177© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2016M. Stagars, Data Quality in Southeast Asia, DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-60063-9

The following fi gures compare the ten individual dimensions of data quality.

APPENDIX: RESULTS BY DIMENSIONS AND FACTORS

178 APPENDIX: RESULTS BY DIMENSIONS AND FACTORS

1.31.

72.3

2.3

2.3

2.32.

72.7

6.7

6.7

Brune

iMya

nmar

Cam

bodia

Laos

Singa

pore

Thailand

Malay

sia

Vietnam

Indo

nesia

Philip

pine

s

Fig.

1

Dim

ensi

on D

1, P

rofe

ssio

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ndep

ende

nce

of s

tatis

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aut

hori

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N m

embe

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APPENDIX: RESULTS BY DIMENSIONS AND FACTORS 179

2.0

3.0

3.5

4.5

4.5

5.0

5.0

5.0

5.5

6.0

Myanmar

Cambodia

Laos

Indonesia

Vietnam

Brunei

Malaysia

Thailand

Philippines

Singapore

Fig. 2 Dimension D2, Adequacy of resources for national statistics offi ces in ASEAN member countries

2.3

2.7

3.0

4.3

4.3

4.3

6.3

6.3

7.3

7.3

Myanmar

Laos

Cambodia

Brunei

Thailand

Vietnam

Philippines

Singapore

Indonesia

Malaysia

Fig. 3 Dimension D3, Impartiality and integrity of national statistics offi ces in ASEAN member countries

180 APPENDIX: RESULTS BY DIMENSIONS AND FACTORS

2.6

2.6

4.2

4.6

5.0

6.0

6.0

6.2

7.0

7.8

Cambodia

Myanmar

Laos

Brunei

Vietnam

Malaysia

Thailand

Philippines

Indonesia

Singapore

Fig. 4 Dimension D4, Sound methodology and procedures of national statistics offi ces in ASEAN member countries

2.0

2.3

2.3

2.7

4.7

4.7

6.3

6.7

7.0

7.0

Myanmar

Brunei

Laos

Cambodia

Thailand

Vietnam

Philippines

Indonesia

Malaysia

Singapore

Fig. 5 Dimension D5, Relevance and completeness of offi cial statistics in ASEAN member countries

APPENDIX: RESULTS BY DIMENSIONS AND FACTORS 181

2.0

2.0

2.5

2.5

3.5

3.5

5.5

6.0

6.0

6.0

Cambodia

Myanmar

Thailand

Vietnam

Brunei

Laos

Singapore

Indonesia

Malaysia

Philippines

Fig. 6 Dimension D6, Accuracy, errors, and omissions of offi cial statistics in ASEAN member countries

2.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

6.0

7.0

7.0

7.0

7.0

7.0

Cambodia

Myanmar

Laos

Brunei

Thailand

Indonesia

Malaysia

Philippines

Singapore

Vietnam

Fig. 7 Dimension D7, Timeliness and punctuality of offi cial statistics in ASEAN member countries

182 APPENDIX: RESULTS BY DIMENSIONS AND FACTORS

2.0

3.0

3.3

4.7

5.3

6.0

6.0

6.3

6.3

6.7

Myanmar

Laos

Cambodia

Brunei

Thailand

Malaysia

Philippines

Singapore

Vietnam

Indonesia

Fig. 8 Dimension D8, Consistency, coherence, and comparability of offi cial sta-tistics in ASEAN member countries

3.7

4.3

4.7

4.7

5.0

6.0

6.0

6.3

6.3

6.3

Cambodia

Myanmar

Brunei

Laos

Vietnam

Singapore

Thailand

Indonesia

Malaysia

Philippines

Fig. 9 Dimension D9, Level of detail of offi cial statistics in ASEAN member countries

APPENDIX: RESULTS BY DIMENSIONS AND FACTORS 183

2.0

2.5

2.5

3.0

3.8

4.0

4.5

6.0

6.3

7.0

Myanmar

Brunei

Cambodia

Laos

Vietnam

Thailand

Philippines

Indonesia

Malaysia

Singapore

Fig. 10 Dimension D10, Accessibility and clarity of offi cial statistics in ASEAN member countries

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Malaysia (1989). Law of Malaysia, Act 415, Statistics Act 1965 (revised 1989). https://www.statistics.gov.my/dosm/uploads/files/4_Por tal%20Content/1_About%20us/4_Legislation/Statistics_Act.pdf . Accessed 21 Sept 2015.

Ministry of Planning and Investment, General Statistics Offi ce (2010). Development plan of the Vietnam Statistical Development Strategy 2011–2020 and Vision to 2025 (VSDS11-20). www.paris21.org/sites/default/fi les/VIETNAM_roadmap_E-fi nal.pdf . Accessed 17 Sept 2015.

Myint, U. (2009). Myanmar economy: A comparative view, Institute for Security & Development Policy. http://www.eaber.org/sites/default/fi les/U%20Myint%20-%20Myanmar%20Economy,%20a%20comparative%20view%20(Dec%202010).pdf . Accessed 13 Sept 2015.

National Institute of Statistics of Cambodia (2005). Statistical master plan for Cambodia. www.paris21.org/documents/2460.pdf . Accessed 21 Sept 2015.

National Statistical Coordination Board of the Philippines (2012). Philippine Statistical Development Program 2011–2017. http://www.nscb.gov.ph/pss/psdp/20112017/ . Accessed 22 Sept 2015.

National Statistical Offi ce of Thailand (2012). Thailand’s statistical master plan. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/Dissemination/workshops/countrydata2/fi nal-docs/session4/S4.4%20Thailand.pdf . Accessed 25 Sept 2015.

National Statistics Centre (2006). The statistical system of Lao PDR – The present situation and challenges in the years ahead, 11th meeting of the heads of National Statistical Offi ces of East Asia countries. http://www.stat.go.jp/eng-lish/info/meetings/eastasia/pdf/3lpower.pdf . Accessed 13 Sept 2015.

186 APPENDIX: RESULTS BY DIMENSIONS AND FACTORS

National Statistics Coordination Board of the Philippines (2010). Philippine Statistical Development Program (PSDP) 2011–2017 Strategic Plan. http://www.nscb.gov.ph/pss/psdp/20112017/PSDP2011-2017_Vol_1.pdf . Accessed 13 Sept 2015.

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APPENDIX: RESULTS BY DIMENSIONS AND FACTORS 187

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189© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2016M. Stagars, Data Quality in Southeast Asia, DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-60063-9

INDEX

A academia , 28, 60 academic , 1, 2, 15, 93, 113 accessibility . See data quality

dimensions, accessibility accessible , 5, 8, 63, 65 accountability , 5, 14, 61, 174 accuracy . See data quality dimensions,

accuracy accurate , 3–5, 21, 25, 27, 29 adequacy of resources . See data quality

dimensions, adequacy of resources ASEAN , 2–5, 8, 11, 13–18, 21, 25,

29, 30, 167–74 ASEAN Community Statistical

System (ACSS) , 4, 7, 13–15, 20–22, 25, 167, 170 ; Code of Practice (see Code of Practice of the ACSS ) ; comparison with ESS , 15 ; Data Quality Assessment , 14

ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) , 15, 175

ASEAN Framework of Cooperation in Statistics , 13

ASEAN Political Security Community (APSC) , 15

ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community (ASCC) , 15

ASEANstats , 14, 15 data quality of member countries,

comparison , 168–70, 172, 174

member states , 2, 3 national statistics offi ces, URLs of ,

29 statistical capacity , 17, 18

Asian Development Bank (ADB) , 30, 39, 42, 52, 63, 75, 97, 108, 114, 118, 133, 136, 147, 154, 155, 157, 174

B benchmark , 7, 16 big data , 167, 174

190 INDEX

Brunei , 2, 5, 110–19, 171, 172 Brunei Darussalam Standard

Industrial Classifi cation (BDSIC) , 114, 117, 118

Department of Economic Planning and Development (DEPD) , 110, 113, 115

Department of Statistics (DOS) , 110 ; head of , 110 ; independence, lack of , 110 ; mission , 117 ; responsibility , 115, 116 ; staff , 112 ; URL , 29

freedom of the press , 113 GDP per capita , 112 ICT standards , 119 language barrier , 113, 115, 119 National Statistics Coordinating

Committee (NSCC) , 110, 115 National Vision , 172 Open Data , 110, 113, 119 ratings for dimensions of statistical

data quality , 111 statistical capacity , 114, 115 statistics act , 110, 111 ( see also

statistics law ) statistics law , 111, 113 sultan of , 110

Busan Action Plan for Statistics , 7

C Cambodia , 2, 5, 17, 18, 29, 138–49,

173, 174 annual public spending , 141 constitutional monarchy , 139 Corruption Perceptions Index , 143 freedom of the press , 143 GDP per capita , 139, 141 ICT standards , 145, 149 line ministries , 139, 144, 155 Ministry of Planning (MoP) , 139 National Bank of Cambodia , 139

National Institute of Statistics (NIS) , 139, 142, 143, 145 ; budget , 141, 142 ; head of , 141 ; independence, uncertainty of , 140 ; URL , 29

Offi cial Development Aid (ODA) , 141

ratings for dimensions of statistical data quality , 139

statistical capacity , 18, 143–5, 147 Statistical Master Plan for Cambodia

(SMP) , 140 statistics law , 139, 142, 146 technical assistance , 141

checks and balances , 27, 28 clarity . See data quality dimensions,

clarity climate change , 5, 167, 175 Code of Practice , 7, 15, 22

of the ASEAN Community Statistical System (ACSS) , 13–16, 21, 22, 170

comparison between ESS and ACSS , 15

of the European Statistical System (ESS) , 11–12, 21, 22, 170

coherence . See data quality dimensions, coherence

comparability . See data quality dimensions, comparability

comparable , 5, 14, 25, 168, 173 completeness . See data quality

dimensions, completeness complexity , 2, 7, 167 consistency . See data quality

dimensions, consistency consistent , 8, 16, 25, 173 cooperation , 9, 24 corruption , 54, 87 Corruption Perceptions Index ,

37, 48, 58, 69, 91, 103, 131, 143, 153

INDEX 191

D data , 1–5, 7–13, 16, 17, 21, 26,

28–31, 167, 170, 171, 174 collection , 2, 11, 14 dissemination , 168 see also (IMF

Data Dissemination Standards ) driven , 3 fi nancial , 8, 11 gathering , 1 journalism , 1, 3, 5 meta- (see metadata ) open (see Open Data ) policy , 21, 167 processing , 2, 174 producer , 15 public data , 1, 9, 28, 172 quality (see data quality ) reporting , 11, 16, 25, 174 revolution , 1, 174 sharing , 1, 2 socio-demographic , 2, 8, 10, 12 source data , 16, 25, 27 sources , 2, 9, 16, 21, 25, 29–31,

174 user , 1, 3–5, 14–16, 23, 25, 28 ;

defi nition , 28 validation , 25, 27

data quality , 1–5, 7–9, 11, 13, 14, 21–3, 25, 28, 31, 167–74, 177

assessment of , 7, 14 comparison of countries in the

ASEAN , 167–73 dimensions of (see data quality

dimensions ) factors of (see data quality factors ) indicators , 4, 16, 17, 21–31, 167,

170 monitoring , 14, 25, 27, 28 rating , 4, 21, 22, 26–31, 167–73

data quality dimensions , 4, 5, 14, 16, 17, 21–6, 167, 168, 171, 177

accessibility , 5, 13, 26, 171, 173

accuracy , 5, 12, 25, 27, 173, 181 adequacy of resources , 11, 23, 179 clarity , 13, 15, 26, 183 coherence , 13, 25, 182 comparability , 5, 13, 14, 25, 182 completeness , 16, 25, 180 consistency , 9, 25, 182 errors and omissions , 25, 181 expertise , 24 impartiality , 11, 23, 170, 179 independence of statistical

authorities , 11, 16, 23, 170–72 integrity , 14, 23, 171, 179 level of detail , 26, 182 methodology , 12, 24, 30, 180 procedures , 4, 9, 12, 23, 24, 173,

180 punctuality , 12, 25, 181 rating of (see data quality rating ) relevance , 12, 14, 25, 170, 180 timeliness , 5, 9, 12, 14, 16, 25, 181

data quality factors , 3–5, 21, 22, 167–9, 174, 177

institutional environment , 11, 14, 21–3, 167, 169, 173, 174

rating of (see data quality rating ) statistical output , 4, 5, 12, 14, 17,

21, 22, 25–7, 167–9, 172, 173 statistical processes , 4, 12, 14, 21,

22, 24, 26, 167–9, 172–4 digital form , 26 Dissemination Standards Bulletin

Board . See IMF Data Dissemination Standards, bulletin board

E economic development , 1, 5, 9, 30 effi ciency , 9 e-GDDS . See IMF Data Dissemination

Standards, e-GDDS

192 INDEX

e-government , 167, 172 emerging markets , 2, 7, 172 errors and omissions . See data quality

dimensions European

Central Bank (ECB) , 15 Commission (EC) , 8 Statistical Forum (ESF) , 15 Statistical Advisory Committee

(ESAC) , 15 Statistical Governance Advisory

Board (ESGAB) , 15 Statistical System (ESS) , 4, 7, 11,

13–15 ; Quality Assurance Framework (ESS-QAF) , 13 ; comparison with ACSS , 15

Statistics Code of Practice (see Code of Practice of the European Statistical System )

System of Central Banks (ESCB) , 15 Union External Action Service

(EEAS) , 30 Eurostat , 15, 36 expertise . See data quality dimensions,

expertise

F fi nancial sector , 1, 2, 4, 10, 12, 28 Freedom of the Press , 37, 48, 58,

69, 91, 103, 113, 131, 143, 153, 171

frontier market , 2, 99, 127, 139, 150, 173

G General Data Dissemination Standard

(GDDS) . See IMF Data Dissemination Standards, GDDS

Generic Statistical Business Process Model , 71

geospatial data , 66 governance , 13, 15, 171

I IMF , 8, 10–13, 16, 30

Data Dissemination Standards , 8 ; bulletin board , 8, 17, 30 ; comparison , 11–13 ; enhanced General Data Dissemination Standard (e-GDDS) , 8, 10, 11, 13, 24, 173 ; General Data Dissemination Standard (GDDS) , 8, 10, 11, 13, 24, 173 ; Special Data Dissemination Standard (SDDS) , 8, 11–13, 16, 24, 30, 172, 173

Data Quality Reference Site (DQRS) , 8

impartiality . See data quality dimensions

incomplete , 173 independence of statistical authorities .

See data quality dimensions, independence

independent , 15, 16, 23, 27, 28 Indonesia , 2, 11, 17, 18, 29, 33–44,

168, 173 Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS),

Indonesian for: Statistics Indonesia , 33, 34, 39, 41 ; budget , 36, 37 ; grants , 35 ; head of (see Chief Statistician ) ; independence , 34, 35 ; mission , 42 ; revenue , 35 ; staff , 36 ; URL , 29

Chief Statistician , 35, 39, 40 Community Forum for Statistics , 39 Corruption Perception Index , 37 freedom of the press , 37 ICT standards , 36, 43

INDEX 193

Institute of Statistics (STIS) , 39 language barrier , 37, 44 National Statistical System (NSS) , 33 Open Data , 44 population census , 41 ratings for dimensions of statistical

data quality , 34, 35 statistical capacity , 38, 39, 41 statistics act (see statistics law ) statistics law , 34, 36, 37, 39, 40 technical assistance , 39 whistleblowing system , 37

institutional environment . See data quality factors

intergovernmental organization , 3, 8, 29

integrity . See data quality dimensions, integrity

International Standard Industrial Classifi cation (ISIC) , 24

J Japan International Cooperation

Agency (JICA) , 30, 39, 141, 155

L Laos , 2, 5, 10, 17, 18, 29, 127–49,

173, 174 Chief Statistician , 130 communist regime , 127 Corruption Perceptions Index , 131 freedom of the press , 131 ICT standards , 138 language barrier , 130, 136, 137 Lao Statistics Bureau (LSB) , 127,

129 ; head of (see Chief Statistician ) ; independence, lack of , 129 ; staff , 130 ; URL , 29

Ministry of Planning and Investment (MPI) , 129

National Statistics Center (NSC) , 127 ratings for dimensions of statistical

data quality , 128 statistical capacity , 132, 133 statistics law , 129, 130, 133–7

least developed countries (LDCs) , 5, 127, 139, 150

legal mandate , 26–8 level of detail . See data quality

dimensions, level of detail Linked Open Data (LOD) , 174

M Malaysia , 2, 11, 17, 18, 29, 66–77,

110, 168, 173 budget expenditure , 68 Chief Statistician , 67, 71 Corruption Perceptions Index , 69 Department of Statistics Malaysia

(DoSM) , 66–9, 72, 73 ; duties , 66 ; independence, lack of , 68 ; staff , 68 ; URL , 29 ; values , 69

freedom of the press , 69 GDP per capita , 66 ICT standards , 76 ISO certifi cation , 71, 73 language barrier , 75 Main User Committee , 67, 68, 72 Malaysia Standard Industrial

Classifi cation (MSIC) Open Data , 77 ratings for dimensions of statistical

data quality , 67 statistical capacity , 70–72 statistics act (see statistics law ) statistics law , 68, 69, 72, 77 Statistics Steering Committee , 67,

68, 72 Strategic Plan , 72, 75

metadata , 9–11, 26 method , 4, 21, 22

194 INDEX

methodology . See data quality dimensions, methodology

Myanmar , 2, 5, 17, 18, 29, 150–159, 173, 174

Central Statistical Organization (CSO) , 150 ; independence, lack of , 151 ; URL , 29

Corruption Perceptions Index , 153 freedom of the press , 153 GDP ; growth, reservations about ,

152 ; per capita , 150 ICT standards , 158, 159 Ministry of National Planning and

Economic Development (MNPED) , 150

Offi cial Development Aid (ODA) , 150 ratings for dimensions of statistical

data quality , 150, 151 statistical capacity , 154, 155 statistics law , 152, 156 technical assistance , 152, 155, 157

N national statistics offi ce (NSO) , 1, 2,

5, 7, 13, 15, 16, 30, 31, 168, 174

O OECD , 8 Open Data , 1, 5, 26, 44, 50, 54, 64,

66, 77, 99, 110, 113, 119, 138, 149, 167, 172, 174

Open Government , 167, 174

P PARIS21 , 7, 30 Philippines , 2, 11, 17, 18, 29, 54–66,

168, 173 Citizen’s Charter , 61

Corruption Perceptions Index , 58

freedom of the press , 58 ICT standards , 65 Philippine Standard Industrial

Classifi cation (PSIC) , 63 Philippine Statistical Development

Program (PSDP) , 56, 60, 65

Philippine Statistical Research and Training Institute (PSRTI) , 60

Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA) , 54–7 ; budget , 57 ; head of (see National Statistician ) ; independence, partial , 55, 56 ; merger , 54 ; staff , 57 ; Transparency Seal , 57 ; URL , 29

Philippine Statistical System (PSS) , 55

statistical capacity , 57–60 National Economic and

Development Authority (NEDA) , 55

National Statistician , 56, 57 Open Data , 64, 66 ratings for dimensions of statistical

data quality , 55, 56 statistics law , 55, 57, 58,

60–62 policy , 1 . See also data policy private sector , 1, 2, 4, 23, 28, 89, 91,

98, 115 procedures . See also data quality

dimensions, procedures public data . See data, public data public sector, effi ciency and

transparency of , 167, 174 punctuality . See data quality

dimensions, punctuality

INDEX 195

Q quality . See data quality

R rating scale . See data quality, rating raw data , 25 relevance . See data quality dimensions,

relevance reporting lines , 15 research , 1, 2, 5, 28

S Singapore , 2, 5, 11, 29, 44–54,

168–70, 173 Chief Statistician , 45–8 Corruption Perception Index , 48 Dengue fever , 51 Department of Statistics (DOS) , 44,

46, 48 ; guiding principles , 47, 50, 51, 54 ; head of (see Chief Statistician ) ; independence, lack of , 46, 171 ; staff , 47 ; URL , 29

freedom of the press , 48 GDP per capita , 44 government budget , 46 ICT standards , 54 Ministry of Trade and Industry

(MTI) , 46, 54 mobile applications , 53 nation building , 171 Open Data , 54 ratings for dimensions of statistical

data quality , 45 research and statistics units (RSU) ,

44, 46 Standard Industrial Classifi cation

(SSIC) , 49, 52 statistics act , 45–8, 51

Statistics Singapore (SingStat) see (Department of Statistics (DOS) )

user feedback , 54 Southeast Asia , 2, 5, 175 Special Data Dissemination Standard

(SDDS) . See IMF Data Dissemination Standards, SDDS

Standard International Trade Classifi cation (SITC) , 24, 37, 41, 48, 52, 58, 60, 63, 70, 91, 97, 103, 107, 108, 114, 117, 118, 131, 137, 143, 148, 153, 157

statistical capacity , 7, 18 building , 11, 21, 174 indicator (see also World Bank,

Statistical Capacity Indicator ) utilization of , 17

statistical output . See data quality factors, statistical output

statistical processes . See data quality factors, statistical processes

statistician , 2, 4 statistics , 1–5, 7–10, 13–17, 21, 23,

25–7, 29, 170, 174 act (see statistics, law ) audit , 15, 130 code of practice (see Code of Practice ) global comparison , 170 inaccuracy of , 3, 4, 172, 174 law , 27 offi ce (see national statistics offi ce ) offi cial , 1–5, 7–11, 16, 21, 26,

29–31, 167, 171, 174, 175 quality of (see data quality ; data

quality dimensions ) reliable , 7, 8 standard menu , 2 timely , 7, 8, 13, 17, 29, 173 vital , 2, 16

System of National Accounts (SNA) , 8, 19, 24, 171

196 INDEX

T Thailand , 2, 11, 17, 18, 87–99, 168,

171, 173 Buddhist calendar , 96 Corruption Perceptions Index , 91 freedom of the press , 91 ICT standards , 93, 98 information act , 89 language barrier , 96, 97, 99, 171 National Statistical Commission

(NSC) , 89, 93 National Statistics Offi ce (NSO) ,

87, 89, 91 ; budget , 90 ; independence, lack of , 89 ; staff , 90 ; URL , 29

Open Data , 99 ratings for dimensions of statistical

data quality , 88, 89 statistical capacity , 92, 93 statistics act (see statistics law ) statistics law , 89–91, 93–5 Thai Statistical Master Plan (TSMP) ,

88, 89, 91, 93, 94 timeliness . See data quality dimensions,

timeliness time-sensitive data , 26 total quality rating . See data quality,

rating trust , 9

U UNESCO , 16, 60, 103, 153 United Nations , 5, 16

Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacifi c (ESCAP) , 30

Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) , 30, 141

Fundamental Principles of Offi cial Statistics , 7–9, 48

Standard International Trade Classifi cation (SITC) (see Standard International Trade Classifi cation (SITC) )

Statistical Division (UNSD) , 30, 72 urbanization , 2, 5, 167, 175

V validation . See data, validation Vietnam , 2, 17, 18, 99–110, 171,

172, 173 Corruption Perceptions Index , 103 freedom of the press , 103 General Statistics Offi ce (GSO) ,

100, 101 ; independence, lack of , 101 ; responsibility , 104 ; staff , 101 ; URL , 29

ICT standards , 109 Ministry of Planning and

Investment (MPI) , 100, 101 ratings for dimensions of statistical

data quality , 99, 100 statistical capacity , 104, 105, 107,

108 statistics act (see statistics law ) statistics law , 104–6 Vietnamese Standard Industrial

Classifi cation (VSIC) , 103, 107, 108

Vietnam Statistical System (VSS) , 99 Vietnam Statistical Development

Strategy (VSDS) , 101, 104

W WHO , 16 World Bank , 3, 7, 8, 16–18, 171

Statistical Capacity Indicator , 1, 16, 18, 30, 171 ; shortcoming , 17

Virtual Statistical System , 7