THE NEXT CHAPTER FOR MANKIND 1:

THE EXOPLANET REVOLUTION

NIC WEISSMAN

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TIMELINE ~3,000 B.C. The main stones of Stonehenge are put into place.

~280 B.C. Aristarchus suggests the Earth revolves around the Sun

~240 B.C. Eratosthenes measures the circumference of the earth

~130 B.C. Hipparchus develops the first accurate star map with over 850 of

the brightest stars.

140 A.D. Ptolemy suggests geocentric theory (Mathematike Syntaxis).

813 A.D. Al Mamon founds the Baghdad school of astronomy.

1054 A.D. Chinese astronomers observe supernova in Taurus.

1543 A.D. Copernicus publishes his heliocentric theory of the Universe.

1609 A.D. Galileo uses telescope for astronomical purposes. He discovers 4

Jovian moons, the Moon's craters and the Milky Way galaxy.

1609 A.D. Kepler's First and Second Laws of Planetary Motions

1656 A.D. Christian Huygens discovers Saturn's rings and Titan

1668 A.D. The first reflecting telescope was built by Newton.

TIMELINE 1687 A.D. Newton’s theory of universal gravitation (Principia Mathematica).

1781 A.D. Messier discovers galaxies, nebula and star clusters while looking for comets.

1916 A.D. Albert Einstein introduces his general Theory of Relativity.

1923 A.D. Hubble shows that galaxies exist outside the Milky Way galaxy.

1927 A.D. Oort shows the center of the Milky Way galaxy is in Sagittarius.

1957 A.D. Sputnik, first object to orbit the Earth, launched by the Soviet Union.

1961 A.D. Yuri Gagarin becomes the first man in space!

1969 A.D. Armstrong walks on the Moon (Apollo 11).

1972 A.D. Pioneer 10, the first satellite destined for Jupiter.

1980 A.D. U.S. Voyager 1 sends back first images of Saturn

1990 A.D. Hubble Space Telescope put into orbit from space shuttle Discovery.

1997 A.D. Mars Pathfinder lands on Mars

1998 A.D. Construction begins on the International Space Station.

HUMANS HAVE ALWAYS BEEN FASCINATED BY STARS •Go to an unpopulated area in the middle of a clear night and look at the sky. A breath taking view. That is the sky our ancestors were watching every night THE MORE WE LEARN THE MORE WE ARE AMAZED •Universe has never stopped surprising us. It is full of amazing phenomena: pulsars, black holes, supernovas, galaxies, nebulas... •Many crazy examples: We make ourselves a question (What is the rate of the slowdown of universe expansion?) only to discover that actually expansion is accelerating. AND WE STILL KNOW SO LITTLE •We now estimate that “normal” matter (the only thing we knew till a few decades ago) only represents 4% of the universe.

WHAT IS A PLANET?

Pick the items that define a planet out of the following list: 1. Large enough that its gravity will make it spherical

2. It is orbiting a star

3. Its gravity dominates its surroundings.

4. Large enough that its gravity will allow it to keep an atmosphere

5. Small enough that it will not generate thermonuclear fusions

WHAT IS A PLANET?

Pick the items that define a planet out of the following list: 1. Large enough that its gravity will make it spherical

2. It is orbiting a star

3. Its gravity dominates its surroundings.

4. Large enough that its gravity will allow it to keep an atmosphere

5. Small enough that it will not generate thermonuclear fusions

THE EXOPLANET REVOLUTION

Exoplanet: Any planet that is not orbiting our SUN. It took millennia to discover the 7th planet Uranus (1781). Only in 1846 we (maybe) concluded the planet discovery in our own system (J. Galle discovers Neptune). Pluto is discovered in 1930 but it is not consider a planet by current definition. By 1994 all our knowledge about planets is extraordinary limited as it is based on a incredible small sample. 1995: The revolution starts. Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz (University of Geneva) discover the first exoplanet orbiting the G-type star 51 Pegasi. In the following 14 years additional 400+ planets are discovered

2009 NASA launches Kepler Revolution accelerates

Source: NASA

KEPLER IMPACT

Confirmed About 50% of the current confirmed discoveries achieved by Kepler Candidates On top of the confirmed discoveries, there are another 3300+ “Kepler candidates”. This makes a total of possible planets close to 5000. Current statistics show that only about 11% of the candidates are “false positives”. This means that almost 90% of the candidates are expected to be confirmed sooner or later!

PLANETS PER DETECTION METHOD

Row Labels Astrometry Imaging Microlensing Primary Transit Pulsar Radial Velocity TTV Grand Total

1989 1 1

1992 3 3

1995 1 1

1996 6 6

1998 7 7

1999 1 10 11

2000 19 19

2001 1 12 13

2002 1 29 30

2003 1 26 27

2004 1 1 7 22 31

2005 3 3 2 25 33

2006 1 7 21 29

2007 3 18 1 38 60

2008 7 5 17 1 31 61

2009 3 1 10 2 67 83

2010 1 8 2 49 1 54 115

2011 9 1 80 5 96 191

2012 2 6 107 1 37 1 154

2013 1 13 8 125 35 182

2014 3 7 744 3 51 2 810

2015 35 9 44

Grand Total 2 53 34 1204 18 597 3 1911

94% of the discoveries achieved with Primary Transit or Radial velocity methods.

Source: Exoplanets Catalog EU

PLANETOLOGY STARTS DEVELOPING

Source: NASA

Question :

Are majority of planets out there, gas giants like Jupiter or rocky planets like Earth? •Before Kepler we thought that gas giants were much more abundant •However, we soon had to recalibrate this assumption

February 26, 2014 Historical day for Exoplanets: •NASA announces 715 new confirmed planets. •Vast majority of them smaller than Jupiter •Earth and SuperEarth sizes are the fastest growing in the catalog

MORE PLANET QUESTIONS Current list of records How big and how small a planet can be?

•PSR 1257 12 b - 0.31 EU radio •PZ Tel b - 27.10 EU radio

How cold or how hot?

• GJ 317 c - 72 K •Kepler-70 b – 7,143 K

How heavy or how light?

•PSR 1257 12 b - 0.02 Mass EU •USco1602-2401 b – 14,943 EU

How dense?

•Kepler-51 c - 0.01 EU •Kepler-57 c - 573 EU

AU - astronomical units - distance earth to sun EU - Earth Units ly – light years

Highest and lowest gravity? • Kepler-57 c - 899 g • Kepler-51 b - 0.04 g

Farthest or closest to its star?

•HIP 77900 b - 3200 AU •PSR 1719-14 b - 0.00 AU

Longest or shortest period?

•PSR 1719-14 b - 0.1 days •Oph 11 b - 730,000 days

Closest and furthest?

•alf Cen B b - 4.2 ly •SWEEPS-04b - 27,710 ly

Habitable Planets As of March 2015, there are a total of 30 potentially habitable planets in the catalog: •10 Terrans •20 SuperTerrans terran = 0.5 — 5 ME or 0.8 — 1.5 RE, superterran = 5 — 10 ME or 1.5 — 2.5 RE. ME = Earth masses, and RE = Earth radii.

The Holy Grial

The Holy Grail •Every day we are closer to discover a new Earth. •ESI (Earth Similarity Index) measures difference in conditions for a planet compared to Earth. •Current leader is Kepler-438 b with ESI = 0.88. It was confirmed in January 2015 Kepler issue •As we were not expecting planets to be so abundant, Kepler was designed to explore space area beyond 500 ly to be able to attack a larger section of space. •For that reason, majority of confirmed and candidate planets are far away. •New missions under preparation like Cheops (2017), TESS (2017) and Plato (2024) will target Earth nearby area.

CONCLUSION

Over next 15 years we will likely: •Discover multiple new earths •Exponentially grow Planets knowledge WATCH OUT !! OUR NEXT HOME COULD BE DISCOVER ANY TIME

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