the fermilab particle accelerator hydrogen gas is converted into hydrogen ions here
TRANSCRIPT
The FermiLabParticle Accelerator
Hydrogen gas is converted into
hydrogen ions here
The linear accelerator
accelerates the protonsto 70% of the speed
of light with 400million electron volts (MeV)
The booster ring bends theproton beam into a circular
path.
The Tevatron particle accelerator is 4 miles in
circumference.
The Tevatron acceleratesparticles to energies of 2
trillion electron volts (TeV).
Particle speeds approach 95% of the speed of light.
When these particles collide, conditions
simulating the early universe are produced.
Cyclotron:Underground tunnel
Cyclotron:Proton Gun
NuclearReactor
Radioactivity - 9 min
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Lead into Gold
A change in the number
of protons in the atomic
nucleus producing an atom
with a differ atomic number.
continued
The first was
performed by
Lord Rutherford
in 1911.
continued
Nitrogen-14 was bombarded
with alpha particles
producing oxygen-17
and protons.
N + He O + H14 7
42
17 8
11
A nuclear reaction in whicha very heavy nucleus issplit into two approximatelyequal fragments.
First Atomic "Pile"
December 2, 1942 at 3:25 pm
Chernobyl, USSR - April 25 & 26, 1986
Chernobyl, USSR - April 25 & 26, 1986
Chernobyl Reactor Meltdown
Chernobyl Radiation
The Gadget
July 16, 1945 at 5:29:45 am
Trinity at 10 seconds
Ground Zero
"Little Boy"Hiroshima, JapanAugust 6, 1945
"Fat Man"Nagasaki, JapanAugust 9, 1945
A nuclear reaction in whichtwo or more small nucleiare forged together to formone larger nucleus.
FusionReactor
Fusion Issues: 100 million oC activation stability reliability heat lost to environment plasma interactions
Hydrogen Bomb
First Hydrogen Bomb - 1952
"Fat Man"contained 6.15 kg ofplutonium, of which only 1 kg fissioned into lighter elements.
Of this 1 kg, ONE GRAM of mass was converted into heat, light and radiation.
Because a bound system is at a lowerenergy level than its unbound parts,its mass must be less than the totalmass of its unbound parts.
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A dollar bill has a mass of about 1 gram.
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E = (massseparated - massbound) c2
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E = mc2
E/m = C2 = (299,792,458 m/s)2 / 1 kg
9 X 1016 joules / kg = 9 X 1013 j / g
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That is equal to 43 million pounds of TNT,85 billion BTU's of heat, or 25 million kilowatt-hours of electricity.
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Grand Coulee Dam, in central WA, is thelargest hydroelectric generator in the U.S.
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Its 33 turbines need almost 4 hours to produce 25 million kw-hours of electricity.
A t o m i c M a s s
A t o m i c N u m b e r
23892U
T h e e l e m e n t i s r e p r e s e n t e db y i t s c h e m i c a l s y m b o l
alpha
beta
beta-plus
neutron
42
0-1
0+1
10
He
e
e
n continued
continued
proton11H
continued
An atomic nucleus capturesan electron from its owninnermost energy level.
K-capture
continued
The atomic number isdecreased by one and themass number remainsthe same.
K-capture
100 44
Ru +
K-capture
100 44
100 43Ru + e 0
-1 Tc
K-capture
Nuclear equations are balanced much like chemical equations.
To balance nuclear equations,follow these two rules:
- mass number is conserved - electric charge is conserved
Rule One
Mass number is conserved:
The sum of the massnumbers before thechange must equal thesum of the mass numbersafter the change.
Charge is conserved:
The total electriccharge on subatomicparticles and nucleibefore and after thechange must be equal.
Rule Two
alpha
continued
alpha
42 He
continued
beta
continued
beta
0-1 e
continued
beta-plus
continued
beta-plus
0+1 e
continued
neutroncontinued
neutron 10n continued
proton
continued
proton
11 H
continued
Add 1 Daughter Particle
Ru + e 0-1
100 44
Ru +100 44
Tc100 43Ru + e 0
-1100 44
e 0-1
Add 1 Daughter Particle
Li + H11
73
He42
Add 1 Daughter Particle
Li + H11
73
He42
Li + H11
73
He + 42 He4
2
Add 1 Daughter Particle
Li + H11
73
He42
Li + H11
73
He + 42 He4
2
Li + H11
73
He 422
Add 1 Daughter Particle
H + H n +31
21
10
Add 1 Daughter Particle
H + H n +31
21
10
H + H n +31
21
10
He42
Add 1 Daughter Particle
C N +14 6
14 7
Add 1 Daughter Particle
C N +14 6
14 7
C N +14 6
14 7
e 0-1
Add 1 Daughter Particle
Pb +4 n +208 82
10
42 He 4
Add 1 Daughter Particle
Pb +4 n +208 82
10
42 He 4
Pb +4 n +208 82
10
42 He 4
220 90
Th
Add 1 Daughter Particle
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Homework
Stability
Predict isotope stability with these three general rules:
1.The greater the binding energy per nucleon, the more stable the nucleus.
1.The greater the binding energy per nucleon, the more stable the nucleus.
Both protons and neutronsadd to the weak force.
But protons also add to theelectric force, which helpsto destabilize the nucleus.
2. Nuclei with a 1:1 neutron to proton ratio are very stable.
This can only occur in small nuclei.
2. Nuclei with a 1:1 neutron to proton ratio are very stable.
3. The most stable nuclei tend to contain an even number of both protons and neutrons.
Half-Life
Half-Life
Half-life - 17 min
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End Nuclear Chemistry
End Nuclear Chemistry