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The Endocrine System The Endocrine System Michael Hall PhD Michael Hall PhD University of California University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles

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Page 1: The Endocrine System Michael Hall PhD University of California Los Angeles University of California Los Angeles

The Endocrine SystemThe Endocrine SystemThe Endocrine SystemThe Endocrine System

Michael Hall PhDMichael Hall PhDMichael Hall PhDMichael Hall PhD

University of CaliforniaUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesLos Angeles

University of CaliforniaUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesLos Angeles

Page 2: The Endocrine System Michael Hall PhD University of California Los Angeles University of California Los Angeles

Modes of secretion and action of chemical messengers

(hormones)

Modes of secretion and action of chemical messengers

(hormones)autocrine paracrine endocrine synaptic

target cell

target cellChemical messenger

receptors

Page 3: The Endocrine System Michael Hall PhD University of California Los Angeles University of California Los Angeles

Classes of Chemical MessengersClasses of Chemical Messengers

1.1. Amino acid derivatives (eg thyroxine, adrenaline)Amino acid derivatives (eg thyroxine, adrenaline)2.2. Small peptides (eg vasopressin, thyroid releasingSmall peptides (eg vasopressin, thyroid releasing

hormone)hormone)3. Proteins (eg insulin, growth hormone)3. Proteins (eg insulin, growth hormone)4. Steroids (eg cortisol, testosterone, progesterone)4. Steroids (eg cortisol, testosterone, progesterone)

Page 4: The Endocrine System Michael Hall PhD University of California Los Angeles University of California Los Angeles

Positive and negative feedback control of hormone production

Positive and negative feedback control of hormone production

Page 5: The Endocrine System Michael Hall PhD University of California Los Angeles University of California Los Angeles

Higher brain centersHigher brain centers Higher brain centersHigher brain centers

HypothalamusHypothalamus HypothalamusHypothalamus

Anterior Pituitary Anterior Pituitary

Adrenal cortexAdrenal cortex

Adrenal medullaAdrenal medulla

EpinephrineEpinephrine

Anterior PituitaryAnterior Pituitary

Thyroid follicular cellsThyroid follicular cells

Various tissuesVarious tissues

neurotransmittersneurotransmittersneurotransmittersneurotransmitters

TRHTRH CRHCRH

TSHTSH ACTHACTH

T3/T4T3/T4 CortisolCortisol

Various tissuesVarious tissues

Sensory neuronal stimulation Sensory neuronal stimulation

Page 6: The Endocrine System Michael Hall PhD University of California Los Angeles University of California Los Angeles

DDiffuse iffuse NNeuroeuroEEndocrine ndocrine SSystemystem

The DNES involves a number of isolated cells, The DNES involves a number of isolated cells, or small groups of cells, that are situatedor small groups of cells, that are situatedthroughout the body, but particularly in thethroughout the body, but particularly in thedigestive, respiratory and urinary systems. These digestive, respiratory and urinary systems. These cells, called APUD cells, secrete chemical cells, called APUD cells, secrete chemical messengers that generally act in a paracrine manner.messengers that generally act in a paracrine manner.

Page 7: The Endocrine System Michael Hall PhD University of California Los Angeles University of California Los Angeles

The Endocrine Glands

Most organs have some endocrine function. The next lectures will deal with organs whose only functions are to secrete hormones:

PituitaryThyroidParathyroidAdrenalPancreas*

*Pancreas has both endocrine and exocrine functions

The Endocrine Glands

Most organs have some endocrine function. The next lectures will deal with organs whose only functions are to secrete hormones:

PituitaryThyroidParathyroidAdrenalPancreas*

*Pancreas has both endocrine and exocrine functions

Page 8: The Endocrine System Michael Hall PhD University of California Los Angeles University of California Los Angeles

Pituitary GlandPituitary GlandPituitary GlandPituitary Gland

Page 9: The Endocrine System Michael Hall PhD University of California Los Angeles University of California Los Angeles

Pituitary hormones and their target organsPituitary hormones and their target organsPituitary hormones and their target organsPituitary hormones and their target organs

Page 10: The Endocrine System Michael Hall PhD University of California Los Angeles University of California Los Angeles

Development of the pituitary glandDevelopment of the pituitary gland

infundibulum(stalk)

median eminence

hypothalamus

pars nervosa

Page 11: The Endocrine System Michael Hall PhD University of California Los Angeles University of California Los Angeles
Page 12: The Endocrine System Michael Hall PhD University of California Los Angeles University of California Los Angeles

pars tuberalis

medianeminence

hypothalamus

infundibulum(stalk)

pars nervosa

pars distalis

pars intermedia

Hypothalamus and PituitaryHypothalamus and Pituitary

posterior anterior

Page 13: The Endocrine System Michael Hall PhD University of California Los Angeles University of California Los Angeles

Hormone production and release by the neurohypophysis

Hormone production and release by the neurohypophysis

(pars nervosa)

(pars distalis)

(oxytocin)

(ADH)

Page 14: The Endocrine System Michael Hall PhD University of California Los Angeles University of California Los Angeles

Herring bodyHerring body

Pituicytes (glial cells)Pituicytes (glial cells)

Herring body in neurohypophysisHerring body in neurohypophysis

Page 15: The Endocrine System Michael Hall PhD University of California Los Angeles University of California Los Angeles

Herring Bodies along a CapillaryHerring Bodies along a Capillary

Secretory granule

Axon terminal

Capillary

Secretory granule

Axon terminal

Capillary

Page 16: The Endocrine System Michael Hall PhD University of California Los Angeles University of California Los Angeles

pars tuberalis

medianeminence

hypothalamus

infundibulum(stalk)

pars nervosa

pars distalis

pars intermedia

Hypothalamus and PituitaryHypothalamus and Pituitary

posterior anterior

Page 17: The Endocrine System Michael Hall PhD University of California Los Angeles University of California Los Angeles

Development of the pituitary glandDevelopment of the pituitary gland

infundibulum(stalk)

median eminence

hypothalamus

pars nervosa

Page 18: The Endocrine System Michael Hall PhD University of California Los Angeles University of California Los Angeles

ChromophobesChromophobes

AcidophilsAcidophils

Chromophils and Chromophobesin the Adenohypophysis

Chromophils and Chromophobesin the Adenohypophysis

capillarycapillary

BasophilsBasophils Ch

rom

oph

ils

Ch

rom

oph

ils

Page 19: The Endocrine System Michael Hall PhD University of California Los Angeles University of California Los Angeles

pars tuberalis

medianeminence

hypothalamus

infundibulum(stalk)

pars nervosa

pars distalis

pars intermedia

Hypothalamus and PituitaryHypothalamus and Pituitary

posterior anterior

Page 20: The Endocrine System Michael Hall PhD University of California Los Angeles University of California Los Angeles

Infundibulum

Pars tuberalis

PituitaryPars tuberalis and portal veins

PituitaryPars tuberalis and portal veins

Portal veins

Page 21: The Endocrine System Michael Hall PhD University of California Los Angeles University of California Los Angeles

pars tuberalis

medianeminence

hypothalamus

infundibulum

pars nervosa

pars distalis

pars intermedia

Hypothalamus and PituitaryHypothalamus and Pituitary

posterior anterior

Page 22: The Endocrine System Michael Hall PhD University of California Los Angeles University of California Los Angeles

The Insignificant Middle Lobe

Page 23: The Endocrine System Michael Hall PhD University of California Los Angeles University of California Los Angeles

Hypophyseal portal systemHypophyseal portal system

1

2

3

4

Page 24: The Endocrine System Michael Hall PhD University of California Los Angeles University of California Los Angeles

Infundibulum

Pars tuberalis

PituitaryPars tuberalis and portal veins

PituitaryPars tuberalis and portal veins

HypophysealHypophysealportal veinsportal veins

Page 25: The Endocrine System Michael Hall PhD University of California Los Angeles University of California Los Angeles

Pituitary hormones and their target organsPituitary hormones and their target organsPituitary hormones and their target organsPituitary hormones and their target organs

Page 26: The Endocrine System Michael Hall PhD University of California Los Angeles University of California Los Angeles

Thyroid GlandThyroid Gland

Page 27: The Endocrine System Michael Hall PhD University of California Los Angeles University of California Los Angeles

Thyroid gland

Parathyroid gland

Parafollicularcell

Follicularcell

Colloid

Oxyphil cell

Chief cell

Thyroid and parathyroid glandsThyroid and parathyroid glands

Page 28: The Endocrine System Michael Hall PhD University of California Los Angeles University of California Los Angeles

CT

lobule

F

Two thyroid lobules separated by CT septumTwo thyroid lobules separated by CT septum

Page 29: The Endocrine System Michael Hall PhD University of California Los Angeles University of California Los Angeles

Thyroid Follicles

capillaries

Follicular cells

thyroglobulin

Basementmembrane

Page 30: The Endocrine System Michael Hall PhD University of California Los Angeles University of California Los Angeles

A. Synthesis and iodination of thyroglobulinB. Release of thyroxine (T3 and T4)A. Synthesis and iodination of thyroglobulinB. Release of thyroxine (T3 and T4)

A B

Page 31: The Endocrine System Michael Hall PhD University of California Los Angeles University of California Los Angeles

TRHTRH

TSHTSH

T3/T4T3/T4

IodineIodine

TRHTRH

Excess TSHExcess TSH

Low T4

IodineIodine

Neg

ativ

e fe

edba

ckN

egat

ive

feed

back

Low

Neg

ativ

e fe

edba

ckL

ow N

egat

ive

feed

back

hypothalamus hypothalamusIodineIodinedeficiencydeficiencygoitergoiter

Page 32: The Endocrine System Michael Hall PhD University of California Los Angeles University of California Los Angeles

Iodine deficiency Iodine deficiency goitergoiterIodine deficiency Iodine deficiency goitergoiter

Page 33: The Endocrine System Michael Hall PhD University of California Los Angeles University of California Los Angeles

Parafollicular cells in the thyroidParafollicular cells in the thyroid

Page 34: The Endocrine System Michael Hall PhD University of California Los Angeles University of California Los Angeles

Inhibits osteoclasts

stimulates osteoclasts

Action of calcitonin and PTH in blood calcium homeostasis

Action of calcitonin and PTH in blood calcium homeostasis

Page 35: The Endocrine System Michael Hall PhD University of California Los Angeles University of California Los Angeles

Thyroid

Parathyroid

Parathyroids are situated on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland

Parathyroids are situated on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland

Page 36: The Endocrine System Michael Hall PhD University of California Los Angeles University of California Los Angeles

ParathyroidParathyroid

Parathyroid and thyroid glandsParathyroid and thyroid glands

Page 37: The Endocrine System Michael Hall PhD University of California Los Angeles University of California Los Angeles

Cells of the parathyroidCells of the parathyroid

Oxyphil cells

Chief cells

Page 38: The Endocrine System Michael Hall PhD University of California Los Angeles University of California Los Angeles

Inhibits osteoclasts

stimulates osteoclasts

Interaction of calcitonin and PTH in blood calcium homeostasis

Interaction of calcitonin and PTH in blood calcium homeostasis

Page 39: The Endocrine System Michael Hall PhD University of California Los Angeles University of California Los Angeles

Adrenal GlandAdrenal Gland

Page 40: The Endocrine System Michael Hall PhD University of California Los Angeles University of California Los Angeles

Z. glomerulosaZ. glomerulosa

Z. fasciculataZ. fasciculata

Z. reticularisZ. reticularis

MedullaMedulla

CapsuleCapsule

Co

rtex

Co

rtex

AdrenalAdrenal

Page 41: The Endocrine System Michael Hall PhD University of California Los Angeles University of California Los Angeles

Capsule

Z. glomerulosaZ. glomerulosa

Z. fasciculataZ. fasciculata

Z. reticularisZ. reticularis

MedullaMedulla

Mineralocorticoids(e.g. aldosterone)

Sex hormonesSex hormonese.g. e.g. DHEADHEA

AdrenalineAdrenaline

NoradrenalineNoradrenaline

Hormones

cap

GlucocorticoidsGlucocorticoidse.g. cortisole.g. cortisol

Preganglionicsympathetic terminal

Page 42: The Endocrine System Michael Hall PhD University of California Los Angeles University of California Los Angeles

Z. glomerulosaZ. glomerulosa

Z. fasciculataZ. fasciculata

Z. reticularisZ. reticularis

MedullaMedulla

CapsuleCapsule

Co

rtex

Co

rtex

AdrenalAdrenal

Page 43: The Endocrine System Michael Hall PhD University of California Los Angeles University of California Los Angeles

Capsule

Z. glomerulosaZ. glomerulosa

Z. fasciculataZ. fasciculata

Z. reticularisZ. reticularis

Medulla

Mineralocorticoids(eg. aldosterone)

Glucocorticoids(eg cortisone)

Sex hormones(eg DHEA)

Adrenaline

Noradrenaline

Hormones

capPreganglionicsympathetic neuron

Page 44: The Endocrine System Michael Hall PhD University of California Los Angeles University of California Los Angeles

Chromaffin cellsChromaffin cells

Postganglionicparasympathetic neurons

Postganglionicparasympathetic neurons

Cells of the adrenal medullaCells of the adrenal medulla

Page 45: The Endocrine System Michael Hall PhD University of California Los Angeles University of California Los Angeles

Capsule Subcapsular arterial plexus

Fenestrated sinusoids

Medullary artery

Medullary vein

Adrenal Blood SupplyAdrenal Blood Supply

Z. glomerulosa.Z. glomerulosa.

Z. fasciculata.Z. fasciculata.

Medulla.Medulla.

Z. reticularis.Z. reticularis.

Page 46: The Endocrine System Michael Hall PhD University of California Los Angeles University of California Los Angeles

Arterial and Venous blood in AdrenalArterial and Venous blood in Adrenal

Page 47: The Endocrine System Michael Hall PhD University of California Los Angeles University of California Los Angeles

PancreasPancreas

Page 48: The Endocrine System Michael Hall PhD University of California Los Angeles University of California Los Angeles
Page 49: The Endocrine System Michael Hall PhD University of California Los Angeles University of California Los Angeles

Islet of Langerhans in PancreasIslet of Langerhans in Pancreas

IsletIsletIsletIslet

Acinar cellsAcinar cellsAcinar cellsAcinar cells

Page 50: The Endocrine System Michael Hall PhD University of California Los Angeles University of California Los Angeles

Cells and hormones of the Cells and hormones of the pancreatic isletspancreatic islets

1.1. -cells secrete insulin (causes decrease in blood glucose)-cells secrete insulin (causes decrease in blood glucose)

2.2. -cells secrete glucagon (causes breakdown of glycogen-cells secrete glucagon (causes breakdown of glycogenand increase of blood sugar)and increase of blood sugar)

3. 3. -cells secrete somatostatin (has both paracrine [inhibits -cells secrete somatostatin (has both paracrine [inhibits release of insulin and glucagon] and endocrine effects release of insulin and glucagon] and endocrine effects [reduces motility of smooth muscle of gut])[reduces motility of smooth muscle of gut])

4. G-cells secrete gastrin (stimulates release of HCl from 4. G-cells secrete gastrin (stimulates release of HCl from parietal cells of stomachparietal cells of stomach

5. PP-cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide (inhibits exocrine5. PP-cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide (inhibits exocrine secretion of pancreatic enzymes)secretion of pancreatic enzymes)

Page 51: The Endocrine System Michael Hall PhD University of California Los Angeles University of California Los Angeles

C’est toutC’est tout

Page 52: The Endocrine System Michael Hall PhD University of California Los Angeles University of California Los Angeles

GUT LIVER

TYPES OF TYPES OF MICROCIRCULATIONMICROCIRCULATION

Typical arrangementTypical arrangement

Venous Portal systemVenous Portal system

Arterial portal systemArterial portal system

Page 53: The Endocrine System Michael Hall PhD University of California Los Angeles University of California Los Angeles

Hormone production and release by the neurohypophysis

Hormone production and release by the neurohypophysis

(pars nervosa)

(pars distalis)


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