The endocrine system

Types of glands• 1. exocrine glands: duct glands• Ex) tear glands, sweat glands“exo”: outduct: tube-like structure

• 2. endocrine glands: ductless glands“endo” : within

http://kids.britannica.com/comptons/art-120218/The-glands-of-the-human-endocrine-system-secrete-hormones-that

3. dual glands: function as both an endocrine & an ex-ocrine gland

• Ex) pancreases• -exocrine: digestion enzyme • -endocrine: insulin, glucagon

http://www.londonlivercentre.co.uk/pancreatic-cancer/the-pancreas/

Hormones• Hormones – chemicals secreted in

one area of the body which affect re-sponses in other areas.

Hormones have specific shapes that fit with receptors on the surface of the structure they are gong to influence.

• Hormones interact and exert control on metabolic activities such as re-production and development, includ-ing metamorphosis.

metamorphosis• A change in form in development

found in many insects and amphib-ians.

http://www.rahmahmuslimhomeschool.co.uk/index/tag/metamorphosis/

Hypothalamus• A small region of the brain that pro-

duces hormones influencing the pitu-itary gland

http://endocrine101.wikispaces.com/Hypothalamus

HypothalamusSome specific functions:1. Regulates posterior pituitary

through direct sensory-nervous con-trol (ex. Water balance, body tem-perature, hunger)

2. Regulates the pituitary indirectly through releasing factors. (chemi-cals)

http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/biobookendocr.html

B. Endocrine system1. Pituitary gland: nicknamed the

“Master gland”--secretes numerous hormones

Some hormones produced:(a)Growth stimulating hormone-- stimulates the elongation of long

bones

(b) Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)--stimulates activity in the ovaries and

testes

(c ) Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)--stimulates the thyroid gland to se-

crete thyroxin

http://women.webmd.com/picture-of-the-thyroid

• (d) LH (luteinizing hormone)-- brings about the change of the folli-

cle to the corpus luteum (yellow body)

-- this corpus luteum thus secretes the hormone progesterone – preparing the embryo for implantation in the uterus and thus pregnancy

video• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hr

Mi4GikWwQ

2. Thyroid glandLarge gland near the lower part of the

larynx where it joints the trachea

2. Thyroid gland con’t--functions to maintain body metabolism

--produces the hormone THYROXIN which is mostly iodine based

(controls the rate of metabolism and is responsible for normal physical and mental development.)

3. Parathyroid glands• Patches of pea shaped tissue em-

bedded in the thyroid gland

http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/medical/IM03488

3. Parathyroid glands--produces the hormone PARATHORMONE (controls the metabolism of calcium – needed for nervous function, strong bones and teeth, and blood clotting.)

http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/medical/IM03488

4. Adrenal glands• Two small glands located at the top

of each kidney-- produce adrenalin

http://www.redorbit.com/education/reference_library/health_1/human-anatomy/1112796039/adrenal-gland/ http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/

File:Adrenal_gland_(PSF).png

4. Adrenal glands con’t• Adrenalin – “Fight or flight hormone”--secreted during times of emergency--increases the blood sugar level and

accelerates heart and breathing rates

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epinephrine

http://www.livestrong.com/article/447694-what-are-the-effects-of-epinephrine-norep-inephrine/

4. Adrenal glands con’t• Cortisol –promotes proper cartilage

composition –stimulated carbohy-drate, protein, and lipid metabolism (cortisone is a man-made cortisol used in the treatment of joint disor-ders)

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cortisol-3D-vdW.pnghttp://firstaid.webmd.com/cartilage

5. Islets of Langerhans (pancreas)

• small groups of cells located in the pancreas

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/101913/The-islets-of-Langerhans-are-responsible-for-the-endocrine-function

5. Islets of Langerhans (pancreas) con’t

• Glucagon: stimulates the release of stored animal starch in the liver (g-lycogen) into the blood as glucose when needed

http://www.sanofidiabetes.in/pathophysiology.aspx

http://www.uic.edu/classes/phar/phar332/Clinical_Cases/carbo%20metab%20cases/glycogen%20metab/Glycogen%20biochemistry.htm

5. Islets of Langerhans (pancreas) con’t

• Insulin: has 2 basic roles:(a)Facilitates the entrance of glucose

into the cells(b)Lowers blood sugar levels by pro-

moting the movement of glucose from the blood into the muscles in liver (for conversion into glycogen)

http://www.sanofidiabetes.in/pathophysiology.aspx

6. TestesTestes --male sex glands: secrete

testosterone.testosterone: influences the develop-

ment of male secondary sex charac-teristics.

http://www.herbalgranny.com/2009/08/14/herbal-remedy-for-testes-infection/

7. OvariesOvaries--female sex glands: secrete

estrogen.estrogen: influences the development

of female secondary sex characteris-tics.

http://www.swedish.org/Services/Robotic-Surgery-Program/Conditions-We-Treat/Ovarian-Cancer#axzz2QU1j1SPI

(Some Endocrine Malfunc-tions)(a) goiter: enlargement of the thyroid gland

usually resulting from the gland’s inability to manufacture thyroxin.

--often associated with an iodine deficiency in the diet.

(Iodinenetwork, 2013)(WebMD, LLC., 2011)

Iodized salt

(Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 2013)

(Some Endocrine Malfunctions) con’t

(b) diabetes: a disorder characterized by an insulin deficiency which results in an ele-vated blood sugar level.

Number (in Millions) of Civilian, Noninstitutionalized Persons with Diagnosed Diabetes, United States, 1980–2010(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011)

Ms. Kim’s mom has dia-betes.• Used to love

sweets.• Exercises everyday.• Takes medicine ev-

eryday.• My brother and I

always keep her from eating sweets.

(7 Diabetes Symptoms)1. Craving for water2. Craving for sweets3. Frequent urination4. Heart and circulation5. Sudden changes in vision problems6. Sudden changes in weight7. Frequent shifts in body energy (intense

fatigue)http://diabetesinformation1.blogspot.com/

Positive/Negative Feedback--also called biofeedback.--a type of organism self regulation--operates on the principle that the

level of one hormone in the blood in-hibits or stimulates the production of another hormone (or substance.)

Positive vs. NegativePositive feedback Negative feedback

Stimulates…make more Inhibits… stops or de-creases

Direct relationship ↑..↑ or ↓…↓

Indirect relationship↑…↓

Examples

1. Positive feedback• Estrogen luteinizing hormone: ovu-

lation 2. Negative feedback• Thyroid and Thyroid stimulating hor-

mones• Insulin and glucagon

Demo• Feedback mechanism

(A spoonful of medicine, n.d.)

Comparison of nervous and endocrine systems

Video • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R

218fFZhq4c

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HrMi4GikWwQ

ReferencesA spoonful of medicine. (n.d.). [Illustration]. A little blog about our human physiological essence. Re-

trieved from http://aspoonfulofmedicine.tumblr.com/post/5174646860/insulin-glucagon-negative-feedback-system

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011). [Graph]. Number (in millions) of civilian, noninstitu-tionalized persons with diagnosed diabetes, United States, 1980–2010. Retrieved from

http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/statistics/prev/national/figpersons.htm

Iodinenetwork. (2013). [Photograph]. Iodine nutrition. Retrieved from http://www.iodinenetwork.net/Learning.htm

Rich, V. (2012). [Illustration]. Diabetes information. Symptoms of diabetes. Retrieved from http://dia-betesinformation1.blogspot.com/

Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. (2013). [Photograph]. Morton Iodized Salt, 26 oz. Retrieved from http://www.wal-mart.com/ip/Morton-Iodized-Salt-26-oz-Pack-of-24/17340587

WebMD, LLC. (2011). [Illustration]. Information and Resources. Goiter. Retrieved from http://www.web-md.com/a-to-z-guides/goiter