the everyday distribution of infant visual ecology · the everyday distribution of infant visual...
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Allthecupsintheworld?
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Broad,representativesample?
Or,afewgoodexamples?
Whatkindofdistributiondowelearnfrom?
Theeverydaydistributionofinfantvisualecology
Thedistributionofthethingsintheinfant’secologyistheinformationonwhichvisualobjectrecognitionisbuilt.
Maytellussomethingfundamental abouthowtobuildalearningsystemfromscratch
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1.Faces
Theveryfirstobjectsbabieslearn
Conveyinformationabouttheemotionalandattentional statesofsocialpartners
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Visualobjectsthatbabieslearnveryearly
2.Basiclevelcategories*
Babiesstarttolearnandreliablyidentifyotherobjectsastheygrow
Visualobjectsthatbabieslearnveryearly
8*Thecategoriesnamedbyearlylearnednouns
Study1*&Study2*:FacesandhandsVideorecordingsfrominfant’sperspective
Study3:EverydayObjectsPhotographsofobjectsininfantenvironments
Samplingfromnaturalvisualenvironments
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*Developmentalstudies
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Structureofvisualworldforeveryone
Hugeadvancementsinstudyingadultvisualecology
Whydoweneedtostudyitdevelopmentally?
Whynot?
Pullstostand
Prone
Prone,chestup
Rollsover
Sitsup
Walksalone
Standsalone
Stands (withsupport)
012345678910111213141516
Age(inmonths)
Cruises
Crawls
AdaptedfromAdolph,Karasik,&Tamis-LeMonda,2010 12
Thedevelopmentalperspective
Study1&2:Facesandhands
• Whatisinfrontofbaby’shead
• 75infants• 0-2years• 342hoursofvideo• 31millionframes• 150,000framescoded
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“Doyouseeafaceorafacepartinthisimage?”Humancoderswereaskedtojudgeeachimage:
Codingandanalysis
“Doyouseeahandinthisimage?”Andseparately:
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Facetime:15minutes/hour
Facetime:5minutes/hour
R2 =.42,F(1,20)=16.11.p<.001
Earlyvisualexperiencesdensewithfaceinformation
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Identitiesoffaces(whoseface)
Distanceoffacefrominfant
Theviewofface(frontal,profile)
Wealsocoded
2ft
4ft
Identities: the 3 most frequent people accounted foralmost all the faces for the very young infants
R2 =.14,F(1,20)=4.516.p<.05.R2 =.16,F(1,20)=5.24.p<.05.R2 =.23,F(1,20)=7.413.p<.0519
Distance:Forveryyounginfantsmostfacesareclosetothem(within2feet)
20R2 =.37,F(1,20)=13.61,p<.05
Consistentwiththeirvisualabilities
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Matterstounderstandingvisualobjectrecognitionanddevelopment
1.Theecologychanges(notdevelopmentallystationarysamplingoftheworld)
2.Prototypicalfacesdenselypopulatethevisualworldofyounginfants:Close,frontalviews,ofveryfewpeople,andlotsoffacetime
Thisistheinformationonwhichtheearliestvisualdevelopment feeds
3.Variationaroundthisprototypeexpands– incrementally– overthefirstyear
Ecologyoffacesinearlyenvironments
Lotsoffacesearly,butit’snotjustaboutpeoplenearbyProp
.OfVisualCorpu
s
Ageinmonths Ageinmonths
Orderlyshiftfromfacestohands(fromsocialtoinstrumental?)
OfHands,OwnHand
Acrossallages,ofallhands:
76%weretouchinganobject
48%wereholdinganobject
Developmentalshiftfromfacestomanualactionsonobjects
Earlyfacespresentadistributioninwhichafewindividualsdominate
Doobjectspresentamoreuniformdistribution?
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Just8categoriesNoheadcameraParenttookphotowhensomeonesaid oneofthe8words
Whereisher
cup?
12mo,n=10 28
Earlyevidencefromapilotstudy
TheeverydaydistributionHowmanytokensofeachcategory?
Category
Med
ianFreq
uency
acrossallchildren
airplane car chair cup hat duck dog
2520
1510
50
20dogsinaweek
5cupsinaweek
Ofthesampleddistribution,whatproportionisthemostfrequenttoken?
airplane car chair cup hat duck dog
Prop
ortio
nmostfrequ
enttoken
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
01
Category 31
20dogsinaweekmostlyabout1dog5cupsinaweek
mostlyabout1cup
Faces Objects
Commonthemeforvisualstatisticsofobjectsinnaturalenvironments:Zipfian distribution
Thesamewithnaturallanguagecorpuses,andotherdatafromphysicalandsocialsciences33
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1. Thecontentsandpropertieschangewithdevelopment,insystematicways.Thoughnotshownyet,theyarelikelytoinfluencevisualdevelopment.
2. Facespresentprototypicaldenseviewsearlyininfancy:close,bigintheview,ofaveryfewpeople,andshowfrontalviewswithbotheyes.Thesepropertiesmaybecriticaltobuildingspecializedfaceprocessing.
3. Hands areubiquitousandincontactwithobjectsandcometodominateearlyinthesecondyear.Handsdirectvisualattentionandconveycausalinformationtobabies.Theseearlyhandsonobjectsarethedataonwhichthatknowledgeislikelybuilt.
4. FacesarenotspecialintheirZipfian distribution.Earlyobjectexperiencesalsostartwithdistributionsinwhichaveryfewindividualinstancesdominate.Earlyvisualdevelopmentisbuiltonthiseverydaydistribution.
Infantvisualecology– whathavewelearned?
Thankyou!
CaitlinFauseyUOregon
CharWozniakIndianaU
ArielLaUWisconsin
Researchassistants BradenKing,JosephImbrock,Shruthee Rajendran,StephanieKrupa,MeganGibbons,RemySnead,EdwardRach,Minyi Zheng,ConnorCourtney,OliviaHaas,AlexisJones,andAfiah Hasnie
Fundingsources NICHHD28675,NIHNRSAHD007475- 18,NIHR21HD068475
Participants
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Technicians
LindaSmithIndianaU
Collaborators
RickGilmorePennState
FlorianRaudiesHPLabs
Ingavaa!
Ajay,paathu.
Illa ma…
Pandu
Meen aaruruba kilo
Earlymultimodalenvironments
Ball
Bringmetheball
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Arrivalratesoffaces
Consideringinfantsineachagegroupasonesuper-baby
<3mo
3-6mo
7-10mo
11-14mo
2yr
Cumulativefaceexposure
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Dad(oneoftop3identities)6feetawayDoesn’tdisplaybotheyes
Dad(oneoftop3identities)1.5feetawayDisplaysbotheyes
Clusterscore=1 Clusterscore=3
Three signature propertiesBelongtoafewindividualsAppearclosetotheinfantDisplaybotheyes
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