Ethylene

Range of Services

SELAS-LINDE GmbH offers a wide range of

services, tailored to customer specifications:

– Studies

– Project management

– Basic and detail engineering

– Procurement of services and materials

– Construction, revamp and comissioning

– Supervision of fabrication and construction

– Start-up supervision

– After-sales service

– Project financing

3

Introduction.

SELAS-LINDE has extensive experience in the

conceptual and detailed design and construction

of turn-key plants, but also offers its customers all

these services individually.

The world-wide cooperation and exchange of

information with Linde, the connection with the

SELAS-LINDE Fired Heaters Division within Linde

Impianti, Italia (LII), Rome and the sister company,

Selas Fluid Processing Corporation (SFPC), Blue

Bell, PA, USA, ensure state of the art technology

and project execution.

Efficient engineering work by experienced spe-

cialists and the use of the most modern 3D CAD

systems (PDS) result in optimal design and reliable

long-term operation of all SELAS-LINDE plants.

Materials and equipment are procured world-wide

in close cooperation with competent suppliers and

business associates.

SELAS-LINDE has decades of experience as a

general contractor managing the complex logistics

of plant procurement and construction. Proven

project management and control systems guaran-

tee strict adherence to cost, schedule and quality

requirements.

Contracts are executed in compliance with all

relevant international standards and rules, accom-

panied by continuous quality-assurance activities.

SELAS-LINDE is certified under ISO 9001 since

February 2000.

After a contract has been completed, SELAS-LINDE

remains a reliable partner for its customers, with

its flexible and efficient after-sales service.

Proof of SELAS-LINDE‘s capability and know-how

is the successful completion and commissioning

of more than 2000 plants since the foundation of

this company.

Ethylene cracking furnace, Jilin Petrochemical Company,

Jilin/China

SELAS-LINDE GmbH.

4

SELAS-LINDE has a long tradition in furnace

design, which dates back to the early thirties

in the USA.

The original company, Selas Corporation of

America (in Pennsylvania), was involved in the

technology of „fired process furnaces“ from an

early date and developed this technology con-

tinuously.

Starting in 1948, the company of Ernst Kirchner

in Hamburg was developing its product line for

„fired industrial furnaces“. After the death of the

company‘s founder in 1970, the „fired industrial

furnaces“ section was separated and sold to

Selas Corporation of America. This acquisition

was then renamed to Selas-Kirchner GmbH.

In 1973, Selas Corporation of America and

Linde AG, Process Engineering and Contracting

Division signed a license agreement for the

planning, manufacturing, and erection of pyro-

lysis furnaces for producing olefins. This also

meant that the Selas, Kirchner, and Linde tech-

nologies in the field of „fired process-furnace

plants for the chemical and refinery industries“

were combined.

Over the following years, step by step Linde´s

Process Engineering and Contracting Division

acquired ever larger shares of Selas-Kirchner

and of the „fired process-furnace plant“ division

of Selas Corporation of America.

In 1985, Linde AG became the sole owner of

Selas-Kirchner, Germany, and of the „Process

Furnaces“ division of Selas Corporation. This

division now operates under the name Selas

Fluid Processing Corporation (SFPC) in Blue

Bell, USA.

On January 1st, 1999, Selas-Kirchner GmbH was

renamed to SELAS-LINDE GmbH.

SELAS-LINDE GmbH and Selas Fluid Processing

Corporation now market the entire know-how of

the Selas, Kirchner and Linde furnace technolo-

gies exclusively throughout the world under the

trademark „Selas“.

Since its acquisition of T-Thermal in 1992, SELAS-

LINDE possesses the extensive know-how and

leading technology for thermal oxidation of

gaseous and liquid wastes, in addition to its

already available technology in the field of en-

vironmental engineering.

Furthermore SELAS-LINDE designs, supplies and

constructs plants for the vaporisation of cryo-

genic liquids. Today SELAS-LINDE is one of the

leading global contractors in all above men-

tioned fields.

Selas Fluid Processing Corp.

and T-Thermal Division

Philadelphia, USA

Bertrams Heatec AG

Pratteln, Switzerland

SELAS-LINDE GmbH

and T-Thermal Division

SELAS LINDE GmbH

T-Thermal Division

within Linde Cryogenics

Munich, Germany

Aldershot, UK

Fired Heater Division

within Linde Impianti

(License of SL)

Rome, Italy

Linde AG

Engineering Division

Munich, Germany

5

Company history.

In ethylene plants, the pyrolysis or ethylene

cracking furnaces are the key elements for pro-

duction of the basic chemicals ethylene, propy-

lene, butadiene, etc. for the plastics industry.

In designing such cracking furnaces based upon

Linde´s PYROCRACK® technology, SELAS-LINDE

can draw from its experience of more than 450

cracking furnaces built.

Furnace group in Gofer, Germany Ethylene cracking furnace, Elenac, Wesseling/Germany

Pyrolysis-furnaces forethylene production.

6

Depending on available feedstocks and desired

product distribution the appropriate PYRO-

CRACK® cracking coil system will be chosen.

The design features vertically arranged coils,

for high product output, long furnace runtime

and robust mechanical design.

Firing is by a pure bottom-/sidewall, or com-

bined sidewall and bottom burner arrangement.

Integrated fluegas heat recovery allows furnace

efficiencies of over 92 %.

Vinyl chloride (VCM) is one of the most impor-

tant monomers for manufacturing a wide range

of polymers today.

The vinyl chloride monomer is produced by ther-

mal cracking of ethylene dichloride (EDC) in a

tubular furnace at temperatures of about 500°C

and pressures of up to 30 bar.

SELAS-LINDE has designed and built EDC crack-

ing furnaces for the various processes, such as

Goodrich, Stauffer, DOW, EVC, PPG, Hoechst,

and Atochem throughout the world.

The coils and the fire box are designed by means

of a special computer model for the reaction

kinetics. This allows the furnace design to be

optimized with respect to the temperature/heat

flux profile, residence time and pressure loss,

taking both main and secondary reactions into

account.

The EDC furnaces are fired by natural-draft or

forced-draft sidewall burners.

The residual heat of the flue gases is utilized for

generating steam or preheating the air, so that

efficiencies of over 90 % can be achieved.

EDC cracking furnace DOW-BSL, Schkopau

EDC cracking furnace, fire box

7

EDC-cracking furnaces.

Many processes in the chemical industry are

based on the use of hydrogen or synthesis gas.

The most important industrial method of gen-

erating hydrogen and synthesis gas is steam

reforming from hydrocarbons. This is carried

out in top-fired primary reformers.

The SELAS-LINDE experience in designing and

building reforming furnaces dates back to 1957.

SELAS-LINDE has developed a special reaction

model of the reforming process for designing

reformers. This computer program enables the

composition of the reformed gas to be calcu-

lated, and the firebox to be dimensioned for a

wide range of feedstock.

Steam reformer, Linde AG, Leuna/Germany Steam reformer, AGIP, Milazzo/Italy

Steam reformer.

8

The design of the waste-heat recovery system

for the flue and process gases takes into account

the customers‘s specific requirements, and

allows furnace efficiencies of over 92 %.

99

Refinery heaters.

All major processes in refineries require the

heating and sometimes vaporisation of the

hydrocarbons in direct fired heaters.

SELAS-LINDE has more than sixty years of ex-

perience in designing and building refinery

furnaces, and has constructed more than

450 furnaces around the world.

Refinery heaters are designed according to the

requirements of the process, for pressures ran-

ging from 0.05 to 150 bar, and temperatures

from 200°C to 900°C. The furnaces of SELAS-

LINDE range in fired duties from 3 MW to more

than 100 MW.

The furnaces are single-cell and double-cell box

and cylindrical types. They are fired by natural-

draft or forced-draft bottom or sidewall burners.

Efficiencies of over 90 % are achieved by means

of preheating of the air and/or hot oil, or by

steam generation.

Raffinery-heater, ERM,

Mannheim/Germany

9

The demand for sponge iron (DRI = direct re-

duced iron) as the feedstock for steel produc-

tion in electric melting furnaces is growing.

SELAS-LINDE supplies reducing-gas heaters

tailored to the specific process for the newly

developed methods of direct reduction

(Finmet, Circored, Midrex plant using COREX

gas, Danarex, Hylsamex).

CircoredDRI is made in a circulating and a stationary

fluidized bed, using almost pure hydrogen.

SELAS-LINDE supplied the three reducing-gas

heaters for the first industrial-scale plant using

this technology.

FinmetDRI is made in four stationary fluidized-bed

reactors, using a mixture of hydrogen and car-

bon monoxide. The reducing gas is heated from

a minimum of 50°C to a maximum of 935°C.

Midrex plant using COREX gasDRI is made in a conventional Midrex shaft,

but using purified COREX gas as the reducing

gas, which is a mixture of hydrogen and carbon

monoxide.

A tail gas from another part of the plant with an

extremely low heat value, that would otherwise

have to be flared off, can be used to preheat the

reducing gas. This provides a considerable in-

crease in the overall efficiency of the process.

HYL/Danieli

The DR iron will be produced in a reactor. The

reduction gas consists of a mixture between

H2 and CO and will be heated up to 930°C in a

reduction process gas heater. For generating

the reduction gas a syngas reformer including

the waste heat recovery section will be used;

the complete reformer and waste heat recovery

unit will be also supplied by SELAS-LINDE.

Reduction gas heater, Abu Dhabi/V.A.E.

Reduction gas heater and reformer plant,

Abu Dhabi/V.A.E.Furnaces fordirect-reduction plants.

Steam superheater furnaces for styrene plantsWhen dehydrogenating ethylbenzene to styrene,

process steam is superheated to about 800°C in

a furnace before being fed into the dehydrogen-

ation reactor together with the ethylbenzene.

The furnace is of double-cell construction with

a common convection zone to utilize the waste

heat.

The tube system is gas fired from both sides

by means of natural-draft or forced-draft floor

burners.

Gas-turbine waste-heat unitsThis method combines gas-turbine operation

with that of a conventional refinery furnace.

This combination provides an alternative use for

the exhaust from the gas turbine. Depending

on process requirements, this type of plant can

also be built with auxiliary firing equipment.

The exhaust gases from a gas turbine are used

in the horizontal waste-heat train to heat and

partially vaporize crude oil in several tube

bundles connected in series, and also to heat

process water.

Steam superheater, Hüls AG, Marl/Germany

Other furnaces.

11

The SELAS-LINDE/T-Thermal environmental tech-

nology serves to dispose of almost all kinds of

gaseous and liquid pollutants, particularly halo-

genated hydrocarbons and salt laden aqueous

wastes.

SELAS-LINDE/T-Thermal has many years of ex-

perience in designing and building incinerators

for treating waste materials from the following

industries:

– Pharmaceutical industry

– Chemical industry

– Refineries

– Pesticides industry

– Plastics industry

Thermal oxidation unit for aqueous wastes,

pharmaceutical industry/Portugal

12

Environmental technology.Typical plants consist of vertically or horizontally

arranged combustion chambers with T-Thermal

LV vortex burners and Sub-X quench systems,

plus sections for heat recovery, fluegas treat-

ment, or by-product recovery, depending on the

application. SELAS-LINDE/T-Thermal can call on

more than forty years experience in building

more than 500 plants.

Thermal oxidation unit for organic and

aqueous waste liquid, Böhlen/Germany

A pollution free environment

SELAS-LINDE has commited as a company, to

provide the equipment, service and technical

support to resolve complex disposal problems.

By tailor-made combustion technology, SELAS-

LINDE can safely destroy nearly any kind of

liquid and gaseous effluent encountered in

industry.

Since building our first thermal waste oxidation

system in 1952, we have supplied over 500 in-

stallations world-wide to many of the leading

process and manufacturing companies. In a

technology where experience and expertise are

critical, SELAS-LINDE is an acknowledged world

leader.

Guaranteed destruction efficienciesThermal oxidation is the most direct, efficient,

complete and final method for the disposal of

especially hazardous liquid and gaseous indus-

trial effluent. For some wastes it is the only

practicable solution.

Destruction efficiencies of SELAS-LINDE waste

oxidation systems are guaranteed to meet Euro-

pean legislation or exceed the most demanding

requirements anywhere in the world. We have

successfully dealt with virtually every kind of

hazardous and toxic waste. One example among

many, a specially designed thermal system was

selected for the US Army program to destroy the

nation’s stockpile of obsolete chemical weap-

ons, including nerve agents. A destruction effi-

ciency of 99.999999 % was achieved.

Test burns facility SELAS-LINDE can offer a test burn facility using a

fully equipped and functional pilot test plant at

our sister company’s site at SELAS FLUID Corpora-

tion, in Conshohocken, USA. The test enables

SELAS-LINDE and their clients to pin down all the

clean, complete chemical waste disposal through

thermal oxidation variables of a proposed system

and eliminates any potential problems. The doc-

umented test results are an essential big help in

subsequent regulatory permitting. The test facility

is one of the very few approved by the US EPA

for hazardous waste testing.

Thermal oxidation.

13

Since the invention, patent and installation

of the first submerged combustion vaporiser

system (Sub-X®) design unit by T-Thermal at

Alabama Gas in 1965, and after acquisition of

T-Thermal in 1992, SELAS-LINDE has continued

to develop and supply a range of specialised

units for heating and vaporisation of cryogenic

fluids such as LNG, LPG, liquid nitrogen, oxygen

ammonia and ethylene. The technology has

been applied in LNG terminals world-wide, for

both base-load and peak-shaving duties.

SELAS-LINDE is the global market leader in the

supply of submerged combustion vaporiser

system.

The Sub-X® vaporiser is an assemblyof the following major components:– Vaporiser tank constructed in epoxy-coated

carbon steel, stainless steel or concrete

– Sub-X® burner complete with distribution

duct and tubes

– Process tube coil

– Weir assembly

– Combustion air fan, motor, inlet and outlet

silencer and accustic housing as required

– Control panel and instrumentation package

for hazardous area classification

– Optional cogeneration hot water distribution

system

LNG vaporisers, Belgium

Submerged combustion vaporiser system.

14

Operational safetyThe process tubes are submerged in a water bath

and hence the tube wall temperature be maxi-

mum 55°C. No possible flame imingement with

LNG contact.

High thermal efficiencyWith high heat flux and narrow temperature

approach, high gross thermal effiencies,

approaching 100 %, can be achieved.

Fast responseRapid start-up and shut-down without process

upset. It is possible, if required, to have the unit

standing by on pilot only, prior to the introduc-

tion of the process fluid.

Heat transfer rateThe bubble formation by direct contact heating

and use of a patented weir arrangement pro-

vides a high level of turbulence and excellent

recirculation over tubes containing the cryo-

genic fluid, thus maintaining temperature uni-

formity. Observations of units operations have

indicated no ice build-up, even when operating

with low bath temperatures.

LNG vaporiser for base-load plant/USA

15

Main advantages of the submerged combustion Sub-X® vaporiser system.

High operational reliabilityThis can only be measured by the cumulative

experience gained in the operation of these

units. With the exception of facilities that have

closed, all Sub-X LNG vaporisers installed since

1965 are still in operation.

Environmental impactThese units are designed to meet the new regu-

latory pressure with very low NOx emission va-

lues.

SELAS-LINDE GmbH – Range of activities.

SL/

1.1.

e/09

SELAS-LINDE GmbHWolfratshauser Str. 138, 82049 Pullach, Germany

Phone +49.89.7447.47-0, Fax +49.89.7447.47-17

E-Mail: selas-linde@linde-le.com, www.selas-linde.com

Offices/Subsidiaries

T-Thermal & Process Heater Technology

c/o Linde CryoPlants Ltd.

1 Blackwater Park, Holder Road

Aldershot, Hants GU12 4PQ

Great Britain

Phone: +44.1252.321-811

Fax: +44.1252.321-355

SELAS-LINDE Fired Heaters Divsion

c/o Linde Impianti Italia S.p.A.

Via Corona Boreale, 86

00054 Fiumicino, Roma

Italy

Phone: +39.06656.13-1

Fax: +39.06656.13-200

Selas Fluid Processing Corporation

T-Thermal Company/Thermatrix

Five Sentry Parkway East, Suite 204

Blue Bell, Philadelphia 19422

United States of America

Phone: +1.610.8340-300

Fax: +1.610.8340-473

Process furnaces for the chemical and petrochemical industry– Pyrolysis furnaces for ethylene production

– EDC cracking furnaces

– Cracking furnaces for special chemicals,

such as acetic acid and freon

Reformer– Steam reformers for hydrogen

and synthesis gas production

Fired heater units for refineries– Crude oil heaters

– Vacuum oil heaters

– Visbreaker

– Platformer

– HDS heaters

– Reboilers

– Superheaters

Special-purpose furnace equipment– Furnaces for iron direct reduction processes

– Steam superheaters

– Waste recovery units for gas turbines

Environmental TechnologyPlants for oxidizing gaseous and liquid wastes, including waste heat

recovery, flue gas treatment, byproduct recovery for:

– Halogenated hydrocarbons

– PCBs

– Pesticides

– Dioxines

– Pharmaceutical wastes

– Aqueous salt laden wastes

– Nitrogen-bound organics

Vaporisation of cryogenic fluidsSubmerged combustion vaporiser system (Sub X®) for:

– LNG

– LPG

– Nitrogen

– Ethylene