The Fur Trade and

The Impact of Contact

Textbook Answers

(Pages: 29-32)

Ms. Reid Ms. Reid Canadian History 11Canadian History 11

11. What was traded between Jacques . What was traded between Jacques Cartier and the Mi’kmaq peoples?Cartier and the Mi’kmaq peoples?

• Fur for Iron goodsFur for Iron goods

2.2. Why were beaver pelts in high Why were beaver pelts in high demand. 3 reasonsdemand. 3 reasons

• WarmWarm

• Water-resistant Water-resistant

• Europeans wiped out the beaver on their Europeans wiped out the beaver on their own continentown continent

3.3. Where was the early center for the Where was the early center for the fur trade? Why was this location fur trade? Why was this location chosen?chosen?• TadoussacTadoussac

• It was located where the Saguenay River It was located where the Saguenay River meets the St. Lawrence Rivermeets the St. Lawrence River

4.4. Explain “Tadoussac exemplified the economic Explain “Tadoussac exemplified the economic and technological interdependencies that had and technological interdependencies that had developed between Aboriginal peoples and developed between Aboriginal peoples and European traders.”European traders.”

• Only the Aboriginal peoples knew the Only the Aboriginal peoples knew the landscapelandscape

• Their knowledge and skills were vital to Their knowledge and skills were vital to the fur trade successthe fur trade success

5.5. In 1608, Samuel de Champlain In 1608, Samuel de Champlain set up a new trading post at …set up a new trading post at …

• Quebec CityQuebec City

6.6. State 3 reasons why the success of the State 3 reasons why the success of the fur trade depended on maintaining good fur trade depended on maintaining good relations with the Aboriginal peoples.relations with the Aboriginal peoples.

• The French were outnumbered The French were outnumbered

• French depended on the Aboriginal peoples’ French depended on the Aboriginal peoples’ knowledge and skill to survive in the wildernessknowledge and skill to survive in the wilderness

• The Algonquins and the Wendat had strategic The Algonquins and the Wendat had strategic locations along the northern route that were locations along the northern route that were significant the fur trade.significant the fur trade.

7.7. What did Champlain do to forge What did Champlain do to forge an alliance with the Aboriginal an alliance with the Aboriginal peoples?peoples?• He sent young He sent young

representatives of the representatives of the fur company to live fur company to live among the Aboriginal among the Aboriginal peoples in order to peoples in order to learn their languages learn their languages and values and customsand values and customs

• He also agreed to join He also agreed to join the Wendat and the Wendat and Algonquins in war Algonquins in war against the Iroquois against the Iroquois (Haudenosaunee)(Haudenosaunee)

8.8. Why did the French have a Why did the French have a military disadvantage over the Dutch military disadvantage over the Dutch and English?and English?

• The Dutch became allies The Dutch became allies with the Iroquois and with the Iroquois and supplied them with guns supplied them with guns in exchange for furs.in exchange for furs.

• The French only supplied The French only supplied their allies with guns in their allies with guns in return for their conversion return for their conversion to Catholicism. Very few to Catholicism. Very few converted in the converted in the beginning.beginning.

9.9. What was significant about the What was significant about the royal charter that was issued in 1670?royal charter that was issued in 1670?

• Granted exclusive trading rights over the Granted exclusive trading rights over the lands that drained into Hudson Bay.lands that drained into Hudson Bay.

• This formed the Hudson’s Bay CompanyThis formed the Hudson’s Bay Company

10.10. Explain how the Hudson Bay Company Explain how the Hudson Bay Company marked the beginning of the rivalry between the marked the beginning of the rivalry between the French and the English for control over the fur French and the English for control over the fur trade.trade.• The English had a good position to trade with The English had a good position to trade with

the Cree fur traders in the norththe Cree fur traders in the north

• The French had to travel by foot to intercept The French had to travel by foot to intercept the traders before they reached the HBC the traders before they reached the HBC posts. This allowed them to have first pick of posts. This allowed them to have first pick of the furs.the furs.

• Coureurs de bois and Metis pushed further Coureurs de bois and Metis pushed further inland and expanded the French territoryinland and expanded the French territory

• A series of raids and counter-raids continued A series of raids and counter-raids continued between the two groups and their allies.between the two groups and their allies.

11.11. Define coureurs de bois and Define coureurs de bois and Metis.Metis.

• coureurs de bois coureurs de bois = During the fur trade, = During the fur trade, French and/or Metis fur traders in the French and/or Metis fur traders in the NorthwestNorthwest

• MetisMetis = A person of mixed First Nation and = A person of mixed First Nation and European descentEuropean descent

12.12. What ended the competition What ended the competition for the fur trade?for the fur trade?

• The Fall of New France in 1760The Fall of New France in 1760

The Impact of ContactThe Impact of Contactonon

Aboriginal SocietiesAboriginal Societies&&

European SocietiesEuropean Societies

Impact on Aboriginal SocietiesImpact on Aboriginal Societies

• European technology, tools and weaponsEuropean technology, tools and weapons: They : They became more dependent on manufactured goods and became more dependent on manufactured goods and abandoned many of their traditional ways of doing abandoned many of their traditional ways of doing thingsthings

• Competition and hostilities among Aboriginal societies Competition and hostilities among Aboriginal societies because of competition to trade (fur) with Europeans. because of competition to trade (fur) with Europeans. Traditional economies could not be maintained.Traditional economies could not be maintained.

• European diseasesEuropean diseases: measles, influenza, smallpox. No : measles, influenza, smallpox. No immunity existed for these, and the Aboriginal people immunity existed for these, and the Aboriginal people began to die. Example: between 1634 and 1640, began to die. Example: between 1634 and 1640, imported diseases eliminated half of the Huron imported diseases eliminated half of the Huron Population.Population.

• Lifestyle of independence to interdependence to Lifestyle of independence to interdependence to dependence.dependence.

Impact on European Societies Impact on European Societies

• New food crops- beans, corn, potatoes, etc.New food crops- beans, corn, potatoes, etc.

• Demand for tobacco and sugar cane- a huge Demand for tobacco and sugar cane- a huge demand developeddemand developed

• Economic growth: In part due to the slave trade Economic growth: In part due to the slave trade that developedthat developed

• Huge economic impact and growth in Europe Huge economic impact and growth in Europe because of the colonies and the mercantile because of the colonies and the mercantile system transformed Europe into a capitalist system transformed Europe into a capitalist society that was controlled by a global trading society that was controlled by a global trading networknetwork

The Impact of Missionaries The Impact of Missionaries Page 30Page 30

14.14. What was the intention of the What was the intention of the missionaries work?missionaries work?

• To change the very heart of Aboriginal To change the very heart of Aboriginal culture, values and beliefsculture, values and beliefs

• RecolletsRecollets

• They attempted to have the Aboriginal They attempted to have the Aboriginal peoples conform to the French way of life: peoples conform to the French way of life: wanted them to adopt the French wanted them to adopt the French language and style of dresslanguage and style of dress

15.15. Who were the first missionaries? Who were the first missionaries? What did they fail at?What did they fail at?

• The JesuitsThe Jesuits

16.16. (A) Who were the second (A) Who were the second group of missionaries? group of missionaries?

• They lived among the Aboriginal societies They lived among the Aboriginal societies and learned their language and customsand learned their language and customs

• They tried a full scale assimilation by They tried a full scale assimilation by removing the children from their homes removing the children from their homes and placed them in residential schoolsand placed them in residential schools

16. (B) What was their approach? 16. (B) What was their approach?

• The children eventually returned homeThe children eventually returned home

16. (C) Why did their plan fail?16. (C) Why did their plan fail?

• Gave the Aboriginal people, who became Gave the Aboriginal people, who became Christians, preferred trading statusChristians, preferred trading status

17.17. (A) What were the incentives (A) What were the incentives that the Jesuits offered? that the Jesuits offered?

• In order to be baptized, they had to make In order to be baptized, they had to make a complete break with their traditional a complete break with their traditional customs and ritualscustoms and rituals

• This led to social rifts between those who This led to social rifts between those who converted and those who had not.converted and those who had not.

17. (B) Why did this lead to great 17. (B) Why did this lead to great social rifts?social rifts?