THE EVOLUTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS

IAFNR Plant and Soil Sciences Module

TERMS TO KNOW

Taxonomy the process or system of describing the way in which different living things are related by putting them in groups

Nomenclature an international system of standardized New Latin names used in biology for kinds and groups of kinds of animals and plants

EVOLUTION OF PLANTS

Earliest known life-form dated 3.5 Billion years ago1 Billion years ago

Bacteria and blue-green algae Fungi

400 Million years ago Early land plants

350 Million years ago Seed plants

120 Million years ago Flowering plants

Image retrieved from: http://www.theluxuryspot.com/health-benefits-of-algae/

GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION OF PLANTS

If you could choose anywhere in the world to live, where would you live?

What is the main reason you want to live there?

GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION OF PLANTS

Climate Primary factor in plant distribution

Plants have individual adaptions and tolerance

Biomes Large area occupying given climate zones with characteristics of vegetation and groups of animal species Tropical Rainforest Desert Tundra

Image retrieved from: http://www.worldmapsonline.com/np_geo/world_bathymetry_vdg.htm

LOCATION ADAPTATIONS

Dry Climates Xeromorphic features

Smaller, thicker leaves Spines Dense hairiness Water Storage

Cold Zones Grow closer to ground

Protected growing points

Small, Needle-like leaves

Image retrieved from: http://green-woodtrees.blogspot.com/2011/03/sedum.html

Image retrieved from: http://www.homeidearesource.com/landscaping-plants-for-cold-climates

ROLE AND USES OF PLANTS

Role of PlantsBase of the food chainProvides evidence of nutrient and energy cycling

Plant UsesTo eat Industrial purposesMedicinalOils

Image retrieved from: http://cooksncrooks.blogspot.com/2011/02/well-seasoned-pan.html

Image retrieved from: http://www.diverseeds.eu/DVD/Home.html

TAXONOMY

the process or system of describing the way in which different living things are related by putting them in groups

Different ways to classify plants Phylogenetic—how they look Environmental—where they grow Agricultural—what use they are grown for Morphological—how their structure compares to each other

TAXONOMIC PROCESS AND RANKS

Kingdom-Highest Classification Ranking (5) Plantae-Plants Animalia-Animals Monera-Bacteria and Blue-

Green Algae Protista-All other Algae and

Protozoans Mycota-Fungi

Phylum-Second Classification Ranking Plantae- Phylums are

unranked Classified by reproductive

structure and Vascular structure

Class- Third Classification Ranking Specific to plant structure

and presence of/ kinds of seeds

Image retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wik

i/Biological_classification

SUBKINGDOMS

Thallobionta Contains plants lacking

True roots Stems Leaves

Composed of 10 divisions of algae and fungi

Algae and Fungi no longer classified in Plantae Kingdom

Embryobionta Composed of two groups

Bryophyta Vascular Plants

BRYOPHYTES

Non-Vascular Plants Simple structure Lack true roots, stems, and leaves

Found in moist places or in water

Liverworts and mosses (see photo)

Image retrieved from: http://www.hiddenforest.co.nz/bryophytes/liverworts/leafy/trichocoleaceae/trich01.htm

VASCULAR PLANTS

Plants have true roots, stems, and leaves

Established vascular system Xylem and phloem

Contains 7 divisions 3 represented by very few species 1 extinct

Only known in fossils Polpodiophyta-Ferns Pinophyta-Gymnosperms Magnoliophyta-Angiosperms

Image retrieved from: http://emhsbot-zoo.wikispaces.com/Plants

Image retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_tissue

SPERMATOPHYTES

Gymnosperms

Naked-Seeded Plants Woody, perennial, and mostly evergreen plants

Reproductive organs Cones or catkins with seeds

uncovered

Angiosperms

Flowers and Protected Seeds (in fruits) Divisions of Class

Monocots Dicots Based on the numbers of

cotyledons or seed leaves in the seed

Image retrieved from: http://www.ck12.org/book/CK-12-Life-Science-Concepts-For-Middle-School/section/7.10/

Image retrieved from: http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2012/cejka_laur/adaptation.htm

CLASSIFICATION CHART PROJECT

Example Plant Classification Chart http

://popplet.com/app/#/2152151

In your chart classify 1 Polypodiophyta 1 Gymnosperm 1 Angiosperm

REFERENCES

Nomenclature. (n.d.). Retrieved October 30, 2014, from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/nomenclature

Parker, R. (2010). Plant and Soil Science: Fundamentals and Applications. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar.

Taxonomy. (n.d.). Retrieved October 30, 2014, from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/taxonomy