the forces behind the changing internet: ixps, content delivery...
TRANSCRIPT
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Steve Uhlig 1
The forces behind the changing Internet: IXPs, content delivery and virtualization
Prof. Steve Uhlig Professor of Networks
Head of Networks research group Queen Mary, University of London
[email protected] http://www.eecs.qmul.ac.uk/~steve/
Joint work with: B. Ager (ETH), N. Chatzis, A. Feldmann, B. Frank, I. Poese, N. Sarrar, G. Smaragdakis (T-labs), Bruce Maggs (Duke/Akamai), Laurent Mathy
(U. Liege), Walter Willinger (AT&T), Gaogang Xie (CAS)
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Steve Uhlig 2
Internet Infrastructure
Internet: communication platform
Internet: content sharing and delivery platform
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Steve Uhlig 3
Content-Processing-Network Infrastructure
Storage
Processing
Content-Processing-Network
+
+
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Steve Uhlig 4
Agenda
• Internet update • Short history of content delivery • Content delivery 101 • Opportunities • Summary
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Steve Uhlig 5
Old mental model
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Steve Uhlig 6
Accepted view of the Internet
• 35,000+ networks • Hierarchical structure - Tier-1 (10-20): ATT, L3, Sprint,… - Regional ISPs (15%): BT, Telefonica,… - Stubs (85%): eyeball ISPs, universities,
enterprise networks
• Known AS connectivity - Customer-provider: 90,000+ - Peer-peer: 35-40,000
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Steve Uhlig 7
Most recent mental model
C. Labovitz, S. Iekel-Johnson, D. McPherson, J. Oberheide, and F. Jahanian. Internet Interdomain Traffic. Proc. of ACM SIGCOMM, 2010.
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Steve Uhlig 8
Internet Exchange Point • An Internet exchange point (IXP)
is a layer 2 service to facilitate the interconnection between - ISPs - Hosting or service providers - CDNs
• An IXP facilitates peering between players, usually across a public and/or private peering fabric of some type
• Offer public and/or private peerings
William B. Norton. The Internet Peering Playbook : Connecting to the Core of the Internet. DrPeering Press, 2012.
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Steve Uhlig 9
IXP architecture: example
AS6AS7
AS8
AS9... ASN
AS1 AS2 AS3AS4
AS5
IXP switches
Members' routers
B. Ager, N. Chatzis, A. Feldmann, N. Sarrar, S. Uhlig, and W. Willinger. Anatomy of a Large European IXP. Proc. of ACM SIGCOMM, 2012.
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Steve Uhlig 10
Interconnection and business
William B. Norton. The Internet Peering Playbook : Connecting to the Core of the Internet. DrPeering Press, 2012.
IXPs
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Steve Uhlig 11
Updated view of the Internet
• Mixed structure - Tier-1 (10-20) + Large IXPs - Regional ISPs + smaller regional IXP
• Known AS connectivity - Customer-provider: 90,000+ - Peer-peer: data from a single IXP doubles it!
• Traffic - Increasingly exchanged directly between CDN
and regional ISPs B. Ager, N. Chatzis, A. Feldmann, N. Sarrar, S. Uhlig, and W. Willinger. Anatomy of a Large European IXP. Proc. of ACM SIGCOMM 2012.
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Steve Uhlig 12
Content is power!
• CAIDA: BGP-based degree or customer-cone • Renesys: variant of CAIDA-cone • Knodes: Fixedorbit.com centrality metric • Arbor: Interdomain traffic • Potential: hostname-based • Normalized potential: weighted hostnames
B. Ager, W. Mühlbauer, G. Smaragdakis, and S. Uhlig. Web content cartography. Proc. of ACM SIGCOMM Internet Measurement Conference, 2011.
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Steve Uhlig 13
Agenda
• Internet update • Short history of content delivery • Content delivery 101 • Opportunities • Summary
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Steve Uhlig 14
The Early Web
Pathan Mukaddim. Ongoing Trends and Future Directions in Content Delivery Networks (CDNs). Available online from: http://amkpathan.wordpress.com/article/ongoing-trends-and-future-directions-in-3uxfz2buz8z1w-2/
A
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Steve Uhlig 15
CDNs 1.0
Pathan Mukaddim. Ongoing Trends and Future Directions in Content Delivery Networks (CDNs). Available online from: http://amkpathan.wordpress.com/article/ongoing-trends-and-future-directions-in-3uxfz2buz8z1w-2/
A
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Steve Uhlig 16
CDNs 2.0
Pathan Mukaddim. Ongoing Trends and Future Directions in Content Delivery Networks (CDNs). Available online from: http://amkpathan.wordpress.com/article/ongoing-trends-and-future-directions-in-3uxfz2buz8z1w-2/
A
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Steve Uhlig 17
Autonomic CDNs
Pathan Mukaddim. Ongoing Trends and Future Directions in Content Delivery Networks (CDNs). Available online from: http://amkpathan.wordpress.com/article/ongoing-trends-and-future-directions-in-3uxfz2buz8z1w-2/
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Steve Uhlig 18
Agenda
• Internet update • Short history of content delivery • Content delivery 101 • Opportunities • Summary
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Steve Uhlig 19
Foundations
• Server selection - HTTP (DNS)
- P2P
• Deployment - HTTP: data centers and CDNs
- P2P: swarms
• Network location diversity
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Steve Uhlig 20
HTTP server selection
DNS
HTTP
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Steve Uhlig 21
DNS deployment
• ISP DNS deployment: - Fixed: few bad ISPs - Mobile: many bad ISPs
• 3rd party DNS: - Raw performance: good compared to bad ISPs - Confusing to content delivery networks!
B. Ager, W. Mühlbauer, G. Smaragdakis, and S. Uhlig. Comparing DNS resolvers in the wild. Proc. of ACM SIGCOMM Internet Measurement Conference, 2010.
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Steve Uhlig 22
Foundations
• Server selection - HTTP (DNS)
- P2P
• Deployment - HTTP: data centers and CDNs
- P2P: swarms
• Network location diversity
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Steve Uhlig 23
Server selection: P2P Tracker
Client
Swarm
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Steve Uhlig 24
Server selection: P2P
• Today: - Random, e.g., Bittorrent unchokes 4 best peers
based on average download rate • Alternatives: - PADIS: provider-aided distance information
service - P4P: provider-aided P2P selection - Biased Unchoking: consider locality of peers in
their selection - Ono: Vuze plugin, use CDN measurements to
guess peer proximity • Plenty of potential research!
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Steve Uhlig 25
Foundations
• Server selection - HTTP (DNS)
- P2P
• Deployment - HTTP: data centers and CDNs
- P2P: swarms
• Network location diversity
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Steve Uhlig 26
World data centers
http://www.datacentermap.com/
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Steve Uhlig 27
Google data centers
http://royal.pingdom.com/2008/04/11/map-of-all-google-data-center-locations/
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Steve Uhlig 28
World clouds
http://www.datacentermap.com/
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Steve Uhlig 29
Where is content?
• California • China already 2nd! • USA: 9 among
top 20 • Other developed
countries: limited own content
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Steve Uhlig 30
CDNs in China
• Selected top 100 Chinese websites (Alexa) • Which CDNs serve content from these websites?
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Steve Uhlig 31
ChinaCache
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Steve Uhlig 32
Foundations
• Server selection - HTTP (DNS)
- P2P
• Deployment - HTTP: data centers and CDNs
- P2P: swarms
• Network location diversity
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Steve Uhlig 33
Deployment of popular P2P swarms
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Steve Uhlig 34
Foundations
• Server selection - HTTP (DNS)
- P2P
• Deployment - HTTP: data centers and CDNs
- P2P: swarms
• Network location diversity
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Steve Uhlig 35
CDN diversity
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1 10 100
CD
F of
tota
l HTT
P Tr
affic
Available SubnetsB. Frank, I. Poese, G. Smaragdakis, S. Uhlig, and A. Feldmann. Enabling Content-aware Traffic Engineering. ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, 42(5):21-28, October 2012.
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Steve Uhlig 36
CDNs geographic coverage
B. Ager, W. Mühlbauer, G. Smaragdakis, and S. Uhlig. Web content cartography. Proc. of ACM SIGCOMM Internet Measurement Conference, 2011.
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Steve Uhlig 37
P2P diversity
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Steve Uhlig 38
Agenda
• Internet update • Short history of content delivery • Content delivery 101 • Opportunities • Summary
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Steve Uhlig 39
Traffic engineering
• Diversity in content location is an opportunity for traffic engineering
• Content-aware traffic engineering
B. Frank, I. Poese, G. Smaragdakis, S. Uhlig, and A. Feldmann. Enabling Content-aware Traffic Engineering. ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, 42(5):21-28, October 2012.
ISPCP Server A CP Server B
CP Server C
ClientClientClientClient
Highly utilizedlink
shift
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Steve Uhlig 40
Google and SDN
• Google is using OpenFlow • Purpose: traffic engineering
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Steve Uhlig 41
Collaborative content delivery
B. Frank, I. Poese, G. Smaragdakis, S. Uhlig, and A. Feldmann. Pushing ISP-CDN Collaboration to the Limit. ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, 43(3):35-44, October 2013.
CDN ISP
CP User
• Importance of stakeholders
• Spectrum in the solution space
• Enabling collaboration
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Steve Uhlig 42
CDN 3.0
• Hybrid infrastructures: Akamai, PPTV • Meta-CDNs, e.g., Conviva • Virtual CDNs through ISP micro-datacenters • ICN
ISPS
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
= PoP with Microdatacenter (Service deployed)= PoP with Microdatacenter
PoPs
B. Frank, I. Poese, G. Smaragdakis, V. Aggarwal, A. Feldmann, S. Uhlig, B. Maggs, F. Schneider. Collaboration Opportunities for Content Providers and Network Infrastructures. SIGCOMM e-book chapter, to appear, 2013.
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Steve Uhlig 43
Agenda
• Internet update • Short history of content delivery • Content delivery 101 • Opportunities • Summary
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Steve Uhlig 44
Summary
• Measurements to track the changing Internet ecosystem
• Content as driver of Internet evolution • Scalability of massive content infrastructure
through hybrid infrastructures • Opportunities for collaborative traffic
engineering • Virtualization for increased diversity and
agility
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Steve Uhlig 45
References
• C. Labovitz, S. Iekel-Johnson, D. McPherson, J. Oberheide, and F. Jahanian. Internet Interdomain Traffic. Proc. of ACM SIGCOMM, 2010.
• I. Poese, B. Frank, B. Ager, G. Smaragdakis, and A. Feldmann. Improving content delivery using provider-aided distance information. Proc. of ACM SIGCOMM IMC 2010.
• B. Ager, W. Mühlbauer, G. Smaragdakis, and S. Uhlig. Comparing DNS resolvers in the wild. Proc. of ACM SIGCOMM IMC 2010.
• B. Ager, W. Mühlbauer, G. Smaragdakis, and S. Uhlig. Web content cartography. Proc. of ACM SIGCOMM IMC 2011.
• William B. Norton. The Internet Peering Playbook : Connecting to the Core of the Internet. DrPeering Press, 2012.
• P. Dhungel, K. Ross, M. Steiner, Y. Tian, X. Hei. Xunlei: Peer-Assisted Download Acceleration on a Massive Scale. Proc. of PAM 2012.
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Steve Uhlig 46
References
• I. Poese, B. Frank, B. Ager, G. Smaragdakis, S. Uhlig, A. Feldmann. Improving Content Delivery with PaDIS. IEEE Internet Computing, 16(3): 46-52, 2012.
• B. Frank, I. Poese, G. Smaragdakis, S. Uhlig, and A. Feldmann. Enabling Content-aware Traffic Engineering. ACM CCR, 42(5):21-28, October 2012.
• B. Ager, N. Chatzis, A. Feldmann, N. Sarrar, S. Uhlig, and W. Willinger. Anatomy of a Large European IXP. Proc. of ACM SIGCOMM, 2012.
• B. Frank, I. Poese, G. Smaragdakis, S. Uhlig, and A. Feldmann. Pushing ISP-CDN Collaboration to the Limit. ACM CCR, 43(3):35-44, October 2013.
• B. Frank, I. Poese, G. Smaragdakis, V. Aggarwal, A. Feldmann, S. Uhlig, B. Maggs, F. Schneider. Collaboration Opportunities for Content Providers and Network Infrastructures. SIGCOMM e-book, to appear, 2013.