THE EVOLUTION OF THE MILKY WAY

ASTROPHYSICS AND SPACE SCIENCE LIBRARY

VOLUME 255

EDITORIAL BOARD

Chairman

W. B. BURTON, Sterrewacht, Leiden, P.O. Box 9513,2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands Burton@strw.leidenuniv.nl

Executive Committee

J. M. E. KUIJPERS, Faculty of Science, Nijmegen, The Netherlands E. P. J. VAN DEN HEUVEL, Astronomical Institute, University of Amsterdam,

The Netherlands H. VAN DER LAAN, Astronomical Institute, University of Utrecht,

The Netherlands

MEMBERS

1. APPENZELLER, Landessternwarte Heidelberg-Konigstuhl, Germany J. N. BAHCALL, The Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, U.S.A.

F. BERTOLA, Universitd di Padova, Italy 1. P. CASSINELLl, University ofWisconsin, Madison, U.S.A.

C. J. CESARSKY, Centre d'Etudes de Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France O. ENGVOLD, Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo, Norway

R. McCRAY, University of Colorado, JIU, Boulder, U.S.A. P. G. MURDIN, Royal Greenwich Observatory, Cambridge, U.K.

F. PACINI, Istituto Astronomia Arcetri, Firenze, Italy V. RADHAKRISHNAN, Raman Research Institute, Bangalore, India

K. SATO, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan F. H. SHU, University of California, Berkeley, U.S.A.

B. V. SOMOV, Astronomical Institute, Moscow State University, Russia R. A. SUNYAEV, Space Research Institute, Moscow, Russia

Y. TANAKA, Institute of Space & Astronautical Science, Kanagawa, Japan s. TREMAINE, CITA, Princeton University, U.S.A.

N. O. WEISS, University of Cambridge, U.K.

THE EVOLUTION OF THE MILKY WAY

ediled by

FRANCESCA MAITEUCCI

Dipartimento di Astronomio, Unirersity o/Trieste. ltaly

'"' FRANCa (jIOVANNELLI

IIISlitll10 di ASlrojisica Spaliale. Fuescoti, Ilaly

SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

The evolution ofthe Milky Way : stars versus c1usters / edited by Francesca Matteucci and Franca Giovannelli.

p. cm. -- (Astrophysics and space science library ; v. 255) Includes index. ISBN 978-94-010-3799-0 ISBN 978-94-010-0938-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-010-0938-6 1. Milky Way--Congresses. 2. Galaxies--Evolutipn--Congresses. 1. Matteucci, F. II.

Giovannelli, Franco. ill. Series.

QB857.7 .E96 2000 523.1'13--dc21

00-049311

Printed on acid-free paper

AlI Rights Reserved © 2000 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

Origina11y published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2000 Softcover reprint of the hardcover lst edition 2000

No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanica1,

including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.

TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface ix Organizing Committees xi Conference's Photo xiii List of Participants xv

1- ABUNDANCES IN STARS F.MATTEUCCIjThe Chemical Evolution of the Milky Way:

Some Important Facts 3 S. G.RYANjAbundance Ratios in Galactic Metal Poor Stars 15 B.E.J.PAGEL, G.TAUTVAISIENEjSjajFe Abundance Ratios in

Halo Field Stars: is there a Globular Cluster Connection? 27 G.lSRAELIAN, R.J.GARCIA LOPEZ, R. REBOLOjEarly Galactic

Evolution of Carbon, Nitrogen and Oxygen 35 M. GRENONj The Origin and Kinematical Evolution of SMR Stars 47 I.J .DANZIGERj Abundances in Supernovae 59 M.L.MALAGNINI, C.MOROSSI, A. BUZZONI, M. CHAVEZjObser-

vations of Candidate SMR Stars 75 W.J.MACIELjPlanetary Nebulae: Abundances and Abundance

Gradients 81 L.STANGHELLINIjPlanetary Nebulae as Probes of Stellar Evolution

and Populations 93 L.GIRARDIjClump Stars in the Solar Neighbourhood 101 E.CARRETTA, R.G.GRATTON, C.SNEDEN, A.BRAGAGLIAjMixing

Along the Red Giant Branch in Metal-Poor Field Stars 109 M.MARCONI, I.MUSELLA, V.RIPEPI, F.CAPUTOjThe Metal

Abundance of Galactic Cepheids as Derived from their Pulsational Properties 115

II-BINARIES K.A.VAN DER HUCHTjWolf-Rayet Stars, Binaries, Black Holes 125 D.VANBEVERENjThe Evolution of Binaries 139 F.GIOVANNELLI, L. SABAU-GRAZIATIjThe Origin of X-Ray Pulsars

in Binary Systems 151

III-GALACTIC CLUSTERS R.G.GRATTONjMetal Abundances in Globular Clusters 165 F.PARESCE, G. DE MARCHIjOn the Globular Cluster IMF below 1M0 185 R.T.ROODjThe Effect of CNO and Enhanced a-Elements on Globular

Cluster Stars 197 F.R.FERRAROjHST-UV Observations of Stellar Clusters:

Looking for BSS 205 M.BELLAZZINI, M.MESSINEO jHST -WFPC2 Photometry of the

Globular Cluster NGC288:Binary Systems, Blue Stragglers and Very Blue Stars 213

vi

L.ORIGLIA/Infrared Observations of Stellar Clusters 221 M.FEAST, P.WHITELOCK/Can Mira Variables Tell us the Chemical

Abundances in Stellar Systems? 229 RL.PHELPS/ Abundances in Open Star Clusters: What we have

to work with 239 G.PIOTTO, A.ROSENBERG,I.SAVIANE, M.ZOCCALI, A.APARICIO/

Galactic Globular Clusters Relative Ages:Clues on the Milky Way Early Evolution 249

L.PULONE/Infrared Observations of Globular Clusters 261 V.RIPEPI, F.CAPUTO, V.CASTELLANI, M.MARCONI/ Absolute

Magnitude of RR Lyrae in Globular Clusters from Pulsational Properties 269

C.MARASTON/Galactic Globular Clusters as Calibrators of Synthetic Line Indices 275

A.BRAGAGLIA, M. TOSI, G.MARCONI, E. CARRETTA/Old Open Clusters as Tracers of Galactic Evolution 281

IV-HALO, BULGE AND DISK B.BARBUY / Abundances of Globular Clusters in the Galactic Bulge 291 S.ORTOLANI/The Globular Clusters and Field Stars in the

Galactic Bulge 301 M.ZOCCALI, S.ORTOLANI, S.CASSISI, J.A.FROGEL, A.GOULD, A.W.STEPHENS, A.RENZINI, RM.RICH/The Initial Mass Function

of the Galactic Bulge down to rv 0.15M8 309 G.BONO, M.MARCONI/Radial Variables as Tracers of Stellar

Populations 317 S.J .SMARTT / Abundance Gradients along the Galactic Disk 323 G.CARRARO/The Age ofthe Galactic Disk 335 W.B.BURTON, RBRAUN/Compact High Velocity Clouds at High

Resolutions 347 M.TURATTO/The Present Rate of Supernovae 361 M.DELLA VALLE/The Role of Classical Novae in the Galactic Nucleo-~~~~ 3TI

RF.G.WYSE, G.GILMORE, S.FELTZING, M.HOUDASHELT/Faint Stars in the Ursa Minor Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy: Implications for the Stellar IMF 379

RGALLINO, V.V.SMITH, M.BUSSO, K.CUNHA/Evolution of Heavy Elements in wCen: the Puzzle of s-Enrichments 387

V-STELLAR EVOLUTION AND NUCLEOSYNTHESIS A.MAEDER/Stellar Evolution with Rotation 403 A.CHIEFFI, M.LIMONGI, O.STRANIERO/The Explosive Yields of

Massive Stars 417

Vll

O.sTRANIERO, M.LIMONGI, A.CHIEFFI, R.GALLINO, M.BUSSO/ Asymptotic Giant Branch Stars 429

F.K.THIELEMANN, F.BRACHWITZ, K.NOMOTO, H.UMEDA, K.IWAMOTO,K.LANGANKE, G.MARTINEZ-PINEDO, D.J.DEAN, W.R.HIX, M.S.STRAYER/Yields from Type Ia Supernovae 445 LDOMINGUEZ, O.STRANIERO, M.LIMONGI, A.CHIEFFI/The

Evolution of Zero Metal Intermediate Mass Stars 461 S.CASSISI, A.WEISS, M.SALARIS, H.SCHLATTL/The Effect of

External Pollution on the Evolution of Low-Mass Metal-Free Stars 467 M.LIMONGI, A.CHIEFFI, O.STRANIERO/Explosive Nucleosynthesis

of Massive Stars. The Effect of the Metallicity 473 P.MARIGO/Chemical Yields from Low- and Intermediate-Mass Stars 481 P.VENTURA/ AGB Stars New Models: Lithium Production in the

Galaxy and Magellanic Clouds 487 N.PANAGIA/Observational Constraints to the Evolution of Massive

Star 495

VI-FORMATION AND CHEMICAL EVOLUTION OF THE MILKY WAY

M.TOSI/The Chemical Evolution of the Milky Way 505 X.HERNANDEZ, D.VALLS-GABAUD, G.GILMORE/Reconstructing

the Star Formation History of the Galaxy 517 T.TSUJIMOTO, T.SHIGEYAMA, Y.YOSHII/lnhomogeneous Chemical

Evolution of the Galactic Halo 531 D.THOMAS, L.GREGGIO, R.BENDER/Stellar Yields and Chemical

Evolution 541 D.ROMANO, F.MATTEUCCI/The Influence or"Nova Nucleosynthesis

on the Chemical Evolution of the Galaxy 547 N.PRANTZOS, S.BOISSIER/The Evolution of the Milky Way Disk 557 C.CHIAPPINI, F.MATTEUCCI/The effects of a Variable IMF on the

Chemical Evolution of the Galaxy 565 C.KOBAYASHI, T.TSUJIMOTO, K.NOMOTO/Metallicity Effects on

Type la Supernovae and Galactic and Cosmic Chemical Evolution 573 L.PORTINARI/On the Abundance Gradients in the Galactic Disk 579 J.SOMMER-LARSEN/Formation of Disk Galaxies: on the Angular

Momentum Problem, the Tully-Fisher Relation and Magnetohydro-dynamics 587

C.CHIOSI/Has the IMF of EG's Always been the Same? 599

CONCLUSIONS B.E.J.PAGELjConcluding Remarks F .GIOVANNELLI/ Concluding Address

List of First Authors Author Index

613 619

621 623

PREFACE

This book contains the proceedings of the meeting held in the lovely island of Vulcano, close to the noth coast of Sicily (ltaly) on September 20-24, 1999. Vlllcano is one of the group called Eolian islands. The name derives from the fact that the island is a volcano, and legend says that it was inhabited by the greek god Volcano.

The subject of the conference was "The Chemical Evolution of the Milky Way : Stars versus Clusters". This colIoquium was a project devised by a group of italian astronomers (Franco Giovannelli, Francesca Matteucci and Sergio Or­tolani) together with Beatriz Barbuy (Brazil) and R.M. Rich (U.S.A.), on the hasis of the fact that alI of them actively work in the field and that the last meeting, held in Italy on this subject, was the Elba meeting in 1989 on "Chem­ical and Dynamical Evolution of Galaxies". The reason for having the meeting in Vulcano was that the Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale (Tor Vergata, Roma) has a long tradition of organizing astronomic al meetings in Vulcano at the pleasant Eolian Hotel, which provides a secluded, beautiful and relaxing environment.

The main purpose of this workshop was to gather a representative communi­ty of astrophysicists involved in the study of the chemical evolution of the Milky Way both from a theoretical and an observational point of view. Concerning the observational point of view we wanted to give emphasis to the comparison between the information obtained for field stars on one hand and clusters on the other hand.

Star dusters can be used as tracers of Galactic chemi cal and dynamical evo­lution; it is possible to obtain their ages through Colour-Magnitude-Diagrams (CMDs), and therefore abundance derivation is made easier, since a star's 10-c:atioll' in the CMD constrains its stellar parameters (Teff, log g). The limited number of clusters in the Galaxy forces one however to rely more on field stars, which cover a wider range of metallicities and ages, and can be found in the solar neighbourhood. With the availability of Hipparcos data, it is possible now to date samples of nearby field stars, and, with the improvement of detectors and telescopes, it is possible to carry out detailed analyses of individual stars in iL larger number of clusters and also a larger number of stars per cluster, as well as larger and more distant samples of field stars (e.g. abundances in B stars to trace gradients along the Galaxy radius). It appeared important to define, in this meeting, the best sets of abundances for cluster aneI fielel stars, to iden­tify disagreements between cluster anel field, and for which elements the data available provide the necessary requirements modelling of chemical evolution.

On the other hand, we were expecting that modellers of chemical evolution, would compare the results of their models for the Galaxy with the data and try ta impose constraints on the mechanism of formation of the Milky Way, the final purpose of the conference.

ix

x

In fact, what was discussed during the meetiug, by meaus of many excellent reviews and contributed papers, was the most up- to- date information on abun­dances in field stars, HII regions, planetary nebulae, supernovae and globular clusters. Then we discussed the IMF in globular clusters as well as their relativp ages, alI important constraints for understanding the formation and evolution of the Galactic stellar halo. A large number of interesting talks were devoted to stellar evolution and nucleosynthesis in both single and binary stars, fundamen­tal ingredients for computing the chemical evolution of galaxies. The histories of the star formation and the stellar mass function in the Milky Way and its satellites were also discussed. FinalIy, it was the turn of the various modellers who elaborated their models for the chemical evolution of the Milky Way. The encouraging conclusion was that there is a general agreement on the interpre­tation of the observational constraints in terms of the mechanism of formation and evolution of the Galaxy. An important characteristic of this conference was the large number of contributions presented by young researchers indieatinl!; that galaxy evolution is indeed an active and interesting astronomical fielt! of research.

We think that the blue sky, the green sea and the late summer sicilian Sun have helped the participauts to enjoy a fruitful aud interesting conference, evidenced by the many enthusiastic comments we received after the conference.

A very important component fot the success of the conference was the ex­cellent organizat ion provided by the roman group; special thanks go to Lidia Barbanera and Massimo Frutti, without whom the conference could not have been helel. Thanks also to the Trieste group, Dario Chiummariello (Depart­ment of Astronomy, Trieste University) anel Simonetta Fabrizio (Astronomical Observatory of Trieste), who provided help during the conference. Onp of us (Francesca Matteucci) expressese her gratituele to her students Simone R.ecchi and Donatella R.omano, as well as to Simonetta Fabrizio for help in editing this book. We also thank:

the Director of the Astronomical Observatory of Trieste, Fabio Mardirossian, together with the Council of the Observatory and,

the University of Trieste, for iinancial support; the director of the Istituto di Astroiisica Spaziale, Andrea Preite-Martinez,

for providing personnel and computing facilities.

Franco Giovannelli anel Francesca Matteucci

THE CHEMlCAL EVOLUTION OF THE MlLKY WAY: STARS VERSUS CLUSTERS

Scientific Organizing Committee Beatriz Barbuy (IAGUSP, Sao PauIo, BraziI) Franco Giovannelli (lAS, Tor Vergata, ItaIy) Francesca Matteucci (Trieste University, ItaIy) Sergio Ortolani (Padova University, ItaIy) Michaei Rich (UCLA, U.S.A.)

Local Organizing Committee Lidia Barbanera (lAS, Tor Vergata, ItaIy) Franco Giovannelli (lAS, Tor Vergata, ItaIy) Francesca Matteucci (University of Trieste, ItaIy)

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

Carlos Abia Massimo Badiali Beatriz Barbuy Michele Bellazzini Giuseppe Bono Angela Bragaglia Roberto Buonanno W. Butler Burton Giovanni Carraro Eugenio Carretta Santi Cassisi Cristina Chiappini Alessandro Chiem. Cesare Chiosi John Danziger Massimo delIa Valle Erwin De Donder Inma Dominguez Michael Feast Francesco R. Ferraro Roberto Gallino Gerard Gilmore Franco Giovannelli Leo Girardi Raffaele G. Gratton Michel Grenon Garik Israelian Chiaki Kobayashi Ginluca Imbriani Marco Limongi Walter J. Maciel Andre Maeder Maria Lucia Malagnini Claudia Maraston Marcella Marconi Paola Marigo Francesca Matteucci Carlo Morossi Emma Nasi

cabia@goliat.ugr.es badiali@ias.rm.cnr.it barbuy@orion.iagusp.usp.br bellazzini@astbo3.bo.astro.it bono@oat.ts.astro.it angela@astbo3.bo.astro.it buonanno@coma.mporzio.astro.it burton@strw.leidenuniv.nl carraro@pd.astro.it carretta@pd.astro.it cassisi@astrte.te.astro.it chiappin@astro.columbia.edu achieffi@ias.rm.cnr.it chiosi@pd.astro.it danziger@oat.ts.astro.it massimo@arcetri.astro.it ededonde@vub.ac.be pk@huascaran.ugr.es MWF@artemisia.ast.uct.ac.za ferraro@astbo3.bo.astro.it gallino@ph.unito.it gil@ast.cam.ac.uk franco@ias.rm.cnr.it 19irardi@pleiadi.pd.astro.it gratton@pd.astro.it Michel.Grenon@obs.unige.ch gil@iac.es chiaki@galaxy.astron.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp imbriani@na.infn.it marco@nemo.mporzio.astro.it maciel@iagusp.usp.br Andre.Maeder@obs.unige.ch malagnini@ts.astro.it maraston@usm.uni-muenchen.de marcella@na.astro.it marigo@pd.astro.it matteucci@ts.astro.it morossi@ts.astro.it nasi@pd.astro.it

xv

xvi

Livia Origlia Sergio Ortolani Bernard E.J. Pagel Nino Panagia Francesco Paresce Randy L. Phelps Giampaolo Piotto Laura Portinari Nikos Prantzos Luigi Pulone Vincenzo Ripepi Donatella Romano Robert T. Rood Sean G. Ryan Stephen J. Smartt Jesper Sommer-Larsen Letizia Stanghellini Oscar Straniero Friedrich-Karl Thielemann Daniel Thomas Monica Tosi Takuji Tsujimoto Massimo Turatto Dany Vanbeveren Karel A. Van der Hucht Paolo Ventura Patricia Whitelock Rosemary F.G Wyse Manuela Zoccali

origlia@astbo3.bo.astro.it ortolani@pd.astro.it bejp@star.cpes.susx.ac.uk panagia@stsci.edu fparesce@eso.org phelps@saclink.csus.edu piotto@pd.astro.it portinari@pd.astro.it prantzos@iap.fr pulone@coma.mporzio.astro.it ripepi@cerere.na.astro.it romano@sissa.it rtr@ninkasi.astro.virginia.edu sgr@ast.cam.ac.uk sjst@ing.iac.es jslarsen@tac.dk lstanghe@stsci.edu straniero@astrte.te.astro.it fkt@quasar.physikunibas.ch daniel@usm.uni-muenchen.de tosi@bo.astro.it tsuji@misty.mtknao.ac.jp turatto@pd.astro.it dvbevere@vub.ac.be ka. van.der .hucht@sron.nl paolo@coma.mporzio.astro.it paw@saao.ac.za wyse@tardis.pha.jhu.edu mzoccali@eso.org