UNAS Model United Nations Preparatory Conference The Seventh Edition

The European Commission

Secondary issue: The question of terrorism and border security

UNAS Model United Nations Preparatory Conference The Seventh Edition

I. Introduction With the surge of terrorist attacks in Europe, especially since the November 2015 Paris attacks that claimed 130 innocent lives 1 , terrorism has consistently been threatening the peace and political stability within the European nations. Major capitals in Europe such as Berlin, Germany and Brussels, Belgium have also seen heinous acts of terror committed upon their people. These, combined with a chain of small-scale terror attacks that have been occurring with increasing frequency, including the Würzburg train attack, Ansbach bombing, Reutlingen knife attack and the Normandy church attack, have henceforth created an atmosphere of fear and insecurity throughout the continent. The situation is further complicated by the ongoing refugee crisis and the EU’s policy of open borders, to which right-wing parties believe are major risks for further terrorist attacks. However, despite an increasingly popular opinion whereby many individuals believe that many Islamic radicals or terrorists are disguised as migrants or refugees 2 , most of the attackers were, in fact, born in Europe and later radicalized through online media. Delegates are therefore tasked to review current incumbent institutions such as the Schengen Area and its feasibility, in order to combat the issue of terrorism in an effective and wholesome manner. Background Information

As it stands there is no universal declaration or agreement on an official Definition for terrorism that is to be adopted worldwide, with various nations and governmental institutions adopting their own variant for the definition of terrorism. In the United States of America, Terrorism is defined in Title 22 Chapter 38 U.S. Code 2656f as "premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents." 3

The European Union, on another hand, defines ‘Terrorism’ to be for legal or official purposes in Article 1 of the Framework Decision on Combating Terrorism (2002). This provides that terrorist offences are certain criminal offences set out in a list consisting largely of serious offences against individuals or property that “...given their nature or context, may seriously damage a country or an international organisation where committed with the aim of: seriously intimidating a population; or unduly compelling a Government or international organisation to perform or abstain from performing any act; or seriously destabilising or destroying the fundamental political, constitutional, economic or social structures of a country or an international organisation.” 4

Terrorism has, in and of itself, been utilized as a means by perpetrators and assailants to instill fear in the enemy, and establish a political, religious or ideological statement. Whilst the most

UNAS Model United Nations Preparatory Conference The Seventh Edition

prominent terrorist organisation in today’s 21st century is the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), terrorism need not necessarily be carried out by organisations or terror groups, and can alternatively take the form of lone wolf terror attacks. Modus operandi of terror attacks can take many forms, with weapons including bombs, knives and vehicles, such as during the 2016 Nice Attacks where a 19 tonne cargo truck was driven into crowds of people, resulting in 544 casualties. Radicalisation via the internet has also been a major catalyst for the rise of lone wolf attacks, with European born individuals being radicalised over the net through terrorist propaganda. Trends of Terrorism within the EU Terrorism, at its very core, is by no means a new phenomenon that has been occurring in Europe, let alone on a global scale. Terrorism in Europe in the early 20th Century has intrinsically and inexplicably been associated with anarchism. Ever since 1951, terrorism has constantly been linked to separatist movements, most notably that of the Irish Republican Army (IRA) within the United Kingdom, and Euskadi Ta Askatasuna within Spain. Other perpetrators have been linked to far-right and far-left extremism, environmental extremism and anarchism. From the early 2000s there has been an increase in attacks linked to extremist Islamist groups, especially in France. Many separatist terrorist activities also

happen to adopt, or be inspired by a religious viewpoint or perspective, such as Chechen separatism in Russia. The internationally co-ordinated element has been met with increasing attempts by respective governments to attempt to weaken extremist ideology, particularly that of Islamist extremism. In fact, deaths caused by terrorism in Europe proliferated to the highest rate in more than 10 years over the past year, with fatalities by Terror attacks in Europe constituting 30% of worldwide terror fatalities as of June 2016. This calls for a review of current incumbent policies, which insofar have been inadequate to counter terrorism.

UNAS Model United Nations Preparatory Conference The Seventh Edition

Statistics of Terrorism from 2006 to 2013 by Affiliation 5

Figure 1.1 Number of Terrorist Attacks in the EU 2006-2013

Figure 1.2 Number of Arrests on

perpetrators

Figure 1.1 is the annual trend report that has been published by Europol regarding terrorist attacks (including failed, foiled, and completed attacks) and Figure 1.2, also published by Europol, is with regards to terrorist related arrests in the EU since 2006. The reports identify the perpetrators' known or suspected affiliations, classified under five major categories: Religiously inspired terrorism (predominantly Jihadist terrorism); ethno-nationalist and separatist terrorism; left-wing and anarchist terrorism; right-wing terrorism; and single-issue terrorism. Europol's reports do not provide a breakdown of the

proportion of attacks that have been completed, or the damage inflicted. According to Figures 1.1 and 1.2, the vast majority of terrorist attacks in the EU that have occurred between 2006 and 2013 are affiliated with ethno-national or separatist motives, followed by left-wing attacks and those that are registered as 'unspecified'. A significant number of terror attacks are motivated religiously or associated with right-wing groups, as showcased by Figure 1.1

Among those arrested on terror-related crimes (Fig 1.2), most are religiously motivated and form the largest group, followed by separatist related terror suspects.

In the year 2015, a grand total of 211 completed, failed, or foiled terrorist attacks were reported by EU states, resulting in 151 deaths (of which 148 were in France, with 130 of them occurring during the November 2015 Paris attacks.) and over 360 injured. Tackling the ever present threat of Jihadist terrorism has thereafter become a quintessential priority for security services, with this form of terrorism accounting for the greatest number of fatalities (150) in Europe within this time period, posing the greatest security threat.

II. Case Studies (Major Acts of Terrorism in Europe in recent years)

UNAS Model United Nations Preparatory Conference The Seventh Edition

The 2015 Paris Attacks , which were a series of coordinated terrorist attacks that occurred on Friday, 13 November 2015 in Paris, France, resulted in 130 people dead and 368 injured. The assailant was revealed to be a radicalised Belgian jihadist Abdelhamid Abaaoud. Due to the current immigration crisis, these terrorists were able to circumnavigate and exploit the borderless system 6 , granting them an ease of movement and accessibility within countries in the continent itself, such as to and from France and Belgium. This has allowed for terror attacks such as the aforementioned 2015 Paris Attacks to occur without major hindrance from the relevant authorities. ISIL claimed responsibility for the acts, which they deemed as ‘retaliation’ for French airstrikes which were carried out on ISIL targets in Iraq and Syria. The failure of both the French and Belgian government to crack down on internal and border security is evidently highlighted by the fact that most of the perpetrators had held French or Belgian passports, and the organisation of the attacks were carried out by a terrorist base in Belgium. These perpetrators had all fought in Syria, and managed to enter European territory together with the flux of immigrants and refugees. In response to the attacks, France declared a three-month state of emergency across the country to help fight terrorism, which included the banning of public demonstrations, allowing the police to

carry out searches without a warrant, or put anyone under house arrest without trial. Websites websites that encouraged acts of terrorism were also blocked. 7 On 15 November, France launched the biggest airstrike of Opération Chammal, its contribution to the anti-ISIL bombing campaign, striking ISIL targets in Raqqa. 8 On 18 November, the suspected lead operative of the attacks, Abdelhamid Abaaoud, was killed in a police raid in Saint-Denis, along with two others. 9

The 2016 Berlin Christmas Market Attack 10 , occurring on 19 December 2016, whereby a truck was deliberately driven into the Christmas market next to Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church in Berlin, leaving 12 people dead and 56 injured. The culprit was a Tunisian asylum seeker Anis Amri, who managed to operate under 14 different aliases whilst in Europe. This elucidates the inefficacy of intelligence-sharing mechanisms between European nations, hindered by the lack of a common central intelligence and defence body. The repercussions of a lax immigration policy such as the Schengen agreement is also highlighted in this above case study. European Refugee Crisis Right-wing parties, particularly in countries such as Poland and Hungary, see the influx of refugees as a major risk for further terrorist attacks. However, while public anger is increasingly directed at new migrants and refugees who many

UNAS Model United Nations Preparatory Conference The Seventh Edition

label as Islamic radicals or terrorist, most of the attackers were, in fact, born in Europe. As of March 2016, more than 1.3 million refugees have applied for asylum in the European Union, but this figure does not take into account the number of refugees who have already arrived in these countries. More than a million refugees have arrived in Germany, but only 476,000 have applied for asylum. Frontex, the EU’s external border force which monitors the different routes asylum-seekers take and the number of people arriving at Europe’s borders, has estimated the number to be more than 1.8 million. Although Germany has taken in the most refugees, Hungary has taken in the most in proportion to its population, with 1,800 refugees having claimed asylum to every 100,000 Hungarians. In contrast, the EU average of refugees having claimed asylum is 260 per 100,000 EU residents. 11

Despite this, ground sentiments have been increasingly unfavourable towards the surge of refugees into Europe. Public sentiment has also taken a turn for the worse. A recent survey by YouGov, an opinion research firm, found that 29 percent of Germans believe using weapons to prevent refugees from entering the country is justifiable. 12 Also, countries that have a politically right-wing government like Hung ary, has stirred up xenophobic sentiments against refugees and migrants

and even went to great lengths to spew hateful messages nationwide . Along with restrictive new laws making life difficult for asylum seekers and refugees, anti-migrant rhetoric by decision makers and high-ranking politicians is widespread. 13

The main source of the refugees is Middle-Eastern countries, with Syria’s ongoing civil war resulting in the most number of refugees fleeing from the country, with numbers upwards of 4.8 million having fled to nearby countries and many more being internally displaced in the country itself. The Schengen Agreement 14

In 1985 cooperation between individual governments led to the signing, in Schengen (a small village in Luxembourg), of the Agreement on the gradual abolition of checks at common borders, followed by the signing in 1990 of the Convention implementing that Agreement. The implementation of the Schengen Agreements started in 1995, initially involving seven European states. Born as an intergovernmental initiative, the developments brought about by the Schengen Agreements have now been incorporated into the body of rules governing the EU. Today, the Schengen Area encompasses most EU States, except for Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Ireland, Romania and the United Kingdom. Bulgaria and Romania are currently in the process of joining the Schengen Area. Of

UNAS Model United Nations Preparatory Conference The Seventh Edition

the non-EU States, Iceland, Norway, Switzerland and Liechtenstein have joined the Schengen Area. Today, EU citizens have the right to freedom of movement to live and work throughout the Schengen Area. Cooperation between the countries have allowed EU citizen and non-EU citizens to cross borders without being subjected to border checks or red tape. As a note, there is a distinction between the terms ‘European Union’ and ‘Schengen Area’. Schengen countries are those European countries which have signed the Schengen Agreement which was signed in 1985 in Luxembourg in the town named Schengen. These countries operate as a single state with no border controls or security checks required when traveling within the countries but have the same international border control rules, especially individuals entering into the Schengen Area from a foreign country. EU countries are those European countries which are a part of the European Union and have signed the treaties of the European Union. EU countries have to maintain their own national military and foreign policies but are held accountable to judicial and legislative institutions of the EU. 15 Some EU countries are not in the Schengen region like Ireland , United Kingdom, Romania and Bulgaria whereas some Schengen countries are not in the EU such as Norway , Iceland and Switzerland .

Definitions 16

Counter-terrorism

Offensive measures taken to prevent, deter, and respond to terrorism.

Radicalisation 17

The process by which individuals -- usually young people -- are introduced to an overtly ideological message and belief system that encourages movement from moderate, mainstream beliefs towards extreme views.

Refugee 18 A refugee is someone who has been forced to flee his or her country because of persecution, war, or violence.

Terrorist group

Any group practicing, or that has significant subgroups that practice, international terrorism.

Transnational

Extending or going beyond national boundaries. In this context, not limited to or centered within a single nation.

UNAS Model United Nations Preparatory Conference The Seventh Edition

III. Scope of Debate and Potential Solutions Dealing with Radicalisation 18

Terrorist groups have exploited the connectedness of the Internet, radicalising ordinary individuals into buying into their extreme and perverted beliefs. The Internet, which provides a powerful and accessible means for terror groups to share radical ideas on social media sites, could reinforce amongst large audiences. Poverty, the sense of being excluded from the benefits of modernity as well as experiences of discrimination and social segregation encountered by middle-class and educated persons can be flash points for radicalisation to occur. 19 From there, terrorist groups are able to prompt individuals to carry out terror plots in their respective nations. To prevent such horrible transnational atrocities from occurring, the EU firmly believes in eradicating terrorism at its source. For example, Alyas Karmani, an imam in Bradford sees a greater division between Muslims and Non-muslims in today’s generation, whereby youths are exposed to islamophobia and negative portrayals of Muslims all over Media and the Internet. This wave of unfiltered information may manifest itself into extremism for some individuals and they are more inclined to join terror groups, especially if they have a strong belief or are facing socially discriminating issues currently. 20 This has

prompted individuals like Omar, a 27-year-old from High Wycombe in Buckinghamshire to fight for the Islamic State in Syria, as well as many others to do the same. Therefore, preventing terrorist attacks by addressing and stopping terrorist radicalisation and recruitment is a priority for the EU, as outlined in the EU Internal Security Strategy in Action and the EU Strategy for Combating Radicalisation and Recruitment . The EU has established an EU-wide Radica lisation Awareness Network (EURAN), worked with local communities, the police, social workers, religious and youth leaders as well as establishing a European Network of Experts on Radicalisation (ENER) to discuss the phenomenon of radicalisation and to assist EU and national level policy-makers in gathering expertise and exchange intelligence in preventing radicalisation. It also supports research in methods used for countering the dissemination of terrorist propaganda, especially on the Internet. This has been supplemented by the promotion of a public-private partnership and connection between law enforcement authorities and Internet service providers, all in an effort to reduce terrorism-related and other illegal content on the Internet. In addition, it has strengthened law enforcement authorities' technical resources and knowledge on the tools and methodologies for detecting illegal content

UNAS Model United Nations Preparatory Conference The Seventh Edition

online. Delegates would be required to better apply existing legislation or come up with new laws to counter efforts by terrorist groups to radicalise the general public. Response measures 21

After the Paris attacks in January 2015, the European Union decided to reinforce its response and accelerate the implementation of agreed measures. The European Council adopted several directives like the directive on control of the acquisition and possession of weapons and even called for urgently improving the interoperability of information systems in its conclusions. Also, the EU internet referral unit (EU IRU) was established to tackle terrorist propaganda on the web by assessing and processing for the purpose of referral towards concerned internet service providers 22 , and the European counter terrorism centre (ECTC) was launched to allow states to share information and cooperate in monitoring and investigating foreign terrorists penetrating into the borders of the European Union. Despite these, there have been shortcomings in regards to EU nations cooperating. In the wake of the 2016 Brussels attacks, there has been much attention paid to the flaws of Belgian security services and of European counterterrorism cooperation in general.

Each country has its own system of security policies to combat and prevent the onslaught of terror. France, for example, has rolled out a four-pronged approach to fight terrorism and the spread of radical ideologies. This includes cordoning off and around protected areas like performance and sporting arenas, authority to close down places of worship, conducting house raids and sentencing individuals to house arrests instead of surveillance. 23 Although most EU nations are quite secular and would not take intensive action on privacy, countries like Hungary and Poland have increased surveillance of foreigners, made easier procedures for tapping mobile phones, and grant greater access to encrypted mobile data and the bank accounts of those suspected of links to terrorism. Bills on the prolonged detention of individuals suspected of terrorism, the immediate expulsion of foreigners and the closing of borders have been considered. Polish officials also said they would work to stop anonymous use of prepaid cellphone cards and lift restrictions on the police's ability to search premises and make night time arrests. Members of Parliament may also reportedly be asked to change the constitution to extend the government's scope of action if necessary. 24

Although these policies are implemented, issues regarding enforcement, and public debates on security versus individual

UNAS Model United Nations Preparatory Conference The Seventh Edition

privacy and policy effectiveness have surfaced. The sharing of information within and between European countries has been stumped by weak institutional links (links and ties with the internal economic market, industries, defence, judiciary, intelligence and law enforcement), absence of regular contact, lack of trust and even a failure to agree on common transliteration of Arabic-derived names. Improving coordination should be an urgent priority, delegates are encouraged to suggest a myriad of solutions to allow for better exchange of intelligence between countries, for example, better encryption methods, sorting and storage for metadata, establishing trust amongst nations and a possible EU intelligence organisation. However, limitations to such solutions include constant updating and maintenance of complicated software in detecting and ensuring security of confidential information as well as coming to a consensus in creating a framework of an EU intelligence database that is both politically acceptable and able to handle massive volumes of intelligence. Delegates would need to think of ways to ensure that the Council arrives at an agreeable consensus to ensure that directives and strategies can be widely implemented and that countries, with various political worldviews could cooperate in the fight against terrorism.

Border control 2526

A hot-button topic in the debate to fight terrorism and curb the problem of influx of refugees. The Schengen Borders Code provides Member States with the capability of temporarily reintroducing border control at the internal borders in the event that a serious threat to public policy or internal security has been established. The reintroduction of border control at the internal borders must remain an exception and must respect the principle of proportionality. The scope and duration of such a temporary reintroduction of border control at the internal borders is limited in time and should be restricted to the bare minimum needed to respond to the threat in question. Reintroducing border control is used as a last resort. Determining the duration of such border control time periods should be in accordance to the Schengen Borders Code, mainly Articles 25, 26, 28 and 29. The reintroduction of border control is a prerogative of the Member States. The Commission may issue an opinion with regard to the necessity of the measure and its proportionality but cannot veto such a decision if it is taken by a Member State. On the case for relocation of refugees, Member States have agreed for the first time to relocate 160 000 asylum seekers from Greece and Italy to other EU countries by September 2017. However, as

UNAS Model United Nations Preparatory Conference The Seventh Edition

of July 2016, only 3 000 asylum seekers have been relocated. National governments are stepping up the pace of this scheme to help those in need of protection. The EU also wants to create safe and legal

ways for asylum seekers to enter the EU so

that they don’t have to risk their lives and

life savings by turning to smugglers and

traffickers. A voluntary resettlement

programme agreed by the EU Member

States envisages the transfer of 22 500

people from outside the EU to an EU

Member State.

Delegates need to find solutions to restrict

the movement of known terrorists whilst at

the same time providing a quick and safe

way for refugees to seek asylum or start

anew in the EU countries within the

European continent. At the same time,

delegates would have to find ways to

negotiate and may need to compromise as

this subject is particularly politically

polarising.

IV. Major Stakeholders Hungary, Poland and Czech Republic Politicians in these countries have been heavily critical on the ideology of Islam and influx of refugees. Individuals living in these countries feel the same fear towards Muslims and refugees as well. Such rhetoric have resulted in islamophobic hate groups that conducted

attacks against refugee shelters and spread panic within the public sphere. Security policies that actively target and discriminate against refugees have also have resulted in tensions between governments, NGOs and EU institutions. These countries are likely to emphasise on tough security measures and possible denial of refuge for refugees for the safeguarding of the welfare of the people. A possible plan to reinstate full border control may be proposed by these nations. France, Italy, Belgium These countries do not support a religious crackdown on refugees or impose tight security restrictions on refugees. They also denounce islamophobic hate groups and do not support such groups that perpetuate alt-right opinions. However, with the recent rise in terror attacks and mounting threats, these countries have stepped up their security measures to protect citizens and tourists. These countries would most likely try to mediate other countries that want to push for harsher policies to combat terror attacks and vetting refugees and would like to retain Europe’s security balanced with the spirit of the Schengen Agreement to have open borders. V. Further Questions

1. How can the European Union deal with terrorism perpetrated by EU nationals?

2. How should the European Union respond to the ease with which

UNAS Model United Nations Preparatory Conference The Seventh Edition

terrorists have crossed internal EU borders?

3. What are the implications of the terrorist threat on the maintenance of the Schengen Policy, especially with contravening politics on this subject matter amongst EU nations?

4. How can the European Union strengthen cooperation amongst member states in their response to and prevention of terrorist attacks?

5. To what extent is it possible to counter pro-terror information over the web?

6. How would the European Union prosecute terrorists that have posed great harms towards the general public?

7. How can the European Union ensure that refugees that enter the continent do not pose a security threat to its citizens?

8. How would the European Union ensure safe passageways for

refugees to traverse across the European continent if necessary?

9. How would the European Union safe refugee lives at sea whilst maintaining the safety of refugees and the EU borders?

10. How would the European Union integrate and protect refugees in the long run?

VI. Conclusion With some EU nations in a state of emergency to combat the threats of terrorism in their homelands, as well as the plea of refugees looking forward to escape from their war-torn nations, the European Commission needs to put forth legislation to effectively prevent terror plots, protect EU nationals, pursue terror suspects and respond to attacks in the face of terrorism. At the same time, borders need to be safe to ensure they allow for EU member states to share the burden of refugees and not be a tool or mechanism that terrorists could exploit to wreak havoc on more than one state.

VII. Bibliography

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UNAS Model United Nations Preparatory Conference The Seventh Edition

2. Annual Country Reports on Terrorism, Cornell Law Sch ool. Accessed September 02, 2017 https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/22/2656f#

3. Henly, Jon Paris attacks: EU in emergency talks on border crackdown". The Guardian. 20 November 2015. Retrieved 1 April 2017. From https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/nov/20/paris-attacks-france-launches-un-push-for-unifieddeclaration-of-war-on-isis

4. Berlin Christmas market attack suspect was monitored by security services. (2017). USA TODAY. Retrieved 2 April 2017, from http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2016/12/22/berlin-truck-attack-investigation/95740162

5. "Schengen Area." Migration and Home Affairs - European Commission. December 06, 2016. Accessed September 02, 2017. https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/what-we-do/policies/borders-and-visas/schengen_en

6. "Terrorism RESEARCH." Terrorism Glossary and Definitions. Accessed September 02, 2017. http://www.terrorism-research.com/glossary/

7. Jaffer, Senator Mobina. "The Difference Between Radicalization and Terrorism." HuffPost Canada. September 11, 2013. Accessed September 02, 2017. http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/senator-mobina-jaffer/canadian-terrorist-acts_b_3581236.html

8. "What is a Refugee? Definition and Meaning." USA for UNHCR. Accessed September 02, 2017. http://www.unrefugees.org/what-is-a-refugee/

9. "Radicalisation." Migration and Home Affairs - European Commission. December 06, 2016. Accessed September 02, 2017. https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/what-we-do/policies/crisis-and-terrorism/radicalisation_en

10. "Fight against terrorism." European Council - Council of the European Union. Accessed September 02, 2017. http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/fight-against-terrorism/foreign-fighters/

11. Dworkin, Anthony. "Concerted and coordinated: Terrorism in Europe." ECFR. April 05, 1970. Accessed September 02, 2017. http://www.ecfr.eu/article/commentary_concerted_and_coordinated_terrorism_in_europe6081

12. "Temporary Reintroduction of Border Control." Migration and Home Affairs - European Commission. December 06, 2016. Accessed September 02, 2017. https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/what-we-do/policies/borders-and-visas/schengen/reintroduction-border-control_en

13. The EU and the refugee crisis. Accessed September 02, 2017. http://publications.europa.eu/webpub/com/factsheets/refugee-crisis/en/

UNAS Model United Nations Preparatory Conference The Seventh Edition

14. M. F. (n.d.). What causes Radicalisation? Main lines of consensus in recent research. Retrieved October 11, 2017, from http://www.radicalisationresearch.org/guides/francis-2012-causes-2/

15. Strickland, P. (2016, April 07). The rise of Germany's anti-refugee right. Retrieved October 11, 2017, from http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2016/03/rise-germany-anti-refugee-160331123616349.html

16. Hungary's War on Refugees. (2016, September 16). Retrieved October 11, 2017, from https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/09/16/hungarys-war-refugee

17. Burrows-Taylor, E. (2017, June 21). France spells out four ways it plans to step up fight against terrorism. Retrieved October 11, 2017, from https://www.thelocal.fr/20170621/france-spells-out-four-ways-to-combat-terrorism

18. Europol, Statistics of Terrorism from 2006 to 2013 by Affiliation https://www.europol.europa.eu/latest_publications/37

19. Kaushik, N. (2014, October 09). Difference Between. Retrieved October 14, 2017, from http://www.differencebetween.net/miscellaneous/politics/differences-between-schengen-countries-and-eu-countries/

20. Europol Internet Referral Unit One Year On. (2016, October 25). Retrieved October 14, 2017, from https://www.europol.europa.eu/newsroom/news/europol-internet-referral-unit-one-year

21. Migrant crisis: Migration to Europe explained in seven charts. (2016, March 04). Retrieved October 14, 2017, from http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-34131911

22. (www.dw.com), D. W. (n.d.). Poland joins Hungary in planning stringent anti-terrorism laws in wake of Brussels attacks | News | DW | 24.03.2016. Retrieved October 14, 2017, from http://www.dw.com/en/poland-joins-hungary-in-planning-stringent-anti-terrorism-laws-in-wake-of-brussels-attacks/a-19141781

23. Young, British and radicalised: Why people want to join Islamic State - BBC Newsbeat. (2015, November 17). Retrieved October 29, 2017, from http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsbeat/article/34851049/young-british-and-radicalised-why-people-want-to-join-islamic-state

UNAS Model United Nations Preparatory Conference The Seventh Edition